IMPERIALISM1890’S-1900’S

FOCUS ON SPANISH AMERICAN WAR, TR , TAFT AND WW

KEY INFLUENCES

1-Missionaries Rev. Josiah Strong— “Our Country: It’s

Possible Future and Present Crisis”—missionary work

American MissionariesIn China, 1905

Social Darwinism

White Man’s Burden

Hierarchy of Race

Commercial/Business Interests

US Foreign Investments1869-1908

American Frontier-Closed

FrederickJacksonTurner’sFrontierThesis--

Alfred Mahan-”Influence of Sea Power”

PROBLEMS IN CUBA

1895-REVOLT VS. SPANISH GOV’T “SCORCHED EARTH” POLICY BUTCHER WEYLER—

Reconcentration Camps

Yellow Journalism

Pulitzer & Hearst

Hearst to Frederick Remington:Hearst to Frederick Remington: You furnish the pictures,You furnish the pictures, and I’ll furnish the war! and I’ll furnish the war!

Feb. 9th 1898De Lome Letter

Private letter by Spanish Ambassador to US

McKinley is “weak”

**popular opinion=war

**business---no war

Teddy Roosevelt

Assistant Secretary of Assistant Secretary of the Navy in the the Navy in the McKinley McKinley administration.administration.

Imperialist and Imperialist and American nationalist.American nationalist.

Criticized PresidentCriticized PresidentMcKinley as McKinley as having the having the backbone of a backbone of a chocolate éclair!chocolate éclair!

Resigns his position to Resigns his position to fight in Cuba.fight in Cuba.

THE US INVOLVED IN CUBA

USS Maine sent to evacuate Americans out of Havana

-Feb. 15th 1898---Maine blew up in Havana Harbor

blame???

Remember the MaineRemember the Maineand to Hell with Spain!and to Hell with Spain!

Funerals for Victims

SPANISH AMERICAN WAR

Spain orders warships to Cuba Admiral Cervera—blockaded by American fleet

in Santiago harbor US forces unprepared—malaria, yellow fever &

typhoid; food & clothes Disorganized Fighting

El Caney—July 1st

San Juan Hill Spanish troops outnumbered and outgunned

August 12, 1898---armistice—5000 die of disease

only 400 men die from war injuries

The Spanish-American War (1898):The Spanish-American War (1898):“That Splendid Little War”“That Splendid Little War”

(John Hay-Sec. of State)(John Hay-Sec. of State)

Rough Riders

To The Victor Go The Spoils!US takes Philippines

Dewey captures Manila!

PROBLEMS IN THE PHILIPPINES

1-ADMIRAL DEWEY IN HONG KONG TOLD TO TAKE PHIL IF US DECLARES

WAR ON SPAIN 2-MAY 1898—DEWEY DESTROYS

SPANISH FLEET 3-AUGUST 1898-MANILA

SURRENDERS

Emilio Aguinaldo-Freedom Fighter

Philippine Independence-1946

US “Sphere of Influence”

Treaty of Paris, 1898

Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.Cuba was freed from Spanish rule. Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the

island ofisland ofGuam.Guam.

The U. S. paid SpainThe U. S. paid Spain$20 mil. for the$20 mil. for thePhilippines.Philippines.

The U. S. becomesThe U. S. becomesan imperial power!an imperial power!

KEY ACTS

1-TELLER AMENDMENT WITHDRAW BY 1902—give Cubans

freedom after the war 2-PLATT AMENDMENT 1901 US CAN INTERVENE CUBA DEVELOPS CONSTITUTION NAVAL BASE

ANTI-IMPERIALIST LEAGUE

Mark Twain, William James, Samuel Gompers, Andrew Carnegie, WJ Bryan

Dislike imperialism; conflict Argument

Too much despotism (colonialism) Vs Trade/Profits/Natural resources

Journal: Should the Constitution follow the flag?

TR AS PRESIDENT

1-PANAMA CANAL 1850 1850 Clayton-BulwerClayton-Bulwer

Treaty Treaty.. 1901 1901 Hay-PaunceforteHay-Paunceforte

Treaty Treaty. . Philippe Bunau-Varilla,Philippe Bunau-Varilla,

agent provocateur.agent provocateur. Dr. Walter Reed.Dr. Walter Reed. 1903 1903 Hay-Bunau-Hay-Bunau-

Varilla Treaty Varilla Treaty

TR

“Encourages” a Panamian Revolution Prevents Columbian forces entering area Pushes for independence

Panama CanalTR in PanamaConstruction starts in 1904

Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine 1905Chronic wrongdoing… may Chronic wrongdoing… may

in America, as elsewhere, in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require ultimately require intervention by some intervention by some civilized nation, and in the civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United adherence of the United States to the Monroe States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the Doctrine may force the United States, however United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing cases of such wrongdoing or impotence, to the or impotence, to the exercise of an exercise of an international police international police powerpower .

“Speak Softly But Carry a Big Stick”

Constable of the WorldConstable of the WorldConstable of the WorldConstable of the World

TR continued

*continued occupation of Philippines

After (US-Phil War 1899+)

Aguinaldo fought US

4-Russo-Japanese War 1904 Portsmouth Treaty

Nobel Peace Prize

For TR

Yellow Peril

Problems in California

Gentlemen’s Agreement

Root-Takihira Agreement

Great White Fleet 1907

End of TR’s Presidency . . . . .

JOURNAL: What is TR’s Legacy? Does he belong on Mt. Rushmore?

Taft as President“Dollar Diplomacy”

1-Improve financial1-Improve financialopportunities for American businesses.opportunities for American businesses.2-Use private capital to2-Use private capital tofurther U. S. interestsfurther U. S. interestsoverseas.overseas.3- the U.S. should create stability and 3- the U.S. should create stability and order abroad that would best promote order abroad that would best promote America’s commercial interests.America’s commercial interests.

Wilson as President“Moral Diplomacy”

**The U. S. shouldThe U. S. shouldbe the consciencebe the conscienceof the world.of the world.

*Spread democracy.*Spread democracy.

*Promote peace.*Promote peace.

*Condemn *Condemn colonialismcolonialism

1st Actions of Wilson

1-repeal Panama Canal Tolls Act 2-Jones Act 1916 3- Haiti Civil War 1915 4-Problems in Dom. Republic 5-US buys Virgin Islands from Denmark

1917

Mexican Revolution 1910

Huerta seizes control of Mexico Huerta seizes control of Mexico

Should US send troops to protect US Business?Should US send troops to protect US Business? Carranza, Pancho Villa & Emiliano Carranza, Pancho Villa & Emiliano

Zapata fought against Huerta.Zapata fought against Huerta. The U.S. also got involved by occupying The U.S. also got involved by occupying

VeracruzVeracruz Problems with US sailors in Tampico 1914Problems with US sailors in Tampico 1914 Carranza would gain power in Carranza would gain power in

Mexico after Huerta’s gov’t collapsesMexico after Huerta’s gov’t collapses Wilson sends Gen. Pershing to fight Villa as he attacks

along US/Mexican Border

Zapata

Pancho Villa

U. S. Interventions in U. S. Interventions in Latin America: 1898-1920sLatin America: 1898-1920s