Improved livelihoods for smallholder farmers LIVELIHOOD ... · COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS.....2 2.3 IDENTIFICATION OF AWM INVESTMENT POTENTIALS ... Production of Major Crops in Volta

Improved livelihoods for smallholder farmers

A tool for planning agricultural water management investments

LIVELIHOOD ZONES ANALYSIS

Ghana

Prepared by Prof. Saa Dittoh in consultation with FAO, 2010

About this report The AgWater Solutions Project aimed at designing agricultural water management (AWM) strategies for smallholder farmers in sub Saharan Africa and in India. The project was managed by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) and operated jointly with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), the Stockholm Environmental Institute (SEI) and International Development Enterprise (IDE). It was implemented in Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Ghana, Tanzania, Zambia and in the States of Madhya Pradesh and West Bengal in India. Several studies have highlighted the potential of AWM for poverty alleviation. In practice, however, adoption rates of AWM solutions remain low, and where adoption has taken place locally, programmes aimed at disseminating these solutions often remain a challenge. The overall goal of the project was to stimulate and support successful pro-poor, gender-equitable AWM investments, policies and implementation strategies through concrete, evidence-based knowledge and decision-making tools. The project has examined AWM interventions at the farm, community, watershed, and national levels. It has analyzed opportunities and constraints of a number of small-scale AWM interventions in several pilot research sites across the different project countries, and assessed their potential in different agro-climatic, socio-economic and political contexts. This report was prepared as part of the efforts to assess the potential for AWM solutions at national level. The livelihood zones analysis divides the country in a series of areas where rural people share relatively homogeneous living conditions on the basis of a combination of biophysical and socio-economic determinants. It describes the main sources of livelihood of rural populations (by category of people), their natural resources base, potential and key constraints to development. It analyses the relation between people and water and helps understanding to what extent and how water can be a factor for development.

Contents

ABBREVIATIONSANDACRONYMS .................................................................................................................... III

1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 1

2. METHODOLOGYOFASSIGNMENT ................................................................................................ 12.1 LIVELIHOODZONESMAPPING ............................................................................................................. 2

2.2 DATACOLLECTIONANDANALYSIS ........................................................................................................ 22.3 IDENTIFICATIONOFAWMINVESTMENTPOTENTIALS .............................................................................. 2

3. RESULTSOFLIVELIHOODMAPPINGEXERCISEANDDESCRIPTIONOFLIVELIHOODZONES ............. 2

3.1 RESULTSOFLIVELIHOODMAPPINGEXERCISE ......................................................................................... 23.2 DESCRIPTIONANDARABLECROPPROFILINGOFLIVELIHOODZONES............................................................ 3

Populationandlandarea .................................................................................................................... 3

CharacteristicsofLivelihoodZonesandMajorFoodCropsProducedintheZones ............................ 73.3 TREECROPSINLIVELIHOODZONES..................................................................................................... 173.4 LIVESTOCKPRODUCTIONINLIVELIHOODZONES.................................................................................... 18

3.5 FISHPRODUCTIONINLIVELIHOODZONES ............................................................................................ 21

4. AGRICULTURALWATERMANAGEMENT(AWM)INVESTMENTPOTENTIALS ................................ 224.1 IDENTIFICATIONOFAGRICULTURALWATERMANAGEMENTSOLUTIONS..................................................... 22

4.2 AWMINVESTMENTPOTENTIALSINLIVELIHOODZONES......................................................................... 23REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................................. 26ANNEXES .................................................................................................................................................. 27

ANNEX1–DISTRICTSANDPARTSOFDISTRICTSTHATCONSTITUTELIVELIHOODZONES...................... 27ANNEX2–GHANALIVELIHOODSMAP(ATTACHED) .................................................................................. 29ANNEX3–GHANALIVELIHOODSMAPSUPERIMPOSEDONDISTRICTS’MAP(ATTACHED)....................... 30

ANNEX4–LIVELIHOODMAPPINGWORKSHOPREPORT....................................................................... 311. Activitiesleadingtolivelihoodsmapping................................................................................... 312. Thelivelihoodmappingexercise ................................................................................................ 31

3. Workinggroupsdiscussionson‘PromisingAWMSolutionsintheDifferentLivelihoodZones’. 34ANNEX5–LIVELIHOODZONESATTRIBUTESTABLE–NENERALCHARACTERISTICS....................................... 46ANNEX6–LIVELIHOODZONESATTRIBUTESTABLE–NOCIOECONOMICCHARACTERISTICS1 ......................... 47

ANNEX7–LIVELIHOODZONESATTRIBUTESTABLE–NOCIOECONOMICCHARACTERISTICS2 ......................... 49ANNEX8–LIVELIHOODZONESATTRIBUTESTABLE–N ATER‐RELATEDCHARACTERISTICS............................ 51

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ListofFigures

1. Estimated2010PopulationDistributionbyLivelihoodZone2. LandAreabyLivelihoodZone3. LandAreabyLivelihoodZone(%)4. PopulationDensitybyLivelihoodZone5. Estimated2010RuralPopulationDistributionbyLivelihoodZone6. EstimatedPercentageRuralPopulationbyLivelihoodZone–20107. ProductionofMajorCropsinNorth‐WestLivelihoodZone1‐2008and20098. ProductionofMajorCropsinNorth‐EastLivelihoodZone2‐2008and20099. ProductionofMajorCropsinNorth‐CentralLivelihoodZone3‐2008and200910. ProductionofMajorCropsinNorthEasternCorridorandUpperVoltaLivelihoodZone4

