IGAD Food Security Strategy 2005 - 2008 Food...IGAD Food Security Strategy 2005-2008 vii ABBREVIATIONS ACP African-Caribbean-Pacific ADB African Development Bank AKA Also known as

IGAD Food Security Strategy 2005 - 2008

An IGAD Publication

INTERGOVERNMENTAL AUTHORITY ON DEVELOPMENT

IGAD FOOD SECURITY STRATEGY 2005 – 2008

By Abdel Razig El Bashir Mohamed, PhD

And Samuel Zziwa, PhD

With financial support of Canadian International Development Agency

Agriculture and Environment Division

February, 2005

IGAD Food Security Strategy 2005-2008

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FOREWORD Notwithstanding the confusion surrounding the exact meaning of the term ‘food security’, nobody disputes the causes, effects and manifestations of food insecurity. This is more so in the countries of the Horn of Africa where droughts and catastrophic famines occur almost endlessly at anyone time in different parts of the region. This region, renowned not only for being the home of the world’s greatest athletes but also the origin of human kind itself, unfortunately, it is also shamefully reckoned as the most food insecure part of the world. Shamefully, because it is a well accepted fact that access to food is a basic human right, yet we see millions of human beings starving and at times to death because they are unable to lay their hands on food even when it is right in their reach, only because they are too poor and desolate to afford food. It is the responsibility of everyone on earth to fight for the respect of human rights irrespective of where the violations occur. The different authorities at every level: community, national, regional and international have to make concerted efforts to address the rampant food problem of the Horn of Africa. At the IGAD Secretariat level, we have made a fresh start by coming up with a new and realistic strategy to assist member states tackle the regional food security issues. The strategy has identified key regional projects for capacity building and information generation and exchange, critical studies that will inform the policy development and harmonization process at the regional level, and most importantly it is calling for immediate actions toward stronger networking and sharing of experiences and expertise among the different actors concerned with food security in the region. The IGAD countries on their part have made great efforts to mainstream food security into their national planning instruments especially the Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers. Interestingly too, the International Community has various strategies already drawn up to come to the support of the IGAD countries in strengthening their food security.


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My plea to all of us therefore is one: let us for once get out of the endless planning process and move into full action to stamp out malnutrition, hunger and famine from the Horn of Africa. With determination we shall be able to reduce by half the number of people living below the poverty line in the IGAD countries by the year 2015. That way, we shall have gone a long way in meeting one of the key global Millennium Development Goals. Dr. Attalla Hamad Bashir Executive Secretary of IGAD


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks are due to the governments of the IGAD Member States, in particular the focal point ministries for their helpful cooperation with the strategy formulation team, without which the study could not have taken place. Thanks are extended to the IGAD Secretariat staff especially Prof. Benson Mochoge, Director of the Division of Agriculture and Environment, and Mr. Ahmed Habbane, Programme Manager for Planning and Coordination, for reviewing the preliminary drafts, which helped a lot in shaping the final strategy document. Finally, the exchange of views with the representatives of EU, FAO, WFP and UNDP in the IGAD countries provided useful insights, and the Canadian (CIDA) financial support is gratefully appreciated.


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CONTENTS FOREWORD...................................................................................................... i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................................................. iii ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................................................... vii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.............................................................................. ix CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ....................................................................1

1.1. Background...............................................................................1 1.2. Conceptualising Food Security................................................2 1.3. Incidence of food insecurity in the IGAD Region .................4 1.4. Need for a holistic approach to addressing food insecurity...8

CHAPTER II: TACKLING FOOD INSECURITY.....................................11 2.1. Food security strategies of the IGAD member states ..........11 2.2. International and regional initiatives on food security.........23

CHAPTER III: EVOLUTION OF THE IGAD FOOD SECURITY STRATEGY ....................................................................................29

3.1. IGADD Plan of Action 1986 .................................................29 3.2. Study on food security issues and grain marketing 1988 ....30 3.3. The IGAD food security study 1990.....................................31 3.4. The IGADD 5-Year Programme 1992-1996 ........................31 3.5. Food security projects of the revitalised IGAD....................33 3.6. Food security in the new IGAD Strategy 2003 ....................34

CHAPTER IV: THE NEW IGAD FOOD SECURITY STRATEGY ........37 4.1. Objective of the strategy ........................................................37 4.2. Principles of the IGAD Food Security Strategy...................37 4.3. Target beneficiaries ................................................................40 4.4. Types and areas of regional action........................................40 4.5. Priority setting ........................................................................41 4.6. Regional programmes, projects and actions .........................42

CHAPTER V: FROM STRATEGY TO ACTION ......................................47 5.1. Implementation arrangements ...............................................47 5.2. Financial implications and funding.......................................48

REFERENCES.................................................................................................49 Annexes 1: National ongoing and planned areas of intervention for food security, 2004.............51 2: IGAD First Generation regional projects that attracted donor interest, 1987.............58 3: Implementation status of the old IGAD Food Security Strategy projects, 1990 ........65 4: Proposed regional interventions for the new IGAD Food Security Strategy, 2004....70 5: List of participants to the regional food security strategy workshop, 2005................76


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ABBREVIATIONS ACP African-Caribbean-Pacific ADB African Development Bank AKA Also known as ASAL Arid and Semi-Arid Lands ASARECA Association for Agricultural Research in Eastern and

Central Africa AU African Union CAADP Comprehensive African Agricultural Development

Programme CFSP Country Food Security Programme CIDA Canadian International Development Agency COMESA Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa CSO Civil Society Organisation CTA Technical Centre for Agricultural Development and Rural

Cooperation DMC Drought Monitoring Centre EAC East African Community EC European Commission EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone EU European Union EW Early Warning FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United FIVMS Food Insecurity and Vulnerability Mapping System GDP Gross Domestic Product GHAI Greater Horn of Africa Initiative GIEWS FAO Global Information and Early Warning System GMO Genetically modified organisms HIPC Highly Indebted Poor Countries HIV/AIDS Human Immuno-deficiency Virus/Acquired Immuno-

Deficiency Syndrome ICPAC IGAD Climate Prediction and Application Centre


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IDIC IGAD Documentation and Information Centre IDP Internally Displaced Persons IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development IGAD Intergovernmental Authority on Development IGADD Intergovernmental Authority on Drought and

Development ILRI International Livestock Research Institute IMF International Monetary Fund IPF IGAD Partners Forum KETRI Kenya Trypanosomiasis Research Institute LIFDC Low Income Food Deficit Country MDG Millennium Development Goal NARS National Agricultural Research Systems NEPAD New Economic Partnership for African Development NGO Non-governmental Organisation OECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development PANVAC Pan-African Veterinary Vaccine Centre PMA Plan for Modernisation of Agriculture PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper SIDA Swedish International Development Agency SPFS Special Programme for Food Security SPS Sanitary and Phyto-Sanitary UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNESCO United Nations Education Scientific and Cultural

Organisation UNSO United Nations Sahelian Organisation USAID United States Agency for International Development VAM Vulnerability Assessment and Mapping WFP World Food Programme WFS World Food Summit WMO World Meteorological Organisation


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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Horn of Africa region is perhaps the most food insecure part of the world with over 70 million people facing chronic hunger and poverty. The region, however, is endowed with enormous natural resources that are yet to be fully exploited. Socio-economic development and poverty reduction is the raison d’être for the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD). Since its creation in 1986, IGAD developed various strategies and plans to address the food security issues of the region, the most concrete one being the Food Security Strategy of 1990. Having been in existence for 15 years, the strategy was due for reformulation and updating. The study for the reformulation of the IGAD food security strategy involved a thorough examination of the food security policies of the IGAD countries, identifying areas of regional cooperation and suggesting regional actions to enhance regional food security, and specifying the role of the IGAD Secretariat and the member states in implementing this strategy. This has been done through consultations with member states, and other stakeholders at regional and international levels. It was found that:

• IGAD countries have come up with detailed programmes for strengthening their food security within the framework of the PRSP process. These programmes cost over US$ 1 billion and cover soil and water management for the drylands, land policy, livestock development, agricultural marketing, agricultural research and extension and disaster preparedness and management.

• Several international and regional initiatives were

advanced to address food security as a global issue including IGAD’s own food security strategy, President Clinton’s Greater Horn of Africa Initiative, UN-Secretary General’s Horn of Africa Initiative, the FAO Special Programme for Food Security, the ACP-EU Cotonou Agreement, and the NEPAD Comprehensive


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African Agricultural Development Programme. However, these strategies did little to reduce food insecurity in the region for many reasons, mainly they were initiated from the top with little appreciation of the constraints, needs and priorities of the target beneficiaries but perhaps most importantly is that most of these initiatives lacked secure sources of funding.

This new food security strategy is formulated in line with the new IGAD Strategy adopted in 2003 and is geared to delivering the four regional strategic outputs namely, harmonized policies, information, capacity building, and science and technology. The overall objective of the strategy is enhanced capacity of IGAD member states to achieve food security through closer regional cooperation in sustainable food production, marketing and poverty reduction. The areas of regional action proposed in this food security strategy cover the three stages of the food chain, i.e. production, marketing and consumption. In all, the strategy identified 85 potential interventions grouped into 26 projects, 23 studies and 34 networking activities. However, due to the strategy’s time limit of up to 2008 and limited funding, the Secretariat would be able to implement about 11 projects, carry out 11 studies and initiate 10 networking activities, all of which are estimated to cost US$ 28 million. Additional interventions could be implemented only in as far as additional resources are made available to the Secretariat.


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CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1.1. Background The Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) is the Regional Economic Community for the Horn of Africa with a membership of seven countries namely, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan and Uganda. IGAD was originally created in 1986 as the Intergovernmental Authority on Drought and Development (IGADD) as a result of devastating droughts and famine that affected millions of people in the region. In 2003, IGAD adopted an overall strategy for the Secretariat whose overriding objective is to “to assist member states ensure that the people of the region have access to sufficient and nutritious food at all times while protecting the natural resource base and the environment”. The IGAD Strategy defines IGAD’s regional priorities, outputs and roles of the different stakeholders in working toward the above objective. It provides the basis for developing detailed sectoral strategies and programmes. The exercise to formulate a new regional food security strategy was commissioned by IGAD in March 2004 with CIDA financial support. This was a 6-month consultative process undertaken by Dr. Abdel Razig El Bashir Mohamed, Food Security Consultant and Dr. Samuel Zziwa, Chief of Agricultural Development and Food Security Section of the IGAD Secretariat. The exercise was carried out in four phases:

• Phase 1 (March-April, 2004): desk review of existing strategies

• Phase 2 (May-June 2004): national consultations in the Member States.

• Phase 3 (July-August 2004): drafting of the strategy • Phase 4 (October 2004): adoption of the strategy by IGAD

Ministers of Agriculture and Animal resources.

Chapter 1: Introduction

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This IGAD Food Security Strategy document has five chapters. The first two chapters provide a background to the strategy including a conceptual framework for food security. Chapter three reviews IGAD’s experiences with regard to formulating and implementing food security programmes and projects. The last two chapters deal with identification of the key elements of the new strategy and the modalities for its implementation.

