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ICS-FORTH October 23, 2006
About Material and About Material and Immaterial CreationImmaterial Creation
Institute of Computer Science Foundation for Research and Technology – Hellas
Heraklion, CreteCorrections made 30 November 2008
Martin Doerr
ICS-FORTH October 23, 2006
Material and Immaterial CreationProblem statement
Creation, a key concept of culture and science - a clear concept?
Intuitively: “An intentional activity (process) which brings into existence new things”.
— A thing not seen before.
— Acquires a new identity through this process.
— Bears essential traits from this process (and the creator?)
Questions:
— New in which sense?
— Senses: Different from what it is made of; different from peers; physically different; quantitatively different; functionally different.
— Can the kind of intention be separated from the sense of “new”? Is absolute identity adequate to describe the relevant senses of “new” ?
— how relates absolute identity to our creation concepts?
ICS-FORTH October 23, 2006
Material and Immaterial CreationProblem statement
General goal:
An ontology for representing factual knowledge expressed individually in cultural, historical or scientific documents, so that this knowledge can be integrated in a monotonic way, as long as information is not contradictory for the expert.
…not excluding the necessity of guidelines for good documentation practice…
Problem:
The same processes and constellations of matter may be described in ways so that formal reasoning may come to contradictory inferences, such as the same things existing and not existing, or existing multiply etc.
Approach: Ontology engineering from evidence of practice. Adequacy to the conceptualizations of domain experts.
ICS-FORTH October 23, 2006
Material and Immaterial CreationThe CIDOC CRM (ISO21127)
The CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (ISO 21127)
Developed since 1996 by CIDOC / ISO TC46, ISO 21127 by 2006, result of long-term interdisciplinary work and agreement.
Is a core ontology describing the underlying semantics of data schemata and structures from all museum disciplines and archives, aiming to integrate cultural heritage information
In essence, it is a generic model of recording of “what has happened” in human (mesoscopic) scale.
It can generate huge, meaningful networks of knowledge by a simple abstraction: history as meetings of people, things and information.
ICS-FORTH October 23, 2006
The CIDOC CRM is a formal ontology (defined in TELOS)
But CRM instances can be encoded in many forms: RDBMS, ooDBMS, RDF(S), OWL
Uses Multiple isa – to achieve uniqueness of properties in the schema.
Uses multiple instantiation - to be able to combine not always valid combinations (e.g. destruction – activity).
Uses Multiple isA for properties to capture different abstraction of relationships.
Methodological aspects wrt “core”:
Classes are introduced as anchors of properties ( and if structurally relevant). Other classes are seen as “terminology” (E55 Type).
Properties are introduced by evidence from frequently used data structures
Properties are declared with quantifiers 0,1,many at domain and range.
So far no FOL expressions.
Material and Immaterial CreationThe CIDOC CRM Encoding
ICS-FORTH October 23, 2006
Material and Immaterial CreationThe CIDOC CRM Thing
material
immaterial
ICS-FORTH October 23, 2006
Material and Immaterial CreationImmaterial things in the CIDOC CRM
E28 Conceptual Object *:
This class comprises non-material products of our minds and other human produced data that have become objects of a discourse about their identity, circumstances of creation or historical implication. The production of such information may have been supported by the use of technical devices such as cameras or computers.
Characteristically, instances of this class are created, invented or thought by someone, and then may be documented or communicated between persons. Instances of E28 Conceptual Object have the ability to exist on more than one particular carrier at the same time, such as paper, electronic signals, marks, audio media, paintings, photos, human memories, etc.
They cannot be destroyed. They exist as long as they can be found on at least one carrier or in at least one human memory. Their existence ends when the last carrier and the last memory are lost.
* Variant of the definition in ISO21127
ICS-FORTH October 23, 2006
Material and Immaterial CreationImmaterial things in the CIDOC CRM
Conceptual Objects do not depend in their form/substance on a particular carrier (“like fish and water”)
They are immaterial because they can reside identically at the same time on more than one carrier. They cannot “do” anything without a physical carrier.
They are particulars of a discourse. Some may be seen as equivalence classes of their carriers ( are they hidden universals ? ). Some are universals (!!).
a text versus a text plus its layout: part-of or IsA? IPRs do not pertain to the carriers.
Idea: Conceptual Objects participate in meetings via their carriers. They are only transferred via meetings of things and/or people ( a physical constraint on the “intellectual world”).
ICS-FORTH October 23, 2006 SS
tt
runnrunnerer
11stst AthenianAthenian
coherence volume coherence volume of first of first announcementannouncement
coherence coherence volume of the volume of the battle of battle of Marathon Marathon
MarathonMarathon
otherotherSoldiersSoldiers
AthensAthens
22ndnd AthenianAthenian
coherence volume coherence volume of second of second announcementannouncement
Information exchange as Information exchange as meetings…meetings…
Victory!Victory!!!!!
Victory!Victory!!!!!
