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Syllabus 2015/2016!
1. Biology!During the course of biology the following subjects are covered!
The cell Cell divisions and cell cycles cellular transport Energy in a cell membrane transport !Molecular biology!Anabolism, Metabolism CatabolismDrawings molecules (glucose, ribose, saturated fatty acid, generalized amino acid) Water (hydrogen bonding, properties of water, hydrophilic and hydrophobic) Carbohydrates and lipids Proteins!!The chemistry of life DNA structure and replication Enzymes Cell respiration Transcription and translation TASKS – Practical exercise!!Photosynthesis!Cell respiration Photosynthesis !Genetics!Chromosomes genes, alleles and mutations Mendel's genetics and meiosis Theoretical genetics patterns of heredity genetic engineering and biotechnology population genetics!!Ecology and evolution!Communities and ecosystems the green house effect ecology and conservation community ecology ecosystems and biomes. Impact of humans on ecosystems conservation of biodiversity population ecology origin of life species and speciation HUMAN EVOLUTION – extended Phylogeny and systematics classification of organisms !Plant science!
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The biology id the plant cell plant structure and growth plant physiology.
Reproduction in plants seedless plants, seed-producing plants, transport in the xylem of plants, transport in the phloem of plants !Zoology Animal tissues antibody production and vaccination Movement!Chordates. Invertebrates Parasiology The kidney and osmoregulation Sexual reproduction!!Protist and Fungi Eukaryote Cells: Protists and Fungi Protist Characteristics Protist 1: Paramecium Protist 2: Ameoba Protist 3: Volvox and Algae Protist 4: Euglena Protist or Protozoans: 4 Basic Traits Algae Slime Molds Mold/Fungi Characteristics Cell structure Reproduction What makes pathogens dangerous?!!2. Human Anatomy!During the course of human anatomy the following subjects are covered!
The Axial Skeleton!An Introduction to the Axial Skeleton The Axial Skeleton The SkullThe Cranial Bones of the Skull!The Facial Bones of the Skull Foramina and Fissures of the Skull !Human Physiology Digestion and absorption Structure of the digestive system The blood system – extended !Neurons and synspses, hormones, homeostasis & reproduction!Neurons Myelinated nerve fibres action potentials Testosteron, Estrogen
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Menstrual cycle Leptin, Melatonin!Human health and physiology!Human nutrition and health Circulation system defences against infectious diseases and immunity!Gas exchange endocrine system and hormonal system stimulus & response Perception of stimuli innate and learned behaviour the nervous system and human brain support and locomotion!!Muscules and movement!The Muscular System Info About Muscles Three types of muscle Classification of Muscle Characteristics of Muscle Shapes of Muscles Cardiac Muscle!Types of Responses More Types of Movement!!HUMAN Reproduction
Male Reproductive System Female Reproductive System General Reproductive System Physiology of Sexual Intercourse Birth Control = Contraception Ovulation !Urinary system Urinary system anatomy Location and external anatomy of kidneys the nephron Histology of the nephron Renal corpuscle Kidney blood flow !The human brain!The structure and function of the brain Investigating brain function Functional magnetic resonance imaging
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Sympathetic and parasympathetic control The pupil reflex!Brain death Perception of pain!!Microbes and biotechnology. Neurobiology and behaviour!Microbiology organisms in industry bioinformatics medicine
Neutral development!Ethology neuropharmaceutology!
!!3. Chemistry!
During the course of chemistry the following subjects are covered!
Introduction to chemistry !
Brief history of chemistry, overview of the body of knowledge! Role of chemistry in science! Scientific units!!Atomic structure !
Atomic theory Elementary particles ( protons, neutrons, electrons) atoms, molecules and ions. A t o m i c n u m b e r , m a s s n u m b e r I s o t o p e s , a t o m i c w e i g h t a n d a t o m i c m a s s Electronic structure of atoms, Bohr’s model of the hydrogen atom Quantum numbers and orbitals, electron configuration, orbitals!! !Periodicity!Periodic table!Periodic trends ( atom’s and ion’s radia, electronegativity, chemical properties) !!Chemical bonding and structure !Ionic bonding and structure!Covalent ( non-polarised and polarised) bonding and structures!
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Metallic bonding !Intermolecular forces!Dot structures!Hybridization and hybrid orbitals – sp, sp2, sp3!
