Impact Properties of Natural Fiber Hybrid Reinforced

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IMPACT PROPERTIES OF NATURAL FIBER HYBRID REINFORCED

EPOXY COMPOSITES

Mohammad Jawaid1, a

, H.P.S. Abdul Khalil1, b

, A.H.Bhat1, c

and A. Abu Baker 2, d

1 School of Indutrial !echnolo"#, $ni%eriti Sain Mala#ia, 11&'' Penan",

Mala#ia

2 School of Material and Mineral (eource )n"ineerin", $ni%eriti Sain Mala#ia, 1*+'' ibon"

!ebal, Penan", Mala#iaa -awaidmd/#ahoo.com, bakhalilh0/"mail.com, cbhataamir/"mail.com and

daha/en".um.m#

Key words Im0act tren"th, h#brid com0oite, 3il 0alm, )0o4#.

Abstract

The hybrid composites were fabricated by taking cheaply available empty fruit bunch fibers and

jute fibers trilayers as reinforcement in epoxy matrix using simple hand lay-up-technique. Thermal,

mechanical and morphological properties were characterized. The notched izod impact strength of

most hybrids increased with respect to the virgin matrix. The laminates coupled with -!ydoxy

ethyl acrylate "!#$% showed better impact properties than the one without coupling agent. The

addition of fibers and coupling agent considerably improved the thermal stability "i.e.,

decomposition and residue content% of the hybrids. The thermal properties measured by

thermogravimetric analysis "T&$% showed that fibres and coupling agents improved thermal

properties. The impact fractured composite specimens were analyzed using field emission scanning

electron microscopy "'#(#)% to know the morphological behaviour.

1. Introduction

The study of filled plastic composites has stimulated immense interest in meeting the future

shortage of plastic materials *+. n fact, synthetic fibres such as nylon, rayon, aramid, glass, coir,

polyester and carbon are extensively used for the reinforcement of plastics *+-. evertheless, these

materials are expensive and are non-renewable resources. /ecause of the uncertainties prevailing in

the supply and price of petroleum based products, there is very need to use the naturallyoccurring alternatives. n many parts of the world, besides the agricultural purposes, different parts of

plants and fruits of many crops have been found to be viable sources of raw material for industrial

Advanced Materials Research Vols. 26 4-265 (2011) pp 6 88-693Online available since 2011/Jun/30 at www.scientific.net © (2011) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.264-265.688

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purpose. n recent years, polymer composites containing vegetable fibres have received

considerable attention both in the literature and in industry. )any of the plant fibres such as coir,

sisal, jute, banana, palmyra, pineapple, hemp, etc. find applications as a resource for industrial

materials *0-1. (ince natural fibres are strong, light in weight, abundant, non-abrasive, non-

hazardous and inexpensive, they can serve as an excellent reinforcing agent for plastics.

n the case of polymer composites, hybrid composites are the systems in which one kind of

reinforcing material is incorporated in a mixture of different matrices "blends% or two or more

reinforcing and filling materials are present in a single matrix *2-3. $lso, both approaches are

combined. The incorporation of two or more natural fibres into a single matrix has led to

development of hybrid composites. The behaviour of hybrid composites is a weighed sum of the

individual components in which there is more favourable balance between the inherent advantages

and disadvantages. 4enkata et al. *5 studied the impact strength of natural hybrid composites and

they observed positive hybrid effect in impact strength.

6resent study, development of high performance natural fiber hybrid epoxy composites, using

jute and oil palm fibers as reinforcements, to be used for aeroplane parts, automobile parts,

window clad, door7shutters, table top, ceiling etc.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1 Materials

8il palm empty fruit bunch fiber mat were supplied by #cofibre Technology (dn. /hd., )alaysia.

9ute fiber mat was procured from ndarsen (hamlal 6vt :td., ;olkata, ndia. The #poxy resin and

#poxy hardener $ <2 was supplied by =arm (cientific > (upplies (dn. /hd. /enzyl alcohol and

-!ydoxy ethyl acrylate "?2@% was also supplied by $ldrich Aompany.

2.2 Experimental Methods

2.2.1 Preparation of Hybrid Composites

The chopped fiber mat of jute "9% and oil palm empty fruit bunches "#'/% fiber were used in

preparation of hybrid composites. The epoxy resin used in this research is a general purpose liquid

resin, clear epoxy resin which is based on diglycidyl ether of /isphenol $ and structure of

diglycidyl ether of /isphenol $ is shown in 'ig.+. #'/ fibre mat and 9ute fiber mat were stacked

together with the layer of jute fiber mat sandwiched in between the layer of #'/ fiber mat and vice

versa in mold. The jute7#'/ is +BC and fibre7matrix ratio is C<B2< maintain during board

preparation. $ neat epoxy matrix "unfilled% sample was prepared and epoxy resin with -hydoxyl

ethyl acrylate with jute and #'/ fiber mat samples were also prepared.

Advanced Materials Research Vols. 264-265 689





n

8 5

A!0

5H+

8 5HA!8 A!A!c

A!0

A!0

85H A!5H2

3

A!

8!

5H2

3

'ig. +B Diglycidyl #ther of /isphenol $

3. Mechanical estin!

3.1 Impact test "A#M $ 2%&'

The impact test samples with a dimension of 3<mm x +1mm x +<mm dimension were cut. n

each type, five identical samples were tested at ambient condition according to $(T) D 12

specification, and their average load at first deformation was noted and tabulated average value as

impact strength.

