IEA Solar Heating & Cooling Programme 2001 Annual Report · IEA Solar Heating & Cooling Programme 2001 Annual Report Edited by Pamela Murphy Executive Secretary ... Solar Crop Drying

IEA Solar Heating & Cooling Programme

2001 Annual Report

Edited byPamela Murphy

Executive SecretaryIEA Solar Heating and Cooling

Programme

Morse Associates, Inc.1808 Corcoran Street, N.W.

Washington, DC 20009USA

March 2002

IEA/SHC/AR01

Table of Contents

3Table of Contents

4 Implementing Agreement

5 Chairman’s Report

9 Feature Article: Solar Combisystems for a Sustainable Energy Future

16 Task 22: Building Energy Analysis Tools

21 Task 23: Optimization of Solar Energy Use in Large Buildings

26 Task 24: Solar Procurement

32 Task 25: Solar Assisted Air Conditioning of Buildings

36 Task 26: Solar Combisystems

44 Task 27: Performance of Solar Facade Components

49 Task 28: Sustainable Solar Housing

54 Task 29: Solar Crop Drying

58 Task 31: Daylighting Buildings in the 21st Century

64 Address List

4Implementing Agreement

BACKGROUNDThe International Energy Agencywas established as an intergovern-mental organisation in November,1974 under the Agreement on anInternational Energy Program (IEP)after the oil shock of 1973/1974.The26 Member countries of the IEAhave committed themselves to takeeffective measures to meet any oilsupply emergency and, over the longterm, to reduce dependence on oil.Means to attain their objectiveinclude increased energy efficiency,conservation, and the developmentof coal, natural gas, nuclear powerand renewable energy sources.

The IEA’s policy goals of energysecurity, diversity within the energysector, and environmental sustain-ability are addressed in part througha program of international collabo-ration in the research, developmentand demonstration of new energytechnologies, under the frameworkof 40 Implementing Agreements.

The Solar Heating and CoolingImplementing Agreement was oneof the first collaborative R&D pro-grams to be established within the

IEA, and, since 1977, its par-ticipants have been con-ducting a variety of jointprojects in active solar, pas-sive solar and photovoltaictechnologies, primarily forbuilding applications. Theoverall Programme is moni-tored by an ExecutiveCommittee consisting ofone representative fromeach of the 20 membercountries and the EuropeanCommission.

SHC Member Countries

CURRENT TASKSA total of thirty Tasks (projects) havebeen undertaken since the begin-ning of the Solar Heating andCooling Programme. The leadershipand management of the individualTasks are the responsibility ofOperating Agents. The Tasks whichwere active in 2001 and theirrespective Operating Agents are:

Task 22Building Energy Analysis Tools

United States

Task 23Optimization of Solar Energy Use

in Large BuildingsNorway

Task 24Solar Procurement

Sweden

Task 25Solar Assisted Air

Conditioning of BuildingsGermany

Task 26Solar Combisystems

Austria

Task 27Performance of Solar Facade

ComponentsGermany

Task 28Sustainable Solar Housing

Switzerland

Task 29Solar Crop Drying

Canada

Task 31Daylighting Buildings in the

21st CenturyAustralia

The Solar Heating & Cooling

Implementing Agreement

AustraliaAustriaBelgium CanadaDenmarkEuropean Commission

GermanyFinlandFranceItaly

JapanMexicoPortugalNetherlandsNew ZealandNorwaySpainSwedenSwitzerlandUnited KingdomUnited States

OVERVIEWIn 2001, the Executive Committee ofthe SHC Programme continued toexamine different avenues for accel-erating the solar market. At theNovember 2001 ExecutiveCommittee meeting, a proposal fornew work on Market Analysis of theSolar Heating and Cooling Marketswas accepted and a Task Definitionmeeting will be held in March/April2002. The Executive Committeealso continued to collect data on theuse of solar collectors in theMember countries.

In addition to the ExecutiveCommittee’s work, three workshopswere organized on the timely topicsof advanced storage concepts forsolar thermal domestic, heat andcold storage, and the risk ofLegionnaires’ disease in solar hotwater heaters. And, the ninth cur-rent Task was started—Task 31,Daylighting Buildings in the 21stCentury. This Task is building uponthe results of the Programme’srecently completed daylighting workof Task 21. The Programme also iscontinuing to define the work inproposed Task 30, Solar City. ThisTask is to be initiated in 2002. Inaddition to the Task work,WorkingGroups on PV/Thermal Systems (ajoint activity with the IEAPhotovoltaic Power SystemsImplementing Agreement) and SolarGain and Statistics are underway.

The Executive Committee took timethis year to reflect on its work andexplore new areas of possible work.A special strategic planning sessionwas held at the November 2001Executive Committee meeting.During this one-day session, the

Executive Committee and OperatingAgents reviewed the currentStrategic Plan and then discussednational priorities and new opportu-nities and barriers. This sessiondemonstrated that the majority ofissues listed in the Strategic Plan arebeing addressed in the current Tasks.The top three areas of work thatwere proposed were renovation,process heat, and solar district heat-ing. As a result of this session, aworkshop on Solar Heat forIndustrial Processes is planned forMarch 2002 in Austria. The mem-bers also took time to review man-agement issues.

Participation in the Programmeremains strong with 20 Membercountries and the European Unionactively participating in the work.This year an arrangement was madewith Egypt for their participation inthe Implementing Agreement and aninvitation to join the Programmewas extended to Hong Kong. Othercountries that the ExecutiveCommittee has invited to join theProgramme and is facilitating theirpossible participation are Argentina,Brazil, China, Cyprus, Greece, Israel,Republic of South Korea, SouthAfrica and Turkey. The ExecutiveCommittee was pleased to have arepresentative from Turkey attendthe November 2001 ExecutiveCommittee meeting.

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE TASKS ANDWORKING GROUPNotable achievements of theProgramme’s work during 2001 arepresented below. The details ofthese and many other accomplish-ments are covered in the individualTask summaries later in this report.

5Chairman’s Report

Chairman’s Report:Highlights

of 2001

Mr. Lex BosselaarExecutive Committee Chairman

NOVEM, b.v., The Netherlands


Task 22: Building Energy AnalysisToolsTask results are being used asprenormative information in theestablishment of national buildingenergy codes and standards. TheTask’s IEA BESTEST cases weredeveloped by ASHRAE into a standard for energy standard compli-ance tool certification. Also, the U.S.National Association of State EnergyOfficials has referenced IEABESTEST for certification of homeenergy rating software. A number ofother countries, such as theNetherlands, have used or are con-sidering IEA BESTEST as a standardmethod of testing building energyanalysis tools for their national energy codes.

Task 23: Optimization of SolarEnergy Use in Large BuildingsWork on case studies was complet-ed and a technical report,“Examplesof Integrated Design,” was publishedwhich presents five of the buildingsthat used the “whole buildingapproach.” The particular processesused in the design of the buildingsand their performance were evaluat-ed and documented.

Task 24: Solar ProcurementNational procurements and compe-titions have been launched inCanada, Denmark, the Netherlands,and Sweden. Each country has expe-rienced successful results and hasplans for a second round of procure-ments in 2002. A new country,Belgium, decided to join the Task thisyear.

Task 25: Solar Assisted AirConditioning of Buildings A survey of 28 existing solar assistedair conditioning systems was con-ducted.The survey information wasentered into a database that includesshort reports on national R&D activ-ities on solar assisted air conditioningin the participating countries. It isavailable on the SHC website.

Task 26: Solar Combisystems Two industry workshops were heldin the Netherlands and Switzerland.The topics addressed were the mar-ket, systems and components, drain-back systems, legionella, architecturalintegration of solar collectors, andstagnation and overheating.The Task’swork on a test method for solarcombisystems has the interest ofthe CEN TC 312, who is now con-sidering a new work item to stan-dardize this test method.

Task 27: Performance of SolarFacade ComponentsMaterials for durability and reliabilityassessment of static solar materialswere identified and investigated inthe framework of the following casestudies 1) anti-reflective and poly-meric glazing materials, 2) reflectors,and 3) solar facade absorbers. Initialrisk analysis was performed, the sam-ples were exposed at outdoor testfacilities in different locations, andaccelerated screening tests werestarted for all the case studies.

Task 28/ECBCS Annex 38:Sustainable Solar HousingForty experts from Australia,Austria,Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Finland,Germany, Italy, Japan Switzerland, theNetherlands, Norway, Sweden and

the UK are sharing in the work ofthe Task. Results from this year’seffort include a Task brochuredescribing the work, an internationalworkshop on market analyses andstrategies, and a databank on thecharacteristics of built exemplaryprojects.

Task 29: Solar Crop DryingThe flagship project this year was theinstallation of a solar system on anew coffee drying plant in Panama.The success of this project lies notonly with the installation of the solarsystem but also with the close coop-eration between Task participantsand the plant owners. The majorobjective of the solar system is toreduce the amount of wood fuelneeded for the furnace.

Working Group on Advanced SolarLow-Energy DwellingsThe Working Group has ended andthe monitoring results collected andanalyzed from buildings of SHC Task13, Advanced Solar Low EnergyBuildings, will be published in a new2002 edition of the popular book,"Solar Energy Houses: Strategies,Technologies, Examples."

Working Group on PV/Thermal SolarSystemsThe objectives of this WorkingGroup are to exchange information,to prepare a "road map" by identify-ing the necessary international stepsneeded to develop various marketsfor PV/Thermal Solar Systems, andto advise the IEA on further work inthis field. The Working Group is acollaborative effort with the IEAPhotovoltaic Power SystemsProgramme.


Working Group on Solar GainThis Working Group is collecting andcompiling passive solar data from theMember countries.

NEW ACTIVITIESTask 30: Solar CityThis Task is in the Task DefinitionPhase. It was initiated in coopera-tion with the International SolarEnergy Society (ISES) and the IEAEnergy Conservation in Buildingsand Community SystemsProgramme. Currently, the expertsinvolved are in the process of struc-turing the new work and arrangingthe funding.The objective of this Taskis to increase the understanding andapplication of solar technologies incities. The overall goal of this effortis to reduce emissions in the target-ed cities to an environmentally sus-tainable level.

Market Analysis of Solar Heatingand Cooling MarketThe Executive Committee agreed tothe Task Definition Phase for thisnew work. A workshop is plannedfor March/April 2002.

MANAGEMENT ACTIONSProgramme and Policy ActionsThe Executive Committee:■ Approved a SHC Award and

established an AwardCommittee.

■ Agreed to hold a NationalProgram Review at its June 2002Executive Committee meeting.

■ Will celebrate its 25thAnniversary in 2002. A newProgrammed slide show will beproduced and the SHC exhibitwill be displayed at several con-ferences.

■ Agreed to invite Hong Kong tojoin the ImplementingAgreement. Communicationcontinued with the countries thathave already been invited to join– Argentina, Brazil, China, Cyprus,Egypt, Greece, Israel, Republic ofSouth Korea, South Africa andTurkey.

The Software Policy Committeecontinued to work on strengtheningand ensuring that the policy isadhered to as new Tasks developsoftware.

Executive Committee MeetingsThe 49th Executive Committeemeeting was held in June 2001 inBordeaux, France. During this meet-ing a one-day joint meeting was heldwith the IEA Buildings andCommunity Systems Programme.The 50th Executive Committeemeeting was held in November2001 in Vail, Colorado, USA.

Internet SiteThe Solar Heating and CoolingProgramme’s website continues tobe updated and new pages added asneeded. The site plays an increasingly important role in thedissemination of Programme andTask information.The address for thesite is: www.iea-shc.org.

Future WorkshopThe Executive Committee agreed toorganize a workshop in 2002 to dis-cuss the possibility of new work inthe following area.

Solar Heat for Industrial Processes This workshop will be held March2002 in Gleisdorf, Austria. The

objectives are to show the state ofthe art of investigations on solarprocess heat, discuss experiencesmade with pilot projects, explore theR&D requirements for industrialapplications, explore the long-term(>10 years) potential for solarprocess heat, and discuss the needfor international cooperation.Theworkshop is being organized bymembers of the EU funded OPET-Network and by Member countriesin the SHC Programme (Austria,Germany, Greece,Turkey, Spain andPortugal).

COORDINATION WITH OTHER IEAIMPLEMENTING WORKINGPARTIES/AGREEMENTS AND NON-IEAORGANIZATIONSThe Renewable Energy WorkingParty (REWP) increased its activitiesthat are coordinated between therenewable energy ImplementingAgreements.The SHC Programmediscussed the market accelerationinitiative with a representative fromthe IEA Secretariat at a meeting inFrance and provided the necessaryinput.

The SHC Programme participates inthe Sustainable Buildings Task Forceof the End Use Working Partybecause sustainable building is a keyelement of the SHC Strategic Plan.

The IEA Energy Conservation inBuildings and Community SystemsProgramme is collaborating in twoSHC Programme Tasks—Performanceof Solar Facade Components andSustainable Solar Housing. A jointmeeting was held in June 2002 inFrance. Possible overlaps betweenthe Programmes’ work was dis-


cussed and a link was made betweenthe work of ECBCS Annex 33, LocalEnergy Planning and the proposedSHC Task 30, Solar City. The nextjoint Executive Committee meetingis planned for June 2003 in Germanyto facilitate the continued collabora-tive work between the Programmes.

The Buildings Coordination Grouphad no activities in 2001, but is plan-ning a meeting in early 2002 with allthe buildings related ImplementingAgreements.

The IEA Photovoltaic PowerSystems Programme is working withthe SHC Programme in thePV/Thermal Systems Working Groupas well as keeping the SHCProgramme abreast of activities inthe PVPS Task 7, PV in the BuiltEnvironment.

The IEA Energy StorageProgramme expressed interest inholding a joint meeting in November2002.

The International Solar EnergySociety continues to collaboratewith the SHC Programme on pro-posed Task 30, Solar City.

PUBLICATIONSThe following IEA Solar Heating andCooling reports were printed in2001 and are not listed elsewhere inthis annual report.

Task 21: Daylight in BuildingsThese reports are available eitherfrom the SHC website www.iea-shc.org/task21 or from theSHC Executive Secretary [email protected].

Application Guide for DaylightResponsive Lighting Control Electric lighting and daylight have tocooperate in order to achieve thegoals of energy efficiency and goodvisual comfort.Therefore the layoutof the electric lighting has to bedesigned in such a way that suitablezones are created and daylight issupplemented in each zone.The day-light responsive control system ofthe electric lighting has to take careof this.There are quite a variety ofdaylight responsive control systemsfor artificial lighting on the market.The main objective of this guide is tosupport the user in selection, installa-tion and maintenance of such a sys-tem.

Applicability of Daylight ComputerModeling in Real Case Studies:Comparison between Measured &Simulated Daylight Availability &Lighting ConsumptionThis report investigates the accuracyand limitations of the Adeline 1.0lighting software in simulating theilluminance distribution from day-lighting and the electrical lightingenergy savings of an existing atriumbuilding. The purpose of the studywas to compare the Superlite,Superlink and Radiance computedoutputs against data collected in areal building.

Measurement of LuminousCharacteristics of DaylightingMaterialsThis report covers measurementcharacteristics and principles, pluslight transmittance and bi-directionalmeasurements and references. It alsoincludes specific performance data.

Post Occupancy Evaluation ofDaylight BuildingsA method to study user reactions toindoor environment, especially day-lighting, has been developed. It isbased on a questionnaire thatincludes attitudes to daylight andwindows as well as to the physicalenvironment. This report describeshow to use the questionnaire, whichwas first used in the EU Joule IIProject Daylight Europe and thenused more extensively in SHC Task21, Daylight in Buildings.

Daylighting Design ToolsThis report summarizes a survey ofa cross-section of various simpledaylighting design tools and their dif-ferent applications. The surveyincluded tools based on analyticalsolutions, tables, nomograms, dia-grams, so-called protractors, simplecomputer tools, typological studiesand scale models. Several newdesigns tools also are included. Toallow for problem sensitive selection,the report includes a table to char-acterize the reviewed tools.

Validation of Daylighting ComputerProgramsThis report summarizes the compar-ison of simulation results as well ascomparisons with data obtainedfrom measurements in scale modelslocated in artificial skies for the fol-lowing daylighting software—Radiance, Superlite, Genelux,Adelineand LESO-Dial.

FEATURE ARTICLEEach year our annual report includesa feature article on some aspect ofsolar technologies for buildings. Thisyear’s article is on solar combisys-


tems, which is a promising technolo-gy. Thanks to Mr. Werner Weiss ofAEE INTEC,Austria for contributingthis overview.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTSIn closing, I would like to thank theOperating Agents,Working GroupLeaders, Executive CommitteeMembers and our Advisor, FredMorse, for their work. I would espe-cially like to thank our ExecutiveSecretary, Pamela Murphy, for herhelp over the past year in prepara-tion and reporting of the meetingsand numerous Programme activitiesas well as helping to run this activeIEA Programme.

10Feature Article

The increase in the use of solarcollectors in recent years fordomestic hot water prepara-

tion has shown that solar heatingsystems are a mature and reliabletechnology. Every day, thousands ofsystems worldwide demonstrate thepossibilities of this ecologically harm-less energy source. Motivated by theconfirmed success of these systemsfor hot water production, an increas-ing number of homebuilders areconsidering solar energy for spaceheating as well.

Combining solar heating systemswith short-term heat storage andhigh standards of thermal insulationallows the heating requirements of asingle- or multi-family dwelling to bemet at acceptable costs. Comparedwith systems using seasonal storage(the costs of which are currently notaffordable for single-family houses),this combination provides a cost-effective system with high efficiency.

The demand for solar heating sys-tems for combined domestic hotwater preparation and space heatingis growing rapidly in several coun-tries. In some countries, such as

Austria, Denmark, Germany andSwitzerland, solar combisystemshave a noteworthy share of the mar-ket.

Solar heating systems for combineddomestic hot water preparation andspace heating, so-called "solar com-bisystems" are essentially the sameas solar water heaters when consid-ering the collectors and the trans-port of the produced heat to thestorage device.There is, however,one major difference --the installedcollector area is generally larger forcombisystems, as there are two dif-ferent heat consumers to supply.Furthermore, in a combisystemthere are at least two energysources to supply heat to these twoheat consumers -- the solar collec-tors and the auxiliary energy source.The auxiliary energy source can bebiomass, gas, oil or electricity.

Solar combisystems are more com-plex than solar domestic hot watersystems as there are more interac-tions with extra subsystems.And,these interactions profoundly affectthe overall performance of the solarpart of the system.The general com-

Solar Combisystems for a Sustainable

Energy Future

Werner WeissAEE INTEC

Arbeitsgemeinschaft ERNEUERBARE ENERGIE

Institute for Sustainable TechnologiesAustria

Figure 1.Installed collec-tor areas andshare of collec-tors for solarcombisystems inselected coun-tries for 1997.

Share of Solar Combisystem in Selected Countries - 1997

In 1

997

inst

alle

d co

llect

or a

rea

m2

Total collector area

Solar Combisystems

Germany Austria Switzerland Denmark

450,000

400,000

350,000

300,000

250,000

200,000

150,000

100,000

50,000

0

11Feature Article

plexity of solar combisystems has ledto a large number of widely differingsystem designs, which do not neces-sarily reflect local climate or localpractice. Several systems, for exam-ple, could be and soon will be soldall over Europe. Collaborative workin analyzing and optimizing combisys-tems is therefore an important activ-ity. Since December 1998, 26experts from 9 European countriesand the USA and 11 solar industries,have been working together in theSolar Heating and CoolingProgramme’s Task 26, SolarCombisystems. The objective of thisTask is to further develop and opti-mize solar combisystems fordetached single-family houses,groups of single-family houses andmulti-family houses.

