ICKEDS04 Porto 2004Slide nº 1 UNIVERSIDADE NOVA DE LISBOA Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia - Departamento de Informática Updating Legal Documents - The

ICKEDS04 Porto 2004 Slide nº 1

UNIVERSIDADE NOVA DE LISBOAFaculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia - Departamento de Informática

Updating Legal Documents- The case of Phytosanitary Protection of Vegetables

Agostinho Monteiro and Luís Moniz Pereira

Centro de Inteligência Artificial – CENTRIA


Goals

•Application of Logic Programming Updates to:

Problems involving legal reasoning

The case - Phytosanitary Protection of Vegetables and Vegetable Products

Legislation subject to frequent alterations

Legislation originating from different sources

Changing World

Nation’s organization

(EC evolved several times along the analyzed period)

Geography

(disappearance of DDR, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and USSR, and the corresponding constitution of new countries).

•We use LUPS, a previously developed language, as an appropriate tool to represent legal documents

•We consider the possibility of use of this implementation in other, non related, areas.


The Problem

Protection against the introduction and dispersion, in the EC states, of organisms harmful to vegetables and vegetable products

•Portugal adheres to the European Community (EC), in 1986

•It became imperative to adapt national legislation to European directives (Dir. 79/93/CEE)

•This directive was transcribed for the national legislation (DL 348/88)

DForbids the introduction of harmful organisms in groups of countries, countries or some specific areas;

DForbids the introduction of harmful organisms if original of groups of countries, countries or some specific areas.

•This groupings of countries changed along the considered time.

•Other countries were or disaggregated (USSR, DDR, etc.) or they originated new countries (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovakia, etc.).


Requirements

•Total repeal (the whole ordinance) vs. Partial (only part);

•Allowed if not forbidden vs. Forbidden if not allowed (Without information to prohibit it is allowed );

•To inhibit vs. To contradict ;

•5 Attachments (some subdivided in parts – Prohibition in the whole country or in parts of it ):

DI - Only harmful organisms ;

DII - Harmful organisms if present in vegetables (in the country);

DIII – Specific vegetables ;

DIV – Specific demands requested for introduction ;

DV – Phytossanitary certificate demand

•The origins and the destinies may be singular and/or complex ;

•Exceptions exist .


LUPS - Motivation

•Dynamic Logic Programming, by itself, doesn't provide a language to specify, or to program, alterations in logical programs .

•If knowledge is already represented by logical programs, dynamic programs just represent the evolution of that knowledge .

D How is that knowledge evolution specified?

D What makes it to evolve?.

•As logic programs describe knowledge states, it is intended that they also describe the transitions of knowledge states .

•Associating a group of transition rules to each state in order to obtain the next state, it is obtained an intercalated of states and transition rules.

•With the language of dynamic updates LUPS, both states and their transitions are made declarative.


LUPS – Commands

assert L L1, ..., Lk

assert L L1, ..., Lk when Lk+1, ..., Lm

assert event L L1, ..., Lk when Lk+1, ..., Lm

retract L L1, ..., Lk when Lk+1, ..., Lm

retract event L L1, ..., Lk when Lk+1, ..., Lm

always L L1, ..., Lk when Lk+1, ..., Lm

always L L1, ..., Lk when Lk+1, ..., Lm

cancel L L1, ..., Lk when Lk+1, ..., Lm

holds L1, ..., Ln at q


Design and Development

From the analysis of the ruling ordinances about Phytossanitary protection it resulted a regular structure, constituted by:

assert harm-org(‘Or 661-88’, ‘Ceratocystis coerulescens’, ‘Acer saccharum’, ‘Vegetable’ – ‘Whole’, ‘USA’, ‘Portugal’, ‘Plantation’).

•1. Indication of the rule, fact or exception’s constituent norm. Represented by the variable Norm;

•2. Identification of a harmful organism whose introduction and/or circulation is intended to prohibit . This identification is represented by the variable Organism;

•3. A product in which the occurrence of the harmful organism is verified, when that is the case, or the product itself. Represented by the variable Product;

•4. The form presented by the product when it is analyzed. Represented by the variable Form;

•5. The origin or, sometimes, the product’s production place. Represented by the variable Origin;

•6. The geographical destiny of the product, which can be a grouping of countries, an isolated country or even a group of specific areas. Represented by the variable Destiny e, finally ;

•7. The application it is destined to. Represented by the variable Purpose.


