IC-ENGINE PERFORMANCE USING MWCNT DISPERSED IN …...And the specific heatof nano-oil(Cp nano −oil) is (3) Where, ɸ refers to the volumetric concentration ratio of the nanoparticles

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMVolume 9, Issue 13, December 201

Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=9&IType=13

ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN

© IAEME Publication

IC-ENGINE PERFORMANCE

DISPERSED IN NON

AS BIO LUBRICANT: EX

Abdulmunem R.Abdulmunem, Mohammed Hassan Jabal and Hussain Saad Abd

Electromechanical Engineering, University of Technology,

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering,

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia

ABSTRACT

In recent years, researchers headed for finding , developing and

renewable bio-fluids in the different applications, because it's be biodegradable ,eco

friendly and green in nature, instead of the conventional energy resources (fossil)

which have bad effects on the humans and environment (non

Vegetable oils are one of these resources that can be extracted from non

surplus vegetables. In this work

lubricant (neat and blended with

with different concentration ratios 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3%

a four stroke single cylinder diesel engine

and applied load. The experiment

sunflower oil led to reduction in brake specific fuel consumption and

temperature of the IC engine

mineral oil, while the increasing in brake thermal efficiency was about (7%).

additives of MWCNT to non

results of the engine performance

consumption about (10, 13

about (8, 12 and 16%) and

and 21%) for the concentration ratios 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3% respectively.

Key words: Bio lubricant

oil.

IJMET/index.asp 1071 [email protected]

International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) 2018, pp. 1071–1082, Article ID: IJMET_09_13_112

http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=9&IType=13

ISSN Online: 0976-6359

Scopus Indexed

ENGINE PERFORMANCE USING MWCNT

DISPERSED IN NON-EDIBLE SUNFLOWER OIL

AS BIO LUBRICANT: EXPERIMENTAL

INVESTIGATION


Electromechanical Engineering, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq

Mohammed Hassan Jabal

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering,

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia

In recent years, researchers headed for finding , developing and application the

fluids in the different applications, because it's be biodegradable ,eco


which have bad effects on the humans and environment (non-biodegrad

Vegetable oils are one of these resources that can be extracted from non

In this work, performance ability of the non-edible sunflower bio

(neat and blended with multi-wall carbon nano tube (MWCNT) as additive

with different concentration ratios 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3% was tested (experimentally) using

a four stroke single cylinder diesel engine under different test condition; engine speed

experimental results indicated that the using of t

reduction in brake specific fuel consumption and cylinder

engine bout (6 and 4% respectively) compared with the us

increasing in brake thermal efficiency was about (7%).

of MWCNT to non-edible sunflower oil give improvement in the

gine performance through; reduction of the brake specific fuel

about (10, 13 and 17%), reduction of the cylinder surface temperature

and increasing of the brake thermal efficiency about

for the concentration ratios 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3% respectively.

Bio lubricant, MWCNT, Nano-oil, IC-Engine Performance

[email protected]

112


MWCNT

EDIBLE SUNFLOWER OIL

PERIMENTAL


Baghdad, Iraq

application the

fluids in the different applications, because it's be biodegradable ,eco-


biodegradable).

Vegetable oils are one of these resources that can be extracted from non-edible or

edible sunflower bio-

ube (MWCNT) as additive

tested (experimentally) using

under different test condition; engine speed

of the non-edible

cylinder surface

compared with the using of

increasing in brake thermal efficiency was about (7%).Also,

edible sunflower oil give improvement in the average

brake specific fuel

eduction of the cylinder surface temperature

increasing of the brake thermal efficiency about (11, 15

Performance, Sunflower

IC-Engine Performance Using MWCNT Dispersed In Non-Edible Sunflower Oil As Bio Lubricant:

Experimental Investigation

http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 1072 [email protected]

Cite this Article: Abdulmunem R.Abdulmunem, Mohammed Hassan Jabal and

Hussain Saad Abd, IC-Engine Performance Using MWCNT Dispersed In Non-Edible

Sunflower Oil As Bio Lubricant: Experimental Investigation International Journal of

Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 9(13), 2018, pp. 1071–1082.


1. INTRODUCTION

The friction between the internal moving parts of automobile engine such as piston rings,

bearings and transmission parts is main causer in the useful power reduction. Lubricants are

supplied to reducing the losses in power due to these frictions and contribute in an engines

cooling [1]. The technology growth of engines is toward closer tolerances, smaller oil sump

capacity (due to space limitations), higher in speeds and operating temperatures. All of these

require improving in oils specifications for good lubrication. Additives in lubricants come

into effect under such conditions. Nan particulates dispersed in oils are comes as a new

technology for enhancing a lubricants specifications for reducing friction and engine wear,

less resistance for moving parts and provide better in engine cooling by improving the thermal

properties of lubricants. Several studies give the reducing on friction and wear performance of

engines sliding parts using boric acid and copper nanoparticles as additives in raw oil [2]. And

the operating parameters such as sliding speeds concentration and temperature were studied to

influence the performance of friction [3-5]. Through atomic force microscopic, scanning

electron microscopy and X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopic analyses of boron nitride

nanoparticles dispersed in lubricant oil, it’s seen that the addition of boron nitride

nanoparticles to lubricant oil with a small amount gives excellent tribological performance

behavior [6].