1.2. Conceptualising Food Security There is no single universally agreed definition of food security. The World Food Summit (WFS) held in November 1996 defined food security as the state when “all people, at all times, have physical access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.”(WFS 1996). Here physical access must be viewed as comprising not only the physical availability of food, but also people’s economic access to the available food. The availability of ample food stocks at the national by itself is not a guarantee of food security for every household. Famines have occurred in the past not because there were no food supplies in the country, but because certain segments of the population did not have entitlement or economic access to the food (Sen 1981). Sen further posited that the quantity of food that a household is entitled to is related to the physical, human and social resources (capital) owned by the household members. Food insecurity is attributed to lack of entitlement to food mainly due to poverty. The entitlement that a person can have to food depends on his/her possession of physical capital (i.e. land, animals, machinery, irrigation facilities, savings), and human capital (labour, technical skills, information, health), and social capital (family, ethnic, political, religious relations) or a combination of them (Tollens 2000). The right to food is a human right and is a binding obligation well-established under International Law, and recognized inter alia in the Declaration on Human Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, as well as a plethora of other legal instruments and numerous national constitutions. In


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response to a request from the WFS, the Committee on Social and Cultural Rights of the United Nations defined the right to food as “the right of every man, woman and child, alone and in community with others, to physical and economic access at all times to quantitatively and qualitatively adequate food or means for its procurement in ways consistent with human dignity and cultural traditions of the people to which the consumer belongs.” (UN 2000). The right to food implies three types of obligations on signatories of the Covenant:

1) the obligation not to take any measures that result in preventing access to food;

2) the obligation to ensure that enterprises or individuals do not deprive others of their access to adequate food;

3) the obligation to pro-actively engage in activities intended to strengthen people’s access to and utilization of resources and means to ensure their livelihood, including food security.

In addition, whenever an individual or group is unable to enjoy the right to adequate food by means at their disposal, States have the obligation to fulfil that right directly. As a human right, food security has to be guaranteed at all levels: individual, household, country, regional and global. From the national perspective, food security concerns are those related to the ability of the nation to feed itself either through domestic production or through imports or both. As part of the self-reliance drive, food self-sufficiency was a key policy goal of the post-independence African governments. Today it is clear that self-sufficiency is not a sufficient condition for achieving food security. Depending on prevailing circumstances, food security could also be attained through sustainable food imports from outside. From the household perspective, food security refers to the ability of individual households to meet their food needs through subsistence production or through purchases form the market. At the individual level, the feeling of food insecurity and the decisions,


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which an individual should take to lessen its adverse effects, is a matter of perception. A food insecure person is one whose survival is at risk because he/she cannot procure his/her basic food necessities during a critical time horizon. One is secure about one’s food needs if he/she can procure enough food for his/her short term and medium term requirements. This brings in the concept of stability, which is an essential element of food security. Food insecurity manifests itself in two distinct forms: chronic and transitory. Chronic food insecurity tends to be confined to certain geographical areas as a result of adverse ecological conditions, which do not allow the affected communities to sustainably produce their own food, and their economic conditions cannot allow sustained purchase of food from other areas. Related to chronic food insecurity is the creeping food insecurity (Zziwa 2003). This is the situation where a community faces slowly but surely deteriorating ecological and/or socio-economic conditions resulting in rising incidence of under- and mal-nourishment. The most commonly visible form of food insecurity is the transitory one caused by temporal short-term shocks most commonly climatic, including droughts and floods and less commonly migratory pests, especially locusts. It should be recognised, however, that food insecurity might exist in vulnerable communities even if households possess resources. The occurrence of exogenous factors such as conflicts, floods and market failures may result in serious erosion of value of the assets of the affected households, thereby jeopardising their purchasing power and reducing the households’ access to food. 1.3. Incidence of food insecurity in the IGAD Region The IGAD region stretches over an area of 5.2 square kilometres and has a population of 170 million, 80% of whom derive their livelihood from agriculture --- primarily semi-subsistence agriculture and pastoralism. Nearly half of the region (42%) is classified as Arid receiving less than 350 mm of annual rainfall and another 25% is classified as Semi-Arid having precipitation in the


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range of 350-700 mm a year (see map in Figure 1). Inadequate and unreliable rainfall is the most important factor responsible for marginal production in these Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (ASALs). Currently, the region has a deficit of 15% of its cereal food needs (see Table 1). A third of the deficit is met by importing 1 million metric tons of cereals in form of food aid annually.


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Figure 1: Rainfall Distribution for the IGAD Region

Table 1: IGAD Regional Cereal Balance as at June 2004 Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Somalia Sudan Uganda IGAD Jan/Dec Jan/Dec Jan/Dec Jul/Jun Sep/Aug Nov/Oct Jan/Dec Domestic Supply 8 155 10460 2935 277 6064 2063 21,962 production 0 105 9960 2935 272 6064 1918 21,254 stock draw-down 8 50 500 0 5 0 145 708 Requirements 71 570 10692 4545 587 7339 2228 26,032 consumption 70 520 9516 4078 535 5030 1964 21,713 non-food use 1 34 1076 427 52 1119 214 2,923 exports 0 0 20 10 0 450 50 530 stock build-up 0 16 80 30 0 740 0 866 Surplus/Deficit -63 -415 -232 -1610 -310 -1275 -165 -4,070 net surplus/deficit -63 -399 -152 -1580 -310 -535 -165 -3,204 Commercial Imports 55 90 50 1310 230 1175 90 3,000 Food Aid Imports 8 325 182 300 80 100 75 1,070 delivered by May ‘04 2 47 42 15 19 99 48 272 Source:- Compiled from FAO (2004)


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All three forms of food insecurity occur in the IGAD region as below:

o Chronic food insecurity in the region is caused by the unfavourable agro-climatic conditions exacerbated by widespread land degradation that results in low and unstable yields of food crops. What is more is that the ASALs are also locked in a vicious cycle of poverty and most people lack entitlements or resources to enable them access food through the market.

o Transient food insecurity occurs mostly as a result of

recurrent severe droughts. Conflicts also have contributed to the worsening of food security situation in the region by disrupting agricultural production and adversely affecting the livelihood of millions of people in the region. Far more people are also affected by the additional costs of wars: the large military expenditures diverted from development, the absorption of foreign exchange, and the destruction of rural and urban infrastructure. Most immediately and tragically, conflicts prevent relief from reaching the vulnerable populations and cause outflows of refugees into neighbouring countries and internally displaced persons into the cities.

o Creeping food insecurity is occurring throughout the

IGAD region as a result of rapid population growth, expanding land degradation and general economic decline. IGAD countries have among the highest population growth rates in Africa and the rate of urbanisation is also high, particularly in Kenya and Sudan, and coupled with the poor economic performance, many urban dwellers are increasingly thrown into destitution.


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Despite poor economic performance, the Region is endowed with substantial natural resources, such as oil and gas reserves, alternative energy resources (hydroelectric, solar and geothermal), diverse ecosystems, livestock and water resources, which if properly managed, can significantly contribute to the economic development of the Region. Indeed, for a drought prone area like the IGAD region, water security is considered an essential element of food security. Moreover, prudent exploitation of natural resources could offer alternative source of income and livelihoods outside farming. It is against this background that IGAD member states have chosen to enhance their regional co-operation in all areas of interest so as to exploit these vast resources and propel the region to new economic growth levels. 1.4. Need for a holistic approach to addressing food insecurity Food Security in the IGAD region has four key components spanning the entire food chain from production, marketing to consumption (Zziwa 2003). Because of specialisation, different food security operators tend to focus on one of the components in their attempt to tackle food insecurity. The four components are: Food production It is generally believed that the solution to the region’s food insecurity lies in increasing food production through more efficient use of rainwater and improving agricultural technology. However, the desired production increases must take into account the environmental concerns. Strategies to increase food production must also take into account the availability and efficiency of agricultural markets. It would be difficult to sustainably increase food production when there is no commensurate price incentive for the farmers.


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Food storage Another school of thought believes that the key solution to guaranteeing food security lies in the ability of farmers and traders to store food surpluses, especially soon after harvest. This helps to prevent price collapse, which discourages farmers as the price usually falls below the production cost making farming unprofitable. Good on-farm storage has the added advantage of reducing post-harvest losses which amount to 20-30% of production. Also, most IGAD countries keep strategic reserve stocks, which can enable the government to provide relief food for at least three months while awaiting imports from abroad. Food purchase The majority of the food insecure people in the IGAD region are resource-poor with no disposable cash income. They are the result of failed household economies --- usually large families with no cultivable land and prolonged droughts have decimated their livestock. Lack of purchasing power means that households cannot have access to food even when it is available in the market. These poverty-stricken households need to be re-integrated into the national cash economy through carefully designed employment schemes. With the cash income, the vulnerable populations can afford a dignified access to food. Food aid Most African economies have declined or stagnated over the last two decades as a result of bad governance, burgeoning debt burden, declining prices of the continent’s commodity exports on international markets, and implementation of ill-inspired Structural Adjustment Programmes. This has correspondingly worsened the food security situation as more people have continued to die due to poverty-driven famines usually triggered by droughts and conflicts. As a stopgap measure, African countries and the international community have brought in massive amounts of food aid. While


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food aid has been crucial in mitigating famines in the short-run, it has had the negative effect of competing with local production and dampening local markets in the long run. Today, there is a growing recognition of this problem among donors and recipient countries and there is an increasing disposition to source food aid through local purchases in the country and triangular trade between countries of the region. Sourcing emergency relief food locally from within the region would go a long way in providing the essential price support that local farmers need to boost agricultural production. From the foregoing, it is evident that each of the four components of food security affects the other in one way or another. Therefore, in designing solutions to the region’s food security problems, there is a need to consider all the four components in a holistic manner. On the supply side of the food chain, the agriculture ministry would be working on increasing food production while the marketing ministry would ensure the stability of food supplies through appropriate storage and marketing strategies. On the demand side are food security safety-nets, which sometimes are euphemistically termed ‘food security’. The ministries responsible for social affairs would promote such safety-nets as introducing income-generating activities among the vulnerable communities, while the disaster and relief ministries would appropriately target food aid distributions so as not to negatively affect the local food markets. This calls for establishment of a national food security coordinating body, which has the power to convene the concerned ministries and other agencies in order to harmonise the contribution of each of these ministries to the common goal of eradicating food insecurity.


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CHAPTER II: TACKLING FOOD INSECURITY 2.1. Food security strategies of the IGAD member states Chronic food insecurity is inextricably linked to poverty. There is a global commitment to drastically reduce the number of hungry people in the medium to the longer term. This commitment requires that developed (OECD) countries significantly increase financial support to the poor countries to enable them reduce the poverty levels and increase their food security. But the onus of guaranteeing food security rests squarely on the national governments of the affected countries. The African leadership through NEPAD has resolved to significantly increase investments in agriculture in order to boost food production and reduce poverty given that the biggest part of the population live in rural areas and derive their livelihood from agriculture. The World Bank has spearheaded a new funding framework for the very poor countries requiring them to focus on poverty reduction by preparing comprehensive Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSP) and the corresponding mid-term investment plans. Most donor funding including the proceeds from debt-relief of the Highly Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) initiative will be provided within the PRSP framework. IGAD countries have embarked on the PRSP process and are at different stages of its implementation. As part of this process, the countries have come up with detailed programmes for strengthening their food security. In most of the countries, these programmes are still on paper or are still being refined. In general, the national food security programmes of the IGAD countries cover the following broad areas with total annual budgetary allocation of well over US$ 1 billion (see Annex 1):

• Soil and water management, especially for the drylands • Land policy • Livestock development • Fisheries development

Chapter 2: Tackling Food Insecurity

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• Agricultural inputs and services • Agricultural marketing • Agricultural research and extension • Disaster preparedness and management