Why Solar Space Heating?The enrichment of gases inducing agreenhouse effect in the atmosphereand the potential global warmingand climatic change associated withit, represent one of the greatestenvironmental dangers of our time.The reasons of this impendingchange in the climate can for themost part be attributed to the useof energy, in particular, the combus-tion of fossil fuels and the associatedemission of CO2.

Today, the world’s energy supply isbased primarily on non-renewablesources of energy -- oil, coal, naturalgas and uranium - which togethercover about 82% of the global pri-mary-energy requirements.Theremaining 18% are divided approxi-mately 2/3 into biomass and 1/3 intohydropower.The effective protection of the cli-

mate which makes provisions for thefuture will, according to manyexperts, demand at least a 50%reduction in the world-wide anthro-pogenic emission of greenhousegases in the next 50 years.

As a result of the climate confer-ences of the last decade and the dis-cussion about sustainable develop-ment, the European Commission haslaid down its goals withrespect to future devel-opment in the field ofrenewable sources ofenergy in the WhitePaper “Energy for theFuture: RenewableSources of Energy”. Inthe Commission’s"White Paper" the fol-lowing is mentioned asa strategic goal: "... toincrease the marketshare of renewable sources of ener-gy to 12% by the year 2010." Theyearly increase in the installed collec-tor area named in the White Paperin the member states is estimated at20%.Thus, solar heating systems inoperation in the year 2010 wouldcorrespond to an overall installedcollector area of 100 million m2.

If the direct use of solar energy forheating purposes via solar collectors,as shown in the sustainable energyscenarios, is to make a relevant con-tribution to the energy supply, it isnecessary that solar-heating tech-nologies be developed and widelyapplied over and beyond the field ofdomestic hot water preparation.

A realistic approach would be toassume that in the next ten years,

about 20% of the collector areayearly installed in middle and north-ern latitudes will be used for solarcombisystems.This means that inaccordance with the "White Paper"of the European Commission, in thecountries of the European Unionalone per year around 120,000 solarcombisystems with 1.9 million m2 ofcollectors need to be installed.

Conditions and Pre-requisites forSolar Space HeatingCurrently installed systems clearlyshow that solar space heating is pos-sible even under mid- and northernclimatic conditions. However, beforea solar combisystem is installed, dueattention must be paid to the condi-tions and other requirements.

Solar Energy AvailabilityIn high latitudes, the solar energyavailable in summer is more thantwice that available in winter.Virtually,the opposite applies to the energydemand for space heating. In com-parison to hot water supply, the

Figure 2. Objectives for the installedcollector area until 2010 in theEuropean Union’s member countries.

Mill

ion

squa

re m

etre

1995 2000 2005 2010

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

Total collector area

Share of Combisystems

12Feature Article

heating load is dependent on theoutside temperature. Measurementsof solar irradiation and temperaturein the transitional periods(September – October and March –May) clearly show that solar irradia-tion availability is relatively high atthe beginning and end of the space-heating season. Even on winter days,energy demand and solar irradiationare partially related.

Figure 3 shows the solar irradiationon a horizontal plane at Zurich,

Switzerland. It can be seen that,under this latitude, there are notonly strong seasonal variations inradiation throughout the year, butsolar radiation also quite widelychanges on a daily, or even hourlybasis.

In order to make efficient use of theavailable solar energy supply, it istherefore necessary to even outthese fluctuations, by means of stor-age systems, to be able to supply hotwater continuously and to guarantee

a constant room temper-ature.

System DesignsThe solar contribution,that is, the part of theheating demand met bysolar energy, varies from10% for some systemsup to 100% for others,depending on the size ofthe solar collector, thestorage volume, the hotwater consumption, the

heat load of the building, and the cli-mate.

As mentioned before, there are alarge variety of system concepts onthe European market.The differentsystem concepts can partly be putdown to the different conditionsprevailing in the individual countries.Thus, for example, the "smallest sys-tems" in terms of collector area andstorage volume are located in thosecountries in which gas or electricalenergy are primarily used as auxiliaryenergy. In the Netherlands, for exam-ple, a typical solar combisystem con-sist of 4-6 m2 of solar collector and a300 liter storage tank.The share ofthe heating demand met by solarenergy is therefore correspondinglysmall.

In countries such as Switzerland,Austria and Sweden, where solarcombisystems are typically coupledwith a biomass boiler, larger systemswith high fractional energy savingsare encountered.A typical systemfor a single-family house consists of15 - 30 m2 of collector area and a1 - 3 m3 of storage tank.The share ofthe heating demand met by solarenergy is 20% - 60 %.

Figure 3. Solarirradiation on ahorizontal planein Zurich,Switzerland

Figure 4. French house equipped with adirect solar floor system (Source:Clipsol, France)

Figure 5. Dutch solar combisystem(Source: ATAG, The Netherlands)

sola

r ra

diat

ion

(W/m

2 )

globaldirect

0 1440 2880 4320 5760 7200 8640Time (h)

1000

800

600

400

200

0

13Feature Article

Requirements for the Hydraulic LayoutRequirements for the hydraulic lay-out of solar combisystems can besummarized as follows (Streicher,2000):

■ Deliver solar energy to heatstore(s) with as low heat loss aspossible;

■ Distribute all the heat needed tohot water and space heatingdemand;

■ Reserve sufficient store volumefor auxiliary heating taking intoaccount minimum running timefor the specific heater ;

■ Low investment costs;■ Low space demand; and■ Easy and failure safe installation.

Furthermore, specific properties ofcomponents influence the operationof the other components.As men-tioned before, heat demand andannual and daily load distribution areof major importance for systemdimensions.

Generally, the heat store is the heartof a solar combisystem. Solar heat is

stored in the lower part of the storeand, if applicable, auxiliary heat in theupper part.The collector hydraulicsinfluences the height of the collectorloop outlet to the store. For high-flow collectors, this connection canbe quite low. On the other hand, thisconnection should be higher or evenbetter variable (stratifier) for low-flow collectors and the heat storeshould be prepared to enhancethermal stratification.

For combisystems with indirect inte-grated auxiliary heating, the inletpipe from the heater is connected atthe top.The height of the outletdepends on the peak hot-waterdemand, the outlet pipes to the heatdistribution system and the volumeneeded for solar energy.The mini-mum operation time for the heateralso determines the auxiliary vol-ume.Requirements are stricter for woodfurnaces than for gas boilers.Another factor is the type of theheat distribution system, for exam-ple, connection from high-tempera-ture radiators to the store should behigher than from a low-temperatureheat distribution system.

This indicates that system designlargely depends on national buildingtraditions, auxiliary energy sourceand user behavior.

Examples of System LayoutFigures 7-9 show designs from differ-ent countries and manufacturers.Thesystem in Figure 7 is a typical earlydesign with a large number of com-ponents.The system can be very effi-cient, but is also more difficult toinstall.

Figure 7. Two-stores combisystem withfixed-power auxiliary heater (Austria)

Figure 8. Solar combisystem with inte-grated gas or oil burner (Finland)

In the system layout presented inFigure 8, most functions have beenintegrated in the heat store, even thegas or oil burner. Figure 9 shows asolar combisystem with direct floorheating.The thermal mass of thefloor heating system is used as heatstore.Auxiliary heating is coupled inseries.A special control is used fordistribution of the solar heatbetween floor and hot water.

Figure 6. Solar combisystem for a single-family house in Germany (Source: SOLVIS, Germany)

14Feature Article

Figure 9. Direct solar floor combisystem(France)

More information on system layoutscan be found in the report,“Overview of Solar Combisystems2000” that can be found on the Task26 homepage at www.iea-shc.org/task26.

The systems described above aredesigned for single- or two-familyhouses. But there are also systems inoperation that are designed formulti-family houses and terracedhouses.These systems also haveshown promising results during thelast years.

In Gleisdorf, Austria a system wasinstalled in 1998 for an office build-ing and 6 terraced houses.The col-lectors – spread on three construc-tion parts – with an extension of230 m2 were integrated into theroofs of the winter gardens andcover 80% of the hot water and60% of the space heating demand ofthe whole year.A biomass boilerprovides the remaining energy.Alocal heating network connects theindividual houses to the central 14m3 storage tank.The temperaturelevel of the heat release also deter-

mines the efficiency of a solar heat-ing system. For this reason the build-ings were equipped with special low-temperature wall heating systems.The medium fluid temperature oflow-temperature wall heating systemis 35° C during the heating period.

Support for System DevelopmentBoth mathematical models and testmethods support the assessmentand optimization of solar combisys-tems.

Computer ProgramsThere are several computer pro-grams on the market for the thermalperformance calculation of solarcombisystems: Polysun,TSOL andSHWwin.All are transient simulationprograms with time steps of a fewminutes and feature database

support for components and sys-tems. Heat loads can also be definedin great detail. Possible system lay-outs are, however, restricted and dif-fer from one program to the other.More information on these pro-grams can be found in (Streicher,2000).

A more general computer programis TRNSYS. Solar combisystems canbe composed from TRNSYS mod-ules.Within SHC Task 26, about halfof the solar combisystems from the2000 overview are being modeledusing TRNSYS so that optimizationof these system concepts can be cal-culated.

For solar combisystems with a rela-tively small collector area (2-5 kWheat load), optimum heat store vol-ume appears to be 50-200 liters perkW heat load.The optimum tilt angleis between 30° and 75°. Orientationis best between 30° east and 45°west.

Figure 10. 60% of the space heatingdemand of these terraced houses arecovered by solar energy (Source: AEEINTEC, Austria)

15Feature Article

Test methodsEmphasis in solar combisystem testmethod development is now in theso-called "Direct Characterisation"(DC) test procedure where a 6 daystest simulates the system operationduring summer, winter andspring/autumn. Performance indica-tor from testing is processed in asimple way to deliver annual perfor-mance prediction, but only for theconditions during the test, beingaverage values for the whole year.Extrapolation into other climatesand heat demands than used in thetest is not possible.

The CTSS (Component Testing –System Simulation) method, availablefrom European Standardisation ofsolar hot water systems, is morecomplex. Components are testedseparately in this method and com-ponent models are used to deter-mine component specifications.Combination of component modelsinto a numerical model for thewhole system gives the annual per-formance and enables extrapolation.The DC method is under investiga-tion in Task 26. CTSS serves forcomparison.There is a liaison

between SHC Task 26 and CENTechnical Committee 312 ‘SolarEnergy’.

ConclusionsThe attention that is being given tosolar combisystems is justified, asthese products will certainly hold asound share of the market in thefuture. In recent years, combisystemshave changed from complex designsinto compact products.And,although there are still many differ-ent system designs to choose from,the computer programs being usedto optimise system designs and thetest methods being used to assessand compare products are support-ing the market development of reli-able systems.

ReferencesWeiss,W. (2001) European marketon thermal solar energy with specialfocus on solar combisystems,Proceedings Task 26 Delft IndustryWorkshop, IEA Solar Heating andCooling program,AEE INTEC,Gleisdorf, Austria.

Streicher,W. (2000) Solar combisys-tems – from small niche market to

standardized application, ProceedingsEurosun 2000 Conference,Copenhagen, Denmark.

Suter, J.-M,T. Letz,W.Weiss and J.Inäbnit, 2000, Solar Combisystems inAustria, Denmark, Finland, France,Germany, Sweden Switzerland, theNetherlands and the USA –Overview 2000, IEA SHC – Task 26,AEE, Gleisdorf, Austria.Visser, H.,Weiss W., Streicher W.(2001) International attention forassessment and optimization of solarcombisystems, ProceedingsNorthsun 2001 Conference,http://www.northsun.org/, Leiden,The Netherlands

For more information visit:www.iea-shc.org

16Energy Analysis Tools

TASK DESCRIPTIONThe overall goal of Task 22 is toestablish a sound technical basis foranalyzing solar, low-energy buildingswith available and emerging buildingenergy analysis tools. This goal willbe pursued by accomplishing the fol-lowing objectives:

■ Assess the accuracy of availablebuilding energy analysis tools inpredicting the performance ofwidely used solar and low-energyconcepts.

■ Collect and document engineer-ing models of widely used solarand low-energy concepts for usein the next generation buildingenergy analysis tools.

■ Assess and document the impact(value) of improved buildingenergy analysis tools in analyzingsolar, low-energy buildings, andwidely disseminate researchresults to tool users, industryassociations and governmentagencies.

Task 22 will investigate the availabilityand accuracy of building energyanalysis tools and engineering mod-els to evaluate the performance ofsolar and low-energy buildings. Thescope of the Task is limited towhole-building energy analysis tools,including emerging modular typetools, and to widely used solar andlow-energy design concepts. Toaccomplish the stated goal andobjectives, the Participants carriedout research in the framework oftwo Subtasks during the initial phaseof the Task:

■ Subtask A: Tool Evaluation■ Subtask B: Model

Documentation

During a Task Extension Phase, theParticipants will focus on two newSubtasks:

■ Subtask C: ComparativeEvaluation

■ Subtask D: Empirical Validation

Tool evaluation activities will includeanalytical, comparative and empiricalmethods, with emphasis given to"blind" comparative evaluation usingcarefully designed test cases and"blind" empirical validation usingmeasured data from test rooms orfull scale buildings. Documentationof engineering models will use exist-ing standard reporting formats andprocedures.

The audience for the results of theTask is building energy analysis tooldevelopers. However, tool users,such as architects, engineers, energyconsultants, product manufacturers,and building owners and managers,are the ultimate beneficiaries of theresearch, and will be informedthrough targeted reports and arti-cles.

DurationThe Task was initiated in January1996, and with the approved 24-month extension, is planned forcompletion in December 2002.

ACTIVITIES DURING 2001A summary of Subtask researchactivities completed during 2001 ispresented below.

Subtask A: Tool EvaluationThis Subtask is concerned withassessing the accuracy of availablebuilding energy analysis tools in pre-dicting the performance of widely

TASK 22:

Building Energy Analysis Tools

Michael J. HoltzArchitectural Energy Corporation

Operating Agent for the U.S.Department of Energy


used solar and low-energy concepts.Three Tool evaluation methodologiesare being employed:

1) Analytical Tests2) Comparative Tests3) Empirical Validation Tests

Work accomplished during 2001 oneach of these tool evaluation effortsis summarized below.

Analytical Tests: All planned activi-ties have been completed. However,continued interest and collaborationin analytical test methods continuesthrough ASHRAE SPC-140 andCEN, prEN13791 and pr EN13792.The Subtask A Leader and theOperating Agent have written a let-ter to the CEN project leaderexpressing concerns about the CEN-sponsored approach to energyanalysis tool evaluation and to pro-pose collaboration between Task 22and CEN in the area of buildingenergy analysis tool evaluation methods.

Comparative Tests: The HVACBESTEST suite of test cases – seriesE100 – E200 – was approved by theExecutive Committee, distributed toTask Experts and other buildingenergy analysis tool developers, andmade available on the IEA SolarHeating and Cooling Program website.

Empirical Validation Tests:The FinalReport of three empirical validationtests conducted at the Iowa EnergyCenter’s Energy Resource Station(ERS) was approved by theExecutive Committee, and was post-ed on the SHC Programme website.

Parameter Estimation/IdentificationTechnique: A draft final report ofthis innovative building energy analy-sis tool validation method was pre-pared by the author, and is beingreadied for Executive Committeeapproval and distribution throughthe SHC Programme website during2002.

Subtask C: Comparative EvaluationThis Subtask is concerned withdeveloping a number of comparativetests on basic energy modeling capa-bilities. During 2001,Task Expertsdeveloped test case specifications forthe following energy modeling issues:

■ Radiant Floor■ Gas-Fired Furnaces■ Multi-Zone Loads■ HVAC BESTEST –

Cases E300-E520■ Ground Coupling

A first round of results for theground coupling test cases was com-pleted by several Task Experts, withresults for the other test cases to becompleted in early 2002.

Subtask D: Empirical ValidationThis Subtask is concerned with vali-dating building energy analysis toolenergy predictions with performancedata from a highly controlled com-mercial test facility. The followingenergy systems will be tested in theIowa Energy Resource Station TestFacility, the performance data used inthe validation of building energyanalysis tools:

■ Heat Recovery■ Daylighting/HVAC Interaction■ Economizer Control

A second round of data collectionwas completed on theDaylighting/HVAC informationempirical validation energy tests.Experimental Plans for the otherempirical validation topics weredeveloped and are being readied forimplementation.

WORK PLANNED FOR 2002Planned Task activities for 2002 arepresented below.

Subtask C: Comparative TestsComplete several rounds of analyseson the HVAC BESTEST (E300-E520), radiant floor, ground coupling,and gas-fired furnace comparativetest cases, and prepare draft finalreports on each comparative testcase.

Subtask D: Empirical ValidationConduct experiments at the IowaEnergy Research Station to createdata sets for empirical validation ofsimulation tools. Three sets of testwill be undertaken – heat recovery,economizer control, and daylight-ing/HVAC interaction. Completeseveral rounds of validation analyses,and prepare draft final reports oneach validation test case.

LINKS WITH INDUSTRYBecause of the nature of the Task –tool evaluation and emerging toolresearch – links with industry take asomewhat different form than otherSHC Programme Tasks. The primaryaudience for Task 22 research isbuilding energy analysis tool authors.A secondary audience is buildingenergy codes and standards writingorganizations. For tool authors, anumber of links have been estab-


lished. The Analytical SolutionsWorking Document was distributedfor their use and comment, and anumber of tool authors are partici-pating in the HVAC BESTEST andERS tool evaluation exercises. Theseactivities keep Task 22 research effec-tively linked to the needs and rec-ommendations of the world’s leadingbuilding energy analysis tool devel-opers.

The results of Task 22 research areused as prenormative information inthe establishment of national buildingenergy codes and standards. Forexample, the IEA BESTEST caseswere developed by ASHRAE into astandard for energy standard compli-ance tool certification. Also, the U.S.National Association of State EnergyOfficials has referenced IEABESTEST for certification of homeenergy rating software. A number ofother countries, such as TheNetherlands, have used or are con-sidering BESTEST as a standardmethod of testing building energyanalysis tools for their national ener-gy codes.

Through these kinds of industrylinks, the participants of Task 22ensure the valuable use of itsresearch results.

REPORTS PUBLISHED IN 2001BESTEST specifications for compara-tive test of cooling equipment (seriesE300-E520 test cases), residentialgas-fired heating equipment, and radi-ant floors.

ERS data sets and test specificationsfor the daylighting – HVAC interactionempirical validation exercises.

REPORTS PLANNED FOR 2002Parameter Estimation/IdentificationTechnique for Modeling ErrorDiagnostics, GISE/ENPC, France.

International Energy Agency BuildingEnergy Simulation Test and DiagnosticMethod for HVAC Equipment Models(HVAC BESTEST) Volume 2: CasesE300-E500, National RenewableEnergy Laboratory.