While the good stability and solubility in the lubricant, and reducing in friction and wear

of multi-grade mineral engine oil using titanium oxide (TiO2) nanoparticles as additives. The

tribological behavior was investigated with pin-on-disc under variable load and varying

concentrations of nanoparticles in lubricating oil[7]. Carbon nanotubes (CNT) are very

important nanoparticle as a dispersible material in base fluids (water, oil and etc.) to produce

nano fluids because of its inherent high thermal conductivity [8].

The mineral and synthetics oils are most lubricants on the markets. Beside the effective of

these oils in lubrication but they are not friendly to environment. A new research was

investigated to ability of replacing the mineral and synthetic lubricants by the renewable ones.

Vegetable oils are one of the renewable resource lubricants that are less harmful to the

environment[9].

In addition, the vegetable oils are important for developing new lubricants, which meet the

current economic needs of the country and demands for improved quality of life and

protection of the environment[10].Theevaluation of the ability of using vegetable oils instead

of the mineral and synthetic oils was classified by many reserchers into four setes, tribological

attributes of pure vegetable oils [11,12], emulsion of vegetable oil [13], additives to

properities enhasment of vegetable oils[14,15], and the tribological characteristics of

vegetable oil as an additive [16].

Based on the literature, this work conducted to examine and evaluate (experimentally) the

effect of using non-edible sunflower oil as Bio-lubricant instead of the mineral oil on the IC

engines performance, such as brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption

(bsfc), and engine temperature. Furthermore; the effect the using multi-wall carbon nano tube

(MWCNT) as additive in this lubricant oil with different concentration ratios on this

performance.



2. METHODOLOGY

In this work, using of MWCNT with sunflower oil to produce nano-oil lead to changes in the

physical prosperities of the used sunflower oil. The important enhancement in sunflower oil

physical prosperities with using the MWCNT is in the thermal conductivity. The thermo-

physical properties of nano-oil can be calculated with the following correlations [17]:

Thermal conductivity of nano-oil (knano-oil),

(1)

The density of nano-oil ( oilnano−ρ ) can be calculated using

(2)

And the specific heatof nano-oil( oilnanoCp − ) is

(3)

Where, ɸ refers to the volumetric concentration ratio of the nanoparticles in used base

fluid, which is defined as follows:

(4)

The performance of the used IC Engine can be estimated with the fallowing equations [18-

20].

The power generated from fuel is expressed as:

�. � = �� ∗ �. (5)

Where the fuel consumption:

�. = (� ∗ �)�� (6)

The IC engine brake power can be calculated from:

�. � = 2� ∗ � ∗ �60 ∗ 1000 (7)

Then, the brake specific fuel consumption can be found using:

�� = �. �. � (8)

And the IC engine brake thermal efficiency:

"�.#$ = �. �� ∗ �.

(9)

ρρ

ρφ

oil

m oil

np

m np

np

m np

TV

npV

+

==

pfnf φρρφρ +−= )1(

( ) ( )( ) ( )pfnf

CpCpCp ρφρφρ +−= 1

( )( ) f

pffp

pffp

nf kkkkk

kkkkk ]

2

22[

φ

φ

−−+

−−+=




Experimental Part

The experimental work aimed to show the effect of using non-edible sunflower oil as Bio-

lubricant instead of the mineral oil (SAE 20W-40) on the IC engines performance.

Furthermore; the effect the using multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) which specified

(purity>95wt%, ash<1.5wt%, 8-15 in outer diameter and 10-50 nm in length), as additive in

sunflower lubricant oil with different concentration ratios 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3% on IC engine

performance. Therefore, the experimental procedure can be summarized to:

Preparing (MWCNT/sunflower) Nano-Oil

The amount of nanoparticles used to product (1) litters of (MWCNT/sunflower) nano-oil at

concentration ratios (0.1, 0.2 and 0.3%) was (4.09,8.186 and 12.295 gm.) respectively. Digital

scale type (HR-250AZ) was used to scaling nanoparticles amount for the wanted

concentration ratios which delimited by equation (4).The (MWCNT/sunflower) nano-oil was

prepared using ultrasonic homogenizer type (JY92-IIN). The kinematic viscosity of the used

lubricant oil samples (mineral oil, sunflower oil and MWCNT/sunflower nano-oil) was

mesured experimentaly by a Cole-Parmer rotary viscometer. Fig.1 shows the used instruments

for preparing (MWCNT/sunflower) nano-oil samples.