The individual country food security strategies are briefly described below. Djibouti The economy of Djibouti is dependent on the service sector, which contributes over 80% to GDP; agriculture contributes a mere 3% due to the country’s arid climate. The production system is extensive transhumant pastoralism and there is a small peri-urban system that mainly produces milk. Goats and sheep are numerically the most important livestock species (1 million heads) followed by camels (50,000 heads), donkeys and cattle. There is a potentially cultivatable land area of 10,500 ha of which 10% is for oasis agriculture. With a long coastline of 372 km, artisanal marine fisheries employ over 1,000 persons. The human population of Djibouti is estimated at about 600,000 most of which (85%) is urbanized. The per capita income of about US$ 780 ranks highest in the region, however, poverty and unemployment levels are high (42% and 59% respectively). Djibouti has a national PRSP with the objective to achieve sustainable reduction in poverty by half by 2015 and improve living conditions of all citizens. Within the framework of the PRSP, a Mid-term Investment Programme for Rural Development (2004-2010) has been formulated with the following specific objectives: For the crop sector, increase production by:

• Expanding cultivated area • Using adapted planting materials • Promoting small-scale irrigation • Promoting micro-credit institutions and cooperatives


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• Agricultural training and introduction of skills like apiculture

For the livestock sector:

• Improving water supply for pastoral areas • Strengthening the capacity for re-exporting livestock

from the region • Enforcing Sanitary and Phyto-Sanitary control measures • Promoting peri-urban livestock development

For the fisheries sector:

• Promoting sustainable management of marine resources • Promoting employment creation • Increasing export revenue from fisheries

Food security safety-nets:

• Promoting fish consumption • Promoting low-cost fish preservation techniques • Improving the fish distribution chains • Supporting women engaged in the fish trade

Djibouti enjoys major comparative advantages due to its strategic location on the Red Sea, its port and the proximity of Middle East markets. Linked to these factors and of equal importance are the trading traditions and abilities of its people, their experience in exporting livestock and the strong historical ties they enjoy throughout much of the Arabian Peninsula. Djibouti’s development effort should capitalize on these strategic advantages. Eritrea Agriculture is an important sector of Eritrea’s economy as it is the primary source of livelihood, employment and food security for the majority of the people and the poor in particular. Two thirds of the population of 3.6 million are poor and food insecure. Eritrea’s food


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security strategy is part of the national PRSP whose objective is to reduce the number poor people by half by 2015. The food security strategy has three pillars:

• Raising agricultural productivity and improving marketing of agricultural output

• Improving national capacity to import food, including keeping adequate strategic reserves

• Using international food assistance more efficiently and effectively as a measure of last resort during emergencies to fill the food gap.

The strategy includes measures that the government will take to enhance food security at the household level. Key measures among them are: 1) increasing production and household income; 2) ensuring access to food; 3) promoting targeted public assistance programmes including food for the vulnerable and very weak. With regard to increasing production, policy measures and incentives to boost private investment will be put in place to enhance crop and livestock production in the following areas:

• Expanding rain-fed cultivation in high potential areas • Expanding areas under irrigation in the high potential

areas • Promoting improvements in land use in dry highland

areas • Expanding forest land and improving management of

rangelands • Enhancing livestock development • Developing the fisheries sector • Improving agricultural marketing and distribution.

To ensure the success of the food security strategy specific measures will be taken to strengthen the capacity of the public entities and private bodies that are involved in the food security issues to make them more efficient and effective. These measures include:


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• Putting in place a reliable regulatory policy • Strengthening agricultural support services • Strengthening agricultural research capability and re-

orienting its focus • Strengthening the Ministry of Agriculture’s capabilities • Developing a well functioning domestic and regional

market • Establishing an effective early warning system • Increased access by rural households to credit.

In addition to exporting livestock, Eritrea would like to regain its position as a net exporter of food commodities and other high-value agricultural products including marine fish. Ethiopia Ethiopia, with a population of over 67 million, is the third most populous country in Africa. Correspondingly, the largest number of food insecure people in the IGAD region is found in Ethiopia, where in any year on average 4 million people are chronically food insecure and need food assistance. A combination of factors resulted in serious and growing problems of food insecurity in Ethiopia. Adverse climatic variability (drought) combined with high population pressure, environmental degradation, technological and institutional factors have led to a perennial food gap for more than two decades, which has had to be bridged by importing food aid. The Government of Ethiopia launched its Sustainable Development and Poverty Reduction Programme (2002-2005) with a strong emphasis on agriculture, as it is the source of livelihood for 85 percent of the population. Agriculture is also envisaged to be a potential source of surplus that would fuel the growth of other sectors of the economy. It is worthy noting that the proposed national food programme of Ethiopia envisages drastically increased funding of over 10% of GDP.


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The programme has the following objectives: • Increasing the availability of food through domestic

production; • Ensuring access to food for food deficit households; • Strengthening emergency response capabilities.

A key element in the programme is the voluntary and planned resettlement of nearly half a million vulnerable households in the more productive areas of the country. Other measure to be taken in the food security programme include:

• Re-orient the extension programme to address the specific problems of different farming systems

• Strengthen agricultural research • Identify and promote household-based water harvesting

technologies • Address the problems of moisture deficit areas through

supplying short cycle livestock and relatively high yielding varieties

• Improve livestock production and marketing system • Initiate, promote and strengthen micro- and small-scale

enterprise development through industrial extension services

• Improve the food marketing systems • Initiate public supplementary employment and income

generating schemes • Targeted programmes to support vulnerable groups • Improve credit services for food insecure rural and urban

households • Nutrition and health interventions in the rural areas • Strengthen emergency capabilities of the Government

including monitoring, surveillance and early warning management, food relief distribution and strategic reserve for food grains.

Given the huge amount of internal and external resources needed to implement this strategy, the Government of Ethiopia and its


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development partners established a “coalition” to ensure better co-ordination, harmonisation and synergy. With the country’s GDP expected to grow at an annual average rate of 7% or higher, Ethiopia would be able to attain the Millennium Development Goal of at least reducing by half the number of food insecure people by the year 2015. Kenya Kenya is the most economically advanced country in the IGAD region and it is the only one not listed among the Least Developed Countries of the world. Agriculture is the backbone of Kenya’s economy, contributing about 33% of GDP. However, only 16% of the land is suitable for rain-fed agriculture (9.2 million hectares). Agricultural production is mostly smallholder-based with limited use of improved technology to increase yields. There is also thriving large-scale farming contributing some 30% to overall agricultural produce. Over the last 20 years Kenya experienced a sharp and abrupt decline in agricultural growth, leading to stagnation of the national economy. Kenya has in recent years adopted a number of strategies related to food security including the Kenya Interim Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (2000-2003), the Economic Recovery Strategy for Wealth and Employment Creation (2003-2007), and the Strategy for Revitalising Agriculture (2004-2014). These strategies include specific measures to promote food security at different stages of the food chain, i.e. production, marketing and consumption. Production related measures:

• Increase budgetary allocation on research to reach 5% of Agricultural Domestic Product or 2% of GDP by 2009/2010.

• Reform the extension service system to create a more effective linkage between research, extension and the farmers as the ultimate beneficiaries.


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• Support agricultural education and human resources training institutions to cater for the needs of production, processing and trade activities in the agricultural sector.

• Introduce measures, which encourage the private sector to undertake reliable supply of inputs at reasonable prices and high quality.

• Build capacity to regulate and monitor plant and livestock health services, license the use of agro-chemicals, acaricides, drugs and poisons.

• Intensify fish farming, regulate fishing in the EEZ, rivers and other public water bodies and improve cold storage and transportation.

• Development of ASALs through rehabilitation of existing community water pans, intensify the construction of dams and boreholes. Disease control measures will be implemented through the community based animal health programme.

• Encourage diversification in ASALs such as production of tree crops, facilitation of farmer-led irrigation programmes, encouraging private sector development of slaughter houses and meat, hides and skins processing, game ranching and beekeeping.

Marketing and trade related measures

• Promoting internal and external trade through the implementation of a privatisation programme.

• Development of improved livestock marketing infrastructure

• Promoting agro- processing and rural industries by providing special incentives to investors, support research on food technology, promote partnership between smallholder farmers and agribusiness and support infrastructural services.


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Consumption related measures

• Smooth consumption and protect the most needy by maintenance of a national reserve of three million bags of maize in physical stocks and a drought contingency funding of US$60 million in cash equivalent.

• Ensuring that an early warning system is functional in all drought prone districts.

• Continue to have relief distribution and monitoring carried out by NGOs and communities.

With a large population of over 31 million that is growing rapidly at a rate of 2.3% per year, while agricultural land is limited, Kenya’s strategy should be to promote sustainable crop and livestock production in the ASALs, where the majority of the chronically food insecure live. Sudan Sudan is the biggest country in Africa with a total area of 2.5 million square kilometres and has a gradation of agro-climatic conditions ranging from tropical rainforest to the south to hyper arid desert to the north. The cultivable area is estimated at more than 80 million hectares, of which only 20% is cultivated. With a population of 33 million people, there still remains a huge potential for increasing production through expanding the cultivated area. Crop production is practiced under three main farming systems in Sudan: traditional smallholder rain-fed, semi-mechanised large-scale rain-fed, and irrigated. About 90 percent of the cultivated area is rain-fed dominated by traditional smallholder agriculture, although 60% of food production comes from the large-scale sector in the central eastern part of the country. Sudan’s Gezira scheme is the world’s largest irrigation system under one management and has been in operation since 1926. The agricultural sector also has livestock, fisheries and forestry as key sub-sectors. Sudan has the second largest livestock population in Africa after Ethiopia.


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Even with the emerging oil sector, the agricultural sector remains the mainstay of the national economy. Agriculture contributes 46 percent of the country’s GDP and more than 90 percent of the non-oil export earnings. In addition, it accounts for two thirds of the labour force. Sudan is a net livestock exporter and agriculture will continue to be the driving force of the national economy. The Government of Sudan has developed a ‘Strategic Quarter-Centennial Plan’ for achieving faster and equitable national development. Within the framework of this 25-Year Strategic Plan, a medium-term poverty reduction strategy (aka PRSP) for the period 2005-2007 was being prepared. The key elements of the medium-term strategy are:

• Transformation of traditional crop and livestock sectors based on a comprehensive integrated package of rural development programmes;

• Introducing extensive institutional and management reforms of public irrigated schemes to revitalise their productivity and enhance farmers’ incomes;

• Land tenure reform and appropriate policies for sustained natural resource management in the semi-mechanised large-scale rain-fed schemes.

While the medium term economic programme addresses agriculture as the dominant sector in the economy, the focus will be to reduce poverty and achieve food security in the traditional sector through:

• Provision of improved seeds • Research and technology transfer • Improved soil and water conservation practices • Control of crop and livestock pests and diseases • Facilitate access to credit through the establishment

of rural credit institutions under the supervision of the formal banking system


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• Construction of feeder roads linking producing areas to markets

• Building a strategic grain reserve coupled with a viable drought and early warning system

• Provision of primary health care and education services and improved and sustainable clean and hygienic water supplies for both domestic use and livestock.

With the vast productive land resources, rising revenues from oil exports and the imminent end of civil conflicts, Sudan has the potential of becoming the region’s food basket. However, the necessary marketing arrangements and suitable infrastructure will have to be put in place for a meaningful intra-regional trade in food commodities to take place. Uganda The economy of Uganda, like most IGAD countries, is agriculture-based with the sector accounting for 43% of GDP and providing employment to 80% of population. Uganda has the most favourable agro-climatic conditions and is relatively most food secure. However, with dominant subsistence agriculture, poverty levels are high in the country. Uganda’s poverty reduction efforts are therefore rooted in improving the agricultural sector. In December 2000, the Government of Uganda launched the Plan for Modernisation of Agriculture (PMA), which is a key component of the PRSP. The PMA was developed taking into account the perceptions of the poor about the nature, causes and dimensions of their poverty. The PMA is the country’s de facto strategy and action plan for food security. The PMA has as its objectives to:

• Increase income and improve the quality of life of poor subsistence farmers through improved productivity and increased share of the marketed production


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• Improve household food security through the market rather than emphasising self-sufficiency

• Provide gainful employment through the secondary benefits of PMA implementation such as agro-processing factories and services

• Promote sustainable use and management of natural resources by developing a land use and management policy and promotion of environmentally friendly technologies.