International Energy Agency BuildingEnergy Simulation Test and DiagnosticMethod for Radiant floor Models(RADTEST),Technikum Luzen.

International Energy Agency BuildingEnergy Simulation Test and DiagnosticMethod for Gas-Fired Furnaces(GASTEST), National ResourcesCanada.

MEETINGS IN 2001 Eleventh Experts MeetingMarch 8-9Lucerne, Switzerland

MEETINGS PLANNED FOR 2002Twelfth Experts MeetingFeburary 6-8Ottawa, Canada

Thirteenth Experts MeetingJune 2002To Be Determined


TASK 22 NATIONAL CONTACT PERSONS

Operating AgentMichael J. HoltzArchitectural Energy Corporation 2540 Frontier Avenue, Suite 201Boulder, Colorado 80301 United States

AustraliaP.C.Thomas (observer)University of New South WalesFaculty of Built EnvironmentSydney 2052

CanadaIan Beausoliel-MorrisonCANMET Energy Technology CentreNatural Resources Canada580 Booth Street, 13th FloorOttawa, Ontario K1A 0E4

Julia PurdyCANMET Energy Technology CentreNatural Resources Canada580 Booth Street, 13th FloorOttawa, Ontario K1A 0E4

FinlandPekka TuomaalaVTT Building TechnologyEnergy Systems Research GroupP.O. Box 1804 Lampomie henkuja 3FIN-02044 ESPOO

Mika VuolleHelsinki University of TechnologyHeating,Ventilating & Air

ConditioningOtakaari 4Fin-02150 ESPOO

FranceJoseph OjalvoElectricite de France, Dept.ADEBLes RenardieresRoute de Sens, Ecuelles77818 Moret-sur-Loing Cedex

Elena Palomo and Gilles LefebvreLETIEF – IUTUniversite de Paris XII – Val de

MarneAvenue du General De Gaulle94010 CRETEIL Cedex

GermanyClemens Felsmann and Gottfried

KnabeTechnische Universität DresdenInstitut für Thermodynamik und

Techn. GebäudequsrüstungHelmholtzstr. 1401062 Dresden

Martin BehneKLIMASYSTEMTECHNIKEsdorn Jahn GmbHKeplerstraße 8/7010589 Berlin

NetherlandsWim PlokkerTNO Building and Construction

ResearchP.O. Box2600 AA Delft

Wim MaassenPostbus 492600 AA Delft

SpainJuan TravesiDepartamento De Energias

Renovables, CIEMATAvda. Complutense, 2228040 Madrid

SwedenPer Sahlin and Alex BringBris Data ABVasterlanggatan 2711129 Stockholm

SwitzerlandGerhard Zweifel, MatthiasAchermann, Reto von Euw, and

Sven KropfZentralschweizerischesTechnikum LuzemAbt. HLKCH-6048 Horw

United KingdomDavid Bloomfield, Foroutan Parand

and Elizabeth SilverBuilding Research EstablishmentBucknalls LaneGarstonWatford WD2 7 JR

United StatesRon Judkoff National Renewable Energy

Laboratory1617 Cole BoulevardGolden, Colorado 80401

Joel NeymarkJ. Neymark & Associates2140 Ellis StreetGolden, Colorado 80401

Gregory Maxwell and Simon WinataMechanical Engineering DepartmentIowa State University2025 Black Engineering BuildingAmes, Iowa 50011

Curtis J. KlaassenIEC Energy Resource StationDMACC2006 S.Ankeny BoulevardAnkeny, Iowa 50021


Bill Beckman (observer)Solar Energy Laboratory1500 Engineering DriveUniversity of WisconsinMadison,WI 53706

21Solar in Large Buildings

TASK DESCRIPTIONThe main objectives of Task 23 areto ensure the most appropriate useof solar energy in each specificbuilding- project for the purpose ofoptimizing the use of solar energyand to promote an increased use ofsolar energy in the building sector.

This is achieved by enabling thebuilding designers to carry outtrade-off analyses between theneed for and potential use of ener-gy con-servation, daylighting, passivesolar, active solar, and photo-voltaictech-nologies in systematic designprocesses.

In addition, the objective of the Taskis to ensure that the buildings pro-mote sustainable development.Thisis done by including considerationsof other resource use and of localand global environmental impact inthe trade-off analyses to be carriedout.

ScopeThe work primarily focuses oncommercial and institution-al build-ings, as these types of buildingsclearly need several types of sys-tems. In particular, office buildingsand educational buildings areaddressed.The same issues are rele-vant for many ---other commercialand institutional buildings. However,some of these, such as for -instancehospitals, require rather specializeddesign teams and would broadenthe scope of the Task tremendously.They are therefore excluded fromthe Task in order to ensure concen-tration and focus in the work car-ried out.

MeansThe work in the Task is divided infour Subtasks:

■ Subtask A: Case stories (LeadCountry: Denmark)

■ Subtask B: Design process guide-lines (Lead Country: Switzerland)

■ Subtask C: Methods and tools fortrade-off analysis (Lead country:USA)

■ Subtask D: Dissemination anddemonstration (Lead country:Netherlands)

Subtask A provides the knowledgebase to be used in the developmentof guidelines, methods, and tools inSubtasks B and C, while Subtask Densures that the results of the workare disseminated to the appropriateaudiences.

DurationThe Task was initiated in June 1997and will be completed in June 2002.

ACTIVITIES DURING 2001Subtask A: Case StoriesThe main objective of Subtask A isto provide the knowledge neededin the development of the guide-lines, methods, and tools that arebeing developed in Subtasks B andC.This has been done by evaluatingand documenting a set of buildingsdesigned using the "whole buildingapproach". Both the particularprocesses used in the design of thebuildings and the resulting buildingperformances have been evaluated.

The work in the Subtask has beencompleted this year, and a technicalreport has been published.Thisreport, called "Examples of

TASK 23:

Optimization of SolarEnergy Use In Large

Buildings

Anne Grete HestnesNorwegian University of Science

and TechnologyOperating Agent for the

Research Council of Norway


Integrated Design," presents five ofthe cases studied.

Subtask B: Design ProcessGuidelinesThe main objective of Subtask B isto develop design process guidelinessuitable for the early stages ofdesign, as the integrated designapproach is particularly important inthese stages.The guidelines dealboth with the make up of and theinteraction between members of thedesign team, with the informationrequired by the team, and with theways of designing the building as asystem, where the different lowenergy and solar technologies to beused are integral parts of the whole.

The Subtask B working group hasdeveloped an electronic, multidimen-sional information space that servesas a guide through the designprocess.This guide, called theNavigator, is based on the designprocess activities and dynamicallylinks related issues, actors, and meth-ods and tools relevant for a specificcontext. Basically, the Navigator is atool that will be developed overtime using experience gained. I.e. it isan environment for developingdesign processes for different con-texts, and both national, company,and project versions may be devel-oped.The Task 23 version is com-pleted, however, and a user/develop-er manual is now being produced.

A first complete draft of a designprocess guidelines booklet is alsodeveloped.This is a documentintended for wider distribution thanthe Navigator. It describes the needfor an integrated design process

when designing solar low energybuildings and discusses the key, moreuniversal issues that need to be con-sidered during such a process.

Subtask C: Methods and Tools forTrade-off AnalysisThe main objective of Subtask C isto develop methods and tools to beused by the designers when doingtrade-off analyses between differentlow energy and solar technologies.As designers, builders, and ownersoptimise against a large number ofcriteria, such as energy use, comfort,cost, aesthetics, environmentalimpact, etc., it is assumed that thereis a need for both a computer-basedtool that can optimise against a rela-tively limited set of criteria and amore complex, multi criteria decisionmaking method. that will enable thedesigners to do more general and,therefore, less detailed optimisations.

The Subtask C working group hasdeveloped a method that structuresthe discussions of which criteria to

use and that facilitates multi criteriadecision making. It has also devel-oped a computer program to beused with the method.The method,called MCDM-23, is basically a for-malised step-by-step procedure toaid in the discussion- and decision-making process.The software auto-mates many tasks involved in usingthe method and produces work-sheets, bar charts, and star diagrams.

There are two situations whereMCDM-23 is useful:In the process of designing a building:when selecting and prioritisingamong design criteria and whenevaluating alternative design solu-tions.

In a design competition: when devel-oping the program and when select-ing the best design from among sev-eral submissions.

A final draft of the MCDM-23 book-let, which describes the method, hasbeen distributed and is presently

The first Task 23 demonstration project: Kvarterhuset community center in Kolding,Denmark, which is under construction.


being reviewed. It will eventuallycontain a CD with the computerprogram.The program is essentiallycomplete, and the program elec-tronic help, as well as computerpresentations of both the methodand the program, are in final draftstage.

Included in Subtask C is also workon the Energy-10 program.This pro-gram incorporates many attributesdeemed important to the task ofevaluating tradeoffs during theprocess of optimising solar energyand energy efficiency strategies dur-ing building design. Most of thecountries participating in the Taskhave used Energy-10 and have pro-vided valuable feedback to the pro-gram developers.

The development of a new versionof the program is taking this feed-back into account. One upgrade forwhich programming is complete, isthe ability to incorporate a set ofuser defined libraries of buildingmaterials and constructions prac-tices. Library sets for the Task 23countries will thus be distributed infuture releases, making Energy-10more usable on an internationallevel. Another improvement in theprogram is the ability to perform aconcurrent simulation of the perfor-mance of a building and a grid-con-nected photovoltaic system.Thisprogram version has been releasedfor beta-testing.

Subtask D: Dissemination andDemonstrationThe main objective of Subtask D isto disseminate the results of thework in the Task to the building

community. The Task 23 "package"of products will consist of the fol-lowing:

■ The guideline for integrateddesign processes (a booklet)

■ The electronic guide throughthe design process - theNavigator

■ The multi criteria discussion anddecision making method - theMCDM-23 (a booklet containinga description of the method anda CD with the software)

■ Descriptions of selected casestories (a booklet)

■ Technical reports on case stories■ Descriptions of demonstration

projects (a booklet)

The most important activity inSubtask D at present is the workon demonstration buildings.TheDanish project is, as shown in thephoto, well on its way, and con-struction should be completed bythe end of the year.The building, aCommunity Center in Kolding, fea-tures building integrated photo-voltaics, passive solar technologies,daylighting, natural ventilation, andthe use of environmentally friendlymaterials and reduced water con-sumption.The knowledge and toolsdeveloped in the Task have beenused in the design process, and theexperience with using them is beingreported.

Some other countries are now alsoin the demonstration phase:Norway has at least one project, anoffice and information center, andthe Netherlands has three projects,an office building for a bank, anoffice building for the Dutch Army,

and a facade renovation for a hospi-tal. Still other countries are consid-ering including demonstration pro-jects, but their plans are not yetfinalised.

Demonstration buildings are onlyone way of disseminating the resultsof the Task, however. Several of theparticipating countries are veryactive in disseminating the results inother ways. For instance,Austria areusing the ideas behind and theresults obtained in Task 23 in a newnational project aimed at develop-ment and dissemination in the localcontext. Denmark has organisedseminars for local architects andproduced an article for a local jour-nal. Germany has already producedGerman versions of the productsfrom Subtasks B and C and is usingthem in local workshops. Norway isworking with the Directorate ofPublic Works to integrate theresults of B and C in their buildingprogramming, and Switzerland hasadapted the results of B for use inthe local context and is implement-ing it in real design projects.

In general, these local disseminationactivities may be the more effectiveway of disseminating the results ofthe Task, as architects mainly useinformation they get (and need) inreal design situations. Such activitiesshould therefore, possibly beemphasised more in future plans.

WORK PLANNED FOR 2002As 2002 is the last year of the Task,the main activities will mainly consistof finalising the products developed,and of publishing and distributingthem. In addition, of course, the


work on demonstration buildings willcontinue at full speed.

Subtask B: Design ProcessGuidelinesThe electronic guide through thedesign process (the Navigator) and auser/developer manual will be dis-tributed.The design process guide-lines booklet will also be completedand distributed.

Subtask C: Methods and Tools forTrade-off AnalysisThe Task 23 multi criteria decision-making method (MCDM-23) will befurther tested and used, and thebooklet presenting the method andthe software will be produced anddistributed.A new version of Energy-10, with libraries for some of theTask 23 countries, will also bereleased.

Subtask D: Dissemination andDemonstration Work on the demonstration buildingprojects will continue, and publica-tion of the set of Task 23 products asa package will be arranged.

REPORTS PUBLISHED IN 2001Computer Tools for the Implementationof Solar and Low Energy Measures inthe Early Design PhaseAndresen, I., Proceedings of the ISESSummer Academy on SolarArchitecture, Freiburg, Germany.

Examples of Integrated Solar Design:Five Low Energy Buildings CreatedThrough Integrated DesignVan Cruchten, G. (editor).

IEA Task 23: Optimization of SolarEnergy Use in Large Buildings,

Hestnes,A.G., Esbensen,T.,Jaboyedoff, P., Balcomb, J.D., and Poel,B., Proceedings of ISES Solar WorldCongress,Adelaide,Australia.

The New Solar BuildingsHestnes,A.G, Proceedings of NorthSun 2001, Leiden,The Netherlands.

Examples of Solar ArchitectureHestnes,A.G., Proceedings of theISES Summer Academy on SolarArchitecture, Freiburg, Germany.

Guiding Tools – Guidelines on IntegralPlanningLöhnert, G. and Jaboyedoff, P.,Proceedings of the IntelligentBuilding Design Symposium,Stuttgart, Germany.

In addition, a large number ofreports have been published by theindividual Task participants in theirown countries.

MEETINGS IN 2001Eighth Experts MeetingMarch 14-16Lund, Sweden

Ninth Experts MeetingNovember 12-13Stuttgart, Germany

MEETINGS PLANNED FOR 2002Tenth Experts MeetingMarch 6-8Yokohama, Japan



Operating AgentAnne Grete HestnesFaculty of Architecture, Planning, and

Fine ArtsNorwegian University of Science andTechnology - NTNUN-7491 TrondheimNorway

AustriaSusanne GeisslerÖsterreichisches Ökologie-InstitutSeidengasse 13A-1070 Wien

CanadaNils LarssonCanmet Energy Technology Centre13/F, 580 Booth St.Ottawa, KIA 0E4

DenmarkTorben EsbensenEsbensen Consulting Engineers ASMøllegade 54-56DK-6400 Sønderborg

FinlandJyri NieminenVTT Building TechnologyP.O. Box 1800FIN-02044 VTT

GermanyGünter LöhnertSOL.ID.ARForststrasse 30D-12163 Berlin-Steglitz

JapanMitsuhiro Udagawa

Department of ArchitectureKogakuin University1-24-2 Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-kuTokyo 163-8677

NetherlandsBart PoelDamen ConsultantsBox 694NL-6800 AR Arnhem

SpainLuis Alvarez-Ude CoteraA.U.I.A., c/Papa Negro 41BParque Conde de OrgazE-28043 Madrid

SwedenMaria WallDepartment of Building ScienceLund UniversityP.O. Box 118S-22100 Lund

SwitzerlandPierre JaboyedoffSORANE SARoute de Châtelard 52CH-1018 Lausanne

United StatesJ. Douglas BalcombNational Renewable Energy

Laboratory1617 Cole BoulevardGolden, Colorado 80401

26Solar Procurement

TASK DESCRIPTIONThe main objective of Task 24 is tocreate a sustainable, larger marketfor active solar water heating sys-tems (mainly domestic systems).This objective will be achievedthrough major cost and price reduc-tions for all cost elements, includingmarketing and installation, as well asperformance improvements andjoint national and international pur-chasing.

SubtasksThe work in Task 24 is divided intotwo Subtasks, each co-ordinated bya lead country:

■ Subtask A: Procurement andMarketing (Lead Country: theNetherlands)

■ Subtask B: Creation of Tools (LeadCountry: Denmark)

The objectives of Subtask A are:

■ To raise interest in active solarthermal solutions

■ To form buyer groups to pur-chase state-of-the-art and innova-tive systems

The procurement activities will con-sist of two rounds: the first withsmaller national projects and a lowdegree of joint international collabo-ration, and the second with largerprojects and a higher degree of col-laboration.

The objectives of Subtask B are:

■ To collect, analyse and summariseexperience

■ To create tools to facilitate thecreation of buyer groups and the

realisation of projects and pro-curements.These tools will beincluded in a manual: "Book ofTools"

■ To define a process for prototypetesting and evaluation, using exist-ing methods

ParticipationFive countries take part in the Task –Canada, Denmark, Netherlands,Sweden and Switzerland. During theyear, Belgium has taken part as anObserver and has now decided tojoin the Task.The formal participationprocess is ongoing.

DurationThe Task was initiated on April 1,1998 and will be completed onMarch 31, 2003.

ACTIVITIES DURING 2001■ The First Round of Task 24 is now

ending. Intensive work has beenspent on analysing the market sit-uation in the countries, identifyingbuyers, and forming nationalbuyer groups (con-sisting ofmunicipalities, utilities, housingcorporations, construction com-panies, NGOs and other organi-sations). Specifications and com-petition documents have beendrawn up and national procure-ments and competitions havebeen launched.

■ The Canadian activities havefocussed on projects with utilitypartners in Ontario.The plan is toinstall approximately 10,000 sys-tems over the next three years.The systems were tested at theNational Testing Laboratory dur-ing the year.

TASK 24:

Solar Procurement

Hans WestlingPromandat AB

Operating Agent for the SwedishCouncil for Building Research

27Solar Procurement

■ In Denmark, the "Sun over Thyand Mors" campaign and contactswith the Danish association ofplumbers have continued.Intensive work has been spentduring the year on building up theorganisation of the new Danishprocurement buyer group projecton the Internet: "www.soltilbud.dk".The twelve tenders received werejudged by a committee and thebest in three categories were pro-nounced winners by the judgingcommittee.A 20% price reductionwas achieved, and one supplierformed a consortium of instal-lersall over Denmark.The winning sys-tems are described and marketedon the website.There are fourfixed installation prices dependingon the type of the house.

■ In the Netherlands, several activi-ties have been ongoing during theyear, for domestic systems (inexisting dwellings and in newhousing development) and formedium-size systems.The Sol*id,ASN Bank and WWF projects fordomestic systems for existingdwellings, launched in 1999, havenow been integrated into the "Callthe Sun" campaign.This project isdescribed on the website:www.beldezon.nl. The "Solhas"survey project – also for domesticsystems for existing dwellings –was started this year togetherwith the umbrella organisation ofall housing associations in theNetherlands and counterparts innine other European countries.The aim is to form an internation-al buyer group of housing associ-ations for the Second Round ofTask 24.

Among the projects fordomestic systems for new housesin the Netherlands is the projectcalled "Solar Energy in the EssentSupply Region." It has been run-ning since 2000 with the goal ofinstalling 1,200 systems. Phase 1of the medium-sized system pro-ject "Space for Solar" waslaunched with a turnkey tenderfor 10,000 m2 in December 2000with February 2001 as the dead-line for submitting tenders.Thebuyer group consists of a founda-tion of 59 housing associations.The project will continue withPhase 2 in 2002. Information issupplied at:www.ruimtevoorzon.nl.