IC Engine Tests

Under different loads and speeds, the performance was assessedusing a four stroke single

cylinder IC engine type (TD 212-UK/air cooled) with 232cm3 engine capacity and (22:1)

compression ratio as shown in the Fig.2. The engine maximum power and torque are (3.5 kW)

and (16 Nm) respectively at (3600 rev/min). A dynamo motor was provided as a variable

applied load on engine. The applied loads with engine speeds are changes by a digital

controller board. The engine’s fuel type is diesel (SP. gravity is 0.8304, API gravity is 37.1,

flash point is 72.8 oC, density is 838.8 kg/m

3, and calorific value is 10921 kal/kg ).

The first test was done using lubricant mineral oil, the second test was done using

sunflower oil instead of the mineral oil, and the other tests were done with the using 0.1, 0.2

and 0.3% of (MWCNT/sunflower) nano-oil.

Each one of the past five lubricant oil types was tested with different operation conditions,

to evaluate the IC engine performance with the used lubricant oil;

• Four tests are at constant engine speed (2000 rev/min) with different load 2, 4, 6 and 8N.m,

which applied on IC engine.

• Four tests are at constant engine load 2N.m with different engine speed 1500, 2000, 2500 and

3000 rev/min, which applied on IC engine.

With using the different types of lubricant oil, the IC engine surface cylinder temperatures

was mesured using (TM-946) digital thermometer with two K-type thermocouples that fixed

on the engine cylinder body.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Table 1 shows the thermo-physical properties of the used material (mineral oil, sunflower oil,

MWCNT particles) and (sunflower nano-oil with different concentration ratios) at room

temperature. Before applied the used lubricants oil in engine tests, a rotary viscometer tests

results gives the kinematic viscosity of the used lubricants samples with rising in temperature

as shown in Fig.3. It seen that sunflower oil has less viscosity than the used mineral oil at low

temperatures test until 55oC. After (55

oC) the used sunflower oil has higher viscosity than

mineral oil in small ranges. These results give a good indicator for the ability of using the

sunflower oil in engines lubricant, because at starting a cold engine lubricated with high-



viscosity oil is very difficult i.e.,(more work is required to pump it, and to shear it between

moving parts). This gives greater friction work, reducing in brake power and increasing in

fuel consumption rate. But in higher operation temperature, increasing in viscosity of

lubricant in suitable ranges is important for enhancing engines performance and keeps its

parts[1].

Additive MWCNT to sun flower oil at 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3% concentration ratios led to

enhancing on its kinematic viscosity for both low and high ranges of temperature. Fig.4 gives

the recorded engine’s temperatures data from starting to the end of tests time, for the each

types of lubricant oils that used in engine at 2 N.m and 2000 rev/min of applied load and

engine speed. Based on the viscosity of the used lubricants, the sunflower oil is contributed to

reducing in engine temperature. Furthermore, the used MWCNT additives at 0.1, 0.2 and

0.3% concentration ratios led to more drooping in engine temperatures. The results

demonstrated that nanoparticle additives can effectively improve the oil lubricating properties,

because nanoparticles enter the friction zone along with the flow of lubricant, and convert

sliding friction into rolling friction [21]. This led to helps to cool the engine. The used

lubricate oil in engine also helps to cool the engine. Because of its location, a piston gets very

little cooling from the coolant in the external finned surface of an air cooled engine or the

water jacket of a water cooled engine [1].Figures (5, 6) show the engine temperatures at the

end of each test with the different operation conditions.Fig.7 shows that brake specific fuel

consumption (bsfc) at constant applied load on engine (2 N.m) with different engine speeds.

The (bsfc) is decreased from the higher values at lower speeds of engine, reaches to minimum

then increases as engine speed increases. Because of, at low engine speed gives longer time

per cycle, and this allows more heat loss (fuel consumption goes up). While, at a high engine

speeds, the greater friction losses gives higher in brake specific fuel consumption (1).The

increasing in the engine’s applied load with constant engine speed (2000 rev/min) lead to

increases in the knock that heard from the engine, which contributes increases in brake power

losses then brake specific fuel consumption gradually, as showed in Fig. 8.

It’s obvious from figures 7& 8 the effect of the types of lubricant oils on the brake specific

fuel consumption which that affected on the viscosities enhancements that discussed in Fig. 3.