–2008and200911. ProductionofMajorCropsinNorthernEasternCorridor(Zone4withoutNkwantaDistrict)12. ProductionofMajorCropsinVoltaLakeLivelihoodZone5–2008and200913. ProductionofMajorCropsinUpperMiddle‐BeltLivelihoodZone6–2008and200914. ProductionofMajor14 CropsintheMiddleVoltaLivelihoodZone7‐2008and200915. ProductionofMajorCropsinCentralMiddle‐Belt,LivelihoodZone8– 2008and200916. ProductionofCropsinLowerMiddle‐BeltLivelihoodZone9–2008and200917. ProductionofMajorCropsinInlandGreaterAccraLivelihoodZone10‐2008and200918. ProductionofMajorCropsintheGreaterAccraSectionofZone10

(toshowtheimportanceofvegetablecropsinthesubzone)19. ProductionofMajorCropsintheLowerVoltaSectionofZone1020. ProductionofMajorCropsintheHighForestLivelihoodZone11‐2008and200921. ProductionofMajorCropsinCoastalBeltLivelihoodZone(Zone12)‐2008and200922. CocoaProductionbyLivelihoodZone‐2008and200923. PalmNuts(OilPalm)ProductioninLivelihoodsZones

‐2008and200924. SheaNutsProductionbyLivelihoodZone‐2008and200925. EstimatedCattlePopulationbyLivelihoodZone‐2008and200926. EstimatedSheepandGoatsPopulationbyLivelihoodZone27. PigPopulationbyLivelihoodZone‐2008and200928. EstimatedCommercialChickenProductionbyLivelihoodZone29. EstimatedLocalChickenPopulationbyLivelihoodZone30. EstimatedGuineaFowlPopulationbyLivelihoodZone‐2008and200931. InlandandMarineFishProductionbyLivelihoodZoneListofTables

Table1–Estimatedpopulationin2010Table2:CategorizationofAWMInvestmentPotentialSystemsTable3–OverallassessmentofsuitabilityofAWMinvestmentsinthevariouslivelihoodzones

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Abbreviationsandacronyms

AMG Africanmarketgarden

AWM AgriculturalWaterManagement

BMGF BillandMelindaGatesFoundation

FAO FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations

GIDA GhanaIrrigationDevelopmentAuthority

GLS GhanaLivingStandardsSurvey

GSS GhanaStatisticalService

IFPRI InternationalFoodPolicyResearchInstitute

IWMI InternationalWaterManagementInstitute

KNUST KwameNkrumahUniversityofScienceandTechnology

MOFA MinistryofFoodandAgriculture

NGO Non‐governmentalorganization

PPMED ProjectsPlanning,MonitoringandEvaluationDepartment

SEI StockholmEnvironmentInstitute

SRID Statistics,ResearchandInformationDepartment

UDS UniversityforDevelopmentStudies

UG UniversityofGhana

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1. INTRODUCTION

The goal of the AWM Solutions Project is “to help unlock the potential of smallholder farming by focusing onagricultural water management (AWM)”. This will be done by ‘stimulating pro‐poor, gender‐equitable AWMinvestments, policy and implementation strategies through concrete, evidence‐based knowledge and decision‐makingtools’.Toobtainconcrete,evidence‐basedknowledgeforthepurposeofstimulatingdevelopment,thereisaneedtofocusonthepotentialsofvariedgroupsofpeople invariedlocations,theopportunitiesopentothemandtheconstraintstheyface,hencetheneedtoundertakelivelihoodmappinganalysis.Agoodunderstandingofpeople’s existing varied livelihood sources is key to developing appropriate programmes that meet theirexpectations.Itisappropriatetobeginwithwhatonehasandwhatonecandotobeabletosuccessfullymovetowhereonewantstogo.

The term ‘livelihood’ refers to resources required by a person, household or a group of people to sustain life.Peoplederivetheirlivelihoodsfromvarioussources.InGhanathemainsourcesincludetheexploitationofnaturalresources,particularlyagriculturalproduction.IndeeditmaybeclaimedthatinGhanatheonlysourceoflivelihoodfor theruralpoor,which includesa largemajorityofwomen, isagriculturalproduction.Livelihoodmappingandanalysis in this present document has focusedon agricultural production in the various locations. The terms ofreferencelimitthecurrentanalysistolivelihoodmapping(orzoning)andlivelihoodprofilingofthezones.Itdoesnotincludealivelihoodbaselineassessment.

Ghana’s irrigation policy clearly stresses the importance of irrigation to ensure food security and povertyreduction. It states that: “the major way of using water to reduce poverty is through the development ofirrigation”(GIDA,2010).Italsoidentifiessmall‐,medium‐andlarge‐scaleirrigationprojectsaswellaspublicandprivate systems as being important and necessary. There is thus required to clearly identify the type of watermanagement system most suitable for a particular location in the country and the time. The AWM SolutionsProjectstatesthatsmallholderagriculturalwatermanagementisapromisingoptiontoimprovethefoodsecurityof local people and its focus has been on micro‐agricultural water management (AWM), that is, low costtechnologiestocapture,storeandusewater.LivelihoodsmappingmakesitpossibletoidentifythetypeofwatermanagementtechnologiesthatfitwhichtypeoflivelihoodzonesandareaswithhighAWMinvestmentpotentials.As indicated by Santini (2010), well‐targeted interventions forwater have significant potential to contribute torapidimprovementsinthelivelihoodsoftheruralpeopleinGhana.

Theobjectiveofalivelihoodmappingorzoningistodelineatecoherentareaswherepeoplesharebroadlysimilarlivelihood patterns – methods of food and other agricultural production, methods of securing other incomes,market systems, food consumption or preference habits, poverty levels, etc. In doing so, the delineated areastypically fall into biophysical (agro‐climatic) and socio‐economic (poverty/wealth) zones. Livelihood zoning thuscreatesaneconomic‐geographicalmapthat shows thevariedcontexts inwhich livelihoodsarepursued.Usuallylivelihoodzonesdonotexactlyalignewithadministrativeorpoliticalboundaries.Often,however,livelihoodzonemaps are superimposed upon administrative maps so that the populations within the zones can be easilyidentified.