Groupings of countries - Acronyms

CM Community

NC Third (Not community )

EU Europe

OE Out of Europe

NA North America

CA Central America

SA South America

AM America

MD Mediterranean

EC Ex. Czechoslovakia

EJ Ex. Yugoslavia

ER Ex. URSS

EA Ex. DDR

Asia Asia


Knowledge Base Update - Part 1

State 01 updateF(‘genesis.p’). Beginning of the World

State 02 updateF(‘definicoes.p’). Initial definitions

State 03 updateF(‘update union-1957.p’). Beginning of the Community

State 04 updateF(‘update union-1973.p’). United Kingdom, Ireland, Denmark

State 05 updateF(‘update union-1981.p’). Greece

State 06 updateF(‘update union-1986.p’). Portugal, Spain

State 07 updateF(‘update 661-88 Rules.p’). Ordinance 661/88

State 08 updateF(‘update 661-88 Facts.p’).

State 09 updateF(‘update 661-88 Exceptions.p’).


Knowledge Base Update - Part 2

State 10 updateF(‘update exCzech-1990.p’).

State 11 updateF(‘update exDDR-1990.p’).

State 12 updateF(‘update exUrss-1990.p’).

State 13 updateF(‘update exYugo-1991.p’).

State 14 updateF(‘update exUrss-1991.p’).

State 15 updateF(‘update exYugo-1992.p’).

State 16 updateF(‘update 344-94 Rules.p’). Ordinance 344/94

State 17 updateF(‘update 344-94-88 Facts.p’).

State 18 updateF(‘update 344-94-88 Exceptions.p’).

State 19 updateF(‘update union -1995.p’). Austria, Finland, Sweden


Text of an Ordinance – An example

Ordinance 344-94 - Attachment II

PART A

Harmful organisms whose introduction and dispersion is forbidden inside the Country and in the remaining member States since they are present in certain vegetables or

vegetable products

Section I

Harmful organisms not existing in the Community and important for the whole Community

a) Insects, acaroids and nematodes in any phase or in development

Species Vegetables and vegetable products

1 – Aculops fuchsiae Keifer.................... Vegetables of Fuchsia L., destined to

plantation, except seeds.


Implementation example

Usually, rules have the following structure:

assert forb-to-intro(Norm, Organism, Product, Form, Origin, Destiny, Purpose) in_force(‘Or344-94'),in_force(Norm), harm-org(Norm, Organism, Product, Form, '', 'CM', Purpose), community(Destiny).

The specification of this prohibition is made by addition of new information with fact

assert harm-org(‘Or 344-94’, 'Aculops fuchsiae', 'Fuchsia L.', 'Vegetable' - ‘Whole', '', 'CM', 'Plantation').

The exception, to be added in the next state, will contradict the prohibition case it is related to a vegetable in the form of seeds.

assert not forb-to-intro(‘Or 344-94’, 'Aculops fuchsiae', 'Fuchsia L.', 'Vegetable' - 'Seed', '', 'CM', 'Plantation').

The interrogation of the knowledge base will be done, for instance, with the LUPS command holds.

holds forb-to-intro(Norm, 'Aculops fuchsiae', 'Fuchsia L.', Vegetable, '', Country, 'Plantation') at State.


Experience 11. Interrogation 14

Vegetables or vegetable products Harmful organisms

1 – Vegetables destined to plantation , excepting seeds, fruits or cut flowers:A) Forest :Acer (Acer saccharum), original of United States

Ceratocystis coerulescens (Munch) Back.

Rules assert forb-to-intro(Norm, Organism, Product, Form, Origin, Destiny, Purpose) in-force(‘Or 661-88’), in-force(Norm), harm-org(Norm, Organism, Product, Form, Origin, Destiny, Purpose), prolog(Destiny == ‘Portugal’).

Facts assert harm-org(‘Or661-88’, ‘Ceratocystis coerulescens’, ‘Acer saccharum’, ‘Vegetable’ – ‘Whole’, ‘USA’, ‘Portugal’, ‘Plantation’).

Exceptions assert not forb-to-intro(‘Or661-88', 'Ceratocystis coerulescens', 'Acer saccharum', 'Vegetable'- 'Seed', ‘USA', 'Portugal', 'Plantation').

assert not forb-to-intro(‘Or 661-88', 'Ceratocystis coerulescens', 'Acer saccharum', 'Vegetal'- 'Fruit', ‘USA', 'Portugal', 'Plantation').

assert not forb-to-intro(‘Or 661-88', 'Ceratocystis coerulescens', 'Acer saccharum', 'Vegetal'- 'Flower', ‘USA', 'Portugal', 'Plantation').

Interrogation holds forb-to-intro(Norm, 'Ceratocystis coerulescens ', ‘Acer saccharum’, ‘Vegetable’ – ‘Whole’, ‘USA’, ‘Portugal’, ‘Plantation’) at 8.