The main thrusts for the medium term public action in PMA include:

• Provision of regulatory services • Provision of agricultural advisory services for farmers • Agricultural research and technology development for

farmers • Agricultural statistical data collection, analysis and

provision of market information • Provision of market information on agricultural inputs

and products • Control of epidemic diseases and pests • Soil fertility management, water conservation and

environmental protection • Formulation of a land use policy and implementation of

the Land Act • Construction of infrastructure including feeder roads,

rural electrification and fish landing sites • Capacity building for irrigation and water harvesting

including construction of community valley dams • Capacity building for micro-finance services and risk

management • Capacity building for breeder’s seed, planting and

stocking materials including fish fry • Capacity building for marketing and agro-processing

infrastructure • Capacity building for agricultural education.


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Implementing the PMA will require major institutional reforms including moving decision making to the local administrative levels. The success of the PMA will greatly depend on the speed of these reforms. 2.2. International and regional initiatives on food security Food security first attained global attention at the World Food Conference organized by the FAO in 1974. Recognizing every one’s unalienable right to be free from hunger and malnutrition, the governments examined the problem of global food production and consumption and committed themselves to eradicating hunger, malnutrition and food insecurity within a decade. Unfortunately, the number of food insecure persons has been growing worldwide reaching 800 million people (FAO 1996). Food security has become a serious global issue requiring urgent and concerted actions not only at the national level, but also at regional and international levels. Some of the recent regional and international food security initiatives are discussed below. Greater Horn of Africa Initiative The Greater Horn of Africa Initiative (GHAI) was a foreign policy initiative of former President Bill Clinton of the United States of America launched in 1994 in order to address the recurring cycle of crisis, instability and famine in the Greater Horn of Africa region by improving food security and through the establishment of a system for conflict early warning, prevention and response. The objectives of GHAI were to:

• strengthen support for effective regional and national food security strategies;

• increase the capacity in the region for crisis prevention, response and conflict resolution;

• improve regional collaboration in promoting sustainable economic growth and reducing population growth rates; and,


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• implement regional and national strategies to ensure the transition from crises to broad-based sustainable growth.

The Initiative provided substantial support to IGAD following the Organisation’s revitalisation in 1996. Special programme for food security

In 1994 FAO initiated the Special Programme for Food Security (SPFS). The programme’s main objective is to help Low Income Food Deficit Countries (LIFDCs) to improve food security both at national and household levels through rapid increases in food production and productivity by reducing year-to-year variability on an economically and environmentally sustainable basis and by improving people’s access to food (FAO 1996). The SPFS is funded mostly through South-South Cooperation.

World Food Summit

At the 1996 World Food Summit the Heads of State and Government signed a declaration pledging “ their political will and common and national commitments to achieving food security for all and eradicate hunger in all countries, with an immediate view to reducing the number of undernourished people to half their present level no later than 2015” (FAO 1996). The goals of the Declaration were translated into a plan of action and a set of socio-economic indicators, which were to be implemented and monitored by the food insecure countries, donors and UN Organizations.

Millennium Summit

At the United Nations Millennium Summit in September 2000, world leaders agreed to a set of time-bound and measurable goals and targets for combating poverty, hunger, disease, illiteracy, environmental degradation and discrimination against women (UNDP 2000). Goals and targets would be monitored at country level by governments, the private sector and the civil society, and globally by the UN agencies, including the World Bank and IMF.


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Horn of Africa Initiative

In April 2000, the UN Secretary-General announced the establishment of a FAO-led Inter-Agency Task Force on the UN Response to Long-Term Food Security, Agricultural Development and Related Aspects in the Horn of Africa. The Taskforce drew up a long-term strategy for the elimination of food insecurity in the Horn of Africa (FAO 2000). The strategy anchors firmly on the commitment of the World Food Summit and echoed at the Millennium Summit to eradicate hunger. It proposes to redirect development to the most vulnerable and excluded people, to address food insecurity through focusing on sustainable livelihoods, and to demand a long-term commitment by all parties. The strategy proposed a mechanism to help each government formulate concrete investment projects and supporting programmes, which would constitute a Country Food Security Programme (CFSP). Governments would involve the private sector and the civil society in the CFSP. The programme would be built on existing national strategies and programmes and would, in particular, reinforce the Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs) being prepared under the auspices of the World Bank and IMF, as well as the World Food Summit follow-up strategies for national agricultural development. Once the CFSPs were formulated, it was envisaged that a high-level regional conference would be held at which governments would commit themselves to the elimination of famine and food insecurity, while UN agencies, donors and NGOs would pledge their support.

ACP-EU Cotonou Agreement

The signing of the Cotonou Agreement in June 2000 between the European Union (EU) and the Africa-Caribbean-Pacific (ACP) Countries is one of the important international initiatives related to food security. Strengthening the ACP-EU partnership, the Agreement confirmed food security as a key objective within the context of the Millennium Development Goals. The Cotonou Agreement addresses poverty reduction by focusing on three areas


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of cooperation: economic development, social and human development, and regional integration and cooperation. Gender equality, sustainable development of the environment and natural resources and institutional development and capacity building are dealt with as crosscutting issues. NEPAD Comprehensive African Agricultural Development Programme

At the continental level, agricultural development and achieving food security have become a strategic goal for the continental body, the African Union. The Heads of State and Government of the African Union launched the New Partnership for African Development (NEPAD) in July 2001 to build balanced and equitable relations in the fields of trade, investment and capital flows. With the assistance of FAO, NEPAD developed a framework for a Comprehensive African Agricultural Development Programme (CAADP), which provides five specific opportunities for improving African agriculture (FAO 2002). They are to:

• Extend the area under sustainable land management and reliable water control systems

• Improve rural infrastructure and rural-related capacities for market access

• Increase food supply and reduce hunger • Improve agricultural research, technology

dissemination and adoption • Improve responses to disasters and emergencies

To implement the CAADP, the African countries committed themselves to raise funding for the agricultural sector to at least 10% of the national budgets. COMESA Agricultural Strategy and Common Agricultural Policy

In its quest to promote intra-regional trade in agricultural commodities, the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa


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(COMESA) to which all IGAD countries are members, developed an “Agricultural Strategy and Common Agricultural Policy” with an overall objective of achieving regional food security and rational agricultural production (COMESA 2002). Key areas of intervention of the strategy include:

• Agricultural research and extension • Agricultural trade • Market and marketing information • Fisheries development and management • Sanitary and Phyto-Sanitary measures

In spite of these international and regional food security strategies and action plans, little has been achieved by way of reducing poverty and food insecurity in the IGAD region. The big gap between commitment and action is due mainly to the way the strategies were formulated. These strategies and initiatives are top-down; they are not based on constraints, needs and priorities as perceived by the poor food insecure populations themselves. Moreover, there is hardly any coordination between the different initiatives, which results in overlapping and confusion. But perhaps most importantly is that most of these initiatives lack credibility because they have no secure source of funding.


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CHAPTER III: EVOLUTION OF THE IGAD FOOD SECURITY STRATEGY

3.1. IGADD Plan of Action 1986 Among the basic documents adopted at the launching of IGADD in January 1986 was the Plan of Action. This document may be viewed as the first IGAD Food Security Strategy. It identified the following 10 projects for regional action (IGADD 1986):

- Establishment and improvement of information and early warning systems

- Food security - Crop production - Livestock production - Fisheries development - Water resources development - Energy resources development - Desertification control - Infrastructure development - Manpower training and research

In mid 1986, the projects were reorganised into six priority areas as follows (IGADD 1987):

- Food security and early warning systems - Desertification control - Water resources development - Communications - Agricultural research and training - Animal resources

Under the six priority areas IGADD identified 63 regional projects. These, accompanied with 154 national projects, were presented to the International Community at the first donors’ conference in March 1987. The International Community comprised 48 donor countries, 16 bilateral or multilateral organisations and 13 UN agencies. The regional projects, costing close to US$ 1 billion and

Chapter 3: Evolution of the IGAD Food Security Strategy

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some of which have been implemented, are presented in Annex 2. It should be pointed, however, that if donors had come through with funds for the implementation of all these regional projects, the Organisation would have been badly choked due to the sheer burden of implementing, monitoring and supervising so many projects. 3.2. Study on food security issues and grain marketing 1988 Following the suggestion from the list of regional projects presented to the first Donor’s Conference, a study on food security with particular emphasis on grain trade was carried out in late 1987 (FAO 1988). The study identified 7 major food security issues:

• Declining production and problems of nutritional adequacy • Changing consumption patterns and increasing dependence

on imports • Weakness of grain marketing systems • Poor national and regional transport infrastructure • Lack of clarity on reserve stock and emergency response

policies • Lack of early warning and food security information • Dispersion of food security responsibilities

On the basis of these issues the study called for the formulation of a regional food security strategy. It prepared 2 already identified projects for immediate implementation (Early Warning and Food Information for Food Security, and Training in Grain Marketing). In addition the study recommended 5 regional studies, which were also successfully carried out:

• Study on food reserves in the IGADD region • Study of traditional storage facilities in the IGADD region • Assistance for the formulation of disaster preparedness

programmes in the IGADD region • Study of potential intra-regional trade in cereals in the

IGADD region


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• Assessment of food and nutrition situation of vulnerable groups in the IGADD region.

The study hoped that other project ideas would emerge in the process of elaborating the regional food security strategy. However, the study did not address the issue of defining the roles of IGAD vis a vis the member states in implementing the proposed projects. 3.3. The IGAD food security study 1990 Following the recommendation of the FAO (1988) study, IGADD commissioned a study to formulate a regional food security strategy. The strategy (IGADD 1990) was formulated by a team of consultants from the United Kingdom’s University of Sussex, University of Birmingham and Oxford University. The strategy was completed and formally adopted by the Ministers of Agriculture of the IGADD member states in September 1990. The strategy proposed 20 regional projects (see Annex 3), which included most of the projects identified by the FAO (1988) study and some of the “first generation” projects presented at the first donors’ conference in 1987. The projects were categorized under 4 main thrusts:

• Boosting agriculture, livestock and fish production • Improving the efficiency of food marketing • Protecting and increasing consumption • Improving national and regional food policy management

The Food Security strategy attempted to tackle the issue of the role of IGAD Secretariat vis a vis member states in implementing the strategy. However, the study concentrated on what IGAD should do and much less on what the member states should do. This problem was quickly recognized leading to the formulation of a more focused five-year programme for the period 1992-1996. 3.4. The IGADD 5-Year Programme 1992-1996 The five-year programme (IGADD 1992) was conceived building on two already existing sectoral strategies: the Food Security Strategy of 1990 and the Environment Protection and Combating


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Desertification Strategy of 1990. The two strategies were complimentary to each other: increasing food production while protecting the environment. The five-year programme essentially took the existing portfolio of regional projects from the two strategies and the IGADD Plan of Action and repackaged them into 10 new regional programmes as follows:

1. Establishment of the IGADD Documentation and Information Centre (IDIC)

2. IGADD disaster/drought preparedness (including regional food reserves, early warning, food information and remote sensing)

3. Improving the efficiency of agricultural and food production (including post-harvest loss reduction, farm storage, grain marketing, off-farm employment)

4. IGADD environment assessment, monitoring and information systems

5. Household energy 6. Rangeland management (including rangeland rehabilitation

and camels) 7. Agricultural research, training and extension (including

human resource development, cooperation among NARS, soil erosion control, Acacia Senegal, agro-forestry and saline soils)

8. Water resources 9. Biodiversity and quarantine 10. Fisheries (including shark resources, revolving fund,

training, information network, fish farming, and regional action on Exclusive Economic Zones – EEZs)

Under each of the 10 regional programmes would be derived projects. A regional programme was understood to be a network of national projects implemented simultaneously at different locations, but solving a problem that a single country cannot effectively accomplish because it crosses national boundaries. Here the member states would do the actual work while the Secretariat would undertake coordination, planning, information exchange, and resource mobilization.