ICS-FORTH October 23, 2006
Material and Immaterial CreationThe CIDOC CRM: only a partial formalization
E24 Physical Man-Made Thing
E55 TypeE18 Physical Thing
E12 Production
E11 Modification
E7 ActivityE39 Actor
0,n
1,n
1,n 1,1
P14.1 in the role of
P108 has produced(was produced by)
P31 has modified(was modified by)
1,n0,n P14 carried out by(performed)
P94 has created (was created by):
E65 Creation1,n
E28 Conceptual Object1,1
E73 Information Object
P128B is carried by(carries)
memorized in?
E70 ThingP16 used specific object
(was used for): 0,n 0,n
ICS-FORTH October 23, 2006
Material and Immaterial Creation The FRBR-CRM Harmonization Project
Formation in 2003 of the International Working Group on FRBR/CIDOC CRM Harmonisation:
A collaboration of CIDOC CRM-SIG and the IFLA FRBR Review Group.
To express the IFLA FRBR model as FRBROO with the concepts, ontological methodology and notation conventions provided by the CIDOC CRM.
To facilitate the integration, mediation and interchange of bibliographic and museum information.
A comprehensive text with all related CRM definitions and complete mappings FRBRER to FRBROO, OWL/RDF files, VISIO graphics.
Work continues with FRAD (Functional Requirements for Authority Data)
ICS-FORTH October 23, 2006
Material and Immaterial CreationFRBR
The Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR)
developed 1992-1997 by IFLA, now being complemented by the Functional Requirements for Authority Files (FRAR)
A core ER model to integrate library objects by content relation
Intended to formulate a new library practice
Innovations:
Definition of 4 stages/ abstraction levels of intellectual products: Work, Expression, Manifestation, Item.
Clusters publications and items around the notion of derivation and common conceptual origin across stages / abstraction levels.
Lacks: any explicit notion of the processes behind. Partially ambiguous definitions (overgeneralization).
ICS-FORTH October 23, 2006
Material and Immaterial CreationFRBR : Abstraction Levels
Work
Expression
Manifestation
Item
has part
is realized through(is a realization of)
has part
is embodied in(is the embodiment of )
has part
is exemplified by(exemplifies )
has part
has a complementhas a successorhas a summaryhas a supplementhas a transformationhas adaptationhas an imitation
“a distinct intellectual or artistic creation…there is no single material object one can point to as the work...”
“the intellectual or artistic realization of a work in the form of alpha-numeric, musical, or choreographic
notation, sound, image, object, movement, etc”
“the physical embodiment of an expression of a work…all the physical objects that bear the same
characteristics……may be only a single physical exemplar…”
“a single exemplar of a manifestation...”
has a complementhas a successorhas a summaryhas a supplementhas a transformationhas adaptationhas an imitation
ICS-FORTH October 23, 2006
Material and Immaterial Creation FRBROO – clarification of key concepts
The substance of Expression is signs (the text).
An Expression can be “complete”.
The kinds of signs/features that identify an Expression depend on the function.
The substance of Work is concepts (the idea).
Only through the comprehension of the concepts derivation is possible.
Complex Work: Continuation, possibly by others.
F1 Work
F15 Complex Work F14 Individual Work
F20 Performance Work
F21 Recording Work
F16 Container Work
F18 Serial Work
F17 Aggregation Work
E28 Conceptual Object
F19 Publication Work
F25 Performance Plan
F2 Expression
F22 Self Contained Expression
F26 Recording
F23 Expression Fragment
E73 Information Object
F24 Publication Expression
ICS-FORTH October 23, 2006
Material and Immaterial Creation FRBROO : The “first externalization”
process
E28 E28 Conceptual Conceptual
ObjectObject
E84 E84 Information Information
CarrierCarrier
E24 E24 Physical Physical
Man-Made Man-Made ThingThing
E65 E65 CreationCreation
E12 E12 ProductionProduction
F28 Expression F28 Expression CreationCreation
F2 ExpressionF2 Expression
F22 Self Contained F22 Self Contained ExpressionExpression
F23 Expression F23 Expression FragmentFragment
F4 ManifestationF4 ManifestationSingletonSingleton
F14 Individual F14 Individual WorkWork
F15 Complex F15 Complex WorkWork
F1 WorkF1 Work
F5 ItemF5 Item
F3 Manifestation F3 Manifestation Production TypeProduction Type
F32 Carrier F32 Carrier Production Production
EventEventR19 created a realization of
R9 is realized
in
R18 created
R4 comprises carriers of
R7 is example of
R17 created
R28 produced (was produced
by)
ICS-FORTH October 23, 2006
Material and Immaterial Creation FRBROO: Conception and “Externalization”
Work conception Expression creation
Work elaboration
produces a work
produces an idea Produces (simultaneously) anExpression and a Manifestation-Singleton
F28 Expression Creation
F27 Work Conception
F1 Work
E39 Actor
E52 Time
E53 Place
F2 ExpressionF4 Manifestation Singleton
R16 initiated (was initiated by)
P14 carried out
by
(performed)
P4 has time-span(is time-span of)
P7…
R17 created(was created by)R18 created
(was created by)
P4…
P7 took place at(witnessed)
P14 carried out by(performed)
R19 created a realisation of(was realised through)
time
ICS-FORTH October 23, 2006
Material and Immaterial CreationWhen is a new thing produced? - Immaterials
Identity and historical reasoning:
This idea was created by/in…, this physical law was detected by/in How did they learn about it? Who told them? (China 1421…)
Thesis: Conceptual Objects exist for our discourse from the “first externalization” on, from the point on they can be recognized.
