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Icelandic tourism
challenges and opportunities
Dr. Edward H. Huijbens
Director / ReaderIcelandic Tourism Research Centre / University of Akureyri
Nordic school visit at the University of Akureyri14th September 2012
The anthroposcene
Icelandic tourism
Planning
[a]ny approach to sustainable tourism planning needs to be based on sound ecological principles. This means not just an appreciation of the physical environment but also a deeper understanding of the economic, social, political and physical systems of which tourism is a part
Hall, 2000: Tourism Planning. Policies, Processes and Relationships p .205
requires far more than paying lip-service to key terms, gleaned from some convenient glossary. It requires ongoing engagements with the ever changing multiple complexities, relations, connections, lines and folds of actants and the constant de- and reterritorialisation ...
Hillier, 2007: Stretching beyond the Horizon: A Multiplanar Theory of Spatial Planning and Governance, p. 312
Sustainability
Source: UNEP & WTO, 2005: Making Tourism more Sustainable – A Guide for Policy Makers, p. 20
Environmental awerness
Eagles & McCool, 2000: Tourism in National Parks and Protected Areas, p. 20
Sustainaibility
Sustainable tourism development meets the need of the present tourists and host regions while protecting and enhancing opportunity for the future. It is envisaged as leading to management of all resources in such a way that economic, social and aesthetic needs can be fulfilled while maintaining cultural integrity, essential ecological processes, and biological diversity, and life support systems
Nature-based tourism
ecotourism:... tourism that is environmentally and socially benign, contributing both to local economies and the conservation of protected areas, while educating the traveller about local nature and culture
Gössling & Hultman, 2006: Ecotourism in Scandinavia. Lessons in Theory and Practice, p. 1, see also Brightsmith, Stronza & Holle, 2008: Biological Conservation, 141, p. 2833
• Natural areas• Environmental sustainability • Interpretation and education• Returns to the environment • Returns to the local communities• Cultural sensitivity
Black & Crabtree, 2007: Quality Assurance and Certification in Ecotourism
Experiencing nature
Beauty
Religion
Escape
Challenge
Romanticism and history
Solitude
Intimacy
Learning and discovery
Knowing that there is untouched nature
Technology in survival
The natural
Wilderness
Settled landUntouched land
Ease of access - greater
More natural environments
Wilderness quality
Medium Small NoneGreat
Anna Dóra Sæþórsdóttir, Rannveig Ólafsdóttir & Rögnvaldur Ólafsson, 2009: Hálendi Íslands, auðlind útivistar og ferðamennsku. Rannsóknir sem undirstaða skipulags Náttúrufræðingurinn, 78(1-2), 33-46.
Anna Dóra Sæþórsdóttir, 2010: Planning Nature Tourism in Iceland based on Tourist Attitudes. Tourism Geographies 12(1), 25–52.
Guests to Iceland
It all about nature...
Icelandic Tourist Board, 2012: Icelandic Tourism in Figures, 2011, p. 11
It all about nature...
Tourism in Iceland is characterized by the strong interest tourists show in gazing at, playing in and enjoying nature. It involves travel to the various natural attractions, such as mountains, glaciers, volcanoes, lava fields, geysers, sand fields, rivers, waterfalls, a varied coastline and a vast wilderness area in the central Highlands
Sæþórsdóttir, 2010: Planning Nature Tourism in Iceland based on Tourist Attitudes. In Tourism Geographies. 12, p. 29
Until now, Icelandic nature destinations have been characterized mainly by very limited infrastructure and little commercialization and can be considered underdeveloped with regard to recreation and tourism. With the rapid increase in tourism in the last decades this is gradually changing and investments have been made recently into road construction, parking places, toilet facilities, designed footpaths and a few visitor centres.
Sæþórsdóttir, 2010: Planning Nature Tourism in Iceland based on Tourist Attitudes. In Tourism Geographies. 12, p. 29
SeasonalityNumber of passengers and ASK by Icelandair
SeasonalityOvernights by foreing nationals in all types of accommodation
Experiencing
Huijbens, E. 2009: Mývatn Nature Baths
The elements…Huijbens, E. 2009: Mývatn Nature Baths
Of the Earth…
Huijbens, E. 2009: Mývatn Nature Baths
Landscapes
Huijbens, E. 2010: Dimmuborgir
Wanderer above the Sea of Fog, 1818
Kristján Pétur Sigurðsson, 2010: Rauðaþögn á ferð og flugi – Café Karólína, 3rd-30th April 2010
Burstafell
Sauðárkrókur
Kristján Pétur Sigurðsson, 2010: Rauðaþögn á ferð og flugi – Café Karólína, 3rd-30th April 2010
Holtavörðuheiði
Kristján Pétur Sigurðsson, 2010: Rauðaþögn á ferð og flugi – Café Karólína, 3rd-30th April 2010
Varmá - Hveragerði
Kristján Pétur Sigurðsson, 2010: Rauðaþögn á ferð og flugi – Café Karólína, 3rd-30th April 2010
Möðrudalsöræfi
Kristján Pétur Sigurðsson, 2010: Rauðaþögn á ferð og flugi – Café Karólína, 3rd-30th April 2010
Kotárgil
Kristján Pétur Sigurðsson, 2010: Rauðaþögn á ferð og flugi – Café Karólína, 3rd-30th April 2010
Wilderness
Designated Total
Before1960
1960-1969
1970-1979
1980-1989
1990-1999
2000-2009 2010-
National Parks 1 (1) (1) 0 0 2 0 3 (5)*
Nature Reserves 0 1 24 5 6 5 0 41
Natural Monuments 0 2 13 14 3 5 0 37
Country Parks 0 0 7 2 3 7 0 19Habitat Protection Areas 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2
Other Areas 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 2
1 2 (3)46
(47) 21 13 21 0 104
* Two became part of Vatnajökull National Park in 2008.
Protected areas in Iceland
hectaresNumber of areas
Number and size
Name and size
2010Categories Size (ha)Snæfellsjökull NP 16.694Nature Reserves 294.922Natural Monuments 6.587Habitat Protection Areas 2.172Country Parks 42.040Other Areas, special act* 1.615.772Total 1.978.187
*Þingvellir NP, Vatnajökull NP, Mývatn Laxá Reserve and Breiðafjörður Reserve Source: Environment Agency
Untouched wilderness
Where there are no visible traces of human impact and nature can evolve without human industry
Where there is a minimum of 5km to nearest infrastructure e.g. Power lines, roads and buildings
Which is a minimum of 25km2 where nature can be enjoyed without interference from infrastructure or human industry and enterprise.
Trips ofAugnablika hf.
Adventures playground?
© Rannveig Ólafsdóttir
© Rannveig Ólafsdóttir
© Rannveig Ólafsdóttir© Rannveig Ólafsdóttir
© Rannveig Ólafsdóttir
© Andrés Arnalds
© Andrés Arnalds