2. METHODOLOGYOFASSIGNMENT

Themaintasksundertakenwere:a) Mappingoflivelihoodzones(duringaworkshopinvolvinglocalexperts).b) Collection,compilationandanalysisofdatasetsforthepurposeofdescribingandprofilingeachofthe

livelihoodzones.c) IdentifyinganddiscussingAWMinvestmentpotentialsinthedifferentlivelihoodzonesbasedoninputby

workshopparticipantsandanalysisofdatacompiled.

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2.1 Livelihoodzonesmapping

The livelihoodmapping process was undertaken during a three‐day workshop to which experts from differentsubjectareaswere invited(see listofcontributorstothe livelihoodmapping inAnnex5).Theexercisebegan15July 2010 with a welcome address by Dr Ben Nyamadi, Deputy Director, the Ghana Irrigation DevelopmentAuthority (GIDA)of theMinistryof FoodandAgriculture (MOFA),who is theNational FocalPoint for theAWMSolutionsProject.AfterpresentationsoftheAWMSolutionsProject,genderandlivelihoodmappingmethodologybyJeanPhillipeVenotof IWMI,Accra;BarbaravanKoppenof IWMI,SouthAfricaandGuidoSantinioftheFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO),Rome,respectively,participantsweredividedintofiveworkinggroupsandprovidedwithvariousmapsofGhana.

The maps used showed distribution of population and rural poverty, cropping patterns, livestock distribution,accesstomarkets,landcoveraswellasclimateandtopography.Thefiveworkinggroupsweretaskedtodividetheregions assigned to them into livelihood zones based on themethodology outlined. On 16 July 2010 the sameworkshopparticipantsweretaskedtoidentifythebestAWMsolutionsforparticularlivelihoodzones.Fiveworkinggroupswere again formed to analyse andassess the identifiedAWMsolutions in thedifferent livelihood zoneswith regards to relevance, physical suitability, livelihood impacts, gender benefits, environmental impact andconstraints(seeAnnex5forafullworkshopreport).

2.2 Datacollectionandanalysis

Data sets and other information on Ghanaian agriculture and other livelihood sources at district, regional andnationallevelswerecollectedfromtheMinistryofFoodandAgriculture,specificallyfromtheStatistics,Researchand InformationDepartment (SRID),ProjectsPlanning,MonitoringandEvaluationDepartment (PPMED)andtheGhana Irrigation Development Authority (GIDA); Ghana Statistical Services (GSS); the Ministry of Finance andEconomicPlanning;librariesatthreeuniversities:theUniversityofGhana(UG),theKwameNkrumahUniversityofScienceandTechnology (KNUST)and theUniversity forDevelopmentStudies (UDS) inTamale; theWorldFoodProgramme, Accra; the FAO, Accra; several NGOs, particularly in the northern sector of the country, and theinternet. The data were analysed for each of 12 identified livelihood zones. Data for tree‐crops production,livestocknumbers,marineand inlandfishproductionweregivenasnationalaggregates.SeveralestimatesweremadeofrelativeproductioninthevariouslivelihoodzonesbasedoninformationobtainedfromsecondarysourcesanddiscussionswereheldwithseveralDirectorsofAgricultureatthedistrict,regionalandnationallevels.

2.3 IdentificationofAWMinvestmentpotentials

Asstatedabove,theidentificationofAWMinvestmentpotentialsandpossibilitiesstartedduringtheworkshopon16thJuly2010.EachoffiveworkshopgroupsanalysedtheAWMsolutions’relevanceandpotential impactinthevarious livelihoods zones. The identification and analysis of AWM investment potentials and possibilities werecontinued during and after the collection of data and information. The workshop report (Annex 5) containsinformationontheworkshopparticipants’contributionstothisaspectoftheassignment.

3. RESULTSOFLIVELIHOODMAPPINGEXERCISEANDDESCRIPTIONOFLIVELIHOODZONES

3.1 Resultsoflivelihoodmappingexercise

Workshopparticipantsidentified12livelihoodzones;however,itshouldbenotedthatsubzonescanbeidentifiedwithin the delineated livelihood zones. There are, for example, a number of zones that are clearly different intermsofpopulationdensitiesandpoverty.Therearealsozonescontainingpocketsofmining(legalandillegal)andothernon‐agriculturalactivitiessuchascrafts.Thesehavebeennoted,buttheydonotaffectthefactorsusedtodelineatethezones.

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Map1 (Annex2) shows the identifiedanddelineated livelihoodzones.The zonesdidnotexactly correspond toadministrativezones.Also,theredidnotseemtobeonebiophysicalorsocio‐economicfactorthatdominatedthecriteriausedtodelineatethezones.Severalcombinationsofcriteriawereidentifiedinallzonesandagro‐climaticand agricultural production factors were significant. The names given to each of the zones describe thegeographicallocationaswellasthedominantcropscultivatedinthezonerelativetootherzones.