■ In Sweden, two projects werelaunched in 2000 – a competitionfor small systems (5,000 – 10,000m2) and a procurement for medi-um sized systems (10,000 m2).The calls for tender were pub-lished both nationally and interna-tionally via the EU Official Journal.All information about the pro-jects, including competition docu-ments (in Swedish and English), isavailable on the websitehttp://solupphandling.bfr.se.Abouta dozen entries (including 3-4international ones) were receivedin both projects.

Eight prototypes for thesmall-systems project were test-ed at a Swedish independent test-ing laboratory.The winning sys-tem, Figure 1, offered a new light-weight, corrosion-free construc-tion of which the large parts canbe made of recycled plastic. Fivepilot systems were installed in2001.The project has been some-

what delayed since problemsemerged on the plastic material insome of the pilot systems as aresult of the very hot summer inSweden.This means that, beforestarting the series production, theprototype has to be upgradedwith improved material, which isnow being tested in Australia.Thetests are expected to be com-pleted in March 2002 at the latestand deliveries are planned to takeplace throughout 2002.

In the large-systems projectthe aim of the procurement wasto accumulate orders totalling10,000 m2 of collector area.Thistarget was not reached. Insteadof selecting a winner, the jury hasdecided to describe five of theentries judged which best meetthe specifications. Investigationswill be made to find out whetherthe project can be merged withthe "Space for Solar" project togain synergy.

■ The work in Switzerland wasvery much influenced by the ref-erendum in 2000, which was notin favour of a solar project follow-

Figure 1. An outline of the winning solarheated tap water system in the Swedishcompetition.

28Solar Procurement

up.The "50 Solar roofs in the cityof Zug" project was ended in thesummer of 2001, and additionalinstallation and service is offered.

For the "SSES virtual buyergroup (on the Internet)" initiative,aimed at private homeowners,the intention is to form a localproject team with PR specialist,Internet expert, suppliers, con-tractors and the Swiss Task 24representatives.A website willsoon be opened: www.solarpool-er.ch.

The Swiss Manual for Buyer Groupswas completed in 2001. It is basedon literature research, analysis of ear-lier projects, interviews with actorsin the market and the finding from aworkshop held earlier this year. Itconsists of instructions and checklistsfor the formation of buyer groups,including a description of theprocess for preparations.

■ Information material, brochuresand articles were produced andpublished in all the participatingcountries, and papers were pre-sented at different solar confer-ences.

■ The evaluation of the First Roundof the Task 24 procurements wasfinalised and two Mid-termEvaluation Reports were pre-pared.

■ Belgium participated in Task 24 asan observer for part of the year.

WORK PLANNED FOR 2002■ In 2002 intensive efforts will be

made to prepare for the SecondRound of Procurements, which

will include, to a larger degree,international coordination onspecifications and principles forevaluation.The Task experts haveidentified concrete areas for fur-ther joint work, see Figure 2. Itincludes international procure-ment for national groups as wellas for international groups.Withthe Netherlands as coordinator,some are countries preparing forcollaborative work under the"Solhas Initiative," which involveshousing associations in Europe.Eleven European countries haveexpressed interest. Other coun-tries will work on the creation ofbuyer groups, using Internetmechanisms, as has been the casein Sweden.

■ In the First Round, national expe-riences from using Internet toolsfor procurement and marketingto buyer groups were gathered infour of the participating countries(Denmark,The Netherlands,Sweden and Switzerland).The fol-lowing websites have been usedand will be used during the

Second Round:Denmark:

http://www.soltilbud.dk Netherlands:

http://www.beldezon.nl Sweden:

http://solupphandling.bfr.seSwitzerland:

http://www.solarpooler.ch

For the Second Round it isplanned to deepen the exchangeof web-site experiences with thefinal goal to develop an interna-tionally accessible set of Internettools that support procurementand marketing, and to link theInternet-based campaigns to eachother, for example, under theumbrella of the "Soltherm EuropeInitiative."

■ The "Soltherm Europe Initiative,"which was initiated by theNetherlands in 2001, aims toaccelerate the European solarthermal market.The goal is torealise 15 million m2 in 2004,among other things by creatingco-operation between sales and

Canada Denmark Finland Netherlands Switzerland SwedenSmall systems ■ ■ ■ ■

Medium sized systems ■ ■

Company ■ ■

Internet buyer group ■ ■

Web-site ■ ■

Tender documents ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

Buyer tool ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

Manual ■ ■

Figure 2. Areas where countries have initiated collaborative work on procurementdocuments or models.

29Solar Procurement

installation companies andthrough information campaigns.Much synergy can be gainedfrom the collaboration withexisting initiatives, such as Task24. Eleven countries will beinvolved in the project, amongthem Belgium with the WalloonRegion and Brussels. A first callfor tender is expected to belaunched in 2002. For this initia-tive, a SAVE/Altener funding pro-posal was submitted and accept-ed in 2001. Further informationabout the project can be foundon www.soltherm.org.

■ There are also plans for an inter-nationally accessible Internetdatabase with qualified interna-tional product information, whichwould be very effective in lower-ing the thresholds for interna-tional procurement ("B2B" infor-mation). In order to create atruly international market forsolar thermal systems, interna-tional product informationshould be readily available.Thedatabase could be the catalyst inthis process.This has been dis-cussed with ASTIG and a formathas been agreed upon, based onthe CEN Standards. Furtherdevelop-ment will be done inco-operation with ASTIG andSolar Key-mark.

■ The web-based "Business Tools"will be further updated toinclude an international contextwith experiences from complet-ed projects.

■ The work on model processesand contract documents, the

"Guide for Tender" will continueto be reviewed internationallyand suggestions requested fromsuppliers.

■ The Swiss projects will continuein collaboration with some cities,for instance Lucerne andBurgdorf.

■ Different organisations will beapproached regarding solar pro-jects, as for example the WorldWildlife Foundation in theNetherlands and Denmark, andGreenpeace in Denmark.

■ New countries will actively beconsulted regarding participationin Task 24. For example, coun-tries wanting to develop theirmarket for solar water heatersfor housing associations will begiven the opportunity of partici-pating in the "Solhas" initiative.Countries planning to start upweb-site sales or a market formedium size systems can partici-pate in the "Space for Solar" ini-tiative.

■ Belgium has decided to becomea participating country and isexpected to be a full Task 24member in 2002.

■ Information activities will contin-ue in all the participating coun-tries.The Task 24 newsletter willbe updated and published on theTask 24 home page(www.ieatask24.org) and presen-tations will be made at differentsolar conferences.

LINKS WITH INDUSTRYOngoing contacts with theEuropean supplier organisationsASTIG and ESIF were made in2001, and the draft tender docu-ments were sent to them for com-ments. Comments were receivedfrom ASTIG.ASTIG is now workingwith European-based quality sys-tems and quality certification forinstallers. New rules for member-ship are being prepared for theEuropean organisations, which willmake collaboration between thesetwo organisations easier in thefuture.

Contacts and meetings with manu-facturers took place, for example inconnection with the Experts meet-ing in the Netherlands inSeptember.A dialogue was startedand there has been a valuableexchange of ideas regarding ten-ders, solar system components,transportation, training, etc.

Contacts have been taken with dif-ferent industrial organisationsregarding possible solar projects.For example, a project is planned inSwitzerland with an insulation com-pany. It is aimed at the employeesand will start mid-2002. Involve-ment of retailers and customers isplanned.

REPORTS PUBLISHED IN 2000The second edition of the Task 24report "Book of Tools"—producedon the web—with the majority ofthe original content in the section"Business Tools" was published in2001.The report is available fromthe Task home page(www.ieatask24.org).

30Solar Procurement

A draft Guide for Tender was com-piled and published on the home-page. So far, it contains two draftexample tender documents—forsolar heating systems for single-familyhouses and for collector subsystemsfor large solar heating systems.

REPORTS PLANNED FOR 2002An updated version of the "Book ofTools" will be available on the Task24 website.

MEETINGS IN 2001Seventh Experts MeetingMarch 21-23Sweden

Eighth Experts MeetingSeptember 26-28Netherlands

MEETINGS PLANNED FOR 2002Ninth Experts MeetingMarch 20-22Denmark

Tenth Experts MeetingSeptember 16-18Belgium

31Solar Procurement


Operating AgentHans WestlingPromandat ABP.O. Box 24205SE-104 51 StockholmSweden

Belgium (Observer in 2001)Luc De Gheselle3E nv.Verenigingsstraat 39B-1000 Brussel

CanadaDenis ZborowskiCANMET / Natural ResourcesCanada580 Booth StreetOttawa, Ontario, K1A 0E4

DenmarkKlaus EllehaugeDanish Technological InstituteSolar Energy Center DenmarkTeknologiparkenDK-8000 Aarhus C

Torben Esbensen and LotteGramkow

Esbensen Consultants A/SMollegade 54DK-6400 Sonderborg

Iben OstergaardDanish Technological InstituteSolar Energy Center DenmarkGregersenvej, Postbox 141DK-2630 Taastrup

NetherlandsPeter Out and Frank ZegersEcofys Research and ConsultancyP.O. Box 8408NL-3503 RK Utrecht

SwedenJan-Olof DalenbäckChalmers University of TechnologyBuilding Services EngineeringSE-412 96 Gothenburg

Hans IsakssonK-Konsult StockholmP.O. Box 47044SE-100 74 Stockholm

Heimo ZinkoZW Energiteknik ABP.O. Box 137SE-611 23 Nykoping

SwitzerlandMarkus PortmannBMP Sanitär und EnergieKirchrainweg 4Postfach CH-6011 Kriens

Christian VollminSSES, Swiss Solar Energy Societyc/o Sopra Solarpraxis AGHombergstrasse 4CH-4466 Ormalingen

32Solar Air Conditioning

TASK DESCRIPTIONThe main objective of Task 25 is toimprove conditions for the marketintroduction of solar assisted air con-ditioning systems in order to pro-mote a reduction of primary energyconsumption and electricity peakloads due to air conditioning ofbuildings.Therefore the project aimson:

■ Definition of the performance cri-teria for solar assisted cooling sys-tems considering energy, econo-my and environmental aspects,

■ Identification and further devel-opment of promising solar assist-ed cooling technologies,

■ Optimization of the integration ofsolar assisted cooling systems intothe building and the HVAC sys-tem focusing on an optimized pri-mary energy saving - cost perfor-mance, and

■ Creation of design tools anddesign guidelines for planners andHVAC engineers.

The work in Task 25 is carried out inthe framework of four Subtasks.

Subtask A: Survey of Solar AssistedCoolingThe objective of Subtask A was toprovide a picture of the state-of-the-art of solar assisted cooling.Thisincludes the evaluation of projectsrealized in the past.

Subtask B: Design Tools andSimulation ProgramsThe objective of Subtask B is todevelop design tools and detailedsimulation models for system layout,system optimization and develop-ment of advanced control strategies

of solar assisted air conditioning sys-tems. Main result will be an easy-to-handle design tool for solar assistedcooling systems dedicated to plan-ners, manufacturers of HVAC sys-tems and building engineers.

Subtask C: Technology, MarketAspects and Environmental BenefitsThe objectives of Subtask C are toprovide an overview on the marketavailability of equipment suitable forsolar assisted air conditioning and tosupport the development and mar-ket introduction of new andadvanced systems. Design-guidelinesfor solar assisted air conditioning sys-tems will be developed.

Subtask D: Solar Assisted CoolingDemonstration ProjectsSeveral demonstration projects willbe carried out and evaluated in theframework of Task 25.The objectivesare to achieve practical experiencewith solar assisted cooling in realprojects and to make data for thevalidation of the simulation toolsavailable.Aim is to study the suitabili-ty of the design and control con-cepts and to achieve reliable resultsabout the overall performance ofsolar assisted air conditioning inpractice.

DurationThe Task was initiated in June 1999and will be completed in May 2004.

ACTIVITIES DURING 2001A summary of Subtask researchactivities carried out during 2001 ispresented below.

TASK 25:

Solar Assisted AirConditioning of Buildings

Hans-Martin HenningFraunhofer Institute for

Solar Energy Systems ISEOperating Agent for the

German Federal Ministry ofEconomy and Technology

(BMWi)


Subtask A: Survey of Solar AssistedCoolingA survey of existing solar assisted airconditioning systems has been car-ried out and information about 28installations has been gained.A data-base was prepared for this purpose.Short reports about national R&Dactivities on solar assisted air condi-tioning in participating countrieshave been produced.The results ofSubtask A were summarized in awebpage with access to the data-base.

Subtask B: Design Tools andSimulation ProgramsMathematical models for most ofthe key components of solar assistedair conditioning systems have beendeveloped: single-effect absorptionchiller, adsorption chiller, desiccantwheel, solar collectors, storage tank,backup gas heater, standard air han-dling equipment components. Mostof the component models havebeen implemented in the designtool; some of them (e.g. thermal dri-ven chillers) have also been writtenas component models for TRNSYS.An executable version of the WIN-DOWS design tool is available whichis able to simulate solar assisted ven-tilation systems.Three typical buildingloads were defined (office building,hotel, lecture room) and 6 climaticareas which cover the whole spec-trum from warm-humid to moder-ate climates (Tropical,Mediterranean/Coastal,Mediterranean/Inland, CentralEuropean/South, Central European/Moderate and Central European/North).The production of the refer-ence load files for all those climatesis ongoing.

Subtask C: Technology, MarketAspects and Environmental BenefitsA survey of market available equip-ment for solar assisted air condition-ing has been carried out.The surveyaimed to achieve a market overviewabout absorption chillers, adsorptionchillers and desiccant wheels.A survey about finished and ongoingnational R&D work on new compo-nents has been carried out as well.Aim was to identify promising newapproaches which are feasible forsolar assisted A/C systems.An approach to measure overallperformance of solar assisted airconditioning systems with relationon energy, economy and environ-mental issues has been developed.This approach will be included intothe design tool (Subtask B) in orderto allow an easy comparison of dif-ferent system options and to sup-port design decisions.

Subtask D: Solar assisted coolingdemonstration projectsTwo levels of monitoring have beendefined for demonstration systems:global monitoring aims on measuringof daily energy balances and detailedmonitoring aims to achieve time

series of many system parameters inorder to study component perfor-mance and control issues.Monitoring has been started at 6projects. In 2 installations commis-sioning is ongoing and 4 systems arebeing manufactured and will startoperation in 2002.

WORK PLANNED FOR 2002Subtask A has been finalized. SubtaskB and C were extended until theend of 2002. Subtask D will continueuntil May 2004.A proposal for a fol-low-up of Subtask B has to be pre-pared in order to allow a compari-son of the models with measuredresults of the demonstration pro-jects. The following activities areplanned for 2002.

Trade Fair ParticipationTask 25 will present Solar AssistedAir Conditioning of Buildings on theInternational Trade Fair AirConTecon April 14-17, 2002 in Frankfurt,Germany. The topic will be present-ed by different means such asposters, a slide show, a solar desic-cant system model with interactiveposter, a computer with projector toshow the design process using the

September 2001Task ExpertsMeeting inLisbon, Portugal.


computer design-tool and aWorkshop to be held on April 14.

Subtask B: Design Tools andSimulation ProgramsIt is planned to have a first completeversion of the design tool available inApril 2002 in order to present itduring a trade fair (see above).Thisincludes final production of refer-ence load files (18 load files: 6 cli-mates, 3 reference buildings). Missingcomponent models shall be imple-mented such as a model for a cool-ing tower and eventually a model ofa double-effect absorption chiller.

Subtask C: Technology, MarketAspects and Environmental BenefitsThe survey about market availableequipment will be finished and docu-mented.The survey about newdevelopments of low temperatureheat driven cooling equipment andsolar collector developments feasiblefor solar assisted A/C will be finishedand a technical report about thistopic has to be completed. Based onapplication of the design-tool designexamples will be produced anddesign guidelines shall be developed.

Subtask D: Solar Assisted CoolingDemonstration ProjectsMonitoring of systems in operationwill continue and some new systemswill be commissioned and startoperation in 2002.The evaluationprocess will start and be used toachieve draft results about operationexperiences and energy perfor-mance.

REPORTS PUBLISHED IN 2001A webpage about national activitiesin solar assisted air conditioning R&Dand about existing systems in partici-pating countries was produced.Thiswebpage is not yet available to thepublic.

REPORTS PLANNED FOR 2002Technical report about new devel-opments (Subtask C).

Solar assisted air conditioning hand-book (Subtask B and C).This hand-book is one of the major outputs ofthe Task and will summarize thework of Subtask C and parts ofSubtask B.The target audiences ofthe handbook are planners, manufac-turers of A/C systems and buildingengineers.

MEETINGS IN 2001Fourth Expert MeetingJanuary 29-30Sophia Antipolis, France

Fifth Expert MeetingSeptember 27-28Lisbon, Portugal

MEETINGS PLANNED FOR 2002 Sixth Expert MeetingApril 18-19Freiburg, Germany

Seventh Experts MeetingTo be determinedprobably Graz,Austria



Operating AgentHans-Martin HenningFraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy

Systems ISEOltmannsstr. 5D-79100 FreiburgGermany

AustriaWolfgang StreicherTechnical University GrazInffeldgasse 25A-8010 Graz

DenmarkJan Erik NielsenSolar Energy CenterDanish Technological InstituteP.O. Box 141DK-2630 Taastrup

FranceJean-Yves QuinetteTecsol105, rue Alfred Kastler - Tecnosud -B.P. 434,F-66004 Perpignan

GermanyUwe FranzkeInstitut für Luft- und KältetechnikBertolt-Brecht-Allee 20D-01309 Dresden

GreeceCostantinos A. BalarasGroup Energy ConservationIERSD, National Observatory of

AthensMetaxa & Vas. PavlouR 15236 Palea Penteli

IsraelGershon GrossmanTechnion HaifaHaifa 32000

ItalyFederico ButeraPolitecnico di Milanovia Bonardi, 320133 Milano

JapanHideharu YanagiMayekawa MFG.Co., LTD.,2000,Tatsuzawa Moriya-Machi,Kitasoma-GunIbaraki-Pref. 302-0118

MexicoWilfrido RiveraUniversidad Nacional Autonoma de

MexicoApdo. Postal #34 Temixco 62580Morelos

NetherlandsRien RolloosTNO Building & Construction

ResearchSchoemakerstraat 97, P.O. Box 492600 AA Delft

PortugalJoão Farinha MendesDER / INETI, Edificio GEstrada do Paco do Lumiar, 221649-038 Lisboa

SpainCarlos David Pérez SegarraUniversitat Politècnica de CatalunyaC/ Colom, 11E-08222 Terrassa (Barcelona)

36Solar Combisystems

TASK DESCRIPTIONSolar heating systems for combineddomestic hot water preparation andspace heating, so called solar com-bisystems are increasing their mar-ket share in several countries. Muchis already known about solardomestic hot water systems, butsolar combisystems are more com-plex and have interaction with extrasubsystems.These interactions pro-foundly affect the overall perfor-mance of the solar part of the sys-tem.The general complexity of solarcombisystems has led to a largenumber of widely differing systemdesigns, many only very recentlyintroduced onto the market.Afterthe first period of the use of com-bisystems (1975-1985), when designof non-standard and complex sys-tems by engineers was the rule, anew period has been opened since1990. Now the design is doneessentially by solar companies tryingto sell systems, which are less com-plex and cheaper. But currentdesigns result mainly from fieldexperiences and they have not yetbeen carefully optimized. Substantialpotential for cost reduction, perfor-mance improvement and increase inreliability exists and that needs tobe scientifically addressed.

