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CTBT 2006.09.01 | Department of Water, Atmosphere and Environment | Institute of Meteorology
IMAGING THE ATMOSPHERE
Institute of Meteorology University of Natural Resources
and Applied Life SciencesVienna
Helga Kromp-Kolb
CTBT 2006.09.01 | Department of Water, Atmosphere and Environment | Institute of Meteorology
Wippermann, adapted
CTBT 2006.09.01 | Department of Water, Atmosphere and Environment | Institute of Meteorology
Pressure systems, fronts, ....
CTBT 2006.09.01 | Department of Water, Atmosphere and Environment | Institute of Meteorology
Crimean War triggers weather forecasts in France
Crimean War1853-1856
Russia Turkey, supported by France, G. Britainand Sardinia
Allied fleet heavilydamaged by storm, Leverrier asked to check predictabilityReconstructed by Landsberg
CTBT 2006.09.01 | Department of Water, Atmosphere and Environment | Institute of Meteorology
World Meteorological Organisation (WMO)
• 1853: First International Meteorological Conference (Brussels)
• 1873: WMO’s predecessor, the International Meteorological
Organization (IMO) established • 1947: WMO Convention agreed unanimously by
Conference of Directors (Washington, DC)
• 1950: WMO’s Convention entered into force on 23 March• 1951: WMO became a specialized agency of the United
Nations
CTBT 2006.09.01 | Department of Water, Atmosphere and Environment | Institute of Meteorology
Synoptic data coverage
Ground stations
ZAMG 2001
CTBT 2006.09.01 | Department of Water, Atmosphere and Environment | Institute of Meteorology
Upper air sounding
ZAMG 2001
CTBT 2006.09.01 | Department of Water, Atmosphere and Environment | Institute of Meteorology
Satellites open new perspectives
CTBT 2006.09.01 | Department of Water, Atmosphere and Environment | Institute of Meteorology
The observational network5 000 weather
stations
600 atmosphere-sounding stations
2 000 ships & buoys
600 air craft
4 polar orbiting &5 geostationary
satellites
Thousands of hydrological stations
CTBT 2006.09.01 | Department of Water, Atmosphere and Environment | Institute of Meteorology
Computers in meteorology
ENIAC at Princeton
1956 ENIAC:18.000 vacuum tubes30 tons, 50m2
2006:Two IBM cluster system 1600 systems
CTBT 2006.09.01 | Department of Water, Atmosphere and Environment | Institute of Meteorology
Chernobyl Plume 1986
Courtesy P. Seibert
CTBT 2006.09.01 | Department of Water, Atmosphere and Environment | Institute of Meteorology
CTBT Global Network
Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty:
... global verification regime to monitor compliance with Treaty provisions ....
CTBT 2006.09.01 | Department of Water, Atmosphere and Environment | Institute of Meteorology
International Monitoring System (IMS)
• 321 stations and 16 radionuclide labs to register shock waves and detect radioactive debris in the atmosphere
• 4 complementary techniques– Seismic stations (underground)– Hydroaccoustic stations (underwater)– Infrasound stations (atmosphere)– Radionuclide stations (atmosphere)
CTBT 2006.09.01 | Department of Water, Atmosphere and Environment | Institute of Meteorology
IMS is unique (1)
• All stations in one hand, based on one concept
• Station siting chosen with a view of global monitoring, including remote, inaccessible sites
• All stations certified and quality controlled
CTBT 2006.09.01 | Department of Water, Atmosphere and Environment | Institute of Meteorology
IMS is unique (2)
• Combination of data selected to optimise verification
• Data set partly unique• International cooperation in
development of methodologies for monitoring as well as data interpretation
CTBT 2006.09.01 | Department of Water, Atmosphere and Environment | Institute of Meteorology
International Data Centre• Global Communication Infrastructure
– Redundancy, high availability• Specific data interpretation methods needed
for verification „from the outside“:– Sensitive detection of signal– Reliable identification of event– Precise localisation of event– Correct attribution to perpetrator
CTBT 2006.09.01 | Department of Water, Atmosphere and Environment | Institute of Meteorology
Infrasound sources (Very-low-frequency sound waves)
• Atmospheric explosions (nuclear and chemical)• Meteorites, Aurora• Explosive volcanoes, earthquakes• Meteorological events (severe storm systems,
air/ocean waves,...)• Rocket launches, re-entering space debris• Aircraft, helicopters• City hum• ............