Zone1:North‐WestMillet/Sorghum‐Legumes‐CattleLivelihoodZone

Zone2:North‐EastMillet/Sorghum/Rice‐Legumes‐SmallRuminants/GuineaFowlLivelihoodZone

Zone3:North‐CentralMaize/Rice‐Mango‐Groundnut‐SmallRuminantsLivelihoodZone

Zone4:North‐EastCorridorandUpperVoltaYam/Cassava‐Groundnut‐CattleLivelihoodZone

Zone5:VoltaLakeInlandFishingLivelihoodZone

Zone6:Upper‐MiddleBeltMaize‐Yam/CassavaLivelihoodZone

Zone7:MiddleVoltaCocoa/Coffee‐Cassava‐SmallRuminantsLivelihoodZone

Zone8:Central‐MiddleBeltCommercialMaize‐Cassava‐SmallRuminantsLivelihoodZone

Zone9:Lower‐MiddleBeltCocoa/OilPalm/Citrus‐CommercialPoultry‐MiningLivelihoodZone

Zone10:InlandGreaterAccraandLowerVoltaCommercialRice‐CattleLivelihoodZone

Zone11:HighForestTimber‐Cocoa/Oilpalm/Rubber‐MiningLivelihoodZone

Zone12:CoastalBeltMarineFishing‐Vegetables‐SaltLivelihoodZone

Map2(Annex3)indicatesthelivelihoodzonessuperimposedonaGhanaDistricts’Map.TheLivelihoodZonesMapcanalsobesuperimposedonpopulation,gender,povertymaps,etc.

3.2 Descriptionandarablecropprofilingoflivelihoodzones

Populationandlandarea

Populationisunevenlydistributedinthelivelihoodzones(Figure1).PopulationestimatesbytheGhanaStatisticalServices (GSS), are projections from the 2000 population census, and indicate that in all regions of Ghana, thenumberofwomenexceedthatofmen.AccordingtotheGhanaLivingStandardsSurvey5 (GLS5),womenform51.5percentofthepopulation(GSS,2008).However,onaverage70.5percentofhouseholdsareheadedbymen.Male‐headedhouseholdsamountto85.1percentoftheruralsavannahareas(correspondingtoLivelihoodZones1,2,3,4,5and6).Table1givestheestimated(projected)populationfiguresfor2010.

Table1–Estimatedpopulationin2010

Region Malepopulation Femalepopulation Total

UpperWestRegion 315,694 321,463 637,157

UpperEastRegion 496,426 505,500 1,001,926

NorthernRegion 1,119,614 1,140,057 2,259,671

Brong‐AhafoRegion 1,118,438 1,138,866 2,257,304

VoltaRegion 930,658 947,658 1,878,316

AshantiRegion 2,397,652 2,441.448 4,839,100

EasternRegion 1,138,386 1,159,179 2,297,565

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WesternRegion 1,267,483 1,290,630 2,558,113

CentralRegion 923,614 940,490 1,864,104

GreaterAccraRegion 2,159,407 2,198,856 4,358,263

Source:GhanaStatisticalServices,2010

The population figures given above were redistributed according to Livelihood Zones, which are presented inFigure1.

As indicated inFigure1,theLivelihoodZoneshavingthehighestpopulationaretheLowerMiddleBelt (Zone9),wherecocoa,oilpalmandmininghaveattractedmuch labourovertheyears.Thepopulation isalsohigh intheCoastalBelt(Zone12)wherethereareseveralurbancentressuchasAccra/Tema,CapeCoast,Sekondi/Takoradiandseveral smallercitiesand towns.The lowestpopulation is found in theUpper‐MiddleBelt (Zone6)and theVoltaLakeZone(Zone5).Thesearesparselypopulatedareaspartlybecauseofthepoorinfrastructureinthecaseoftheformerandthelakeinthecaseofthelatter.

The landarea for theLivelihoodZonesalsovariesquitewidely (Figure2).TheLowerMiddleBeltZone (Zone9)againhasthe largestarea(19%)followedbytheNorth‐WestZone(Zone1) (13%).TheLivelihoodZonewiththeleastlandareaisMiddleVolta(Zone7)(2%)followedbytheUpperMiddleBeltZone(Zone6)(seeFigure3).

Forpopulationdensity,theCoastalBelt(Zone12)leadswithalmost500people/km2.ThelowespopulationdensityisintheNorth‐WestZone(Zone1)withabout25people/km2(seeFigure4).

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Figure2:LandAreabyLivelihoodZone

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ThepoorinGhanaaretheruralpopulation;eventhoughurbanpovertyisincreasing(Armar‐Klemesuetal.,2004).Figure 5 shows the estimated 2010 rural population distribution. The absolute number of rural population ishighestintheLower‐MiddleBelt(Zone9).ThepercentagesforpopulationbyLivelihoodZone,however,isleadbytheNorth‐East Zone, followedby theNorth‐West Zone, and then theUpperMiddleBelt Zone (Zone6). Indeedthosezonesarepoorest.ThezonehavingthelowestruralpopulationistheveryurbanizedCoastalBeltZone(Zone12),followedbytheLower‐MiddleBeltZone(Zone9),whichisalsoahighlyurbanizedarea.ThecitiesofKumasi,Sunyani, Konongo,Nkawkaw,Mpreasoandothers are in this zone.According to theGhanaRuralPovertyMap,Zones1,2,3,4,5,6andtheupperportionsofZone8haveapovertyindexofbetween81and100.Thuspovertyseemstobecorrelatedwithruralareas.

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Figure5:EsVmated2010RuralPopulaVonDistribuVonbyLivelihoodZone

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CharacteristicsofLivelihoodZonesandMajorFoodCropsProducedintheZones

a) Zone 1: North‐West Millet/Sorghum‐Legumes‐Cattle Livelihood Zone–is characterized by theproductionofcereals,mainlymillet, sorghumandmaize, legumes (groundnutsandcowpea),yamand livestock,mainly cattle. It coversallof theUpperWestRegionand theSawla‐Tuna‐KalbaDistrictof theNorthernRegion.Figure7 indicatesproductionof themajor crops grown in the zone for 2008and2009. Even though the figureseemstoindicatehighproductionofyam,itisnotsoifcomparedtootherlivelihoodzones.Thisisbecauserootsand tubers are bulkier than other crops and thus they weigh more when compared to cereals and legumes.Groundnuts and, to some degree, sorghum, can be regarded as themain cash crops in the zone even thoughcottonisgrown.Inthepastyearscottonwasamajorcashcropbutproductionhasdeclinedconsiderably.Figure7indicatesthatforallcrops2009productionwashigherthanthatof2008,probablybecauseoftheoverallbetterclimaticconditionsin2009.