Molecular geometries!!Inorganic Chemistry !Oxides, acids, bases, salts- structure and naming, basic properties ( forming and reac-tions)!!Stoichiometric relationships !The mole concept and Avogadro’s constant!Chemical reaction. Balancing chemical equation, visually understanding balancing chemical equation!Calculations of chemical problems!!States and state change!Gases and kinetic molecular theory, ideal gas equation, partial pressure. !States of matter and intermolecular forces, specific heat, heat of fusion!Phase diagrams!Van der Waals forces, covalent network, metallic, ionic crystals!Vapor pressure ,boiling point elevation and freezing point depression!Change of state!!Energetics/thermochemistry !Thermodynamics. Internal energy!Measuring energy changes !Hess’s Law !Bond enthalpies!Entropy and spontaneity!!Chemical kinetics!Kinetics, collision theory!Reactions rates and rate laws. Relationship between reaction concentrations and time. !Rate expression !
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Activation energy, catalyst and inhibitor!!Equilibrium !Chemical equilibrium. Equilibrium constant. !Factors affecting chemical equilibrium!La Chatelier’s principle!Spectrophotometry!!Acids and bases !Theories of acids and bases!Properties of acids and bases !The pH scale, pH calculations! Strong and weak acids and bases !Acid deposition!pH of salt solution!
Redox processes
Oxidation state!Oxidation and reduction,!Mangane and chromium reactions!Electrochemical cells !!Organic chemistry Structure and bonding. Single bonds. Multiple bonds. Hybridization. Bond-line structures. !Aliphatic compounds: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, cyclic aliphatic structures!Types of organic reactions !Polymers!Aromatic compounds !Alcohols and ethers!Carboxylic acids !Esters !Stereochemistry. Chirality and absolute configuration. Optical activity. Diastere-omers. !Amines and amides!Aminoacids!
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Biomolecules: biopolymers (peptides, DNA, RNA, polysaccharides ), lipids, choles-terol.!Basic synthetic routes for complex organic molecules!! !!
4. Physics!During the course of physics the following subjects are covered!
!Mechanics!Concept of force. Examples of forces. Newton's Laws Forces and motion. Inertial and noninertial reference frames. Problems involving various forces in mechanics.
Forces, continued. Friction and air resistance. The concept of work. Momentum, energy and power. Conservation of momentum and conservation of energy. Center of mass. Collisions. !Vibrations and Waves
Vibrations and harmonic motion. Models: mass on a spring and simple pedulum. Energy in harmonic motion. Resonance. Waves on strings, waves in water, wave propagation. Sound waves. !Gravitation
Gravitation. Newton's law. Planets, Satellites and Kepler's Laws. Gravitational energy. Problems and test questions. !Statistics and Data Analysis
Introduction to data analysis: Measurement and measurement errors. Types of errors. Significant figures. Accuracy and precision. Examples. Error propagation. Probability basics. Distributions. Law of large numbers. !!
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Fluids and Gases
Fluids. Archimedes Principle. Pressure. Gases: real gases and ideal gases. Introduction to thermal physics. Temperature and heat. !Thermal Physics
Thermal physics: first law of thermodynamics. Heat engines. Refrigerators. Efficiency. Kinetic theory of gases. Second law of thermodynamics. Probability, fluctuations and entropy. !Electricity
Elecric charge and electric fields. Motion of charged particles in electric field. Electric current. Voltage. Capacitance and resistance. Conductivity. Electric properties of matter. !Magnetism
Magnetic fields. Sources of magnetic fields. Motion of charged particles in magnetic fields: Lorentz force. Magnetic properties of matter. !Electromagnetism
Electromagnetic waves. Light as an electromagnetic wave. Electromagnetic spectrum. Electromagnetic radiation. !Optics
Optics, introduction. Reflection and refraction. Mirrors and lenses. Optics, optical instruments: microscope, telescope. Aberrations. Vision and eye. Polarization. Interference. Diffraction. Diffraction gratings and spectroscopy. Resolution !Modern Physics
Introduction to modern physics. Relativity: elements of special theory of relativity. Time dilation. Length contraction.
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Mass and energy. Atomic structure of matter. Photons. Hydrogen atom and Bohr model.