Result Norma = Or661-88


Experience 13. Articulate

CommunityThird Europe

Third Europe (Forbidden) Out of Europe

Turkey (Forbidden)

URSS (Forbidden)

Exceptions: Algeria, Cyprus, Egypt, Israel, Libya, Malta, Morocco, Syria, Tunisia.

Designation Country of origin

1 – Vegetable products :2.1 – Potato tubers (Solanum tuberosum L.), except those officially recognized as potato-seed .

Turkey, USSR and other third countries not belonging to continental Europe, with exception of: Algeria, Cyprus, Egypt, Israel, Libya, Malta, Morocco, Syria, and Tunisia.

Analysis


Experience 13. Rules, Facts and Exceptions

Rules assert forb-to-intro(Norm, Product, Form, Origin, Destiny, Purpose) in-force(‘Or661-88'), in-force(Norm), harm-org(Norm, Product, Form, 'NE', Destiny, Purpose), not europe(Origin), prolog(Destiny == 'Portugal'). assert forb-to-intro(Norm, Product, Form, Origin, Destiny, Purpose) in-force(‘Or661-88'), in-force(Norm), harm-org(Norm, Product, Form, Origin, Destiny, Purpose), prolog(Destiny == 'Portugal').

Facts assert harm-org(‘Or 661-88', 'Solanum tuberosum L.', 'Vegetable' - 'Tuber ', 'Turkey ', 'Portugal', '').assert harm-org(‘Or 661-88', 'Solanum tuberosum L.', 'Vegetable' - 'Tuber ', 'URSS', 'Portugal', '').assert harm-org(‘Or 661-88', 'Solanum tuberosum L.', 'Vegetable' - 'Tuber ', 'URSS' - 'Estonia ', 'Portugal', '').assert harm-org(‘Or 661-88', 'Solanum tuberosum L.', 'Vegetable' - 'Tuber ', 'NE', 'Portugal', '').

Exceptions % ('III-A-2.1') assert not forb-to-intro(‘Or 661-88', 'Solanum tuberosum L.', 'Vegetable' - 'Tuber ', 'Algeria ', 'Portugal', '').... assert not forb-to-intro(‘Or 661-88', 'Solanum tuberosum L.', 'Vegetable' - 'Seed ', 'Tunisia ', 'Portugal', '').


Experience 13. Interrogations

Query holds forb-to-intro(Norm, 'Solanum tuberosum L.', 'Vegetable ' - 'Tuber ', 'USA ', ‘Portugal’, ‘’) at 8.

Result Norm = Or 661-88

Query 21

Query 22

Query holds forb-to-intro(Norm, 'Solanum tuberosum L.', 'Vegetable ' - 'Tuber ', 'Algeria ', ‘Portugal’, ‘’) at 8.

Result Norm = Or 661-88

Query 23

Query holds forb-to-intro(Norm, 'Solanum tuberosum L.', 'Vegetable ' - 'Tuber ', 'URSS’ – ‘Estonia', ‘Portugal’, ‘’) at 9.

Result Norma = Or661-88

Query 24

Query holds forb-to-intro(Norm, 'Solanum tuberosum L.', 'Vegetable ' - 'Tuber ', 'Algeria ', ‘Portugal’, ‘’) at 9.

Result No


Experience 15

Vegetables and culture Means Specific demands

1 – Rooted vegetables, planted or destined the plantation

Official verification that the culture field is exempt of Synchytrium endobioticum, of Globodera rostochiensis and of Corynbacterium sepedonicum.

Rules assert must-resp(Norm, Product, Form, Origin, Destiny, Purpose, Exigency) in-force(Norm), in-force(‘Or 661-88’), has-exig(Norm, Product, Form, Origin, Destiny, Purpose, Exigency), prolog(Destiny == ‘Portugal’).

Facts % (‘IV-1-1.1’)assert has-exig(‘Or 661-88’, _, ‘Vegetable ’ – ‘Rooted ’, _, ‘Portugal’, ‘’, ‘Or 661-88 IV-1-1.1’).assert has-exig(‘Or 661-88’, _, ‘Vegetable ’ – ‘Plantado’, _, ‘Portugal’, ‘’, ‘Or 661-88 IV-1-1.1’).assert has-exig(‘Or 661-88’, _, ‘Vegetable ’, _, ‘Portugal’, ‘Plantation’, ‘Or 661-88 IV-1-1.1’).assert has-exig(‘Or 661-88’, _, ‘Vegetable ’ - _, _, ‘Portugal’, ‘Plantation’, ‘Or 661-88 IV-1-1.1’).

Query holds must-resp(Norm, ‘Citrus L.’, 'Vegetable ' – ‘Rooted’, ‘’, ‘Portugal’, ‘’, Exigency) at 9.