3.2 hermo(!ra)imetric analysis "*A'

Thermograms of hybrid composites were obtained by using the 6erkin #lmer T&$-2 instrument

with a heating rate of <oA7min at a temperature range of 1 to ?<<o A. $ll T&$ runs were

performed under a nitrogen purge.

3.3 #cannin! Electron Microscopy "#EM'

$ scanning electron microscope ":eo (upra, 1< 46, Aarl =iess, ()T, &ermany% was used to

analyse the morphological images of the hybrid composites. The (#) micrographs were obtained

under conventional secondary electron imaging conditions with an acceleration voltage of 1 ;4.

+. ,esults and $iscussion

The impact strength values of the 9ute7#'/ hybrid composites are presented in 'ig. . 'rom 'ig.,

it can be seen that when #'/79ute7#'/ and 9ute7#'/79ute hybrid composite was used without

coupling agent in the composites, the impact strength is found to be +1 k97m and 2.C k97m

respectively. /ut when -hydroxy ethyl acrylate was used as the coupling agents "A$%, this value

is increased to +?.C3 k97m "0<@ improvement% and 3.0 k97m "+1@ improvement% respectively.

The maximum impact strength is observed for hybrid composite having #'/ fibre mat as face and

jute fibre mat as core viz, #'/79ute7#'/ with coupling agent. The impact strength of jute7#'/

hybrid epoxy composite is lower when compare with glass7#'/ hybrid polyester composite *?. n

#'/79ute7#'/ hybrid composite with coupling agent, the impact strength was found to be much

higher "+?.C3 k97m

% than 9ute7#'/79ute hybrid composite with and without coupling agents asclear from 'igure . This may be due to the high interfacial bonding between the fibre and the

matrix.

690 Advances in Materials and Processing Technologies II





Im0act Stren"th of Jute6)7B fiber h#brid 5om0oite

'

8

1'

18

2'

28

)7B6-ute6)7B )7B6-ute6)7Bwith 5A

Jute6)7B6Jute Jute6)7B6Jutewith 5A

Matri4

I m 0 a c t S t r e n " t h 9 K J 6 m 2 :

'ig. B mpact (trength of atural 'iber hybrid epoxy composites and effect of coupling agent.

+.1 -ield Emission #cannin! Electron Microscopy "-E#EM'

'ig.0 presents field emission scanning electron micrographs of fracture surfaces of the laminates

broken during impact test.

$ /

A D

'ig.0B (#) micrographs of "$% #'/79ute7#'/ Aomp "/% #'/797#'/ Aomp with A$ "A%

9ute7#'/79ute Aomp "D% 9ute7#'/79ute Aomp with A$






n the case of the laminate with #'/79ute7#'/ combination "'igure 0 $% the fibers are debonded

from the matrix. This observation indicates poor adhesion between the fibers and the epoxy matrix,

while in case of #'/79ute7#'/ with A$ "'igure /% it can be clearly seen that some of the matrix

elements are present at the surface of fibres. The presence of matrix at the surface of the fibers may

be due to the crosslinking reaction of !#$ with the fibers, thereby enhancing the interfacial

adhesion between the fibers and the matrix. 9ute7#'/79ute composite laminate "'igure 0A%, the

fractured surface show poor fibre7matrix interaction compare to 9ute7#'/79ute with A$ "'igure 0D%

appeared rough with better adhesion between the fibers and the epoxy matrix as compared to the

laminate without A$.

+.2 hermo!ra)imetric Analysis

'rom the thermograms "'ig.C%, it was found that all the samples undergone two-step degradation

processes. The first stage thermal degradation process occurred in the temperature range of 0+E05

oA and is due to the decomposition of the cellulosic and hemicellulosic components of the natural

fiber in the composites. The second stage degradation occurred in the temperature range of 0C2EC03

oA and may be due to the complete decomposition of fibre and matrix.

'ig. CB T&$ thermograms of "$% #'/ 'iber "/% 9ute 'iber "A% #'/79ute7#'/ comp with A$ "D%

9ute7#'/79ute Aomp with A$ "#% 9ute7#'/79ute Aomp "'% )atrix

Fith the combination of #'/79ute7#'/ and coupling agent, the final decomposition temperature

and ash content of the composite shifted slightly towards higher temperature range than that of

matrix and other composites. This could be attributed to the higher content of lignin present in the

#'/ fibres "+?@% than jute fibers.

' 2'' *'' ;'' &'' 1'''

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2'

*'

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&'

1''

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692 Advances in Materials and Processing Technologies II





%. Conclusions

The impact properties show good enhancement in case of #'/79ute7#'/ type of laminate as

compared to 9ute7#'/79ute with coupling agent respectively. The thermal stability of pristine

polymer enhanced after the incorporation of fibre mats. t can be attributed to the designing of

layers and formation of crosslinked polymer network in the composites.

&. Acno/led!ements

The researchers would like to thank the Gniversiti (ains )alaysia, 6enang for providing the G()

fellowship and research grant +<<+76T#;D75C+<< that has made this work possible.

0. ,eferences

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Advances in Materials and Processing Technologies II

doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.264-265

Impact Properties of Natural Fiber Hybrid Reinforced Epoxy Composites

doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.264-265.688



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Impact Properties of Natural Fiber Hybrid Reinforced