Scope and Main Activities Task 26 is reviewing, analyzing, test-ing, comparing, optimizing andimproving designs and solutions ofsolar combisystems for :

■ detached single-family houses,■ groups of single-family houses,

and■ multi-family houses or equivalent

in load with their own heatinginstallations.

This Task does not refer to solar dis-trict heating systems, systems withseasonal storage and central solarheating plants with seasonal storage.

To accomplish the objectives of theTask, the Participants are carryingout research and development inthe framework of the followingthree Subtasks:

■ Subtask A: Solar CombisystemsSurvey and Dissemination of TaskResults (Lead Country:Switzerland)

■ Subtask B: Development ofPerformance Test Methods andNumerical Models forCombisystems and theirComponents (Lead Country:TheNether-lands)

■ Subtask C: Optimization ofCombisystems for the Market(Lead Country:Austria)

Besides 32 experts from 10 coun-tries, 16 companies from almost allparticipating countries are takingpart in the work.Their contributionswill make the results of the Taskmore relevant to the solar heatingindustry.

DurationThe Task was initiated in December1998 and will be completed inDecember 2002.

ACTIVITIES DURING 2001A summary of Subtask researchactivities during 2001 is presentedbelow.

Subtask A: Solar CombisystemsSurvey and Dissemination of TaskResults Progress in Subtask A is reported in

TASK 26:

Solar Combisystems

Werner WeissAEE, ArbeitsgemeinschaftERNEUERBARE ENERGIE

Operating Agent for the AustrianMinistry of Transport, Innovation and

Technology


the field of combisystem characteri-zation. A French participant entereda major contribution to this subjectat the Delft Experts’ Meeting.Thenew mathematical function intro-duced by him to describe the annualcombisystem performance leads to adrastic reduction in the data pointscatter in the efficiency diagram.Themain idea is the exclusion of thepotential excess heat (observed atsummer time) from the calculationof the performance function. Hepresented more results based onsimulation data from Subtask C atthe following meeting at Rapperswil.Although more work has to be donewith further data, the potential ofthe method has been confirmed.Thesuggested mathematical representa-tion leads to a simple correlationwith a high degree of confidence. Itis expected to enable a more accu-rate and objective comparison of dif-ferent generic combisystems thanprevious approaches.

The Norwegian combisystem wasadded to the classification publishedin the coloured booklet "Overviewof combisystems 2000." Norway,who joined Task 26 late, prepared afull description of its system. It hasbeen decided to consider it as avariation of generic system #9.Theinclusion will be done on the website only (no renewed printing of thebooklet).

In order to supplement the dataavailable to the Task, Subtask collect-ed information on space require-ments for each generic combisystem(storage tank(s), pump/hydraulics,external boiler, external heatexchanger). More information is

desired on generic system costs.Accurate cost data has been pub-lished in the coloured booklet, there-fore data from the parallel runningEU Altener project, when data willbe used when it is available. Underthe Altener project, about 140 com-bisystems will be installed in the par-ticipating countries with the aim toboost the market based onimproved and optimized systems.The costs of these systems will bemonitored. Due to the fact thatmost Altener project participants arealso involved in Task 26 the cost datatransfer is straightforward.

Subtask A regularly gets extensivereports on architectural integrationof combisystems from its Austrianand Norwegian participants. In bothcountries, national projects are cur-rently running on this topic.Theemphasis is on façade and roof inte-gration of collectors. Facade integrat-ed collectors are an interesting newfield for architects which is expectedto open a new market segment tosolar thermal systems.The conditionis that aesthetics of the productsintegrated into the façade is carefullyconsidered. In Austria the tempera-ture and humidity profile in the wallwith an integrated collector withoutbackside ventilation has been moni-tored in two buildings (light weightand massive constructions respec-tively). So far, no risk of significantwater vapour condensation in thewall has been encountered.However, before a definitive conclu-sion the measurements from thewinter of 2001/2002 will beanalyzed.

Subtask A is performing a compila-

tion of resource documents onsolar combisystems available in theparticipating countries.A biblio-graphic database is being created.

Further steps towards the Task 26final deliverable have been taken.The preferred concept is a bookpublished by a technical or scientificpublisher and a CD-ROM soldtogether with the book. In the book,basic information and results will bepublished.The CD-ROM will includemore details on all topics addressedby Task 26. For the moment, thebook's table of contents is being dis-cussed with potential publishers.Working out the book and the CD-ROM texts will be a major activityfor Subtask A in 2002, in co-opera-tion with Subtasks B and C.

Task 26 improved its website by cre-ating a sub site operated by theDanish Technological Institute inaddition to the main site managed inNew Zealand.The main site presentsbasic information like the colouredbooklet 'Overview of SolarCombisystems' published in 2000.On the sub site, more rapidly chang-ing information is available, in partic-ular a number of pdf files which canbe downloaded.

The second issue of the annualIndustry Newsletter was preparedand edited. It was also translated inGerman (with two editions forAustria and Germany respectively),French, and Danish.All versions areavailable as pdf files from the Task 26web site.The topics addressed in thesecond issue were industry’s partici-pation in the Task, a completedGerman project on solar combisys-


tems, the Altener project on solarcombisystems, heat losses from stor-age tanks, stagnation behaviour ofthermal solar systems, and controllerintegration.

The two Industry Workshops inDelft, the Netherlands andRapperswil, Switzerland were wellattended.The addressed topics were:

■ market, systems and components■ drain-back systems■ legionella, architectural integration

of solar collectors, stagnation andoverheating. Especially the lastsubject (Influence of hydraulics onthermal stress of componentsincluding the heat transfer fluid /Long-term stability of heat trans-fer fluids, experience of producers/ Use of glycol-water mixtures insolar heating systems from thepoint of view of the manufactur-er) initiated an intense debateamong the workshop participants.

Subtask B: Development ofPerformance Test Methods andNumerical Models for Combisystemsand their Components. Test method development for solarcombisystems includes both thermaland hot water performance. Modeldevelopment supports definition oftest procedures and evaluation oftests in Subtask B as well as opti-mization of solar combisystems inSubtask C.

For test method development thefinancial status of the Subtask hasimproved a lot: for 2001, budget wasavailable not only for SPF-Switzerland and SP-Sweden, but alsofor ITW-Germany and TNO-the

Netherlands. Moreover, problemswith the lack of time have decreasedfor SP and SPF. Moreover, CSTB-France showed interest in workingon test method development.

Thermal Performance Test MethodEmphasis in solar combisystem testmethod development is now on theso-called Direct Characterisation(DC) test procedure.A preliminarysecond version of the test methodwas drafted, distributed and thor-oughly discussed.With this docu-ment at hand, participants discusseda desirable and realistic end productof Subtask B considering followingpossibilities:1.The performance indicator is a

direct result from testing.There isno processing into annual perfor-mance prediction. Hence, thisinvolves direct comparison of testresults if more systems are tested.

2. Performance indicator from testingis processed in a simple way todeliver annual performance pre-diction, but only for the conditionsduring the test, being average val-ues for the whole year.Extrapolation into other climatesand heat demands than used inthe test is not possible.

3.Test results are processed with anumerical solar combisystemmodel revealing annual perfor-mance predictions for all climatesand loads possible.

Option 3 is favourable with respectto its expected accuracy. However,test sequences might be moreextensive in order to determine allnecessary parameters accuratelyenough. If no model is available, dataprocessing also requires additional

modelling work.This all makes thetest more expensive. On the otherhand, the test is considered to becheaper than CTSS testing(Component Testing followed bySystem Simulation, ENV 12977-2),and probably also more accuratewith respect to annual performanceprediction due of measuring thewhole system, i.e. including systemcontrol. Currently, option 1 is consid-ered as a too limited result.Withoutinvestigation of accuracy of theannual performance prediction, it isdifficult to estimate how accuratethe method is for the large variety ofsolar combisystems. Hence, thatleaves option 2 as the most realisticway to further develop the DC testmethod at this moment.The conclusion is that the mainfocus will be on option 2 withdescription of the method in a draftprocedure and preliminary evalua-tion of the test procedure by investi-gation of simulated test data and realtesting.A few participants willexplore option 3 at a lower level.

Discussion on details of the testprocedure among others revealed:

■ The final energy used by the aux-iliary heating as major perfor-mance indicator of the solar com-bisystem.This implies that thesolar combisystem shall always betested in combination with theauxiliary heater.This feature isconsidered as favourable as manyproblems in system operationappear to be due to impropercontrol strategy of combinationof solar and auxiliary part of thesystem. Hence, the test methodforces manufacturers to think


about the integral system design.■ Determination of annual final

energy used is only possible forannual conditions that corre-spond more or less with the testconditions. It is decided that theperformance indicator is to bederived for the combination ofone out of three climate zones,one out of three space heatingloads and one domestic hotwater demand, following defini-tions in Subtasks A and C.Thisapproach reduces threshold forexport, as there is no need fortranslation into specific nationalconditions with respect to climateand load.

Hot Water Performance Test MethodA separate test method for determi-nation of hot water performance hassuccessfully been tried out on threeheat stores.The test conditions usedare the outcome of discussions withGerman manufacturers. On the wayto European standardisation infuture, more general test conditionscan be expected for a wider rangeof also national dependent solarcombistores.A combination of hotwater performance test and DC testsequence was discussed before.Acombination is only favourable if anadditional advantage for solar can beindicated, i.e. the increase in utilisedhot water volume.

Discussion on Use of Water/GlycolMixturesSpecial item for discussion on testingwas the unambiguous use ofwater/glycol mixtures in collectorloops. Use of different fluids leads todifferent efficiencies for the solar col-lector and heat exchanger(s).

Correction of efficiencies from onefluid to the other might be difficult insome designs.This may cause prob-lems in mutual acceptance of testresults. It was concluded that thewater/glycol discussion is considerednot to be an aspect only related tosolar combisystems.The SolarKeymark project is a better forumfor further elaboration of this item. Itis agreed to feed the discussion bythe following investigations:

■ Calculation of the influence ofvariations in the water/glycol mix-ture on annual performance ofsolar combisystems.

■ Determination of variations in thewater/glycol mixture on thepump power.

For the time being, it is decided thatthe manufacturer should deliver thewater/glycol mixture.This recom-mendation will be built into the testprocedure description.

Test Facility Building and ThermalPerformance TestingFurther work has been carried outin building test facilities. Use of thesolar collector emulator has beendescribed and construction workhas been carried out. New player inthis field is DTU (Denmark).Testfacility at SPF is most ready and hasbeen tried out on a solar combisys-tem.At the end, there will be testfacilities in Denmark, Germany, theNetherlands, Sweden andSwitzerland. Contacts with manufac-turers have been made for testingsolar combisystems.

Model DevelopmentModel development has mainly

taken place in conjunction with sys-tem optimization in Subtask C.Specific model development wascarried out for investigation of simu-lated test data.

Subtask C: Optimization ofCombisystems for the Market The objective of this Subtask is toenhance existing solar combisystemdesigns by optimization based onsimulation of the systems and tohelp industry to propose new sys-tem designs being able to matchdemand with better thermal andeconomical performance thanbefore.Ten of the 21 system designschosen by Subtask A are modelled.The optimization of the models willbe finalized in the beginning of 2002.

Reference Conditions The reference conditions for simula-tion runs are defined in MilestoneReport C0.2 and approved by theparticipants.They are based on fourreference buildings (single familyhouse with 30, 60 and 100 kWh/m2 aspace heat demand), three climates(Stockholm, Zurich, Carpentras),conventional reference systems andmany fixed parameters.

Optimization Procedure The optimization procedure wasapproved at the Rapperwil Meeting(7-10 October 2001). It is now pos-sible to optimize the system, with itsspecific collector area and store vol-ume, because a new comparisonmethod was developed in 2001. Thefollowing steps are performed duringthe system optimization.

■ Model the system in TRNSYS forthe relevant climate (preferably


Zurich) and the 60-kWh/m2 abuilding with collector area andstore volumes set by the partici-pant.

■ Do a sensitivity analysis (and maybe optimization) with this model.The parameters that should bevaried are given in MilestoneReport C3.1. Of course partici-pants can do a sensitivity analysiswith more than the mandatoryparameters.The model can alsobe changed, if it is found, that it isfar away from the optimum.

■ Optimize the system using thespecified target functions (byhand and automatically). If avail-able, cost functions can be includ-ed in the optimization.

The target functions for the analysisare based on fractional energy sav-ings.Three functions have beendefined basing on:

■ Final energy for burner (fueldemand),

■ Final energy for burner (fueldemand) including electricity con-sumption of pumps and boilers,

■ Final energy for burner (fueldemand) including electricity con-sumption of pumps and boilers aswell as penalty functions for notfulfilling the comfort criteria ofdomestic hot water (DHW) androom temperatures as they aredefined for the referenceconditions.

Comparison of Systems The procedure for the comparisonof the systems was tested by theparticipants and gives very encour-aging results.With this method it ispossible to compare systems in dif-

ferent ranges of fractional energysavings (‘large’ solar plants against‘small’ solar plants) basing on the effi-ciency of the system (maximum pos-sible solar energy yield for the usedcollector area against actual yield). Bymid-2002 the comparison of all opti-mized systems should be completed.

As result of this analysis recommen-dations and general guidelines foradvanced solar combisystems can bedrawn and elements of ‘dream’ com-bisystems will be defined in the lasthalf-year of Task 26.

WORK PLANNED FOR 2002A summary of planned activities foreach of the Subtasks is presentedbelow.

Subtask A: Solar CombisystemsSurvey and Dissemination of TaskResults ■ Complete the characterization

combisystem as well as of workon architectural integration, col-lection of resource documents,etc.

■ Produce of the third and last issueof the Industry Newsletter

■ Organize two IndustryWorkshops.The IndustryWorkshops will be held in con-junction with the upcoming Task26 meetings in Norway andAustria.

Subtask B: Development ofPerformance Test Methods andNumerical Models for Combisystemsand their Components■ Prepare description of the Direct

Characterisation Test Methodincluding test facilities.

■ Further investigate the test condi-

tions for the DC test method(Option 2) using simulated testdata.Test sequences will be simu-lated for a variety of solar com-bisystems. Special attention will bepaid to extrapolation of annualperformance for different climatesand loads as well as for slightly dif-ferent system sizes.

■ Further design and build/finishtest rigs for AC/DC testing.Special attention will be paid ondesign of the solar collector emu-lator.

■ Conduct real solar combisystemstesting according to the AC/DCtest method and comparison withthe outcome with CTSS testresults.

Subtask C: Optimization ofCombisystems for the Market■ Finalize the sensitivity analysis and

optimization for various parame-ters including control strategieswith respect to all reference con-ditions, parameters and targetfunctions chosen by Subtask Aand C.

■ Compare the different optimizedsystems

■ Analyze each optimized systemon behalf of the comparison

■ Report on all systems (systemdescription, modelling, sensitivity,optimization, comparison)

■ Collect and report on the materi-al demand of all systems

■ Develop general guidelines forthe design of advanced solarcombisystems and elements of a‘dream’ system.

LINKS WITH INDUSTRYSixteen companies from almost allparticipating countries are taking


part in Task 26.The IndustryWorkshops have received a positiveresponse from industry, especiallyfrom industry in the country hostingthe Experts’ Meeting. Between 11and 50 representatives of the indus-try attended the workshops.

LINKS WITH CEN TC 312Liaison status has been granted toTask 26 with CEN/TC 312 "Thermalsolar systems and components," byResolution 7/99.The duration of thisliaison is three years and will bereviewed accordingly on 2002-10-27. CMC (CEN ManagementCenter) has recorded as permanentinterface between the CEN/TC 312and Task 26: Dr. Jean-Marc Suter ofSwitzerland and Mr. Huib Visser ofthe Netherlands.

CEN/TC 312 has interest in the workof IEA SH&C - Task 26 and decidesthat in due time standards will berequired on solar combisystems.

NEN will prepare a formal proposalfor a new work item on solar combisys-tems before end of 2002.

[Note: NEN is the Dutch memberbody of CEN/TC 312.]

REPORTS PUBLISHED IN 2001Second Industry Newsletter with thefollowing three extensive annexespublished on the Task 26 homepage(pdf files to be downloaded) as sci-entific articles:

■ Heat Losses from Storage Tanks -Up to 5 times higher thancalculated!Jean-Marc Suter, Suter Consulting,CH-3000 Berne 16, Switzerland

■ Stagnation Behaviour of ThermalSolar SystemsRobert Hausner and ChristianFink,AEE INTEC, A-8200Gleisdorf, Austria

■ Controller IntegrationStefan Larsson,VattenfallUtveckling, S-81426 Alvkarleby,Sweden

Proceedings of Delft and RapperswilIndustry Workshops

The Industry Newsletters as well asthe Task 26 Industry WorkshopProceedings are all available from theTask 26 homepagehttp://www.solenergi.dk/task26/downloads.html.

