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The Sui Dynasty (519-618 AD)
• Sui Wen-ti (dies 605 AD): Founder, Chinese-Turkic General
• Yang-ti (605-618 AD)– Restores Confucianism– Loses Nomad Support– Defeat by Nomads and Korea– Peasants and Generals Rise
Tang Dynasty (618-907 AD)
• Centralized Government: Military Affairs, Censorate, Council of State
• Centralized Land: Emperor owns all land; land users owe labor and grain taxes. Nobles embezzle land
• Confucian system but Noble dominance
Wu Zhao (626-ca 706 AD)
• Originally a concubine to Emperor Taizong• Then marries his heir, Emperor Gaozong
(649-683 AD)• He has a stroke (660 AD); she takes over• Emperor Ruizong (683-90)--Her Son, she
Rules Over Him• Founds own ‘Zhou’ dynasty after she tires of
him, rules in own name (690-705 AD)
Emperor Xuan Zong (713-756 AD)
• Census + Canal
• Rules from Chang’an– 30 square miles– over 1 million people– Largest city on Earth in 8th century
Tang Imperialism
• War on Nomads
• Nomad vs. Nomad
• Defensive Fortifications
• Tributary States– Absorbed Chinese Culture
• Country collapses in last decades due to warlords
Tang Culture
• Secular vs. Buddhists
• Golden Age of Buddhism / Tiantai Sect– Maitreya Devotion--Buddha of Future– Pure Land Buddhism– Zen Buddhism
• Secular Confucian Scholars– Li Bo (701-762 AD): BEER!!!!!– Du Fu (712-770 AD): Life = PAIN
Song Dynasty
• Agricultural Revolution– Aristocrats in Decline– New Methods and Crops
• Better Rice
• Fertilizers
• Tea and Cotton
– Rise of District Magistrates– Rise of Scholar Gentry
Commercial Revolution of the Song
• Emergence of the Yangzi Basin
• New Technologies:– Coal and Iron-Smelting– Printing with Carved Blocks and Seals– Abacus– Gunpowder– Textiles– Porcelains
Commercial Revolution of the Song
• Rise of Money (copper and Silver)
• Rising Trade
• Vastly Growing Cities
• Trade is Regional, some international
Aristocracy to Autocracy
• Growing Central Power
• Triple Tang Revenues
• Aristocracy Fading
• Rising Examination System– Rising Scholar Gentry
Song Culture
• Philosophy:– Zhu Xi (1130-1200 AD) and Neo-Confucianism
• Poetry– Su Dungpo (1037-1101): Poet and Official
• 2700 Poems, 800 Letters
• Tang and Lyric styles
• Painting and Calligraphy; No Room For Error
The Mongol World Empire (13th-14th Century AD)
• Mongols = 3.5 million Horse Nomad Polytheists
• Temujin -- Genghis Khan (1167-1227 AD)– Unites Mongol Tribes– Organizes by 10 / 100 / 1000– Recruits Specialists From Conquests– Religiously Tolerant
The Khanates
• Empire of the Great Khan - Ögedei Khan
• Mongol homeland (present day Mongolia, including Karakorum) - Tolui Khan
• Chagatai Khanate - Chagatai Khan, (Central Asia and northern Iran)
• Khanate of the Golden Horde (Russian Steppes)
Mongol Rule in China
• Beijing -- 1227 AD
• 1241--North all taken
• Kublai Khan (1260-1294 AD)– 1271--Yuan Dynasty Proclaimed
• Bureaucracy or Horse Pasture?
• 400,000 Mongols in China– Mongols form upper ruling class
Foreign Contacts and China
• Mongols are Cosmopolitan
• Marco Polo?: Il Milione / The Travels of Marco Polo
• Religious Contacts
• Conservatism of the Chinese
• Yuan Era Opera and Drama