IC engine brake thermal efficiency depends on brake power generated and fuel

consumption rate of IC engine i.e. (related on brake specific fuel consumption). The increases

in friction losses due to high speeds led to decreases in brake thermal efficiency, using the

sunflower lubricant oil led to enhancing in the brake thermal efficiency due to effect of its

suitable viscosity comparatives with the used mineral lubricant oil. Furthermore, the used

MWCNT as additives to sunflower oil with (0.1, 0.2 and 0.3%) concentration ratios led to

more enhancements in the brake thermal efficiency, as showed in Figures 9&10. From the

above discussed figures, it can listed the percentage of engine performance enhancements

using sunflower oil lubricant with MWCNT additives in average form, comparative with used

mineral oil lubricant in Table2.




Table 1.Thermo-physical properties of the used material

Specification Mineral

oil S.F. oil

MWCNT

Nanoparticles

S.F. oil +

0.1%

MWCNT

S.F. oil +

0.2%

MWCNT

S.F. oil +

0.3%

MWCNT

Density (kg/m3) 929.4 919.6 2100 920.7804 921.9608 923.1412

Specific heat

(J/kg.K) 2.13 2.124 843 4.041764 5.954618 7.862579

Thermal

conductivity

(W/m.K)

0.1631 0.161 2800 0.161161 0.161321 0.161481

Table 2. Percentages of average enhancements in engine performance using sunflower oil lubricant

with MWCNT additives comparative with used mineral oil lubricant

Specification Test Type

Lubricant Oil Type

S.F. oil

S.F. oil +

0.1%

MWCN

T

S.F. oil +

0.2%

MWCN

T

S.F. oil +

0.3%

MWCN

T

Reduction of bsfc

(%)

At (2N.m) with

different speed -7% -11% -14% -17%

At (2000 rev/min)

with different applied

load

-5% -9% -13% -17%

Average reduction of bsfc (%) -6% -10% -13% -17%

Reduction of

cylinder surface

temperature (%)

At (2N.m) with

different speed -5% -9% -13% -17%

At (2000 rev/min)


load

-4% -7% -11% -15%

Average reduction of cylinder surface

temperature (%) -4% -8% -12% -16%

Increasing of brake

thermal efficiency

(%)

At (2N.m) with

different speed 8% 12% 16% 21%

At (2000 rev/min)


load

6% 10% 15% 20%

Average increasing of brake thermal

efficiency (%) 7% 11% 15% 21%



Fig.1. Instrument used for preparing (MWCNT/sunflower) nano-oil samples.

Fig.2 Photograph of the used engine

Fig.3 Kinematic viscosity for the lubricants samples under various temperature




Fig.4 Engine temperatures under 2 N.m and 2000 rev/min

Fig.5 Engine temperatures under 2 N.m forvarious engine speeds

Fig.6 Engine temperatures under 2000 rev/min for various applied loads



Fig.7 bsfc of engine under 2 N.m for various engine speeds

Fig.8 bsfc of engine under 2000 rev/min for various applied loads




Fig.9 Brake thermal efficiency under 2 N.m for various engine speeds

Fig.10 Brake thermal efficiency under 2000 rev/min for various applied loads

4. CONCLUSIONS

Based on the experimental evaluation of IC engine performance which lubricated with neat

and blend bio-lubricant in this work, could be concluded the following:

• Due to the best viscosity at low and high temperatures of the non-edible sunflower oil than the

mineral, it can be using the non-edible sunflower oil as IC engine’s Bio-lubricant instead of

the mineral oil, which contributes to enhancing the IC engine performance such as reducing

the brake specific fuel consumption (bsfc) and also helps to cool the engine.

• Employ of MWCNT additives with sun flower oil in0.1, 0.2 and 0.3% concentration ratios led

to increasing in its kinematic viscosity of this oil for both low and high ranges of temperatures

that led as reducing the brake specific fuel consumption (bsfc) and decreasing in the engine’s

temperature.

• Used of the non-edible sunflower oil as engine’s lubricant caused increasing in brake power

thermal efficiency due to reducing the lost in power as the results of the best viscosity



comparative with the mineral oil, also using of MWCNT as additive to non-edible sunflower

oil led to increasing in this efficiency.

Nomenclatures

b.p Brake power (kW).

bsfc Brake specific fuel consumption (g/kW.hr)

C' Fuel higher calorific value of the used fuel (10921kcal/kg) or (45693.46 kJ/ kg).

I.p Indicated power(kW).

m). Consumption of fuel (g/s).

N Engine speed (rpm).

P.F Power generated from fuel (kW).

S.F. Sunflower.

T Engine toque (N.m).

t+ Time needed to empty the fuel burette (s).

V) Used volume of fuel (8 ×10-6

m3)

.

η+../ Brake thermal efficiency (%).

� Fuel density (kg/ m³).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors of this paper are highly grateful to the University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq

and the Universiti Teknologi Malaysia for their support in completing this study.

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Documents

IC-ENGINE PERFORMANCE USING MWCNT DISPERSED IN …...And the specific heatof nano-oil(Cp nano −oil) is (3) Where, ɸ refers to the volumetric concentration ratio of the nanoparticles