REPORTS PLANNED FOR 2002Third Industry Newsletter

Proceedings of the last two IndustryWorkshops

2001 EXPERTS MEETINGS Fifth Experts MeetingApril 1 – 4Delft,The Netherlands

Sixth Experts MeetingOctober 7 – 10Rapperswil, Switzerland

2002 EXPERTS MEETINGSSeventh Experts MeetingApril 7-10Oslo, Norway

Eigth Experts MeetingSeptember 22-25Austria



Operating AgentWerner WeissAEE INTEC- Arbeitsgemeinschaft

ERNEUERBARE ENERGIEFeldgasse 19A-8200 GleisdorfAustria

AustriaIrene Bergmann and Robert

HausnerAEE INTEC- Arbeitsgemeinschaft

ERNEUERBARE ENERGIEFeldgasse 19A-8200 Gleisdorf

Wolfgang Streicher and RichardHeimrath

Technical University of GrazInstitut für WärmetechnikInffeldgasse 25A-8010 Graz

FranceThomas LetzASDERBP 45299, rue du GranierF-73230 Saint Alban-Leysse

Philippe PapillonClipsol-RechercheZ.I.F-73100 Trevignin

DenmarkSimon Furbo, Louise Jivan Shah and

Elsa AndersenSolar Energy Center DenmarkTechnical University of DenmarkDepartment of Buildings and EnergyBuilding 118DK-2800 Lyngby

Klaus Ellehauge and Line LouiseOvergaard

Solar Energy Center DenmarkTeknologisk Institut DK-8000 Aarhus C

FinlandPetri KonttinenHelsinki University of TechnologyAdvanced Energy Systems P.O. Box 2200FIN-02015 HUT

GermanyHarald Drück and Henner KerskesStuttgart UniversityITWPfaffenwaldring 6D-70550 Stuttgart

Klaus Vajen and Ulrike JordanKassel UniversityDepartment of Mechanical

EngineeringSolar and System TechnologyD-34109 Kassel

NorwayMichaela Meir, Markus Peter andBjørnar SandnesUniversity of OsloDepartment of PhysicsP.O.BOX 1048, BlindernN-0316 Oslo

SwedenPeter KovacsSP-Swedish National Testing &

Research InstituteBox 857S-501 Boras

Chris Bales and Klaus LorenzHögskolan DalarnaSolar Energy Research CenterSERC EKOSS-78188 BorÄnge

Bengt Perers and Stefan LarssonVattenfall Utveckling ABThe Swedish National Power BoardP.O. Box 1046S-61129 Nyköping

SwitzerlandJean-C. HadornSwiss Research ProgramCH-1035 Bournens

Jean-Marc SuterSuter ConsultingPostfach 130CH-3000 Bern 16

Ueli Frei, Peter Vogelsanger and Beat Menzi

SPF-HSRPostfach 1475CH-8640 Rapperswil

Philippe Dind, Olivier Renoult,Jacques Bony and Thierry Pittet

School of Engineering (EIVD)Route de Cheseaux 1CH-1400 YVERDON-LES-BAINS

NetherlandsHuib VisserTNOBuilding and Construction ResearchDivision Building & SystemsP.O. Box 49NL-2600 AA Delft


United StatesWilliam A. BeckmanUniversity of WisconsinSolar Energy Lab1500 Engineering DriveMadison,Wisconsin 53706

TASK 26 INDUSTRY PARTICIPANTS

AustriaChristian HolterSOLIDHerrgottwiesgasse 188A- 8055 Graz

Martin BergmayrSolarteam GmbHJörgmayrstraße 12A-4111 Walding

Peter PrasserSonnenkraft GmbHResselstrasse 9A-9065 Ebental

NorwayJohn Rekstad SolarNor ASErling Skjalgssons gate 19 BN-0267 Oslo

SwedenBo Ronnkvist Borö-Pannan ABBangardsuagen 1S-95231 Kalix

DenmarkEmanuel BrenderBatec A/SDanmarksvej 8DK 4681 Herfolge

SwitzerlandM.C. JobinAGENALe Grand PréCH-1510 MOUDON

Fritz SchuppisserSOLTOP Schuppisser AGSt. Gallerstrasse 7CH-8353 ELGGJosef JenniJenni Energietechnik AGLochbachstrasse 22CH-3414 Oberburg

Finland Janne JokinenFortum Advanced Energy SystemsP.O. Box 100FIN-00048 Fortum

France Philippe PapillonClipsolZone IndustrielleF-73100 Trevignin

NetherlandsErwin JanssenATAG Verwarming B.V.P.O. Box 105NL-7130 AC Lichtenvoorde

Edwin van den TillaartDaalderop B.V.P.O. Box 7 NL-4000 AA Tiel

Paul KratzZonne-Energie Nederland De Run 5421 NL-5504 DG Veldhoven

GermanyThomas Krause and Dagmar JaehnigSOLVIS- Solarsysteme GmbHMarienberger Straße 1D-38122 Braunschweig

Andreas SiegemundConsolar Energiespeicher- und

Regelungssysteme GmbHDreieichstrasse 48D-60594 Frankfurt

44Solar Facade Components

TASK DESCRIPTIONThe objectives of this Task are todetermine the solar visual and ther-mal performance of materials andcomponents, such as advanced glaz-ing, for use in more energy efficient,comfortable, sustainable buildings, onthe basis of an application orientedenergy performance assessmentmethodology; and to promoteincreased confidence in the use ofthese products by developing andapplying appropriate methods forassessment of durability, reliabilityand environmental impact.

ScopeThe work will focus on solar facadematerials and components selectedfrom the following:

■ Coated glass products■ Edge sealed glazings, windows and

solar façade elements■ Dynamic glazing (i.e., elec-

trochromic, gasochromic andthermochromic devices, ther-motropic and other dispersedmedia)

■ Antireflective glazing■ Light diffusing glazing■ Vacuum glazing■ Transparent insulation materials■ Daylighting products■ Solar protection devices (e.g.,

blinds)■ PV windows■ Solar collector materials, including

polymeric glazing, facadeabsorbers and reflectors.

MeansThe work in Task 27 is carried out inthe framework of three subtasks.

■ Subtask A: Performance (LeadCountry: Netherlands)

■ Subtask B: Durability (LeadCountry: Sweden)

■ Subtask C: Sustainability (LeadCountry: France)

Main DeliverablesSubtask A: Performance■ Further developed coherent

energy performance assessmentmethodology to enable compari-son and selection of differentproducts and to provide guidancefor their assembly and integrationinto building envelope elements.

■ Structured a database of compo-nents and façade elements topresent data in a consistent andharmonised form, suitable forproduct comparison and selec-tion and for simulation of perfor-mance in specific applications.

■ Recommended calculation andtest methods for solar and ther-mal performance parameters insupport of international standardsdevelopment.

Subtask B: Durability■ Validated methodology for dura-

bility assessment of advancedsolar building materials.

■ Estimated the service lifetimebased on degradation of perfor-mance for selected materials test-ed.

■ Recommended standard test pro-cedures for service life testing ofselected materials and compo-nents.

Subtask C: Sustainability■ Reviewed of international knowl-

edge base, tools, actions andrequirements related to glazing,windows and solar components.

■ Conducted an overview of theFMEA tool capabilities, adaptation

TASK 27:

Performance of SolarFacade Components

Michael KöhlFrauhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems

Operating Agent for theForschungszentrum Jülich


to the field of glazing, windowsand solar components, and guide-lines for using it in the assessmentof possible shortening/reductionof the service life.

DurationThe Task was initiated in January2000 and is planned for completionin December 2003.

ACTIVITIES DURING 2001In general, good progress was madein the main issues of performance,durability and sustainability.

Subtask A: PerformanceThe extended report on perfor-mance indicators and terminologywill be finished in May 2002.

The energy performance assessmentmethodology for A2,A3, B1 hasbeen split into building and compo-nent performance indicators and thework will begin in April 2002.Work on modelling and controlstrategies began during the secondhalf of 2001.The work carried out inUppsala, Sweden was presented inNovember 2001 in a PhD Thesis.Measurements and simulations ofelectrochromic windows, in combi-nation with mechanical reflectingshading devices at Solar-InstitutJülich, will contribute as well.Work isin progress to define control strate-gies, monitoring and evaluation pro-cedures.

Links to other projects outside theTask and organisations are importantand need to be intensified.TheEuropean projects SWIFT (onswitchable facade technology) andWINDAT (on glazing and windowdatabase development) have been

established.The outcome of the pro-ject and discussions may be usefulfor standards organisations. Links toCEN TC33 (WG on shading prod-ucts) are established as well. Also anew heating energy performancestandard for non-domestic buildingsis being developed, and an exchangeof information has been promised bythe project leader with the convenorof the group.

Subtask B: DurabilityThe general methodology for dura-bility assessment has been definedand applied to various subjects.

The adaptation of durability assess-ment methodology to specific chro-mogenic requirements has also beencarried out.The accelerated ageingtesting could not be started in timedue to delays in the supply of thetest samples.The inquiry on electrochromic sam-ples availability for durability studieshas been made among the industrialpartners of Task 27, commitments toprovide samples to the Task 27research have been made withFlabeg, Interpane and AFG Gentex,Asahi, St Gobain will probably beable to provide data on durability.Outdoor testing at ISE and CSTBwere started in October2001.Electrochromic samples will bedistributed by Flabeg andgasochromic samples will be distrib-uted by Interpane.Accelerated testson electrochromic samples will startin mid-2002.

Candidate materials for durabilityand reliability assessment of staticsolar materials were identified andinvestigated in the framework of thefollowing case studies:

■ Anti-reflective and polymeric glaz-ing materials

■ Reflectors■ Solar facade absorbers

Initial risk analysis was performed,samples were exposed on outdoortest facilities at different locations,and accelerated screening tests start-ed for all case studies.

Subtask C: SustainabilityA first attempt of data processingwas completed concerning thereport about examples performedon reference products.The method-ology report (nominal service lifeprediction and anticipation of prema-ture termination, application to anexample) has to be revised to a finaland referenced report for publica-tion as well as the terminologyreport.

A selection of application examplesto be carried out by the group is inprocess.

The state of the art report will becompleted in January 2002 and thereports on the case studies (EdgeSealed Glazing Units, Breathing Unitsand TIM-Elements) will be completedthe end of 2002.

The involvement of the subtaskmembers in networks, workinggroups and events gives an access toinformation issued from:

■ EIPC Conference (Brussels, May2001) on Environmental ProductDeclaration (EPD) harmonisationin Europe(deliverables to be cir-culated)


■ Report of the "SETAC – LCA inBuilding" group, available on theSETAC web site

■ Active participation to the CRISP,PRESCO network, the sustainableconstruction WG in ISOTC59/SC3, the application to theCEN (DG Enterprise) call for ten-ders

■ National projects progress (pro-jects on windows in Denmark,Finland, Italy, Norway and theUSA and projects on declarationformats in France and the USA)

WORK PLANNED FOR 2002Subtask A: Performance■ Complete the extended report

on performance indicators andterminology.

■ Preliminary energy performanceassessment methodology for A2,A3, B1 for components andbuildings.

■ Improved energy performanceassessment methodology forcomponents and buildings

■ Definition of appropriate condi-tions for testing and calculation

■ Sensitivity studies report■ Performance data report■ Results of testing and modelling

Subtask B: Durability■ General methodology for durabil-

ity assessment validated by testingglazing materials and comparisonwith results of outdoor testing

■ Completion of first series ofaccelerated ageing testing ofchromogenic glazings

■ Completion of second series ofaccelerated ageing tests for staticsolar materials

Subtask C: Sustainability■ State of the art report ■ Reports of the Case Studies on

Edge Sealed Glazing Units andBreathing Units and TIM-Elements

■ Yearly evaluation of collected data■ Report of accelerated cyclic tests

on "Edge Sealed Glazing Units"and "Assemble of Windows/Wall"

LINKS WITH INDUSTRYNine companies from seven coun-tries are participating in Task 27.Through these industry links, theparticipants of Task 27 can ensurethe valuable use of its researchresults. See the list of Task 27national contact persons for furtherdetails.

MEETINGS IN 2001 Third Experts MeetingApril, 27-30Berkeley, California, USA

Fourth Experts MeetingOctober, 8-11Rome, Italy

MEETINGS PLANNED FOR 2002Fifth Experts MeetingApril, 9-12Copenhagen, DenmarkPartly joint with Task 31 plus a "Window Rating" workshop.

Sixth Experts MeetingSeptember 30 - October 3Ottawa, CanadaTo include a workshop withCanadian colleagues and industry.



Operating AgentMichael KöhlFraunhofer ISEHeidenhofstr. 279110 FreiburgGermany

BelgiumMagali BodartUniversité Catholique de LouvainArchitecture et ClimatPlace du Levant 11348 Louvain-la-Neuve

CanadaHakim ElmahdyNational Research Council of

CanadaInstitute Research in ConstructionMontreal RoadM-24, Ottawa, Ontario K1A OR6

DenmarkHanne KroghSBI Danish Building Research

InstituteDr. Neergaards Vej 152970 Horsholm

Svend SvendsenTechnical University of DenmarkDepartment of Civil EngineeringBuilding 1182800 Lyngby

Jan FranssonVELUX A/SMaskinvej 42860 Soborg

FinlandIsmo HeimonenVTT Building and TransportBuilding Physics and Indoor ClimateP.O. Box 180402044 VTT

FranceJean-Luc ChevalierCSTB Centre Scientifique etTechnique du Batiment24, Rue Joseph-Fourier38400 Saint-Martin d'Heres

Geraldine CorrederaEDF - Electricité de France DivisionRecherche et DévelopmentSite des Renardieres77818 Moret-sur-Loing

Marc Fontoynont and RichardMitanchey

ENTPE Le Laboratoire des Sciencesde l´Habitat de l´Ecole des TravauxPublics de l´Etat

Vaulx-en-Velin

Xue-Yun LinSaint-Gobain RechercheB.P. 135 93303 Aubervilliers

GermanyMichael Freinbergerift. RosenheimTheodor-Gietl -Straße 7-983026 Rosenheim

Joachim GöttscheFH AachenSolar-Institut JülichAbteilung Solares BauenHeinrich-Mussmann-Str. 552428 Juelich

Werner PlatzerFraunhofer ISEHeidenhofstr. 279110 Freiburg

Helen Rose WilsonInterpane E & BmbH c/o FraunhoferISEHeidenhofstr. 279110 Freiburg

Jens CardinalFLABEG GmbH & Co. KGGlaserstr. 193437 Furth i.Wald

ItalyMaurizio CelluraDEAF - Università di PalermoViale delle ScienzePalermo90128

Aldo FanchiottiUniversità degli Studi Roma TreVia della Vasca Navale 7900146 Roma

Pietro PolatoStatione Sperimentale del VetroVia Briati 1030141 Murano,Venezia

Mario TarantiniENEAVia Martiri di Montesole 440129 Bologna

Michele ZinziENEAVia Anguillarese 30100060 S.Maria Di Galeria, Roma


JapanKazuki YoshimuraMultifunctional Thin Film GroupInstitute for Structural andEngineering Materials1 Hirare-cho, Kita-kuNagoya 462-8500

Junichi NagaiAsahi Glass Co. Ltd.1150 Hazawa-cho, Kanagawa-kuYokohama 221-8755

Hidemi NakaiNippon Sheet GlassNSG Tokyo Bldg. 2-1-7, Kaigan,Minato-kuTokyo 105-8552

NetherlandsDick van DijkTNO Building and Construction

ResearchDepartment of Sustainable Energy

and BuildingsP.O. Box 492600 AA Delft

NorwayInger AndresenSintefAlfred Betz Vei 3Trondheim7465

Ida BrynErichsen & Horgen A/SP.O. Box 4464 Torshov0403 Oslo

PortugalMaria João CarvalhoInstituto de Technologias EnergeticasEstrada do Paço do Lumiar 221649-038 Lisboa

SwedenBo CarlssonSP Swedish National Testing and

Research InstituteMaterials Technology Section for

PolymersBox 85750115 Boras

Björn KarlssonVattenfall Utveckling ABSolar Energy814 26 Älvkarleby

Arne RoosUniversity UppsalaThe Angstrom LaboratoriumBox 53475121 Uppsala

SwitzerlandStefan BrunoldInstitut für Solartechnik SPFHochschule Rapperswil HSROberseestrasse 108640 Rapperswil

Hans SimmlerEMPA EidgenössischeMaterialprüfungs- undForschungsanstaltÜberlandstr. 1298600 Dübendorf

United StatesDragan CurcijaUniversity of MassachusettsCenter for Energy Efficiency and

Renewable EnergyEngineering Lab Building160 Govenors DriveAmherst, Massachusetts 01003-2210

Gary Jorgensen, Roland PittsNational Renewable Energy

Laboratory1617 Cole BoulevardGolden, Colorado 80401-3393

Mike RubinLawrence Berkeley National

Laboratory University of CaliforniaMS 2 - 3001 Cyclotron RoadBerkeley, California 94720

49Sustainable Solar Heating

TASK DESCRIPTIONThe goal of this Task is to helpachieve significant penetration ofsustainable solar housing in the mar-kets of participating countries start-ing in the year 2005 by providinghome builders and institutional realestate investors with:

■ Website network illustratingsolar sustainable housing whichare exemplary in design, livingquality, energy use and environ-mental impact.

■ Book: Marketable SustainableSolar Housing: Photos, Plans andPerformance describing recentlybuilt housing to help planers learnfrom built experience

■ Book: Marketable SustainableSolar Housing:A Design Guidewith planning advice supportedby graphs and tables from build-ing monitoring, lab testing andcomputer modeling.

■ Demonstration Buildings withpress kits for articles andbrochures in local languages toincrease the multiplication effectbeyond the local region.

■ Workshops after the Task conclu-sion presenting the Task results.

The work in Task 25 is carried out inthe framework of four Subtasks:

■ Subtask A: Market-Assessmentand Communication (Lead coun-tries: Netherlands and Norway)

■ Subtask B: Design and Analysis(Lead countries: Sweden andSwitzerland)

■ Subtask C: Demonstration (Leadcountry:Australia)

■ Subtask D: Monitoring andEvaluation (Lead country:Germany)

DurationThe Task was initiated in April 2000and is planned for completion inApril 2005.

ACTIVITIES DURING 200140 Experts from Australia,Austria,Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Finland,Germany, Italy, Japan Switzerland,Netherlands, Norway, Sweden andthe UK are sharing in the work ofthe Task.Tangible results from thisyear’s efforts include:

■ Brochure describing the Task ■ International workshop on mar-

ket analyses and strategies,■ Working document comparing

the different building codes usingthree reference budings whichwill serve as a basis to analyze theeffectiveness of design strategies adetailed outline for the handbook,Marketable Sustainable SolarHousing: Photos, Plans andPerformance, and drafts of 10chapters,

■ Draft manuscript on the designbrief process,

■ Data bank on the characteristicsof built exemplary projects, and

■ Articles in national professionaljournals or conference proceed-ings

Subtask A: Market-Assessment andCommunication Task Communication An Internet website provides infor-mation on the Task www.iea-shc.org/task28/) and 4,000 Taskbrochures were printed. Copies areavailable from the IEA SHCSecretariat.

Market Assessment Experts reviewed national marketing

TASK 28 / BCS ANNEX 38:

Sustainable Solar Housing

S. Robert HastingsArchitecture, Energy and

Environment GmbHOperating Agent for the Swiss

Federal Office of Energy

50Sustainable Solar Housing

situations for sustainable housing anddiscussed strategies to increase mar-ket share at an international work-shop held in Bregenz,Austria inSeptember 2001.

Finish researchers from VTT investi-gated what builders think of environ-mental issues. Seven page question-naires were sent to 784 purchasersof house lots in the six major urbanareas. From the 239 replies it wasnotable that homebuyers highly ratelow energy consumption. By con-trast, advice from salesmen wasrated very low as seen in Figure 1.

In Austria market factors for sustain-able housing were empirically ana-lyzed from questionnaires to 212residents of conventional housing,and 100 interviews with occupantsfrom innovative housing projects aswell as with component producers

Barriers identified were:

■ the remarkably little knowledgeamong planners, builders, contrac-tors and residents regarding ener-gy, and resource-efficient buildings.

Lack of home buyers' awarenesscauses low demand.

■ high transaction-costs (includingdesign) and uncertain risks forbuilders and buyers alike, and

■ the builders and buyers reluc-tance to "experiment" with newtechnical systems.

Paths to overcome the barriers canbe to:

■ encourage ecologically motivatedindividuals, groups of architects,builders,

■ address buyers' expectations for acomfortable and healthy environ-ment, positive feelings about thehouse and themselves and some-thing special to show the outerworld, and

■ strengthen buyer identificationwith the house by involving themduring planning.

From national surveys, the lesson forthe Task, demonstration projects anddesign handbook are that the con-struction must be as maintenance-free as possible, aesthetics are deci-sive and that energy cost savings are

indeed a selling point.

Subtask B: Design and Analysis Energy Analysis Group Reference buildings have beendefined per national constructioncodes and energy loads calculatedwith a PC-version of the EuropeanCode: EN 832 prepared for the Taskby the University of Siegen. Internalgains were defined by a workinggroup The bars of Figure 2 abovethe centerline show transmissionand ventilation heat losses; barsbelow the center line are the supplyof useable internal and solar gainsand auxiliary heating. Sun-poor,northern countries benefit mostfrom solar gains to offset heatinglosses.The range of remaining heat-ing demand across climates is smallbecause U-Values in practice areinversely proportional to latitude.