Emission and absorption of light - photon electron interaction. Photoelectric effect. Wave particle duality. Uncertainty principle. Nuclear physics. Discovery of the atomic nucleus. Isotopes. Radioactivity. Half life of nuclear decay and radioactive decay law. Radiation doses. Nuclear energy: nuclear fission and nuclear fusion. Mass defect. Subnuclear world: elementary particles. Fundamental interactions: gravitational, electroweak and strong force Elements of astrophysics cosmology: Big Bang, expansion of the Universe, background radiation, star evolution and star energy. H-R diagram. Hubble law. ! !!5. Medical Terminology!!During the course of medical terminology the following subjects are covered!
Introduction to Medical Terminology!
Define the commonly used prefixes, word roots (combining forms), and suffixes introduced in this chapter. !
Pronounce medical terms correctly using the “sounds like” system. !
Recognize the importance of always spelling medical terms correctly. !
State why caution is important when using abbreviations. !
Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce the medical terms in this chapter. !
Roles of the three types of word parts in forming medical terms. !
!!!Human Body in Health and Disease!
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Define anatomy and physiology and use anatomic reference systems to identify the anatomic position, body planes, directions, and cavities. !
Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce the terms related to the abdominal cavity and peritoneum. !
Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce the terms related to the structure, function, pathology and procedures of cells, tissues, and glands. !
Define the terms associated with genetics including mutation, genetic engineering, and genetic counseling. !
Differentiate between genetic and congenital disorders and identify examples of each. !
Identify the body systems in terms of their major structures, functions, and related word parts. !
Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce the terms related to types of diseases and the modes of disease of transmission. !
!Skeletal System!
Identify and describe the major functions and structures of the skeletal system. !
Describe three types of joints. !
Differentiate between the axial and appendicular skeletons. !
Identify the medical specialists who treat disorders of the skeletal system. !
Recognize, define, spell and pronounce terms related to the pathology and diagnostic and treatment procedures of the skeletal system. !
!Muscular System!
Describe the functions and structures of the muscular system including muscle fibers, fas-cia, tendons, and the three types of muscles. !
Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce the terms related to muscle movements and how muscles are named. !
Recognize, define, pronounce, and spell the terms related to the pathology and diagnostic and treatment procedures of the muscular system. !
!Cardiovascular System!
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Describe the heart in terms of chambers, valves, blood flow, heartbeat, blood supply, and heart sounds. !
Differentiate among the three different types of blood vessels and describe the major func-tion of each. !
Identify the major components of blood and the major functions of each. !
State the difference between pulmonary and systemic circulation. !
Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce the terms related to the pathology, diagnostic and treatment procedures of the cardiovascular system. !
!Lymphatic and Immune System!
Describe the major functions and structures of the lymphatic and immune systems. !
Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce the major terms related to pathology and diagnostic and treatment procedures of the lymphatic and immune systems. !
Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce terms related to oncology. !
!Respiratory System!
Identify and describe the major structures and functions of the respiratory system. !
Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce terms related to the pathology and diagnostic and treatment procedures of the respiratory system. !
!Digestive System!
Identify and describe the major structures and functions of the digestive system. !
Describe the processes of digestion, absorption, and metabolism. !
Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce terms related to the pathology and diagnostic and treatment procedures of the digestive system. !
!Urinary System!
Describe the major functions of the urinary system. !
Name and describe the structures of the urinary system. !
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Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce terms related to the pathology and diagnostic and treatment procedures of the urinary system. !
!Nervous System!
Describe the functions and structures of the nervous system. !
Identify the major divisions of the nervous system and describe the structures of each by location and function. !
Identify the medical specialists who treat disorders of the nervous system. !
Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce terms related to the pathology and diagnostic and treatment procedures of the nervous system. !
Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce terms related to the pathology and diagnostic and treatment procedures of mental health disorders. !
!Special Senses - The Eyes & Ears!
Describe the functions and structures of the eyes and adnexa. !
Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce terms related to the pathology and diagnostic and treatment procedures of eye disorders. !
Describe the functions and structures of the ears. !
Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce terms related to the pathology and diagnostic and treatment procedures of ear disorders. !
!Skin - The Integumentary System!
Identify and describe the functions and structures of the integumentary system. !
Identify the medical specialists associated with the integumentary system. !
Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce the terms used to describe the pathology and di-agnostic and treatment procedures related to the skin. !
Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce terms used to describe the pathology and diag-nostic and treatment procedures related to hair, nails, and sebaceous glands. !
!Endocrine System!
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Describe the role of the hypothalamus and endocrine glands in maintaining homeostasis. !