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While the five-year programme attempted to address the shortcomings of the Regional Food Security Strategy, halfway down the road, it was felt that its implementation was not going well prompting calls for a review of the programme. An internal review was carried out in early 1995 and found that, among the many problems of the 5-year programme, the regional programmes were action oriented rather than policy/strategy oriented. The review recommended that the Secretariat should concentrate its interventions on the higher levels of the regional programmes. However, considering the confusion surrounding the use of the term “policy”, it would have been useful to explain and obtain consensus on what was meant by policy/strategy orientation. 3.5. Food security projects of the revitalised IGAD In 1996, a major overhaul of the Organisation was carried out resulting in a revitalized IGAD with an expanded mandate, which, in addition to food security and environment protection, included economic cooperation and conflict resolution. The revitalised IGAD came up with a new portfolio of 17 regional projects (IGAD 1996). Of these, seven were in the agriculture and environment sector:

- Regional Integrated information system - Animal Disease Control and Vaccines - Dryland agriculture - Water resources management - Natural resources management - Environment education - Pollution control

The projects were arrived at in a consultative process between the Secretariat and the member states. These were in addition to the already ongoing projects in the sector. The new projects had to be formulated. Several donors showed interest in these projects and they joined the IGAD Secretariat in drawing up terms of reference for their formulation.


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By 2001, none of the new formulated projects had attracted funding for implementation. Donors were not clear about the role of IGAD in implementing these projects and hence called for a formulation of an overall IGAD Strategy with a clear vision, mandate and role of the IGAD Secretariat before they could commit funds for project implementation. Through a consultative process involving the Secretariat, the Member States and the donors, a new IGAD Strategy was formulated and formally adopted in October 2003. 3.6. Food security in the new IGAD Strategy 2003 In formulating the new IGAD Strategy (IGAD 2003), it became clear that the problem of lack of progress with the projects was not with the choice of what to do to tackle the development challenges of the region, rather who does what where and lack of funding. There was a need to clearly define the role of the IGAD Secretariat in these development efforts. As stated in the Donors’ Conference Synthesis (IGADD 1987), development efforts of the member states need to be accompanied by joint efforts at the regional level. There are two types of such joint actions: projects or programmes that, for technical reasons, are more efficiently undertaken regionally (e.g. river basin management); and activities that depend for their success on collaboration across borders (e.g. control of trans-boundary livestock diseases). These joint actions should be the focus of a regional strategy. So the new IGAD Strategy retained all the projects already identified in the revitalised IGAD, but went to great lengths to articulate the IGAD mission, vision, mandate, roles, tasks and outputs. The outputs were identified as policy harmonization, information, capacity building, and research and technology. All IGAD interventions were expected to lead to one or more of these outputs. Each sector would then formulate its own strategy taking into account these strategic outputs with the role of IGAD being one of catalysing, facilitation, coordination, advocacy and networking.


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The new IGAD Food Security Strategy is formulated taking into account all these considerations. One critical difference between this food security strategy and the previous ones is that it introduces the idea of “regional actions” that are not necessarily projects, but are critical for promoting member states’ cooperation and collaboration as they tackle the various food security issues and challenges. These non-project regional actions are mostly in the areas of policy (studies, synchronization, harmonization and advocacy) on the one hand, and sharing of information, experiences and expertise, on the other. Such non-project actions have the advantage of ease of realization given that they are relatively low-cost and are not time bound – they can be carried out almost instantly – and are very effective in promoting regional integration.


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CHAPTER IV: THE NEW IGAD FOOD SECURITY STRATEGY

4.1. Objective of the strategy The objective of the IGAD Food Security Strategy is derived from the overall IGAD Secretariat’s strategic objectives, which are:

o To assist member states ensure that the people of the IGAD region have access to sufficient and nutritious food at all times while protecting the natural resource base and the environment.

o To promote peace and stability in the Region and address humanitarian needs of the people

o To promote regional economic cooperation and integration The objective of the Food Security Strategy therefore is “Enhanced capacity of IGAD member states to achieve food security through closer regional cooperation in sustainable food production, marketing and poverty reduction”. 4.2. Principles of the IGAD Food Security Strategy The IGAD Food Security Strategy is formulated taking into account 6 guiding principles. The principles are discussed below. The first two help to determine the focus of the strategy while the others provide guidance for the manner in which the strategy should be implemented. Subsidiarity The subsidiarity principle requires that decisions and actions are taken at the lowest level possible in the hierarchy. That is, actions should be taken at the regional level by IGAD if it is agreed that the actions of individual member states are insufficient. Corollary to that is that IGAD Secretariat should concentrate on regional-level actions, while the member states carry out national-level actions. For instance, IGAD Secretariat should not be expected to carry out

Chapter 4: The New IGAD Food Security Strategy

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agricultural extension work because this is best done at the national or even sub-national level. The subsidiarity principle helps to prevent role conflict between the regional body and its member states and improves efficiency through division of labour. IGAD’s Role This strategy is intended to guide the IGAD Secretariat in planning and articulating its role in complementing the efforts of the member states to achieve food security through increased regional cooperation. It does not include the enormous efforts of the individual member states; rather it focuses on their joint collaborative efforts as members of one Regional Economic Community. It should be clarified that the role of the IGAD Secretariat in contributing to the food security of the region is to handle regional issues – the kind of issues which by their nature no individual country can resolve without involving one or more other states in the region. In a strict sense, the role of a regional intergovernmental organization like IGAD should not be to supplement or ‘top-up’ national efforts of individual member states, as this contradicts the subsidiarity principle, and would lead to role conflict between the organisation and its member states. While the organisation may have bilateral activities with individual member states, its activities should be focused on coordinating and supplementing the collective efforts of its member states. IGAD’s role entails:

• Facilitation of dialogue for policy and decision makers • Formulation of appropriate regional interventions • Lobbying, advocacy and awareness creation • Creation of partnerships and networks • Initiation of regions actions

Targeting the most vulnerable The global food security objective is to reduce the number of undernourished around the world by half by the year 2015. This requires targeting the most vulnerable populations as a matter of


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priority. In the IGAD region the most food insecure populations are found in the arid and semi lands. The countries of the region must join hands in addressing the chronic food insecurity of the ASALs and other rural and urban areas. Another category of vulnerable populations that deserve particular attention in the food security strategy are the internally displaced persons (IDPs). Incessant civil strifes and recurrent droughts have created millions of IDPs in the region and national authorities are in most cases overwhelmed and are unable to provide for emergence and programmed food needs of the encamped populations. Protecting the environment The IGAD Strategy has as one of its objectives to boost food production, especially in the ASALs where the largest numbers of the food insecure populations live. In implementing the strategy, every effort should be made to ensure that increased food production does not harm the environment. The food production levels aimed at should be sustainable given the dire ecological conditions of these marginal areas. Every food production initiative undertaken either at the national or regional level should be preceded by thorough environmental impact assessment. Partnerships with non-state actors For the IGAD food security programmes and projects to succeed, it will be necessary to involve various stakeholders at different stages of strategy implementation. The role of the Civil Society in reaching the grass-root level is well acknowledged and, for maximum impact, IGAD Secretariat should as much as possible establish partnerships with active CSOs and NGOs in its activities. Similarly, as the governments of the region divest themselves of commercial activities, the private sector will increasingly play a vital role in promoting intra-regional trade in food commodities. IGAD should work closely with the private sector in implementing the food security strategy.


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Gender All IGAD food security programmes, projects and actions in the strategy should be gender-mainstreamed. The IGAD Secretariat must ensure that these interventions are checked for compliance with gender equity and equality requirements. 4.3. Target beneficiaries The primary beneficiaries of the interventions proposed by the new food security strategy are policy- and decision-makers and analysts at local, national and regional levels in the IGAD member states. These include the government ministries, parastatals, the private sector and the civil society. The ultimate beneficiaries are the millions of poor and food insecure people, particularly those living in the marginal drought prone areas of the region. 4.4. Types and areas of regional action The types of regional action too, derive from the IGAD Strategic outputs namely, harmonized policies, information, capacity building, and science and technology. The types of regional actions envisaged in this food security strategy are the following:

Preparing policy papers for regional policy forums Holding coordination and harmonisation meetings Preparing protocols and harmonisation of regulations Carrying out studies in support of policy harmonisation Conducting demonstration and pilot activities Regional networking including grass-root associations Support establishment of regional joint ventures Promoting food security related trade fairs Training and promoting sharing of experiences Production/dissemination of information Implementing regional projects

The areas of regional action proposed in this food security strategy cover the three stages of the food chain, i.e. production, marketing


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and consumption. Production interventions are focused on the arid and semi-arid lands, where the overwhelming majority of the food insecure people are found. There is a particular emphasis on promoting sustainable smallholder dryland crop production and promoting pro-poor livestock policies. Marketing interventions are geared to promoting intra-regional trade in food commodities, while consumption interventions are targeted to the vulnerable populations. The interventions are classified into 6 programmes comprising development projects, studies and regional networks. Most studies proposed in the strategy will be for informing the regional policy harmonization process. Networking activities are expected to be in form of regional forums concerning different aspects of food security. The networks would facilitate sharing of experiences and expertise in the region. 4.5. Priority setting The strategy has a time limit of up to end 2008 in which the interventions have to be carried out. It would be practically impossible to accomplish all the identified 85 intervention in the 4-year period. Furthermore, financial resources continue to be scarce and it would be unrealistic to expect enough funding for all those projects, studies and networking activities. Priority setting is mandatory. Some of the projects proposed in this strategy already have funding and are either being implemented or are about to be implemented. Funded ongoing projects have the highest priority, in other words, they should just be continued. Conversely, un-funded projects requiring more than US$ 1 million with implementation requiring external centres of excellence should have the lowest priority, because experience in IGAD has shown that it is difficult to mobilize funds for such projects, and even when an interested donor is found, it takes years before such project comes into operation. At times a lot of resources (time and money) are spent


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on formulating projects and in the end the donors fail to fund project implementation. The proposed networking activities should be accorded the second highest priority. This is because they are simple discrete actions that are accomplishable over a short period of time and can be repeated every year for maximum impact, yet their costs are considerably low. It would also be much easier to find donors interested in financing the proposed networking activities because they are low cost and have immediate impact in fostering regional cooperation and integration. The third priority should be given to studies as they fall in between the projects and network activities in terms of financial requirements and ease of implementation. Studies that help inform the policy development and harmonization process should be given higher priority, because so many studies have been carried out by IGAD Secretariat in the past but little use has been made use of them. Through brainstorming and other consultative sessions with various stakeholders in the Member States, the study identified 85 interventions comprising 26 projects, 23 studies and 34 networking activities (Annex 4). Of the proposed projects and studies, only 25% are new, the majority of them are “old” having been suggested at one time or another in various past and present IGAD strategy documents. What is new is the recognition of networking at the regional level as a strategic issue. 4.6. Regional programmes, projects and actions The strategy has four components derived from the old food security strategy and the overall IGAD Strategy. The components have 31 interventions comprising 11 development projects, 11 studies and 10 networking activities (Table 2). The list of priority interventions was agreed upon at the regional stakeholders’ workshop held in Nairobi, Kenya from 1-3 February 2005 (see list of participants in Annex 5).


