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13 D)EC EMBER 1963R

Georgedoit!"

Let him get youthe new Beckman

pHlelectrodecatalog

It's free.All it takes is a stamp

with which to mailyour request.

It describes 121different pH electrodes.

And all are availablefrom stock.

Send him for it today!

INSTRUMENTS, INC.

SCIENTIFIC AND PROCESSINSTRUMENTS DIVISIONFULLERTON, CALIFORNIA

INTERNATIONAL SUBSIDIARIES: GENEVA, SWITZERLAND;MUNICH, GERMANY; GLENROTHES, SCOTLAND; PARIS,.FRANCE; TOKYO, JAPAN; CAPETOWN, SOUTH AFRICA

1422

investigators wrking i.n .nonprofit. in-stitutions.- It would be disastrous werethis system to change.

MELVIN BLECHERDepartment of Biological Chemistry,School of Medicine, GeorgetownUniversity, Washington, D.C.

Your past editorials have alwaysstruck a strong sympathetic responsewith me. However, concerning your ef-fort of 25 October 1963, might I askthat you expand your arguments of thelast two paragraphs- into a full article.It is tempting to think that you mighttalk yourself out of some of this follyin considering more fully the possibleresults.

C. K. BIRDSALLDepartment of Engineering,University of California, Berkeley

. . . It is hard to separate prejudice foran -established institution and an estab-lished investigator from prejudice for aspecific proposal. Therefore, I proposethe following change.... The scientificportion and the budget of the proposalshould be easily separable from theidentity of the individual principal in-vestigator and the institution. . . . Thestudy sections can then first weigh thescientific merits of each individual pro-posal and budget. The identity of theprincipal investigator and the institutioncan then be matched up with the pro-posal. The investigator and the insti-tution can then be weighed. Some sim-ple formula can be worked out where-by these three separate categories canbe weighed together to yield an overallorder for the proposals....

ARTHUR M. WILSONDepartment of Chemistry,Emory University, Atlanta 22, Georgia

The Noble Gases

In an article entitled "Some predict-ed chemistry of group VIII elements;the aerogens" [J. Am. Chem. Soc. 85,2202 (1963)], R. M. Noyes suggeststhe generic name "aerogens" for theinert gases because the latter designa-tion has been made inappropriate bythe recent synthesis of many chemicalcompounds of these gases. He baseshis suggestion on an analogy with theterm halogens, which he translates as"formed [or derived] from the salt ofthe sea." This is an erroneous deriva-tion. "Halogen" means salt-forming orsalt-former and refers to the unique

property of the. elements in questionof forming salts directly with metals.The names oxygen, hydrogen, and ni-trogen likewise mean acid-, water-,and niter-former, respectively.The term "noble gases" is a very

good substitute for "inert gases." (i)This name already exists in Englishchemical literature, and its Germanand Dutch translation (Edelgas) is theonly word used in those languages forthe inert gases; in French, gaz nobleis a known substitute-name for gazinerte. (ii) These gases are "noble" inthe sense in which gold, for example,is a noble metal; that is, they reactonly in isolated cases. (iii) The term"noble gas structure" is frequentlyused, especially in physicochemicaltext books, to designate an electronicstructure with eight electrons in theouter shell (two in the K-shell), whichis found in the zero-group elements.

U. A. TH. BRINKMANFree University,Amsterdam, Netherlands

Virus and Pseudocowpox Disease

In the report by Moscovici et al. onthe isolation of a viral agent frompseudocowpox disease [Science 141,915 (1963)] there is a lack of evidencethat the virus, which was isolated intissue cultures and characterized byvarious techniques, is actually the caus-ative agent of the disease in question.It is evident that the new virus iscapable of producing various effects ingrowing cells of bovine origin and iscapable of surviving extensive passagethrough several generations in tissueculture, but these facts do not sub-stantiate the suggestion of the authorsthat "the isolate is the etiologic agentof the pseudocowpox syndrome." Theauthors refer to an earlier report,"Milker's nodules: isolation of a pox-virus from a human case" byFriedman-Kien, Rowe, and Banfield[Science 140, 1335 (1963)]. In thelatter account there is likewise no evi-dence that the new isolate can producepseudocowpox in cows or milker's nod-ules in man.With the development of tissue cul-

ture as an instrument for isolation andstudy of viruses, many agents havebeen discovered in various animal andplant sources in complete absence ofany disease or obvious pathologicchanges. Discovery of the virus familyin the human intestinal tract which

SCIENCE, VOL. 142

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Someday man will hang his hat on the moon

It may not be the hat pictured here. But it will beclose. For man's ancient dream of journeying to themoon is steadily nearing reality.

Bellcomm is busy planning this journey, evaluatingsystems needed for manned space flight there andback. If qualified, you might like to join the vanguardcreating this exciting expedition. There are rewardingopenings in the fields of physics, chemistry, engineer-

ing, psychology, mathematics, flight mechanics, com-puting and programming, propulsion, aerodynamicsand aeronautical engineering.