CTBT 2006.09.01 | Department of Water, Atmosphere and Environment | Institute of Meteorology
Influences on propagation
• Vertical thermal structure of the atmosphere
• Wind (direction, speed, shear, divergence,...)
• Turbulence• Topography, structures, .....
CTBT 2006.09.01 | Department of Water, Atmosphere and Environment | Institute of Meteorology
Scientific applicationsas global data set becomes available• Enhancing understanding of known
phenomena like:– Severe storm systems– Storm monitoring and tracking– Mountain waves– Microbaroms
• Discovery of new phenomena
CTBT 2006.09.01 | Department of Water, Atmosphere and Environment | Institute of Meteorology
Desaster relief
• Improved early warnings for– Volcanic explosions– Disasterous chemical explosions– Tropical cyclones– Tidal waves– .......
CTBT 2006.09.01 | Department of Water, Atmosphere and Environment | Institute of Meteorology
Radionuclide network & labs• 80 stations with air samplers• 16 radionuclide laboratories
– Particulates (treaty-relevant nuclides; natural nuclides, ....)
– Noble gases (xenon isotopes,...)
• Fingerprint of nuclides determines next step
CTBT 2006.09.01 | Department of Water, Atmosphere and Environment | Institute of Meteorology
Inverse modelling
• Where does the air come from that is sampled in a radionuclide station? („fieldof regard“, source-receptor relationships)
• Given the ensemble of measurements (detections and non-detections), where is a likely source of anomalous nuclides?
CTBT 2006.09.01 | Department of Water, Atmosphere and Environment | Institute of Meteorology
ETEXSimulation over 84 hrs
Colours of circlesdepict measuredvalues of SF6 –surfaceconcentrations, coloured areas model results.
Courtesy A. Stohl
CTBT 2006.09.01 | Department of Water, Atmosphere and Environment | Institute of Meteorology
ETEX Experiment: Inverse Modelling
true source
Truesource
Calculated source region
CTBT 2006.09.01 | Department of Water, Atmosphere and Environment | Institute of Meteorology
Field of regard for a sample station with signal
CTBT 2006.09.01 | Department of Water, Atmosphere and Environment | Institute of Meteorology
Field of regard for a sample station without signal
CTBT 2006.09.01 | Department of Water, Atmosphere and Environment | Institute of Meteorology
CTBTO-WMO Experiment 2004
CTBT 2006.09.01 | Department of Water, Atmosphere and Environment | Institute of Meteorology
Costfunction
First-guess solution Improved analysis
CTBTO-WMO Experiment 2004
source
CTBT 2006.09.01 | Department of Water, Atmosphere and Environment | Institute of Meteorology
– Background activity levels– Atmospheric dispersion (tracer studies)– Air mass movements– .............
Scientific applicationsas global data set becomes available
CTBT 2006.09.01 | Department of Water, Atmosphere and Environment | Institute of Meteorology
Synergies with Science
CTBT Verification
Scientific Community
CTBT-IMS
CTBT- IDC
WMO
ECMWF
CTBT 2006.09.01 | Department of Water, Atmosphere and Environment | Institute of Meteorology
University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna
Department of Water, Atmosphere and EnvironmentInstitute of Meteorology
Univ. Prof. Dr. Helga Kromp-Kolb
Peter Jordanstraße 82, A-1190 WienTel.: +43 1 47654 - 5600, Fax: +43 1 47654 - [email protected] , www.boku.ac.at
Thank you for your attention!