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The selected project ideas include water harvesting for the drylands, dryland management, fertiliser and inputs, livestock policy, livestock information, animal disease control, marketing information, trade policy harmonisation, harmonisation of zoo- and phyto- sanitary standards, early warning, and safety nets. Studies include inputs laws and regulations, fertiliser use, pest surveillance, regional livestock development strategy, intra-regional fish trade, informal cross-border trader, food consumption patterns, regional policy on GMOs, regional food security emergency reserve facility, and infrastructure for food storage and transport. Selected regional networking activities include: dryland management network, inputs producers and suppliers, dryland research centres network, cross-border livestock diseases control, forum for pastoralists and service providers, PRSP networks, GMO networks, vulnerability mapping, and safety nets. Additional interventions could be implemented only in as far as additional resources are made available to the IGAD Secretariat.


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Table 2: Priority regional interventions for food security

Crop production

PROGRAMMES/ PROJECTS STUDIES NETWORKS

1. Water harvesting project for the drylands 2. Dryland management programme (including animal feeds) 3. Fertiliser and inputs programme

1. Inputs laws and regulations/ seed certification 2. Study on fertlizer use (including profitability) 3. Pest surveillance

1. Dryland Management network 2. Forum for input producers and suppliers 3. Dryland research centres network

Livestock development


1. Pro-poor livestock policies project 2. Livestock information system for feeds, animal health and markets 3. Transboundary animal disease control

1. Regional strategy for livestock development 2. Harmonisation of regulations (animal health, feeds, drugs, etc) 3. Study on fish trade among Member States

1. Cooperation in crossborder control of livestock diseases (livestock move-ment, vaccinations) 2. Regional forum for pastoralists and livestock service providers in pastoral areas 3. Regional forum for livestock service providers


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Table 2: Priority regional interventions for food security (cont)

Trade and Marketing


1.Regional marketing information system (for crops and animals) 2. Trade policy harmonisation 3. Harmonisation of zoo-sanitary and phyto-sanitary standards

1.Informal crossborder trade 2. Food Consumption patterns 3.Regional status / policy on GMOs (crop and animal)

1. PRSP networks 2. Networks on GMOs

Vulnerable groups


1. Regional early warning and food information system 2. Capacity enhancement for food and nutrition safety nets

1. Establishment of a sustainable regional food security emergency reserve facility 2. Distribution / availability of infrastructure facilities for food (storage, transport)

1. Vulnerablity mapping network 2. Networks for food security safety nets operators


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CHAPTER V: FROM STRATEGY TO ACTION 5.1. Implementation arrangements The implementation modalities for the proposed interventions will vary according to the type of intervention. Projects as defined earlier in this strategy will normally be implemented by other agencies on behalf of the IGAD Secretariat. Such agencies include the UN agencies, especially FAO, specialized institutions in the IGAD member states, the private sector and NGOs. IGAD’s role in project implementation would be one of supervision, monitoring and evaluation. Initially, the Secretariat will also be responsible for mobilizing the necessary resources for implementing the projects. The Secretariat would take charge of project formulation studies as well as all other studies and networking activities. For IGAD Secretariat to carry out the proposed interventions, it has to have the necessary human resources. It would be desirable that Secretariat hires more professional staff to beef up its capacity to implement the programmes in the new Food Security Strategy. However, due to financial constraints, it is not likely that more staff will be hired in the next 4 years. Hence, a minimum programme implementation arrangement is proposed here. Currently, each professional staff oversees one ongoing funded project to which can be added a maximum of two new projects. In addition, each year, he/she should manage on average one study and organise two networking activities. In all, the new food security strategy proposes 11 programmes/projects, 11 studies and 10 networking activities. The selection of the interventions is based on a consensus prioritisation arrived at in a regional stakeholders’ consultative workshop held in Nairobi, Kenya from 1 – 3 February 2005. In implementing the strategy, the Food Security Section would work in close collaboration with other Sections of the Secretariat. Furthermore, IGAD will liaise with other regional organizations involved in food security in the Horn of Africa (including

Chapter 5: From Strategy to Action

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COMESA, EAC, AU, ASARECA, ILRI, etc.) to ensure that the new IGAD Regional Food Security Strategy is harmonized with the strategies of the other regional bodies and that there is no role conflict and unnecessary duplication of efforts. 5.2. Financial implications and funding The Food Security Section will at the beginning of each year draw up a detailed annual work plan indicating the financial requirements for implementing the strategy for the year. Assuming that, on overage, a project costs US$ 2 million, a study costs US$ 500,000 and a networking activity per year costs US$ 100,000 the estimated cost of ‘minimum’ implementation of the regional food security strategy over a period of 4 years is [(2x11) + (0.5x11) + (0.1x10)] US$ 28.5 million. It is anticipated that most of the funding will be mobilized by the IGAD Secretariat from different donors, especially the IGAD Partners Forum (IPF), while Member States would make in-kind contribution toward meeting the cost of implementing the strategy. However, it should be reiterated that for the IGAD region to overcome its current food security problems Member States will have to make substantial investments in the productive sectors and make deliberate efforts toward poverty alleviation at the national level, as regional interventions can only succeed if corresponding national strategies are successfully implemented.


49

REFERENCES COMESA (2002): Report on Harmonisation of Agricultural Policy

for COMESA Countries. COMESA Secretariat. Lusaka. FAO (1988): Food Security Issues and Grain Marketing Policies in

the Member States of IGADD. IGAD Secretariat. Djibouti

FAO (1996): Special Programme for Food Security: Rationale,

Objectives and Approach. FAO. Rome. FAO (2000): The Elimination of Food Insecurity in the Horn of

Africa: A strategy for Concerted Government and UN Agency Action. FAO. Rome.

FAO (2002): Comprehensive African Agriculture Development

Programme. NEPAD Secretariat. Johannesburg. FAO (2004): Food Supply Situation and Crop Prospects in Sub-

Saharan Africa No. 2, June 2004. FAO/GIEWS. Rome IGAD (1996): IGAD Strategic Framework. IGAD Secretariat.

Djibouti. IGAD (2003): IGAD Strategy. Final Report. IGAD Secretariat.

Djibouti. IGADD (1987): Donors’ Conference Synthesis. IGAD Secretariat.

Djibouti. IGADD (1990): Food Security Strategy Study. Final Report. IGAD

Secretariat. Djibouti. IGADD (1992): The IGADD 5-Year Programme. IGAD

Secretariat. Djibouti.

References

50

Sen, A. (1981): Poverty and Famines: an Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation. Clarendon Press. Oxford, UK.

Tollens, E. (1998): Food security: incidence and causes of food

insecurity among vulnerable groups and coping strategies. Proceedings of CTA Seminar. Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation. Wageningen, The Netherlands

UN (2002): Right to Food. Report of Special Rapporteur on Human

Rights. UN Commission on Human Rights. New York. USA

UNDP (2000): Millennium Development Goals: the Global

Challenge. United Nations Development Programme. New York, USA.

World Food Summit (1996): Rome Declaration and Plan of Action.

FAO. Rome Zziwa, S. (2003): A holistic coordinated approach to tackle food

insecurity in the Horn of Africa. IGAD News, Issue No. 7. IGAD Secretariat. Djibouti.


51

Annex 1: National ongoing and planned areas of intervention for food security, 2004

SECTOR DJIBOUTI ERITREA ETHIOPIA KENYA SUDAN UGANDA

Annual Budgetary allocation (US$ million)

0.75 N.A 604 180 N.A 203

Soil and water management, especially for the drylands

Study of under-ground water potential Improving rural water supply Oasis integrated development

Smallholder irrigation development Soil and water conservation Water points for livestock

Water harvesting and small-scale irrigation Soil conservation including agro-forestry

Construction and rehabilitation of dams, pans and boreholes Rehabilitation and augmentation of existing irrigation canals Implement the Water Act 2000

Irrigated sector institutional reforms

Water for crops, livestock and fish farming Supplementary low cost irrigation, water harvesting, valley dams and fish ponds Promote agro-forestry


52


Land policy Implement land reforms

Land use certification Voluntary resettlement of vulnerable populations

Land use planning and titling Put in place a system to resolve land tenure issues in ASALs Develop a land use master plan

Implement land reforms

Implement the 1998 Land Act Land use planning at the community, parish, district and national levels

Livestock development

Pastoral livestock development Peri-urban livestock development

Animal feed and health Improve supplies, services and marketing for livestock

Increase livestock production (feeds, water, extension services) Improve both breed and livestock management systems using credit

Livestock development focusing on livestock marketing, water provision, breed research, and strengthening animal health delivery system

Improve/liberalise export of livestock

Strategically located dams for livestock and crops


53


Fisheries development

Fisheries integrated development project Improving incomes of artisanal fisheries Rehabilitation of the fisheries port

Development of artisanal and industrial marine fisheries

Develop fisheries industry Secure fish export market (EU) Facilitate private sector development of fisheries infrastructure Sensitisation on nutritional importance of fish

Promote fish farming Establish fish landing sites in strategic locations Develop strategic fish fry centres


54


Agricultural inputs and services

Liberalise input supplies Implement the national seed policy/strategy

Provision of inputs (seeds, fertilisers, oxen) for agricultural intensification

Improve animal and crop protection services Improve access to quality farm inputs (manufacture and marketing) Promote mechanisation and labour-saving technologies Develop micro-finance institutions

Agricultural credit

Advisory services to promote fertiliser use and soil management Promote private sector micro-finance initiatives


55


Agricultural research and extension

Raise productivity through research, extension and credit

Strengthen extension services (farmer training centres and use of rural radio) Adaptive research and TV extension

Develop responsive research services Establish a demand-driven extension service Strengthen agricultural training

Promote agricultural research and technology transfer / extension

Decentralised client-oriented agricultural research Demand-driven agricultural advisory services provided by the private sector Incorporate agricultural education at all curricular levels


56


Disaster preparedness and management

Implement the FAO Special Programme for Food Security

Strengthen the national food information system Strengthen the relief and rehabilitation commission Promote income-generating activities

Implement public works safety nets Increase agricultural and non-agricultural incomes (safety nets, micro-finance)

Establish a comprehensive agricultural information system Establish a community based drought early warning system in the ASALs

Strengthen early warning system for food security Promote on-farm food storage (including warehouse receipt system and commodity exchange system)


57


Agricultural marketing

Construct a livestock export holding and certification facility Rehabilitation of roads

Improve rural infrastructure

Strengthen marketing cooperatives Stimulate livestock exports

Revitalise the co-ops movement Liberalise/facilitate cross-border trade Improve quality control services – packaging, SPS Promote/liberalise agro-processing and trade Promote internal trade (cold storage, stock routes and rural roads) Establish livestock industries in ASALs Take advantage of the AGOA and EU initiatives

Improve export of Gum Arabic

Market infrastructure Storage and agro-processing Rural road networks Communication infrastructure (FM radios, mobile phones) Market information International market access


58

Annex 2: IGAD First Generation regional projects that attracted donor interest, 1987 No. Project Implementation status Interested donors Est. budget

(US$ mill.)Food Security 4.855

1 Sub-regional early warning system Implemented USAID, France, UNDP, EC, Italy, Canada, Netherlands

2.110

2 Study of food security issues focusing on grain marketing

Implemented USAID, France, UNDP, EC, Italy, Sweden (SIDA), Netherlands

0.425

3 Provision of training for senior managers and warehouse staff

Implemented UK, France 0.900

4 Survey of existing resource base Not done USAID, EC 0.360

5 Enhancement of the computer at the Drought Monitoring Centre, Nairobi

Implemented WMO 0.060

6 Feasibility study for a small tools factory Not done Canada 0.600

7 Feasibility study for a fertiliser plant Implemented USAID 0.400


59

No. Project Implementation status Interested donors Est. budget (US$ mill.)