Bellcomm welcomes your resum6. Send it toMr. W. W. Braunwarth, Personnel Director, Bellcomm,Inc., Room 1118S, 1100 17th St., N. W., Washington 6,D. C. Bellcomm, newest company of the Bell System,is an equal opportunity employer.

t~\ BELLCOMM, INC.It A Bell Telephone System Company

QY,

~'ONE reference flask FOR MANY activ& ~1-ffa:sks.in' differential respirometry. No glassware,'cairan

necesaryDigital readout, directly inicoters, O5Olo~Gilson 'Me Elecbtroic Midleo,Ws

1426 SCIENCE, VOL. 142

AutomaticBackground Subtraction IN NEWTRI -CAR Be

SPECTROM ETERS

*0

**T

Background subtraction is an essential operation indata computations for most experiments involving themeasurement of radioactivity. Background must be

7< determined accurately, and subtracted from grosscounts in order to achieve meaningful results.

New 3000 and 4000 Series Tri-Carb Spectrometers per-form background subtraction automatically at the user'soption. This eliminates the work of manual subtrac-tion as part of the post count computations. Moreimportantly, it ensures the accuracy of the scaler ratiosWhich these instruments are capable of calculatingautomatically. In quench monitoring, for example, cal-

V ~ ~culation of scaler ratios using gross counts (back-ground not subtracted), can introduce significant

W'~' errors, even for samples with count rates as much as

a hundred times background.There are several methods of performing the automaticsubtraction of background. The one found to be mostaccurate at all count rates is electronic subtraction ofa statistically pre-determined background prior to eachcounting run. In new Tni-Garb Spectrometers, the user

simply dials into a four-digit register the background*~to be subtracted from each channel during the preset

time period. This method assures complete statisticalaccuracy, even on low activity samples and on theblanks used to monitor background in every experi-ment. An informative data sheet comparing alternate

* methods of background subtraction is available andwill be mailed on request.Automatic background subtraction is just one of manysignificant new features available in Packard Tri-CarbSpectrometers. Ask your Packard Sales Engineer forcomplete details, or write for Bulletin 1030.

P c3ckcd|I PACKARD INSTRUMENT COMPANY, INC.

BOX 428 - LA GRANGE, ILLINOIS * AREA CODE 312 ,485-6330

'IA)QSCIENCE, VOL. 142

1428

A

'Baker AnaI!zed'-lafalelewit,h integrity IImpurities often become a part of the crystal lat-tice of the dominant material. The yellow spheresin the representation of the structure of crystallinesodium chloride denote bromide as the impurity.

"s0AM Wto.' -mo

Specify 'Baker Analyzed' reagents on your nextorder for laboratory chemicals. When you do,you're assured of reagents manufacturedcompetently to the highest specifications ofpurity. We confirm the purity of every lot of reagentchemical we prepare and then put the actualanalytical data on the label.Check and compare the low level of impurities.Satisfy yourself that every 'Baker Analyzed' reagentis the finest available for your laboratory needs.Benefit from the latest innovations in safe

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and convenient packaging, too.

You get delivery of 'Baker Analyzed' reagents onthe date you specify from a near-by source ofsupply. Check the last page of this folder for a listof distributors in your area. Ask one of them fora copy of our latest "Specification Catalog andPrice List." Or you can obtain a copy by mailingthe coupon on the last page to us.

J.T. Baker Chemical Co. JBIerPhillipsburg, N.J.

In tne spectropnotomeiric 'BaKer Analyzecu soulum nyuruxicue,method for iron, the low level of sodium sulfate, and sulfuric acidiron impurities in such 'Baker are widely used in KjeldahlAnalyzed' reagents as digestions for the determination ofhydrochloric and nitric acids, nitrogen. These J. T. Bakerammonium hydroxide, and chemicals are produced andacetone instantly mark them as controlled for low content ofsuitable for use. nitrogen compounds and the actual

analytical value-to the decimal-is on the Baker label.

Well-balanced inventories of 'Baker Analyzed' reagents, laboratory equipment and apparatus are available in yourlocal area. You're assured of fast delivery and on the exact date you specify. You also benefit from the personal-ized service of a laboratory supply representative he's a good source of information on the latest laboratorychemicals and equipment, and he's experiencedin solving difficult or unusual problems. J.T.Baker Chemical CO.J.T.akrPhillipSbUrg, N.J.

EDMONTON, ALBERTACanadian Lab. Supplies, Ltd.10989 124th Street454-6514

OTTAWA, ONTARIOCanadian Lab. Supplies, Ltd.1300 Carling AvenuePA 9-5183

Cave & Co., Ltd.11146 86th StreetGRanite 7-8607

Van Waters & Rogersof Canada, Ltd.

10014 102A AvenueGArden 4-0718

MONTREAL, QUEBECCanadian Lab. Supplies, Ltd.Box 2090, Station St. LaurentRlverside 8-8773

TORONTO, ONTARIOCanadian Lab. Supplies, Ltd.80 Jutland RoadWest Toronto 18255-5501

Cave & Co., Ltd.P. 0. Box 96DownsviewCHerry 6-3131

VANCOUVER, B. C.Canadian Lab. Supplies, Ltd.1449 Hornby StreetMUtual 2-4291Cave & Co., Ltd.1050 West 6th AvenueREgent 1-6521Van Waters & Rogers

of Canada, Ltd.2625 Skeena StreetHEmlock 3-0521

WINNIPEG, MANITOBACanadian Lab. Supplies, Ltd.535 Marjorie StreetSt. JamesSP 4-1945

NAME__J. T. Baker Chemical Co. POSITION __Phillipsburg, N.J. COMPANY__Please send me a copy of "620 Spec- . ADDRESS DDRification Catalog and Price List."'

CITY STATE ZIP