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Figure6:EsVmatedPercentageRuralPopulaVonbyLivelihoodZone‐2010

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TheNorth‐WestZoneischaracterizedbyaone‐seasonrainfallregimeandtherainfallcanbeveryerratic.TheBlackVolta and Sissili rivers and their tributaries drain the zone. There are several small/medium irrigation/livestockwatering dams in the zone.Mainly tomatoes are cultivated in the dry season in the irrigation dam sites.Otherprominentlivelihoodactivitiesundertakeninthiszoneinclude‘pito’(localbeer)brewingandcharcoalproduction.

b) Zone 2: North‐East Millet/Sorghum/Rice‐Legumes‐Small Ruminants/Guinea Fowl Livelihood Zone–coversapproximatelytheUpper‐EastRegionandtheWestMamprusi,EastMamprusiandtheBunkpurugu‐YunyooDistrictsoftheNorthernRegion.Itisalsoacereal‐legume‐livestockzone.Thedominantlivestockinthezonearesmall ruminants and guinea fowl. It is a relatively thickly populated area compared to Zone 1 (theNorth‐WestZone).AnothermajorcharacteristicthatmakesZone2differenttoZone1isthecultivationofrice.Sweetpotatoesare also produced in relatively large quantities in the North‐East Zone (Zone 2). Figure 8 indicates that theproductionofseveralcrops:sorghum,groundnut,cowpeaandsweetpotatoesdeclinedbetween2008and2009.

TheNorth‐WestandNorth‐EastLivelihoodZonesarecharacterizedbyone‐seasonrainfallwitherraticdistribution.ThesezonesaredrainedbytheWhiteVoltaandRedVoltaandtheir tributaries.TheZonehasseveralsmallandmediumdams,whichalsocontainsthetwolargestirrigationdamsinthecountry.

Otherlivelihoodactivitiesincludeproductionofcraftsandgoldmining(legalandillegal).

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Figure7:ProducVonofMajorCropsinNorth‐WestLivelihoodZone1–2008and2009

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c) Zone 3: North Central Maize/Rice‐Groundnut‐Small Ruminants Livelihood Zone–is a maize/rice‐groundnut‐livestockzoneinwhichthecityofTamaleseemstobeanimportantconsumptionandmarketcentre.Mangoproductionisbecomingimportant;howeverit isyettomakethedesiredimpact.TheNorth‐CentralZoneconsistsoftheruralpartsoftheTamaleMetropolitanarea,theSavelugu/NantonDistrictandtheTolon‐KumbunguDistrictof theNorthernRegion.Figure9showsthequantitiesofcropscultivated in theZone in2008and2009.Production of all crops increased between 2008 and 2009. The North‐Central Livelihood Zone also producesconsiderablenumbersofsheepandgoatsaswellaslocalchicken(seeFigure26below).

ThisZoneisdrainedbytheWhiteVoltaanditstributariesandthereareseveralsmall‐andmedium‐scaleirrigationsystems.

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Figure8:ProducVonofMajorCropsinNorth‐EastLivelihoodZone2–2008and2009

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d) Zone 4: North‐Eastern Corridor and Upper Volta Yam/Cassava‐Livestock Livelihood Zone–is a yam‐cassava‐livestockzone,whichcoverswhatiscommonlycalledthe‘EasternCorridor’oftheNorthernRegionaswellasthe‘UpperVolta’areaoftheVoltaRegion.Cerealcropsarelessimportanthereeventhoughmaizeandsoybeanproduction is graduallybecoming important; theyare cultivatedmainlyas cash crops. Somecotton isproducedbut,asinotherzones,cottonproductionhasdeclineddrastically.

Figure10 indicateshigh levelsofcassavaproductionbutalmostallof itcomesfromtheNkwantaDistrictoftheVolta Region. The North‐East Corridor (without Nkwanta District) does not produce much cassava; compareFigures10and11becausefarmersconcentrateonyamproduction.TheyambusinessisquitesophisticatedinthezoneasfarmersarelinkeddirectlytomarketsincitiessuchasAccraandKumasi.TheZoneisalsoamajorlivestockrearingarea,cattle,sheepandgoatsarerearedbyalmosteveryhousehold.

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Figure9:ProducVonofMajorCropsinNorth‐CentralLivelihoodZone3–2008and2009

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Figure10:ProducVonofMajorCropsinNorthEasternCorridorandUpperVoltaLivelihoodZone4–2008and2009

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e) Zone5:VoltaLakeInlandFishingLivelihoodZone–isformedbypartsofseveraldistrictsintheNorthern,Brong‐Ahafo,VoltaandEasternRegions(seeAnnex1fordetailsofdistricts).Thisisthe‘inlandfishingzone’aroundthe Volta lake, fishing is carried out around the lake. Maize, yam, cassava and livestock production are alsoimportantlivelihoodactivities.Irrigatedagricultureintheformof‘drawdown’agricultureispracticed.Vegetableandotherproductiontakesplacewhenthewaterfromthelakerecedesduringthedryseason.