Desertification control 48.1008 Training for the monitoring of range and

livestock resources by remote sensing in ASALs

Implemented ADB, Denmark, EC, Finland, IFAD, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, UNDP, UNESCO, USAID, World Bank

2.500

9 Research and training centre for arid land management and desertification control

Not done =do= 9.000

10 Development of afforestation systems for dryland areas

Not done =do= 6.000

11 Advanced studies in environmental sciences Not done =do= 3.00012 Range rehabilitation of East African arid

lands Not done =do= 2.500

13 Studies of native plant species for the rehabilitation of East African arid lands

Not done =do= 2.200

14 Development and introduction of cheap & efficient cooking stoves & charcoal kilns

Implemented EC, Italy, UNSO, World Bank

0.900


60


15 Research on the cultivation and economic potential of frankincense and myrrh trees

Not done ADB, EC, Italy, World Bank 2.000

16 Research on the tissue culture of Acacia Senegal (Gum Arabic)

Not done Finland, Netherlands, UNDP, UNSO, World Bank

2.000

17 Establishment of a documentation centre and information data bank on agricultural sciences and techniques in East Africa

Implemented France, Italy, UNESCO, USAID

3.600

18 Establishment of range management technical training centre

Not done Denmark, Italy 2.600

19 Production of a video film on desertification and desertification control

Not done Canada, Denmark, UNDP, UNESCO

0.300

20 Development of molasses-urea-salt blocks and demonstration to farmers and pastoralists

Not done ADB 5.000

21 Evaluation of agro-industrial by-products and their economic impact on generalised use in livestock feeding in combination with crop residue roughages

Not done World Bank 2.000


61


22 Programmes to increase public awareness of desertification in IGAD member states

Implemented Canada, Denmark, UNDP, UNESCO

1.900

23 Development of teaching programmes on desertification and desertification control for primary and secondary schools

Not done Canada, Denmark, EC, UNDP, UNESCO

2.600

Water resources 50.07024 Training in improved water irrigation

management Not done IFAD, Netherlands 2.470

25 Monitoring of developments, coordination and training in small-scale irrigation

Not done France, Italy 2.160

26 Assessment, development and demonstration of spate irrigation and water-spreading techniques

Not done Netherlands 2.850

27 Production of video films on small-scale irrigation

Not done Netherlands 0.230

28 GIS to assist water resource planning Not done Italy, Kuwait, USAID, World Bank

1.590


62


29 Regional cooperation for groundwater recharge including mapping and water points

Not done EC, UK, USAID, World Bank

3.040

30 Conservation and rehabilitation of Lake Victoria river basins

Implemented ADB 34.130

31 Feasibility study of agricultural development in the Lake Victoria basin

Implemented ADB 3.100

32 Study of the Lake Turkana sub-basin Not done Italy, Norway 0.500Communications 581.990

33 Azezo-Metema-Gedarif feeder road Implemented Italy, Saudi Development Fund

65.850

34 Felege Neway-Kelem-Namurputh-Lokitaung-Lodwar road

Not done Italy 90.740

35 Rehabilitation of Isiolo-Moyale road Implemented Italy 75.00036 Kisimayo-Liboi-Garissa road Not done Italy, Saudi Devpt Fund 70.00038 Feasibility studies for the Kassala-Massawa,

Juba-Lodwar and Juba-Kampala roads Not done Italy 12.600


63


39 Djibouti-Addis Ababa railway track rehabilitation

Implemented Italy, EC 150.000

40 Pan African Telecommunications-microwave link between Ethiopia and Sudan


41 Pan African Telecommunications-microwave link between Kenya and Somalia


Agricultural research 22.97042 Crop improvement research support

Not done France, World Bank 0.530

43 Livestock improvement research support Not done France 0.520

44 Acacia Senegal (Gum Arabic) research support

Not done EC, Netherlands, UK, UNDP, World Bank

0.500

45 Agro-forestry improvement research support

Not done EC, UNDP 0.580

46 Research on the development of saline soils

Not done UNDP, UNSO 8.300


64


47 Scholarship and research support

Not done Canada, EC, Italy, UK, USAID

12.500

48 Establishment of an agricultural research forum

Implemented Canada, Sweden, USAID, World Bank

0.040

Animal resources 15.70049 Regional animal disease control project Implemented ADB, EC, Italy, Norway, UK 9.600

50 Tsetse fly control programme Implemented EC, France 6.100

Total portfolio 723.685


65

Annex 3: Implementation status of the old IGAD Food Security Strategy projects, 1990

No. Project Objective/Description Implementation status Remarks

Boosting Production

1 Strengthening agricultural research & extension

To spread the best research and extension practices and design pilot projects for food insecure areas - using farming systems approach

Five projects developed, pilot project on water harvesting ongoing

Phase I - studies and pilot projects [US$ 230]

2 Cross-border pastoral development

To review and improve public assistance to pastoralists in cross-border areas

Financing proposal being prepared

Originally study [US$ 230]

3 Targeted infrastructure development project

Determine priorities for infrastructure development and the means to carry it out

Not done Phase I - studies [US$ 240]

4 Comparative advantage study

To use domestic resource cost analysis to determine which areas of the region should produce food for the rest the region

Not done Studies [US$ 600]


66


Improving marketing 5 Grain marketing

training Improve efficiency of public and private grain marketing through training

Project implemented but ended pre-maturely

[€ 2 million]

6 Public sector storage & reserve stocking

Improve information base on which public sector reserve stocking decisions are based and improve stocking capacity

Not done Phase I excluding storage construction [US$ 10.801]

7 Private sector facilities: market centre infrastructure

To establish infrastructure facilities in designated regional market centres for leasing out

Not done Pilot projects [US$ 380]

8 Liberalisation of food trade domestically & regionally

To eliminate additional marketing costs and other barriers to food trade

Not done Regional workshops [US$ 1.070]

9 Rehabilitation of livestock exports

To reduce obstacles to livestock exports to the Gulf

Ongoing under AU/IBAR

[US$ 125]


67


10 IGAD agricultural products: promotion of export marketing

To identify potential export markets through market research

Not done Studies and workshops [US$ 155]

11 Increasing local markets for locally produced food

To improve small-scale food processing Not done Studies and pilot projects [US$ 1.425]

Increasing consumption 12 Laying the basis for

expanded se1f-employment through asset creation

To provide a basis for asset creation through micro credit

Not done Seminars and pilot projects [US$ 314]

13 Improving the design & management of labour intensive public works

To provide alternative sources of income and improve rural infrastructure and drought prevention facilities

Not done Studies and workshops [US$ 130]


68


14 Promoting a fiscal bias in favour of labour intensive investments

To examine tax and subsidy policies to determine fiscal bias against labour intensive production and propose reversal

Not done Studies [US$ 170]

15 Early Warning & Food Information System

Create/strengthen national and regional early warning systems

Completed, but needs continuation to Phase II. Marketing information component ongoing

Both regional and national components [US$ 15.000]

16 Emergency safety net: improving drought preparedness

To improve drought/ disaster preparedness in member states

Phase I completed, projects yet to be implemented

Original budget [US$ 6.280]

17 Drought relief charter for IGAD countries

To construct a code of conduct to improve efficiency of drought relief

Partially implemented, stalled

Original budget [US$ 125]


69


Improving food policy management 18 Strengthening food

security policy management in the region

To improve food policy management by providing training, equipment and reorganisation

Not done Studies and capacity building [US$ 730]

19 Dissemination of IGAD research results

To disseminate research results in a popular form Not done [US$ 180]

20 IGAD food security coordination project

To provide technical support to IGAD Secretariat in developing and implementing the strategy

Not done [US$ 2.060]


70

Annex 4: Proposed regional interventions for the new IGAD Food Security Strategy, 2004

No. Intervention Type Status

Increasing food production Dryland crop production programme 1 Promote regional cooperation in water management in the drylands Project Old 2 Promote water harvesting in the drylands Project Old 3 Promote agro-forestry in the drylands Study New 4 Establish regional forums for dryland farmers and NGOs Network New Agricultural technology programme 5 Promote seed production by private companies Project Old 6 Promote exchange of improved seeds among member states, also for relief Project Old 7 Harmonise seed laws/regulations in the region, including taxes, patents, etc Project Old 8 Facilitate seed certification in the region Project Old


71


9 Facilitate human resource development for the dryland research Project Old 10 Provide training in pesticide use Project New 11 Facilitate joint pest surveillance, especially the Fruit fly Project New 12 Promote appropriate use of fertilizers – inorganic and organic Project New 13 Promote organic farming Study New 14 Study on the profitability of fertilizer use in the region Study New 15 Address the issue of soil degradation in the region Study New 16 Identify 1-3 research topics for joint research, incl. drought tolerant varieties Study Old 17 Establish a regional centre for dryland seed development Study Old 18 Promote indigenous knowledge in pest control Study New 19 Promote joint ventures in fertilizer production in the region Network Old 20 Promote joint utilization of research facilities and expertise Network Old 21 Share experiences and expertise in regulation of agro-chemicals Network New 22 Establish a regular forum for quarantine operators in the region Network New 23 Establish a regional forum for agricultural inputs dealers Network New 24 Establish a regional forum of directors of dryland agricultural research Network Old 25 Exchange of information on agricultural technology among member states Network New


72


Livestock development programme 26 Establish a livestock information system for feeds, animal health and markets Project Old 27 Assist countries in developing pro-poor policies Project Old 28 Build capacities in dry season feeding Project New 29 Establish cross border stock routes with infrastructure for certification Project Old 30 Strengthen fisheries inspectorate and quality control Project New 31 Adopt the PANVAC in Ethiopia as an institution of IGAD Study Old 32 Promote the leather industry as a source of foreign exchange Study New 33 Assess region’s fisheries resources potential Study New 34 Promote marine fisheries for local consumption and for export Study New 35 Promote fish trade among Member States Study New 36 Revive border harmonization meetings for control of livestock diseases Network Old 37 Coordinate vaccination campaigns throughout the region Network Old 38 Support trypanosomiasis research – at KETRI Network New 39 Establish a regional forum for livestock health service providers Network New 40 Establish a regional forum for livestock vaccine producers Network New 41 Establish regional forums for farmers and NGOs in pastoral areas Network New


73


Promoting food trade Food trade and policy programme

42 Strengthen the marketing information system to facilitate regional trade Project Old 43 Harmonise the Sanitary and Phyto-Sanitary (SPS) policies Project Old 44 Establish regional standards and quality control measures (code of conduct) Project Old 45 Increase the region’s storage capacity Project Old 46 Promote village-level food storage (including warehouse receipt system) Project Old 47 Promote regional trade in agricultural inputs (fertilizers, etc) Project Old 48 Formulate regional policies to facilitate trade among member states Study Old 49 Formulate legal frameworks to facilitate regional food trade, also for relief Study Old 50 Study of port charges and suggestions for efficient port handling Study New 51 Study on smuggling of food commodities across borders Study New 52 Study on consumption patterns in the region Study Old 53 Study on comparative advantage – domestic resource cost analysis Study Old 54 Protocol on establishment of a regional emergency food reserve/fund Study Old 55 Harmonise taxation policies (avoid double taxation in the region) Study New 56 Adapt Codex Alimentarius to the region Study New