Consequently: At least one physical carrier. Becomes the physical carrier a new object by carrying a new conceptual
object? Or is it only modified? There IS something physically new on it. Oral Tradition: At least 2 carriers needed? Becomes a new human carrier
modified? Is witnessing something a collective conceptual creation?
ICS-FORTH October 23, 2006
Material and Immaterial CreationWhen is a new thing produced? - Immaterials
Modification and Derivation:
An immaterial object is not modified like a material one: The precursor may continue to exist on another carrier => two distinct objects at the same time. Better talk only about derivation?
Which changes make it “new”? — Any reproducible change (DNA tracing!)— Sufficient change for a specific function: words, type face, lay-out? Relative notion of identity? Dependency: coarser level changes imply finer
level changes. New as a question of quantity? (trials on IPR?)
Research problem:
What are the kinds of relations between particulars which can be seen under different views of identity, as usual in our laws, library practice, scholarly tradition ?
ICS-FORTH October 23, 2006
Material and Immaterial CreationWhen is a new thing produced? - Immaterials
What about detecting the same concept?
Claim: There are conceptual objects that have an identity bound to a characteristic creation, so that necessarily all carriers must have a chain of tradition to them (see IP rights, secrets, know-how). This implies that they can be forgotten. If there would be no such objects, there would be no immaterial creation.
Do conceptual object that can be “redetected” have a distinct substance from the “invented” ones and thus can be separated?
Or should we bind a concept to a tradition chain, and declare a merging of two traditions as a distinct event? (e.g. Newton – Leibniz dispute).
Can observations about particulars be treated like invented concepts?
— In FRBROO, we regard a merge of two works as a new work.
— Biologists regard a species declaration as distinct from a naïve concept.
— Many laws in physics have not been detected twice. (Europe, China, Maya?)
— Was zero invented or detected?
ICS-FORTH October 23, 2006
Material and Immaterial Creation When is a new thing produced? – Material Objects
Identity and historical reasoning:
Who made it, and where?
Who has seen it? Where does it come from? Who were the owners?
Material Objects exist either from the point in time they become an independent material unit (“birth”), or they are “completely transformed”.
Relative notion of independence: no more kept together or no more sticking together?
Transformation, modification and creation can be a point of view.
In the CRM we say, the documentalist decides what it is.
ICS-FORTH October 23, 2006
Material and Immaterial Creation Example Palimpsest
Example palimpsest, three independent descriptions may describe three different books, created at different times, destroyed at different times, and yet the “same object”:
— Parchment book created
— First manuscript written
— First manuscript erased
— Second manuscript written
— First manuscript made visible via IR…
— book burned together with the library
Model A: 1 Physical Object + 2 Physical Features + 2 Information Objects:
Can the ink be seen as separate from the book? Is the Feature, rather than the book the carrier?
Non-monotonic under the (usual) view that ignores the creation of the empty book. Model A as normalized documentation form impractical!
ICS-FORTH October 23, 2006
Material and Immaterial Creation Example Palimpsest
Model B: a transformation sequence of 4 new Physical Objects
Empty book ends to exist when first manuscript is made out of it etc. Incompatible with the conservators view. Non-monotonic.
Model C: nested identity of “phases”:
Each manuscript is a phase of the parchment book. As such it is new as a manuscript, and old as a parchment book.
Monotonic wrt curator views Makes the notion of Production relative to a class.
ICS-FORTH October 23, 2006
Conclusions We have presented a materialistic view on material and immaterial creation
under the perspective to support the discourse about historical provenance and tradition of things and ideas. Material constraints apply to the creation and tradition of immaterial items. It should be possible to formalize them.
It seems that the notion of carrying immaterial objects and transferring them in meetings can reasonable describe a part of the historical discourse. To be formalized.
It seems that the notion of absolute identity cannot be held when integrating correct historical information about the same physical reality.
Lots of open questions with respect to the limitations of such a theory and its generalization, such as:
— Do we have to separate purely mental objects from symbolic representations, invented concepts from detected concepts and observations about particulars? Can/should conceptual objects be relative to a tradition?
— Under which conditions can views of relative identity occur, and how are the respective instances related, and which bearing does that have on the notions of modification, derivation and creation?