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Figure11:ProducVonofMajorCropsinNorthernEasternCorridor(Zone4withoutNkwantaDistrict)

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Figure12:ProducVonofMajorCropsinVoltaLakeLivelihoodZone5–2008and2009

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f) Zone 6: Upper Middle‐Belt Maize‐Yam/Cassava‐Sheanut Livelihood Zone –covers the southwesterncorner of the Northern Region (Bole‐Bamboi District) and the northern part of Brong‐Ahafo Region (KintampoNorth District). It is a tubers (yam/cassava)‐maize‐cashew‐livestock zone where commercialization is notprominent, also it is an important sheanut‐producing zone. The zone is part of the ‘transition zone’ of Ghanahavingbothsavannahandforestareas.Figure13givesthequantitiesofmajorcropsproducedintheZoneforthe2008and2009seasons.

g) Zone 7:Middle Volta Cocoa/Coffee‐Cassava‐Small Ruminants Livelihood Zone–is part of the ‘MiddleVolta’areaoftheVoltaRegion.Theareaismountainousandmanypartsareforested.Treecrops(cocoa/coffee),cassavaandsmallruminantsarethemainlivelihoodcharacteristicsoftheZone.As indicatedinFigure14,maizeand rice as well as cocoyam and plantains are cultivated. Sheep and goats are also reared in relatively largenumbers.

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Figure13:ProducVonofMajorCropsinUpperMiddle‐BeltLivelihoodZone6–2008and2009

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h) Zone 8: Central Middle Belt Commercial Maize‐Cassava‐Small Ruminants Livelihood Zone–mainlycovers themiddlebelt areaofBrong‐AhafoRegionandnorthernAshantiRegion.TheZone is thenorthernmostarea that is characterized by a bimodal rainfall regime. Thus two crops of cerealsmay be cultivated in a yearwithoutirrigation.Maizeisaparticularlyimportantcropinthiszone,itiscultivatedtwiceayearbymanyfarmers,mainlyforthemarket.Thiszoneisisabreadbasketofthecountry.Cassavaproductionandsmallruminantrearingarealsosignificant;asindicatedinFigure15,cocoyamandplantainproductionisalsofairlyimportant.

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Figure15:ProducVonofMajorCropsinCentralMiddle‐Belt,LivelihoodZone8–2008and2009

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14

i) Zone 9: Lower Middle Belt Cocoa/Oil Palm/Citrus‐Commercial Poultry‐Mining Livelihood Zone–ischaracterizedbyatreecrops,cocoa,oilpalmandcitrusandcommercialpoultryproduction.Thusmostproductionisforcommercialpurposes.Itisahighlypopulated,relativelyprosperousareaandthusofferssignificantmarketsforbothagriculturalandindustrialproducts.ItcoversthesouthwesternBrong‐AhafoRegion,mostpartsofAshantiRegion,thenorthernfringesoftheWesternandCentralRegionsandpartsoftheEasternRegion(seeAnnex1fordetailsofdistrictsandpartsofdistrictsformingtheZone). It isalsoaminingareaandmanypeople’s livelihoodsdependonbothformalandinformalminingactivities.Cassava,yam,cocoyamandplantainarealsoproducedbothfor home consumption and for sale. Pigs are reared and snail production is a prominent livelihood. Figure 16indicates that significantquantitiesof all the cropsgrown in theZoneareproducedannually. Indeed themajorprobleminthisZoneispreservationofthefoodstuffsproduced.

j) Zone10:InlandGreaterAccraandLowerVoltaCommercialRice‐Vegetables‐LivestockLivelihoodZone–is formedby the southernpartsofEasternRegion, the ‘InlandGreaterAccra’andpartsof ‘LowerVolta’of theVolta Region. It is a commercial (irrigated) rice‐vegetables‐livestock zone. The Zone takes advantage of theproximityofAccra/Tematoproducevegetablesand livestockproducts for themarket.Vegetablesareproducedmainly in theGreater Accra section of the Zone, as indicated by a comparison of Figures 17 and 18. Themainvegetables cultivated are tomatoes, pepper and okra. As for all the Zones of southern Ghana, cassava is aprominentcrop;somebananasforexportarealsogrown.

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Figure16:ProducVonofCropsinLowerMiddle‐BeltLivelihoodZone9–2008and2009

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Figure17:ProducVonofMajorCropsinInlandGreaterAccraLivelihoodZone10–2008and2009

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k) Zone11:HighForestTimber‐Cocoa/OilPalm/Rubber‐MiningLivelihoodZone–isthemostforestedpartofthecountryandischaracterizedbytimberandtreecrops(mainlycocoa,oilpalm,rubberandcoconut).Therearealsoconsiderableminingactivitiesanditisemergingasthecrude‐oilproducingarea.ThezonecoversmostofWesternandCentralRegions.Maize,cassava,cocoyamandplantainarethemainfoodcropsgrown.

l) Zone12:CoastalBelt LivelihoodZone–is thecoastal zonestretching fromtheCoteD’Ivoireborder totheTogoborder.Thezoneisischaracterizedbyseafishingandvegetableandsaltproduction.MaizeandcassavaarethemainstaplefoodcropsproducedintheZone.Groundwaterirrigationofshallots(onions)isprominentintheKetaarea.

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Figure19:ProducVonofMajorCropsintheLowerVoltaSecVonofZone10

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Figure20:ProducVonofMajorCropsintheHighForestLivelihoodZone11–2008and2009

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3.3 Treecropsinlivelihoodzones

CocoaisproducedmainlyinZones9,10,11aswellasZone7asindicatedbyFigure22.ThehighestproductionisinZones9ad11,whichispartofthereasonthesezonesarerelativelymoreprosperousthanothers.

Oilpalm,anothermajorindustrialandcashcropisalsogrowninZones9,10and11aswellasZones7and8asindicatedinFigure23.RubberandcoconutarealsoproducedinparticularinZone11.

Sheanuts,animportantnon‐traditionalexport,isproducedmainlyinthesavannahareasasindicatedinFigure24.Itisasemi‐wildtreecrop,itsnutproductionisgatheredbymostlywomen.