74


57 Conduct land policy studies Study Old 58 Advocate for local purchase of food aid from within the region Network New 59 Facilitate exchange of information on genetic materials in the region Network New 60 Adopt a common policy on GMO food imports Network New 61 Advocate for increased flow of resources to agriculture Network New 62 Organise regular forum for grain traders (and reserve managers) in the region Network New 63 Harmonise country PRSP processes Network New 64 Establish a forum for exchange of experience for policy dialogue Network New 65 Organise food security related trade fairs Network New 66 Share experiences in value addition for exports Network New 67 Coordinate implementation of international conventions – MDGs, WFS, etc. Network New

Protecting consumption (safety-nets) Early warning and food information programme

68 Establish a functional regional early warning system Project Old 69 Generate and disseminate early warning information Project Old 70 Strengthen climate prediction (DMC – ICPAC) Project Old


75


71 Training of early warning operators Project Old 72 Develop joint methodologies, procedures and software for early warning Study Old 73 Establish forum for early warning operators in the region Network Old

Vulnerable groups programme

74 Establish a regional Child Health and Nutrition Information System Project New 75 Establish food safety nets for vulnerable groups incl. elderly, disabled, IDPs Project Old 76 Establish a loan-based regional food security emergency reserve facility Study New 77 Coordinate vulnerability mapping in the region (FIVMS, VAM, etc) Network New 78 Promote food security for IDPs Network New 79 Share experiences in indigenous knowledge and drought coping mechanisms Network New 80 Share experiences on impact of HIV/AIDS on agriculture Network New 81 Share experiences in school feeding programmes Network New 82 Share experiences in food for work programmes Network New 83 Share experiences on programmes for youth employment in agriculture Network New 84 Establish a regional network of food security NGOs to share experiences, info Network New 85 Establish a forum for national relief agencies Network New


76

Annex 5: List of participants to the regional food security strategy workshop, 2005 COUNTRY NAME ORGANIZATION & ADDRESS TELEPHONE, FAX, E-MAIL DJIBOUTI Mr Barkat I

Abdalla Chef de Service de l’Elevage Direction de l’Elevage et Services Veterinaries BP 297 Djibouti Boulaos DJIBOUTI

Tel: 253 35 1025/351301 Fax: 253 35 7061 E-mail: [email protected]

DJIBOUTI Mr Mohamoud Ahmed

Ingénieur Agronome Ministere de l'Agriculture et de l'Elevage, de la Mer, Charge des Ressources Hydraulique DJIBOUTI

Tel: 00253 34 1496/831750250 Fax: 00 253 35 5879

DJIBOUTI Mr Kaireh Youssouf Said

Ingénieur Hydrologue/ Hydrogeologue Minsterère de l’Agriculture, de l’Elevage, de la Peche, Chargé des Resources a Hydraulique BP 453 DJIBOUTI

Tel: 0253 356870 Fax: 0253 357850

mailto:[email protected]


77

COUNTRY NAME ORGANIZATION & ADDRESS TELEPHONE, FAX, E-MAIL DJIBOUTI Mr Omar Farah

Abdillahi Chef de Service Ministry of Agriculture BP 297 DJIBOUTI

Tel: 0253 357818 Fax: 0253 357850

DJIBOUTI Dr Awad Abdel Rahim

Head, Agricultural Research IGAD P O Box 2653 DJIBOUTI

Tel: 253 354050 Fax: 253 353520/356994 E-mail: [email protected].

DJIBOUTI Barkat Ibrahim Abdallah

Chief de Service de l’Elevage Rep de Djibouti BP 297 Djibouti Boalaos DJIBOUTI

Tel: 253 35 1025/351301 Fax: 253 35 357061 E-mail: [email protected]

ERITREA

Solomon Haile Director, Planning and statistics, Ministry of Agriculture, P.O. Box 1048 ASMARA

Tel: 291 1 181042 Fax:291 1 18175 Email: [email protected]

ERITREA Hiwot Zemichael

Director General, Eritrea Grain Board ASMARA

Tel: 291 1 123969/124722 Fax:291 1 124229 E-mail: [email protected]

mailto:[email protected].





78

COUNTRY NAME ORGANIZATION & ADDRESS TELEPHONE, FAX, E-MAIL ERITREA Dr Chebrehiwet

Teame

Ministry of Agriculture P O Box 1048/4114 ASMARA

Tel: 291 1 181690 Fax: 2911 185175/181414 E-mail: [email protected]

FAO Haribou Ali FAO Representative for Djibouti P O Box 5536 ADDIS ABABA Ethiopia

Tel: 251-1513093 E-mail: [email protected]

CIDA Ali Said

Food Security Advisor P.O Box 1009 ADDIS ABABA Ethiopia

Tel: 251-1715600 Fax: 251-1 715744

ETHIOPIA Ankiso Hailu Resource mobilization Team leader Agriculture & Rural Development Ministry P.O. Box 62347 ADDIS ABABA

Fax: 251 01 528298

ETHIOPIA Gezahegne Tadesse

Team Leader, Livestock & Fisheries Resources Department Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Development ADDIS ABABA

Tel: 01-251-531222 Fax: 25101528298




79

COUNTRY NAME ORGANIZATION & ADDRESS TELEPHONE, FAX, E-MAIL ETHIOPIA Adugna Techane Team Leader of Agricultural inputs

Market Development, Study & Information Unit (Ministry of Agriculture &Rural Development P.O Box 462 code 1110 ADDIS ABABA

Tel: 25101 504843/25109610341 Fax: 25101 528298 E-mail: [email protected]

EU Joannes Pascal

Regional Expert (EC) P O Box 5570 ADDIS ABABA Ethiopia

Tel: 251 9252554 Fax: 251 1619788 E-mail: [email protected]

IGAD Prof Benson Mochoge

Director of Agriculture and Environment IGAD P O Box 2653 DJIBOUTI

Tel: 253 354050 Fax: 253 356994 E-mail: [email protected]

IGAD Keflemariam Sebhatu

Chief Humanitarian Affairs IGAD BP. 2653 DJIBOUTI

[email protected]






80

COUNTRY NAME ORGANIZATION & ADDRESS TELEPHONE, FAX, E-MAIL IGAD Maina Karaba

Chief, Natural Resources and Energy IGAD P.O. Box 2653 DJIBOUTI

Tel: +253 354050 Fax: + 253 250161 [email protected]

IGAD Samuel Zziwa Chief, Agricultural Development & Food Security IGAD P O Box 2653 DJIBOUTI

Tel: +253 354050 Fax: + 253 250161 E-mail: [email protected]

IGAD Mr Youssouf Farah

Administrative Assistant P O Box 2653 DJIBOUTI

Tel: +253 354050 Fax: + 253 250161 E-mail: [email protected]

KENYA Prof Laban A Ogallo

Coordinator ICPAC P O Box 10304 – 00100 NAIROBI

Tel: 254 020 578340 Fax: 254 020 578343 E-mail: [email protected]

KENYA William Ndegwa

Climate Scientist, ICPAC P O Box 10304 00100 GPO NAIROBI







81

COUNTRY NAME ORGANIZATION & ADDRESS TELEPHONE, FAX, E-MAIL KENYA Alphonce S

Musili Senior Livestock Production Officer, Ministry of Livestock & Fisheries Dev. P.O. Box 34188 00100 GPO NAIROBI

Tel: 254 020 2721005 Fax: 254 020 272005

KENYA Vedasto Rutachokozibwa

Deputy Regional FEWS NET Representative For GHA, P.O. Box 66613 - 800 NAIROBI


KENYA AU /IBAR

Solomon Haile-Mariam

Chief Livestock Project Officer, AU/IBAR, P.O. Box 30786 NAIROBI

Tel: 254 020 338544 Fax: 254 020 332046

KENYA Benedict Owuor ICPAC P.O Box 10304 00100 NAIROBI


KENYA Lillian Nyaati ICPAC P.O Box 10304 00100 NAIROBI






82

COUNTRY NAME ORGANIZATION & ADDRESS TELEPHONE, FAX, E-MAIL KENYA Mrs Dorothy

Rautta Administrative Assistant ICPAC P.O Box 10304 00100 NAIROBI


KENYA Richard O Ouya ICPAC P.O Box 10304 00100 NAIROBI

Tel: 254 020 578340 Fax: 254 020 578343

KENYA Stanley Mbagathi

Facilitator – IGAD P.O Box 72387 - 00200 NAIROBI


KENYA Prof. Dickson Nyariki

Water Harvesting Coordinator P.O. Box 29053 NAIROBI

Mobile:254 0733-720718 E-mail [email protected]

KENYA Isahaa Imaita

Ministry of Agriculture P.O. Box 34097 NAIROBI

Mobile : 254 0722 469816 E-mail: [email protected]

KENYA John Bett

Documentalist P.O. Box 72387 - 00200 NAIROBI

Mob Tel: 254 0723 804565 Fax: 254 020 890732 E-mail: [email protected]





83

COUNTRY NAME ORGANIZATION & ADDRESS TELEPHONE, FAX, E-MAIL KENYA Paul Muchendu

Agricultural Economist, Ministry of Agriculture/Planning P.O Box 30028 – 00100 NAIROBI

Mob Tel: 254 0722 373104 E-mail: [email protected]

KENYA Richard Muhungu

Senior Agricultural Officer Ministry of Agriculture P.O. Box 30028 - 00100 NAIROBI

Tel254 0723 946537 Fax: 254 020 2725774 E-mail: [email protected]

KENYA Joseph Muhwanga

P.O. Box 20397 – 00200 NAIROBI

Tel: 254 020 2728017 E-mail: [email protected]

SUDAN Dr Abdel R ElBashir Mohamed

Advisor to the Minister of Agriculture Forestry P O Box 285 KHARTOUM


SUDAN Mr ElAmien Hassan

Director of Food Security Dept General Directorate of Planning and Agri-economics Min. of Agriculture & Forestry KHARTOUM






84

COUNTRY NAME ORGANIZATION & ADDRESS TELEPHONE, FAX, E-MAIL SOUTH FRICA

Nick Maunder IRCC Consultant 14 Rivers 10F Terrace HOUT BAY, 7806

Tel: 27 21 790 7652 Fax: : 27 21 790 7652 E-mail: [email protected]

UGANDA Maureen Nakirunda

Research Officer, IDRC P O Box 62084 KAMPALA

Tel: 256-20- 2713160/1 E-mail: [email protected]

UGANDA Tumusiime Rhoda Peace

Commissioner/Planning & Devpt Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry & Fisheries P O Box 102 ENTEBBE


UGANDA Okwele Ruth

Senior Agricultural Officer Ministry of Animal Industry and Fisheries PO Box 102 ENTEBBE

Tel 256-320822 E-mail [email protected]




85

COUNTRY NAME ORGANIZATION & ADDRESS TELEPHONE, FAX, E-MAIL UGANDA Valerian

Kwesigaho

Senior Agricultural Officer Ministry of Agriculture, Animal and Fisheries P.O. Box 102 ENTEBBE

Tel: 041 320 130/041320805 Fax: 041321773 E-mail: [email protected]

ZIMBABWE Mark J McGuire

UN-FAO Sub-regional office for Eastern and Southern Africa P O Box 3730 HARARE



Documents

IGAD Food Security Strategy 2005 - 2008 Food...IGAD Food Security Strategy 2005-2008 vii ABBREVIATIONS ACP African-Caribbean-Pacific ADB African Development Bank AKA Also known as