Life Cycle Ecology This group is striving to find com-mon insights from the application ofdifferent LCA methodologies includ-ing a detailed LCA method used inSwitzerland and Germany, a holisticapproach currently under develop-

Figure 1. Importance of different factors in the decision making-process of homebuyers.

Figure 2. Energy losses and gains of the reference building bycountry.

Average points of factor

Gains and Losses, Apartments

Heating/ventilationsystems

Construction materials

Good quality

Easy to overhaul

Good outlook

Low energy consumption

Guarantee

Chosp price

Own earlier experiences

Easy to construct

Friendliness to the environment

Well-known brand

Acquiantance’s recommendations

Made in Finland

Salesman’s guides

A BE

CA

N (

HG

)

CA

N (

EL)

FIN

GER

I

HL

a) H

V,H

P

NL

b) M

V, H

X N SE CH

Mild

Reg

ion

Tem

pera

te

Reg

ion

Col

d R

egio

n

200

150

100

50

0

-50

-100

-150

-200

2 2 . 5 3 3 . 5 4 4 . 5 5

Fact

or

(kW

h/m

2a)

Transmission losses Ventilation Losses Net Internal Gains Net Solar Gains Heating Demand


ment in Belgium, and checklist meth-ods used in Norway and theNetherlands.

Subtask C: Demonstration A draft report on developing designbriefs has been completed and dis-cussed at the Bregenz expert meet-ing.The documentation is structuredin three blocks:

■ Functional requirements (how thebuilding/spaces will be used)

■ Environmental requirements(including low water usage)

■ Eco-Efficiency Cost Plan (achiev-ing the most ecological benefit fora given investment)

Several demonstration projects havealready been constructed. Of partic-ular interest is the Swedish housingestate without heating completedthis year and the experiences of thenew homeowners.A demonstrationproject in Scotland, shown if Figure3,has achieved very impressive energyperformance at less than conven-tional housing costs, thanks to innov-ative building envelope construc-tion].

Subtask D: Monitoring andEvaluation Data sets have been compiled for 53building as a basis for a book onexemplary buildings.The selectionrepresents a very instructive rangeof conditions and design responses:

■ The projects are heated by fossilfuel, biomass, district heating, heatpump and direct electric heaters

■ Active solar systems includedomestic hot water, combi (space+ dhw), solar air systems andphotovoltaic panels.

■ Ventilation is provided throughnatural / windows, exhaust only,heat recovery and ground heatexchangers.

■ Occupancy density average 44 m2

net floor area / person with arange from 25 - 40

Cooling Working Group Sustainable solar housing is also animportant topic for hot climates.In response, the Cooling Group is:

■ defining strategies, typical solutionsets and technologies, i.e. shading,ventilation, insulation, and solardhw., using the guidebook struc-ture of the Heating Group.

■ analyzing the effectiveness ofstrategies using the Olgyay com-fort charts and diagrammingmethod (monthly with diurnalranges) as proposed by Japan.

WORK PLANNED FOR 2002■ Task web site will be expanded

and (depending on resources)restructured.

■ Experts will continue improvingmethods to assess national hous-ing markets and developingstrategies, do & don'ts and tips toincrease market penetration.

■ Typical design solution sets will beselected and computer modelingbegun.Additional technologychapters for the handbook will bedrafted.

■ Guide for writing an effectivedesign brief will be completed tohelp improve the quality and sur-vival of sustainability conceptsthroughout planning and con-struction.

■ First draft of the exemplary build-ings documentation will be com-pleted, selecting from completeddata sets and project profiles of50 projects.

■ Subtask D structure for summa-rizing monitored data will be tomake cross comparisons and gen-erate design advise for theGuidebook.

■ Concept for reporting "InnovativeComponents underDevelopment" will be tested on afew components and presentedto the experts at the next meet-ing.

■ Built examples of sustainablehousing for hot climates will beexamined, typical solution setsidentified and design advice criti-cally reviewed.The prototype sus-tainable housing project in Brazilwill be further developed andadditional projects sought.

LINKS WITH INDUSTRYMany Task experts represent specificindustries, for example, theNorwegian State Housing Bank,ABB,Swiss and Canadian constructionfirms and others.

REPORTS PUBLISHED IN 2001Sustainable Solar Housing, MarketableHousing for a Better Environment

Figure 3: The ‘Zero-Heating’ Home atPeterculter, Aberdeen, Scotland


IEA SHC 28 / ECBCS 38 Taskbrochure. September 2001.

Passive Houses: New Standards for aBetter Living SpaceAngiulli, D., Master's Thesis.Switzerland,April 2001.

Towards Zero-heating:AffordableModels for Environmentally FriendlyHousing in ScotlandDeveci, Gokay, et.al., Scottish Centrefor Environmental Design Research,Robert Gordon University, Scotland,2001.

Breaking the Heating Barrier : Learningfrom the First Houses withoutConventional HeatingHastings R.: CISBAT 2001,Switzerland, September 2001.

Low Energy Housing in TicinoPahud, Daniel, et.al. Switzerland,December 2001.

Internal Gains.Assumptions forSimulations.A Multi-family Row andSingle-family Detached House.Working Document, Smeds, J. &Wall, M., September 2001.

A Comparison of Energy Regulations in12 Countries Using IEA 28/38Reference HousesSmeds, J. & Wall, M, Lund University,Sweden, 2001.

REPORTS PLANNED FOR 2002 The Pathways to Sustainable SolarDesign in Housing, for TheEnvironmental Brief.

MEETINGS IN 2001Third Experts MeetingApril 2-4Amersfoort, Netherlands

Market Analysis Workshop September 25 Bregenz,Austria

Fourth Experts Meeting September 26-28Bregenz,Austria

MEETINGS PLANNED FOR 2002Fifth Experts MeetingApril 17-19Rome, Italy

Sixth Experts MeetingSeptember 18-20Goteborg, Sweden


SHC TASK 28/ECBCS ANNEX 38NATIONAL CONTACT PERSONS

Operating AgentRobert HastingsArchitektur, Energie & Umwelt

GmbHKirchstrasse 1CH-8304 WallisellenSwitzerland

AustriaGerhard FaningerUniversity of Klagenfurt, IFFSterneckstrasse 15A-9020 Klagenfurt

AustraliaRichard HydeDept. of ArchitectureUniversity of QueenslandSt. LuciaAUS-4072 Brisbane

BelgiumAndré De HerdeArchitecture et ClimatUniv. Catholique de LouvainPlace du Levant 1B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve

BrazilMarcia H.-Agostini RibeiroFed. Univ. of Minas GeraisRua Inconfidentes 355/J001BR-Belo HorizonteMG CEP-30140-120

CanadaPat CusackArise Technologies Corp.321 Shoemaker St.Kitchener, Ontario, N2E 3B3

GermanyKarsten VossFraunhofer ISEHeidenhofstr. 2D-79110 Freiburg

FinlandJyri NieminenVTT Building & TransportBuilding PhysicsP.O. Box 1803FIN-02044 VTT

ItalyFrancesca SartogoPRAUVia Archimede 141/aI-00197 Roma

JapanMotoya HayashiMiyagigakuin Women's College9, 1, 1 Sakuragacka Aobaku, J-Sendai 81-8557

NorwayAnne Gunnarshaug LienSINTEF Civil and Env. EngineeringArchitecture and Building Tech.Alfred Getz vei 3N-7465 Trondheim

NetherlandsPeter ErdtsieckMoBius consult bv.Diederichslaan 2NL-3971 PC Driebergen , Rijsenburg

SwedenMaria WallDept.of Construction and

ArchitectureLund UniversityP.O. Box 118SE-221 00 Lund

United KingdomGökay DeveciFaculty of DesignRobert Gordon UniversityGarthdee Rd.UK-Aberdeen, Scotland

54Solar Crop Drying

TASK DESCRIPTIONOne of the most promising applica-tions for active solar heating world-wide is the drying of agriculturalproducts. In a recent study, thepotential amount of energy thatcould be displaced using solar in thismarket was estimated to bebetween 300 PJ and 900 PJ annually,primarily in displacing fuel-fired dry-ers for crops that are dried at tem-peratures less than 50∞C.The useof solar energy for these markets islargely undeveloped. Wood andconventional fossil fuels are usedextensively at present. In manycountries, more expensive diesel andpropane fuels are replacing wood.Three key barriers to increased useof solar crop drying are the lack ofawareness of the cost-effectivenessof solar drying systems, the lack ofgood technical information and thelack of good local practical experi-ence.

The objective of the Task is toaddress the three barriers above byproviding technical and commercialinformation and experience gainedfrom the design, construction andoperation of full-scale, commerciallyviable solar drying systems for a vari-ety of crops and a number of geo-graphical regions where solar isexpected to have the greatestpotential. Crop grower and proces-sor industry associations will be keypartners in dissemination of theresults.

DurationThe Task was initiated in January2000 and is planned for completionin December 2002.

ACTIVITIES DURING 2001Panama – Coffee DryingThe flagship project for the year wasthe installation of a solar system on anew coffee drying plant in Panama.The project was constructed andthe solar system installed during theyear and it is anticipated that the sys-tem will be commissioned beforethe end of the year and be ready tooperate during the upcoming har-vest season. The success of this pro-ject lies not only with the installationof the solar system but also with theclose cooperation between Task par-ticipants and the plant owners. Themajor objective of the solar systemis to reduce the amount of woodfuel needed for the furnace. Withthis in mind, all aspects of the projectwere reviewed by team members,which resulted in modifications inthe furnace and system designs thatwill ultimately improve the process.Task members facilitated and partici-pated in meetings between the own-ers and specialists in other fields todevelop novel design solutions,which may not have otherwise beenincorporated.

India – Coir Peat DryingThe Coir Peat drying facility in Indiahas been designed and the panelshave been shipped to India. It isexpected that the panels will beinstalled at the facility in early 2002.

India – Cardamon DryingA new dryer design has been pro-posed for this facility and the projectawaits approval from the ownersbefore continuing.

China – Biomass DryingTask involvement in this project has

TASK 29:

Solar Crop Drying

Doug LorrimanNamirrol Ltd.

Operating Agent for NaturalResources Canada

55Solar Crop Drying

now greatly exceeded the provisionof a solar system to the dryingprocess. This is a new facility andthere was no mechanical dryingplanned originally. Therefore, in addi-tion to the solar system,Task mem-bers have designed the full mechani-cal drying system. This has necessi-tated a number of iterations as a fullappreciation of the limitations andchallenges were appreciated. Thefacility owners are currently review-ing the most recent design propos-als.

China – Jujube DryingThis project has also evolved intothe design and construction of awhole new drying facility to replacethe highly outdated and inefficientsystems currently in use. Task mem-bers have been involved in research-ing and designing a new dryer basedon a design originally produced bythe agriculture department at theUniversity of California – Davis. Thewhole project now includes the newdryer and a structure to enclose it,which will incorporate the solar pan-els. The foundation for the facilityhas been constructed and the designdrawings for the rest of the projectare being translated.

Zimbabwe – Tobacco DryingA prototype solar system wasinstalled at the Tobacco ResearchInstitute in Zimbabwe to supply heatto two different types of dryingbarns. Monitoring was carried outduring the year and first results areexpected soon.

ChallengesThe excellent progress reportedabove falls short of meeting the

milestones set at the beginning ofthe year but was accomplished inspite of numerous challenges facingthe Task participants. The principalchallenges included:

■ Low commodity prices world-wide, which impaired the ability ofmany growers and processingplant owners to undertake capitalprojects.

■ The ability of users to secureappropriate financing for newcapital projects.

■ The broadening of project scopebeyond the solar component,requiring the Task participants tofind and coordinate additionalexpertise.

■ The lack of technical expertise onthe part of some users, therebyrequiring a large general educa-tion component to the work.

■ Communications difficultiescaused by language and distance.

■ Shipping and customs logistics forvarious countries.

Abandoned ProjectsUnfortunately, due to businessand/or other reasons, the Task didnot proceed with the following pro-

jects that were reported asprospects in the last annual report:

Viet Nam – Rice DryingGuatemala – Coffee DryingBrazil – Coffee DryingColumbia – Coffee DryingUganda – Coffee DryingIndia – Tea Drying

ACTIVITIES PLANNED FOR 2002The following activities are expectedto be completed in 2002:

LINKS WITH INDUSTRYThe Task continues to maintainexcellent links with industry as sum-marized below:

■ The Panamanian project isinstalled on a facility owned bythe largest coffee producer in thecountry. Based on favorableresults of this project, the ownerwill consider installing solar sys-tems on their other facilities.They are also prepared to havethis first installation serve as ashowcase of the applications ofsolar technology for this use.

■ The owner of the Chinese jujubedrying facility is one of the largest

Solar system on acoffee drying plantin Panama. The sys-tem preheats airbefore it goes intothe furnace. In thiscase, the objectiveis to reduce theamount of firewoodused, but the sys-tem can also beused on otherplants in the coun-try,

56Solar Crop Drying

operators in a region where thereare many such operations. Theowner is prepared to use the Taskdesigned facility as a showcase forother producers.

■ The Indian projects are beingcoordinated by the Solarwall®distributor in India. One of thedesign proposals also incorpo-rates other products produced bythat company which enhances theproject value for both the distrib-utor and the customer.

■ Two Task participants attended acoffee industry trade show inCosta Rica where the solar dryingwas introduced to many of thedelegates, and may result in a new

Task project in that country.■ A Mexican coffee producer who

attended the Task workshopimplemented many of the recom-mendations contained in the fea-sibility study on his facility.

■ The Dutch participant continuesto work with the TobaccoResearch Institute in Zimbabweto provide local industry connec-tions for their work.

■ A new testing program for theSolarwall® has been initiated as aresult of work done by the Task.

■ As a result of talking to foodprocessors in California whileresearching a new dryer for theChinese jujube project, a new Task

project opportunity has beenidentified in that state.

REPORTS PUBLISHED IN 2001No official reports were published in2001, however, a newsletter wasproduced and widely distributed bye-mail and posted on the SHC web-site.

REPORTS PLANNED FOR 2002The Task plans to publish anothernewsletter in 2002 to provide updat-ed information on the active pro-jects.

MEETINGS IN 2001Third Experts MeetingJune 1Toronto, Canada

The fourth experts meeting wasplanned for Panama in conjunctionwith the opening of the project inthat country. When start up waschanged to late 2001 or early 2002,it was decided to postpone thatmeeting until the system is opera-tional.

MEETINGS PLANNED FOR 2002The meetings have yet to be con-firmed. Plans are as follows:

Fourth Experts MeetingJanuary/February Panama

Fifth Experts MeetingOctober/November China or India

Project StatusPanama – Coffee Drying system commissioned and monitoredIndia – Coir Peat Drying system commissioned and monitoredIndia – Cardamon Drying system design completed

solar system installedmonitoring installed

China – Jujube Drying facility constructedsystem commissionedmonitoring installed

China – Biomass Drying facility completedsolar system installed

Zimbabwe – Tobacco Drying monitoring resultsCosta Rica – Coffee Drying project identified

feasibility study completeddesign completed

Mexico – Coffee Drying project identifieddesign completedsolar system installed

USA – Grain Drying project identifiedfeasibility study completeddesign completedsolar system installed

USA – Fruit Drying project identifiedfeasibility study completeddesign completedsolar system installed

57Solar Crop Drying


Operating AgentDoug LorrimanNamirrol Ltd.38 Morden Neilson WayGeorgetown, ONCanada L7G 5Y8

CanadaDoug McClenahanAlternative Energy DivisionCANMETNatural Resources Canada580 Booth St.Ottawa, ONCanada K1A 0E4

John HollickConserval Engineering Ltd.200 Wildcat RoadDownsview, ONCanada M3J 2N5

NetherlandsPaul KratzZen SolarDe Run 54215504 DG Veldhoven

United StatesPeter LowenthalSolar Energy Industries Association4733 Bethesda Avenue, Suite 608Bethesda, Maryland 20814

58Daylighting Buildings

TASK 31:

Daylighting Buildings in the 21st Century

Nancy RuckUniversity of Sydney

Operating Agent for the AustralianMaster Builders Association

TASK DESCRIPTIONDaylighting and the impact of day-lighting strategies on the lighting,heating and cooling of buildings, arevital issues for building owners,design professions, and for buildingoccupants due to energy use andassociated carbon emissions. Despitepotential energy savings benefits,only a tiny fraction is actually cap-tured in buildings today. Not only arethere engineering and scientific chal-lenges, but occupant response is alsoa critical element and the integrationof occupant acceptance, daylightingsystems and electric lighting controlsis vital to provide a successful day-lighting design.

Daylighting systems research in SHCTask 21, Daylighting in Buildings, wasconcentrated on the performance ofsingle design elements and the asso-ciated energy savings.This researchshowed the potential of new day-lighting technologies, but the interde-pendencies between the differentsystems and the impact of the userwere not fully explored.Withoutintegrated systems research the syn-ergistic result may be less thandesired, particularly if the user hasnot been factored in.

The intent of Task 31 is to balanceinnovation and practicality by creat-ing integrated daylighting solutionsthat are technically feasible takinginto account electric lighting andshading controls.As designersembrace new advanced technolo-gies, and the complexity of integra-tion, it is also essential that researchprovides a constructive optimisationmodel that accounts for human fac-tor issues.

Scope and Main ActivitiesTask 31 will integrate this newresearch and disseminate the resultsto architects, engineers and lightingdesigners by performance trackingnetworks and material forlocal/regional support groups.Theintegration issues will include lighting,heating and cooling of buildings, theintegration of daylighting, solar shad-ing and electric lighting and thedesign processes associated withthem taking into account user accep-tance.

The Task will focus on commercialand school buildings both new andexisting and on those user needsand systems integration that are notcurrently addressed.A relatedapproach to express the goal ofaddressing cutting edge solutions willbe to apply these tools and tech-niques to "transparent buildings" withvirtually all glass facades, as theserepresent one of the greatest chal-lenges to designers of modern build-ings.

To accomplish the objectives of theTask, the Participants are carryingout research and development with-in the framework of the followingfour Subtasks:

■ Subtask A: User Perspectives andRequirements (Lead Country:Denmark)

■ Subtask B: Integration andOptimisation of DaylightingSystems (Lead Country USA)

■ Subtask C: Daylighting DesignTools (Lead Country: Germany)

■ Subtask D: Daylight PerformanceTracking Network and DesignSupport (Lead Country: France)


DurationThe Task was initiated in September2001and will be completed inSeptember 2005.