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Figure21:ProducVonofMajorCropsinCoastalBeltLivelihoodZone12–2008and2009

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Figure22:CocoaProducVonbyLivelihoodZone–2008and2009

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3.4 Livestockproductioninlivelihoodzones

Theproductionof livestock in theLivelihoodZoneshasbeenmentioned inappropriateplaces. Figures25 to30give estimated production levels of the various livestock in the Livelihood Zones. Note that Ghana’s livestockstatisticsmaybedescribedas ‘intelligentguestimates’.Nobody issureofthe livestockpopulation,there isneedforalivestockcensus.

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Figure23:PalmNuts(OilPalm)ProducVoninLivelihoodsZones–2008and2009

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Figure24:SheaNutsProducVonbyLivelihoodZone–2008and2009

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Figure25:EsVmatedCallePopulaVonbyLivelihoodZone–2008and2009

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Figure26:EsVmatedSheepandGoatsPopulaVonbyLivelihoodZone

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Figure27:PigPopulaVonbyLivelihoodZone–2008and2009

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Figure28:EsVmatedCommercialChickenProducVonbyLivelihoodZone

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3.5 Fishproductioninlivelihoodzones

Inlandandmarinefishing isundertakenmainly inZone5(VoltaLakeLivelihoodZone)andZone12(CoastalBeltLivelihoodZone)respectively,asindicatedinFigure31.FishfarmingisyettobeamajorlivelihoodactivityinanypartofGhana.

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Figure29:EsVmatedLocalChickenPopulaVonbyLivelihoodZone

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Figure30:EsVmatedGuineaFowlPopulaVonbyLivelihoodZone‐2008and2009

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22

4. AGRICULTURALWATERMANAGEMENT(AWM)INVESTMENTPOTENTIALS

4.1 Identificationofagriculturalwatermanagementsolutions

AWMsolutionspresentedtoparticipantsattheJulyWorkshophadbeenidentifiedbyon‐goingresearch.

1. Shallowgroundwater,2. Tubewell(Borehole)3. Privatepumpfromriversandstreams4. Communalpump5. Largecommercialpumpfromrivers6. Out‐growers7. Privatesmalldams/dugouts8. Publicprivatepartnership(toincludepublicsurfacereservoirsystems)9. Communalsmalldams/dugouts

EachoftheseAWMsolutionswillbestsuitparticularlivelihoodzones.Theabove‐identifiedAWMsolutionscanbecategorizedintogroundwater(shallowandtubewells),pumps(motorandhand/pedal),outgrowers,andsurfacewater.WorkinggroupswereformedtoanalyseandassesstheidentifiedAWMsolutionsinthedifferentlivelihoodzones with regards to relevance, physical suitability, livelihood impacts, gender benefits, level of their‘upscalibility’,environmentalimpactandconstraints.

ThegeneralconclusionswerethatmostoftheAWMsolutionsarerelevant,suitableanddesirableinZones1,2,3,4,6,7,8,10and12.AgriculturalwatermanagementisnotsocriticalinZones5,9and11.InthecaseofZone5(the Volta Lake Zone) fishing and activities related to fishing are themain livelihood activities and there is notmuchneedforAWMsolutions.InthecaseofZones9and11,thereisadequaterainfallintermsofquantityanddistribution and the main water management requirement for agricultural production may be for drainagesystems.

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Figure31:InlandandMarineFishProducVonbyLivelihoodZone

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23

4.2 AWMinvestmentpotentialsinlivelihoodzones

There are generally two aspects of AWM investment potentials that should be considered: groundwater andsurfacewatersystems,whicharecategorizedinTable2.

Table2:CategorizationofAWMInvestmentPotentialSystems

Typesofcrops,livestock,etc.suitableforsystems

*Degreetowhichoutgrowersystemcanbeincorporated(High,medium,low)

ExtenttowhichAWMcanimprovelivelihoods(High,medium,low)**

Mainconstraintsofagriculturalwatermanagementsystem

Motorpumps Vegetables+,Pineapple,mangoes,poultry

High High Costandmaintenanceofpumps,costoffuel

Manualpumps Vegetables Medium Medium Costofpumpandtediuminpumpingespeciallyforwomen

Groundwater

Bucket‐Fetch Vegetables Medium Low Inconvenienceinhavingtodigwellseveryyear,tediuminfetchingandsmallareacovered

Gravityflow Rice,maize,vegetables,alllivestock,fishponds

High Medium Brokenandverypoorlyconstructedcanals,seepagefromwaterreservoir,multipleusesleadingtowaterdepletion

Motorpumps Rice,maize,vegetables,pineapple,mango,poultry,smallruminants

High High Costandmaintenanceofpumps,costoffuel

Manualpumps Vegetables Medium Medium Costofpumpandtediuminpumpingespeciallyforwomen

Surfacewater(rivers/streams,dams,dugouts)

Bucket‐Fetch Vegetables Medium Low Tediuminfetchingandsmallareacovered

*Sincegoodwatermanagementsystemsaregenerallycapitalintensive,arrangementsshouldbemadetoensuretherearemarketsforproduceandthatthereareoutgrowersystems.

*AlsoseeLivelihoodsattributetable(Annex).+Vegetablesincludeleafyvegetables,onions,tomatoes,peppers,andcarrots.Source:July2010WorkshopandFieldInvestigation,2010

There have been significant investments in surface water for agriculture by the public sector and non‐governmentalorganizations inseveralpartsofthecountryovertheyears.Most investments ingroundwaterforagriculturalpurposeshavebeenbyprivateindividuals.