Name and describe the functions of the primary hormones secreted by each of the en-docrine glands. !
Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce terms relating to the pathology and diagnostic and treatment procedures of the endocrine glands. !
!Reproductive System!
Identify and describe the major functions and structures of the male reproductive system. !
Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce the terms related to the pathology and diagnostic and treatment procedures of the male reproductive system. !
Identify and describe the major functions and structures of the female reproductive sys-tem. !
Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce the terms related to the pathology and diagnostic and treatment procedures of the female reproductive system. !
Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce the terms related to the pathology and diagnostic and treatment procedures of the female during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period. !
!Diagnostic Procedures and Pharmacology!
Describe the four vital signs recorded for most patients. !
Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce the terms associated with basic examination pro-cedures. !
Identify and describe the basic examination positions. !
Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce terms associated with frequently performed blood and urinalysis laboratory tests. !
Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce terms associated with radiography and other imaging techniques. !
Differentiate between projection and position and describe basic radiographic projections. !
Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce the pharmacology terms introduced in this chap-ter. !
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!
!Syllabus !
Human Physiology!!
!Theories and Perspectives in Human Physiology - Biochemistry, Enzymes and Metabolism!
! ! The linking of monomers, by glycosidic bonds, to build maltose, starch and glycogen !
! ! The general structure of amino acids !
! ! The formation of proteins, up to and including the quaternary structure !
! ! The general structure of lipids, and use of cholesterol !
! ! Practical food tests !
! ! The basic principles behind condensation and hydrolysis in building up polymers and breaking them down. !
! ! The theory of enzyme action !
! ! Lowering activational energy !
! ! The effects of temperature, pH, substrate and enzyme concentrations, and competitive inhibitors on enzyme activity !
! ! The role of glucose and ATP in metabolism !
! ! The metabolic processes involved in energy conversion, including glycolysis, Krebs’ cycle, oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondria.!
! ! Biochemistry of anaerobic respiration and oxygen debt. !
!!
Topics and Themes in Human Physiology - Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Gastro-intestinal Systems. !
! ! The anatomy and physiology of the cardio-vascular system and the mecha-nism of blood circulation !
! ! The origin and propagation of the cardiac impulse (ECG, cardiac output and cycle) !
! ! Control of blood pressure and the factors affecting cardiac output and BP !
! ! The composition and functions of blood !
! ! The transport of blood gases !
! ! The general structure of the lymphatic system, including tissue fluid and lymph !
! ! The anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system and its associated components !
! ! Mechanical breathing !
! ! Calculation of lung volumes !
! ! Gaseous exchange and the characteristics of a respiratory surface !
! ! The control of breathing / respiration and the importance of blood pH !
! ! Resuscitation !
! ! The anatomy and physiology of the gastro-intestinal tract and its associated components !
! ! The process of digestion and absorption, including the role of liver and pan-creas !
! ! The action of enzymes in the digestive process !
! ! The functional anatomy of the liver (carbohydrate, fat and protein me-tabolism only) !
! ! Protein deamination, ornithine cycle, transamination, liver / blood proteins and production of cholesterol (outline only). !
!Practical Skills in Human Physiology - Control and Co-ordination, Homeostasis and Reproduction.!
! ! The nerve cell and its ‘resting potential’ !
! ! The mechanism of transmission of an impulse !
! ! Action potential, saltatory conduction and synoptic transmissions !
! ! The structure of the CNS, PNS and ANS and their functions (including sym-pathetic and parasympathetic system) !
! ! The structure of the brain !
! ! Sensory and motor nerve pathways, spinal reflex arc !
! ! The endocrine system and hormonal control !
! ! The anterior pituitary, thyroid and adrenal glands !
! ! The action of ADH, insulin, glucagon, adrenaline !
! ! Positive and negative feedback mechanisms !
! ! Thermoregulation and the role of the skin (norm, hypo / hyperthermia) !
! ! Anatomy and physiology of the kidneys and the excretory system !
! ! The structure of a nephron !
! ! The processes of ultrafiltration, selective reabsorption, ADH, osmotic diuresis and diabetes insipidus !
! ! Electrolyte balance and ion exchange processes !
! ! The principles of meiosis !
! ! The male and female reproductive systems !
! ! Gametogenesis!
! ! Hormonal control of reproduction and conception, placenta and placental hormones !
! ! Childbirth!
! ! Circulatory changes at birth.