ACTIVITIES DURING 2001Subtask A: User Perspectives andRequirementsThere are five project areas inSubtask A:

■ A1: Literature survey■ A2: Review of assessment

methods for visual comfort■ A3:Application of assessment

methods for visual comfort■ A4: Modelling■ A5: Guidelines

The emphasis to date has been ondefining literature survey headingsfor the literature review, and thesubmission of 10 descriptions perparticipant for the database of theweb site.The initial key words foreach entry in the literature survey tocategorize the entries are beingdetermined. The categories are:

■ Category 1: Health effects, energyconsumption, assessment meth-ods, user acceptance, user prefer-ences, user response,VDU-workand lighting, glare luminance distri-bution, exterior view, productivity,behavioural models and patterns

■ Category 2:Type of study■ Category 3:Type of data

Subtask B: Integration andOptimisation of Daylighting SystemsThere are four project areas inSubtask B:

■ B1: State of the art review■ B2: Design solutions roadmap

■ B3: Optimisation and developmentof smart lighting control systems

■ B4: Field tests This work will commence with astate of the art review.A question-naire will be prepared and the sur-vey information will be collated toproduce a report.There is to be asurvey from each country to includemetrics, targets, building standards,CIE research in this area, IES designguides and EURO norms.Performance metrics have been list-ed as-lighting energy use, illuminanceand luminance levels, lighting powerdensity, installed performance, occu-pancy and visual comfort and perfor-mance (with input from Subtask A).Also the typical best practice designparameters commonly used by prac-titioner such as minimum windowsize.This will demonstrate what isneeded and what is available.Therewill also be feedback from SubtaskA. Development and optimisationwill follow.

Subtask C: Daylighting Design ToolsThere are four project areas inSubtask C:

■ C1: User Interactions■ C2:Algorithms and plug-ins■ C3:Tools and Engines■ C4:Validation

A workshop was held to determinepractitioners’ needs.A survey strate-gy and questionnaire are being draft-ed. From the results of the work-shop, selected tools will be devel-oped with improved interfaces.

Subtask D: Performance TrackingNetwork and Design Support GroupsThere are four project areas in

Subtask D:

■ D1: Development of a web serverstructure

■ D2: Data Base 1- Benefits ofdaylighting techniques

■ D3: Database 2: Noteworthyexamples

■ D4: Material for design supportgroups

A structure for the database wasproposed. The database deals withoccupant impact in a building andwith examples of noteworthy build-ings worldwide. Products fromSubtask A will be included in data-base 1, e.g. effects on health and pro-ductivity with convincing argumentsfor industry. Database 2 will includecase studies carried out during tech-nical visits at the experts meetings.Access to the web site will berestricted to members (Participants)and Task sponsors, for example,industry prior to the publication ofresults at the end of the Task.

Each participant in Subtask A provid-ed 10 items on the following topics:the financial benefits of investing indaylighting systems, the cost of day-lighting portions in comparison withother options, reduction in specifiedilluminances due to good daylightingsystems, electric energy saved by theuse of daylighting systems or on day-lighting and well being and daylight-ing and productivity.The overallintent is to produce 200 items relat-ing to the benefits of daylightingtechniques in the four-year period.

Technical VisitsAt the first Experts Meeting inBerlin, Germany in October 2001,


technical visits were made to theBerlin Technical Museum, Reichstag(Architect Foster), Pariser Placebuildings (Architects: Kleihus,Winking, GMP, Kollhoff,Wilford,Behnisch, Gehry, Moore), GSWoffice tower (Architect Sauerbruch),and the Zumtobel building. Shownbelow are images from the BerlinTechnical Museum.

WORK PLANNED FOR 2002A summary of planned activities foreach of the Subtasks is presentedbelow.

Subtask A: UserPerspectives andRequirementsIn Subtask A theconclusions of theliterature survey willbe annotated in ageneric templateaccording to experi-enced problems.Appropriate meth-ods to assess visualand indoor environ-ment comfort willbe refined and thefirst pilot studies onselected methodswill be conducted.Algorithms will beselected from avail-able literature andthere will be a sur-vey of architectsneeds in daylitbuildings.

Subtask B:Integration and

Optimisation of Daylighting Systems The results from the state-of-the-artreview will be reviewed by means ofa teleconference and the first draftof the summary will be submittedfor publication.A roadmap method-ology will be completed and a testdraft of performance criteria fromsimulations.The first guidelines forthe calibration and commissioning ofcontrols will be presented and therewill be a workshop presentation ofadvanced controls at the FrankfurtFair on Light and Buildings. Pilot stud-ies with test cell will be carried outand protocols drafted for buildingmeasurements.

Subtask C: Daylighting Design ToolsIn Subtask C, user preferences forsoftware will form a working docu-ment and there will be working doc-uments on approaches to describedaylighting behaviour of complexfenestration systems.Algorithms willbe implemented in stand-alonemodules or plug-ins. Improved toolswill be released over three years

Subtask D: Performance TrackingNetwork and Design Support GroupsThe data base structure will be com-pleted and there will be furtherinput of data. Materials for the designsupport groups will be defined.

LINKS WITH INDUSTRYRepresentatives from industry haveparticipated in Task 31 expertsmeetings or supported the Task inthe following countries:

■ Australia: Skylights IndustryAssociation Inc., Public Works,Queensland Government, andCLIPSAL

■ Belgiun: St Gobain Glass■ Denmark:A reference group from

industry and the professions■ France: HEXCEL Fabrics,TECH-

NAL, and INGELUX■ Germany: LichtVision Industries

who will be participating in 2002include PHILIPS Lighting BV andETAP lighting BV of theNetherlands.

LIAISON WITH CIE DIVISION 3: INTERIOR ENVIRONMENT AND LIGHTING DESIGNThe Director of Division 3 is also theTask 31 Subtask D Leader. Researchresults from Technical committees inDivision 3 namely- TC 3.15: Sky

Interior view of the BerlinTechnicalMuseum.


Luminance Models,TC 3-29:Computer Procedures for LightingMetrics and Visualisation,TC 3.33:Test Cases for Assessment ofAccuracy of Interior LightingComputer Programs,T3-34:Protocols for Describing Lighting,TC3-37: Guide for the Application ofthe CIE General Sky, and T3-38:Tubular Daylight Guidance Systemsare to be referenced in Task 31.

REPORTS PUBLISHED IN 2001International Daylighting R D & AIssues 2 and 3

REPORTS PLANNED FOR 2002State-of-the-art review summaryreport

Test protocol combining lighting,energy and occupant metrics

Working document on userpreferences

Working document on Radianceintegration based on SDF

Working document on functionalintegration of LCP and MLGSsystem

MEETINGS IN 2001First Experts MeetingOctober 1-4Berlin, Germany

MEETINGS PLANNED FOR 2002Second Experts MeetingApril 8-12Roskilde, Denmark

Third Experts MeetingOctober 1-4Ottawa, Canada


NATIONAL CONTACT PERSONS

Operating AgentNancy RuckDepartment of Architectural &

Design ScienceUniversity of SydneySydney 2006Australia

AustraliaStephen Coyne and Phillip GreenupCentre for Medical, Health,

Environmental PhysicsSchool of Physics & Chemical

Sciences Queensland University of TechnologyGPO Box 2434Brisbane, 4001

Mark LutherBuilt Environment Research GroupDeakin UniversityGeelong,Victoria 3127

Geoff SmithSchool of PhysicsUniversity of TechnologySydney, NSW 2001

BelgiumMagali BodartUniversité Catholique de LouvainArchitecture et ClimatPlace de Levant 11348 Louvain-la-Neuve

CanadaGuy NewshamNational Research CouncilIndoor Environment Research

Program1500 Chemin Montreal Road (M-24)Ottawa, Ontario K1A OR6

Christoph Reinhart National Research Council, CanadaInstitute for Research in

Construction1500 Chemin Montreal RoadOttawa, Ontario KIA OR6

DenmarkKjeld Johnsen and Jens

ChristoffersenDanish Building and Urban ResearchEnergy and Indoor Climate DivisionPostboks 119DK-2970 Hørsholm

FinlandLiisa HalonenHelsinki University of TechnologyOtakaari 5 A02150 Espoo

Jorma LethovaaraHelsinki University of TechnologyLighting LaboratoryP.O. Box 3000 02015 HUT

FranceMarc Fontoynont and

Catherine Laurentin ENTPE/DGCBRue Maurice Audin69518 Vaulx-en-Velin, Cedex

GermanyJan de Boer and Hans ErhornFraunhofer-Institut für BauphysikNobelstrasse 1270569 Stuttgart

Christian ReetzFraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy

SystemsHeidenhofer 279110 Freiburg

ItalyValentina Serra and Anna PellegrinoDipartimento di EnergeticaFacolto di ArchitetturaPolitecnico di TorinoViale Mattioli 3910125 Torino

JapanYasuko KogaDepartment of Architecture &

Urban DesignKyushu UniversityFukuoka

NetherlandsLaurens ZonneveldtTNO-TUE Centre for Building ResearchP O Box 5135600 MB Eindhoven

Ariadne TennerPhilips LightingBuilding ED2PO Box 800205600 JM Eindhoven

Frans TaeymansETAP B.V.Tinstraat 74800 Breda

New ZealandKit CuttleFaculty of Architecture & Property &

Fine ArtsUniversity of AucklandAuckland

Michael Donn and Werner Osterhaus

Victoria University of WellingtonCentre for Building PerformanceP.O. Box 600Wellington 6015


SwitzerlandNicolas Morel and

Jean-Louis Scartezzini Solar Energy & Building Physics

Laboratory École Polytechnique Fédérale de

Lausanne1015 Lausanne

SwedenNils SvendeniusLund UniversityDepartment of AtomicSpectroscopySölvegatan 14S-223 62 Lund

United KingdomJohn MardaljevicInstitute of Energy & Development Leicester UK LE7 9SU

United StatesWilliam L. Carroll and

Steve SelkowitzBuilding Technology DepartmentLawrence Berkeley National

LaboratoryMailstop 90 - 3026Berkeley, California 94720

64Address List

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEMBERS

AUSTRALIAProf. John BallingerSolar Efficient ArchitectureP.O. Box 97Kangaroo ValleyNSW 2577Tel: + 61/2/4465 1212Fax: +61/2/4465 1217e-mail: [email protected]

AUSTRIAProf. Gerhard Faningerc/o Universität Klagenfurt, IFFSterneckstraße 15A-9020 KlagenfurtTel: +43/463/2700 6125 Fax: +43/463/2700 6199 e-mail: [email protected]

BELGIUMProf.André De Herde Architecture et ClimatUniversité Catholique de LouvainPlace du Levant, 1B-1348 Louvain-la-NeuveTel: +32/10/47 21 42Fax: +32/10/47 21 50e-mail: [email protected]

CANADAMr. Doug McClenahan(Vice-Chairman)CANMET - Natural Resources

Canada 580 Booth StreetOttawa, Ontario K1A 0E4Tel: +1/613/996 6078Fax: +1/613/996 9416e-mail: [email protected]

DENMARKMr. Jens WindeleffDanish Energy AgencyAmaliegade 44DK-1256 Copenhagen KTel: +45/33/92 75 56Fax: +45/33/11 47 43e-mail: [email protected]

AlternateMr. Poul E. KristensenIEN Consultants, EnergyHasselvej 302830 VirumTel: +45/855 092Fax: +45/855 092e-mail: [email protected]

EUROPEAN COMMISSIONDr. Georges DeschampsCommission of the European UnionDG ResearchRue de la Loi 200B-1049 Brussels, BELGIUMTel: +32/2/295 1445Fax: +32/2/299 3694e-mail:[email protected]

FINLANDProf. Peter D. LundHelsinki University of TechnologyDepartment of Engineering Physics

and MathematicsRakentajanaukio 2 CFIN-02150 EspooTel: +358/9/451 3197 or+358/9/451 3218Fax: +358/9/451 3195e-mail: [email protected]

IEA SolarHeating and Cooling

Address List

65Address List

FRANCE Mr.Yves BoileauFrench Agency for the Environment

and Energy Management(ADEME)

500Route des Lucioles -Sophia Antipolis

F-06565 Valbonne CedexTel: +33/4/93 95 79 11Fax: +33/4/93 95 79 87e-mail: [email protected]

GERMANYDr.Volkmar LottnerForschungszentrum Jülich - PTJD-52425 JülichTel: +49/2461/61 48 79Fax: +49/2461/61 31 31e-mail: [email protected]

ITALYDr. Paolo ZampettiDivision of Systems for Energy

ConservationENEAVia Anguillarese 301I-00060 S. Maria di Galeria (Rome) Tel: +39/6/3048 3414Fax: +39/6/3048 6315e-mail: [email protected]

JAPANMr. Minoru YonekuraDirector, Renewable Energy

Technologies/SystemsAIST, MITI1-3-1 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo 100-8921Tel: +81/3/3501 9271Fax: +81/3/3501 9489e-mail: [email protected]

AlternateDr. Kazuki YoshimuraChief of Ultrafineparticle DivisionNational Industrial Research Institute

of Nagoya1 Hirare-cho, Kita-kuNagoya 462-8500Tel: +81/52/911 3408Fax: +81/52/911 2432e-mail: [email protected]

MEXICO Dr. Isaac PilatowskyCentro de Investigation en EnergiaUniversidad Nacional Autonoma de

MexicoApartado Postal #3462580 Temixco, MorelosTel: +52/73/25 00 52Fax: +52/73/25 00 18e-mail: [email protected]

AlternateDr.Wilfrido Rivera Gomez-FrancoCentro de Investigation en EnergiaUniversidad Nacional Autonoma de

MexicoApartado Postal #3462580 Temixco, MorelosTel: +52/73/25 00 44Fax: +52/73/25 00 18e-mail: [email protected]

NETHERLANDS Mr. Lex Bosselaar(Chairman)NOVEM b.v.P.O. Box 82423503 RE UtrechtTel: +31/30/239 34 95Fax: +31/30/231 64 91e-mail: [email protected]

NEW ZEALANDMr. Michael DonnSchool of ArchitectureVictoria University of WellingtonP.O. Box 600Wellington 1Tel: +64/4/802 6221Fax: +64/4/802 6204e-mail: [email protected]

NORWAYMr. Fritjof SalvesenNorwegian Research Councilc/o KanEnergi ASBaerumsveien 4731351 RudTel: +47/67 15 38 53Fax: +47/67 15 02 50e-mail: [email protected]

PORTUGALMr. Joao A. Farinha MendesINETI-Edificio GDepartamento de Energias

RenovaveisEstrada do Paco do Lumiar, 221649-038 LisboaTel: +351/21/712786Fax: +351/21/7127195e-mail: [email protected]

SPAINMrs. Maria Luisa Delgado-MedinaHead of Renewable Energy

DepartmentCIEMATAvda Complutense, 22Edificio 4228040 MadridTel: +34-91-346-60-50Fax: +34-91-346-60-37e-mail: [email protected]

66Address List

SWEDENMr. Michael Rantil(Vice-Chairman)Formas – The Swedish Research

Council for Environment,Agricultural Sciences and SpatialPlanning

Box 1206SE-111 82 StockholmTel: +46/8/775 40 67Fax: +46/8/775 40 10e-mail: [email protected]

SWITZERLANDMr. Urs WolferFederal Office of EnergyCH-3003 BerneTel: +41/31/322 56 39Fax: +41/31/323 25 00e-mail: [email protected]

UNITED KINGDOMDr. Earle PereraBREBucknalls LaneGarston,WatfordHerts WD2 7JRTel: +44/1923/664486Fax: +44/1923/664095e-mail: [email protected]

AlternateMs Paula HigginsInternational Energy PolicyDEFRAG/H11 Ashdown House123 Victoria StreetLondon SW1E 6DETel: +44/20/79446635Fax: +44/20/79446559e-mail: [email protected]

UNITED STATESMr. Drury CrawleyEnergy Efficiency and Renewable

EnergyEE-411000 Independence Ave. S.W.Washington, D.C. 20585-0121Tel: +1/202/586-2344Fax: +1/202/586-5557e-mail: [email protected]

OPERATING AGENTS

Task 22Mr. Michael J. HoltzArchitectural Energy Corporation2540 Frontier Avenue, Suite 201Boulder, Colorado 80301 USATel: +1/303/444-4149Fax: +1/303/444-4304e-mail: [email protected]

Task 23Prof.Anne Grete HestnesFaculty of ArchitectureNorwegian University of Science

and TechnologyN-7034 Trondheim, NORWAYTel: +47/73/59 50 37Fax: +47/73/59 50 45e-mail:[email protected]

Task 24 Dr. Hans WestlingPromandat ABBox 24205S-104 51 Stockholm, SWEDENTel: +46/8/667 80 20Fax: +46/8/660 54 82e-mail: [email protected]

Task 25 Dr. Hans-Martin HenningFraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy

SystemsHeidenhofstr. 2D-79110 Freiburg, GERMANYTel: +49/761/4588 5134Fax: +49/761/4588 9000e-mail: [email protected]

Task 26 Mr.Werner WeissAEE INTECFeldgasse 19A-8200 Gleisdorf, AUSTRIATel: +43/3112/5886 17Fax: +43/3112/5886 18e-mail: [email protected]

Task 27Mr. Michael KöhlFraunhofer Institute for Solar

Energy SytemsHeidenhofstr. 2 D-79110 Freiburg, GERMANYTel: +49/761 4016682Fax: +49/761 4016681e-mail: [email protected]

67Address List

Task 28Mr. Robert HastingsArchitecture, Energy &

Environmental GmbHKirchstrasse 1CH 8304 Wallisellen, SWITZERLAND Tel: +41/1/ 883-1717Fax: +41/1/883-1713e-mail: [email protected]

Task 29 Mr. Doug LorrimanNamirrol Ltd.38 Morden Neilson WayGeorgetown, OntarioL7G5Y8 CANADATel: +1/905/873 3149Fax: +1/905/873 2735e-mail: [email protected]

Task 30 OrganizerProf. Peter DroegeCoordinator, Urban Design ProgramFaculty of AgricultureCollege of Sciences and TechnologyUniversity of Sydney G04NSW 2006 AUSTRALIATel: +61/2/9351 4576Fax: +61/2/9351 3855e-mail: [email protected]

Task 31 Dr. Nan RuckDepartment of Architectural &

Design ScienceUniversity of SydneySydney NSW 2006 AUSTRALIATel: +61/2/65 544 073Fax: + 61/2/65 544 073e-mail: [email protected]

WORKING GROUPSEvaluation of Task 13 HousesBart PoelDAMEN ConsultantsPost box 694NL-6800 AR Arnhem,NETHERLANDSTel: +31/26 4458 222Fax: +31/26 3511 713

PV/Thermal Solar Systems Mr. Henrik SørensenHead of Branch Office and Energy

and Indoor Climate SectionEsbensen Consulting Engineers Ltd.Vesterbrogade 124 BDK-1620 Copenhagen VDENMARKTel: +45/33/26 73 04Fax: +45/33/26 73 01e-mail: [email protected]

EXECUTIVE SECRETARYMs. Pamela MurphyMorse Associates, Inc.1808 Corcoran Street, NWWashington, DC 20009, USATel: +1/202/483 2393Fax: +1/202/265 2248e-mail: [email protected]

ADVISORDr. Frederick H. MorseMorse Associates, Inc.1808 Corcoran Street, N.W.Washington, DC 20009, USATel: +1/202/483 2393Fax: +1/202/265 2248e-mail: [email protected]

IEA SECRETARIAT LIAISONMr. Hans NilssonInternational Energy Agency9 rue de la Fédération75739 Paris Cedex 15, FRANCE Tel: +33/1/40 57 6785Fax: +33/1/40 57 6759e-mail: [email protected]

SHC INTERNET SITEhttp://www.iea-shc.org

Documents

IEA Solar Heating & Cooling Programme 2001 Annual Report · IEA Solar Heating & Cooling Programme 2001 Annual Report Edited by Pamela Murphy Executive Secretary ... Solar Crop Drying