Result Norm = Or 661-88Exigency = Or 661-88 IV-1-1.1;

Query holds must-resp(Norm, ‘Citrus L.’, ‘Vegetable ’, ‘Poland ’, ‘Portugal’, ‘Plantation’, Exigency) at 9.

Result Norm = Or 661-88Exigency = Pt 661-88 IV-1-1.1;


Maintenance

Analysis and interpretation of the legislation and/or of the world

If partial repeal or change on the world

Identify the rules, facts and/or exceptions to modify/delete

While exist rules, facts and/or exceptions to modify/delete

Inhibit or delete those rules, facts and/or exceptions (a program for each type ) with not or retract

If modification

Add a rule, fact and/or exception to modify with assert

end If

end While

else

Add the assert not in-force(ordinance_to_repeal)

Add the assert in-force(new-ordinance)

Add the new rules, facts and/or exceptions (a program for each type )

End If


Other application areas

•Situations that involve borders ;

•Situations that forbid or condition the entrance of certain objects, when present in others, have a certain form, be original of some place, and have as destiny another one (both can be structured ) and are destined to some purpose .

This framing, eventually with small modifications, may be found in areas such as:

Biology (Micro-organisms) ;

Medical (Drugs);

Environment (Industrial and/or nuclear residues, etc.);

Economics (Customs) ;

Bordering (Schengen Agreement );

Military (Armament) .

Terrorism;


Conclusions

•In spite of, along the considered period of time, the Community and the World have evolved substantially, it is very easy to update the Knowledge Base, in a declarative way, with the new acquired information (sequences of programs).

•With Dynamic Logic Programming and the language LUPS (itself developed in Logic Programming), it is enough the creation of a new update program (here understood as a text file), for each state we intend to represent ;

•It is possible to interrogate the Knowledge Base in former states, by simply specifying those states or, inversely , to obtain information concerning the state in which certain situation was true.

•It was not necessary to use the totality of the potentialities made available by this language (in reality only a small part was used) because it was not necessary to specify, for instance, events (event) and/or conditions (when) for the transition of States .

•Logic Programming, namely DLP, and its implementation LUPS, are appropriate to represent legal problems that, as in this case, involve borders ;


Contacts

•A copy of the used code can be requested by email to

[email protected]

•The implementation LUPS, is available in the site

http://centria.di.fct.unl.pt~jja/updates

•A version of XSB Prolog can be obtained in

http://xsb.sourceforge.net/


Program updates

Rewriting each clause of the original program P

A B1, ..., Bm, not C1, …, not Cn becomes AP B1, ..., Bm, C1-, …, Cn

-

not A B1, ..., Bm, not C1, …, not Cn becomes AP- B1, ..., Bm, C1

-, …, Cn-

Rewriting each clause of the update program U

A B1, ..., Bm, not C1, …, not Cn becomes AU B1, ..., Bm, C1-, …, Cn

-

not A B1, ..., Bm, not C1, …, not Cn becomes AU- B1, ..., Bm, C1

-, …, Cn-

Update rules

A AU

A- AU- for all objective atoms A K

Inheritance rules

A AP, not AU-

A- AP-, not AU for all objective atoms A K

default rules

A- not AP, not AU

not A A- for all objective atoms A K.


Semantic characterization of Program Updates

Extended interpretation

A- M’ iff not A M

AP M’ iff A Body P and M ╞ Body

AP- M’ iff not A Body P e M ╞ Body

AU M’ iff A Body U e M ╞ Body

AU- M’ iff not A Body U e M ╞ Body

Defaults, rejected and residual

Defaults[M] = {not A: M ╞ Body , (A Body ) P U}

Rejected[M] = {A Body P : (not A Body ’ U) e M ╞ Body ’}

{ not A Body P : (A Body ’ U) e M ╞ Body ’}

Residue[M] = P Rejected[M]


Dynamic Program Update

Rewriting each clause of the original program P where s S

A B1, ..., Bm, not C1, …, not Cn becomes APs B1, ..., Bm, C1-, …, Cn

-

not A B1, ..., Bm, not C1, …, not Cn becomes APs- B1, ..., Bm, C1

-, …, Cn-

Update rules where s S

A APs

A- APs- for all objective atoms A K

Inheritance rules where s S

AS AS-1, not reject(AS-1)

AS- AS-1

-, not reject(AS-1-)

reject(AS-1) APs-

reject(AS-1-) APs

- for all objective atoms A K

Default rules

A0- for all objective atoms A K.

Current state rules where s S

A AS

A- AS-

not A AS- for all objective atoms A K