Itmaybe inferred fromTable2 thatmotor‐pump irrigation,either fromgroundwateror surfacewater,has thegreatestpotentialforaffectingthelivelihoodsoffarminghouseholds.Greatervarietyoflivelihoodactivitiescanbeundertakenusingmotorpumps.Alsotheuseofmotorpumpsgetswater to largerareasandthus theperiodofreturnsontheinvestmentwilllikelybeshorter.Amuchgreaterpotentialfortheuseofthemotorpumpisfortheinstallationofoverheadtanksfordripirrigation,moreimportantforZones1,2,3and4andinparticularZones1

24

and2,wherewatertablesareconsiderablylow.Thereisneedforconservationofwater,especiallygroundwaterinthese zones anddrip irrigation technology, especially theAfricanMarketGarden (AMG) versions,will beuseful(seeDittohetal.,2010;Akuribaetal.,2010,Wolteringetal.,2009).Themostsignificantconstrainttotheuseofmotorpumps,withorwithoutdrip irrigation, is that theiruse isgenerallymorecapital intensive than forothersystems. Indeed, the investment costs for drip irrigation are considerably higher and there is a need to findirrigationmodelsthatwillensureefficiencyandeffectiveness(Dittohetal.,2010).

Themanualpump(pedalorhand)systemsarebetterthanthebucketfetchsystemsincemorewatercanbeliftedatatime.Itsmajorconstraint,however,isthehumaneffortrequiredtoliftthewater.

Investments inAWMshouldaimtoreplace thebucket fetchsystemwithequipmentandtools that farmerscanafford,orprovideappropriatemeansforacquiringthemandsystemsthatareeffective,efficientandsustainable.Thevarioussystemsneedtobestudiedinmoredetailindifferentlivelihoodzonesandbusinessplansworkedout.

InTable3,anattempthasbeenmadetoassessthesuitabilityofthevariousAWMsolutionsfordifferentlivelihoodzones.ItisclearfromthetablethatZones1,2,4and12havethegreatestpotentialforvarioustypesofirrigationinterventions.

25

Table3–OverallassessmentofsuitabilityofAWMinvestmentsinthevariouslivelihoodzones

AWMSolutions Zone1 Zone2 Zone3 Zone4 Zone5 Zone6 Zone7 Zone8 Zone9 Zone10 Zone11 Zone12Motorpumps(privateorcommunal)

***

***

*

***

*

**

**

*

*

*

*

***

Manualpumps

***

***

*

***

*

**

**

*

*

*

*

***

Ground‐waterirrigation

Bucket‐Fetch

***

****

*

***

*

**

**

*

*

*

*

***

Gravityflow *** *** *** *** * ** ** *** * ** * ***Motorpumps(privateorcommunal)

***

***

***

***

*

**

**

***

*

**

*

***

Manualpumps

***

***

***

***

*

**

**

**

*

**

*

***

Surfacewaterirrigation(rivers/streams,dams,dugouts)

Bucket‐Fetch***

***

***

***

*

**

**

*

*

*

*

***

***Verysuitable

**Suitable*Notsuitable

26

References

Akuriba,M.A.,Dittoh,S.,Issaka,B.,Bhattarai,M.2010.‘Womenfarmers’perspectivesonmicroirrigation

technologiesintheWestAfricanSahel’Paperpresentedatthe3rdAnnualAAAE/49thAnnualAEASAConference,CapeTown,SouthAfrica.

Dittoh,S.,Akuriba,M.A.,Issaka,M,Bhattarai,M.2010.‘Sustainablemicro‐irrigationsystemsforpovertyalleviationintheSahel:acasefor‘micro’public‐privatepartnerships?’3rdAnnualAAAE/49thAnnualAEASA

Conference,CapeTown,SouthAfrica.GhanaStatisticalServices.2008.GhanaLivingStandards(GLS)5.

GIDA.2010.NationalIrrigationPolicy,StrategiesandRegulatoryMeasures.MOFAandFAO.Santini,G.2010.‘LivelihoodAnalysisandmappingexpertconsultationinGhana:ScalingupAWMSolutionsat

Countrylevel’.PresentationatWorkshoponMappingLivelihoodsandGenderforAgriculturalWaterManagement(AWM)SolutionsinGhana15‐16July2010.

Woltering,L.,Ndjeunga,J.andPasternak,D.2009.TheEconomicsofAfricanMarketGardenandWateringCanIrrigationMethodsinNiger.ICRISATWorkingPaperSeries.

27

Annexes

Annex1–DISTRICTSANDPARTSOFDISTRICTSTHATCONSTITUTELIVELIHOODZONES

Livelihood Zone (LZ) 1: North‐West Millet/Sorghum‐Legumes‐Cattle. All Upper West Region districts; NorthernRegiondistricts:Sawla‐Tuna‐Kalbaandaboutone‐thirdofWestGonja.

LZ 2: North‐East Millet/Sorghum/Rice‐Legumes‐Small Ruminants/Guinea Fowl. All Upper East Region districts.NorthernRegion(NR)districts:Bunkpurugu‐Yunyoo,EastMamprusiandWestMamprusi.

LZ3:North‐CentralMaize/Rice‐Groundnut‐SmallRuminantsLivelihoodZone.NRdistricts:One‐thirdofWestGonja,Tolon‐KumbunguandSavelugu‐NantonDistrictsandTamaleMetropolis(AllNorthernRegiondistricts)

LZ 4: North East Corridor and Upper Volta Yam/Cassava‐Groundnut‐Livestock Livelihood. NR districts: Karaga,Gushiegu, Yendi, Chereponi, Saboba, Zabzugu‐Tatale, Half of Nanumba North, Nanumba South and KpandaiDistricts,VoltaRegion(VR)district:Nkwanta.

LZ5:VoltaLakeInlandFishingLivelihoodZone,NRdistricts:HalfofCentralGonja,EastGonjaandhalfofNanumbaNorth;Brong‐AhafoRegion (BAR)districts:HalfofPruandSeneDistrict;VRdistricts: Krachi, Krachi East,halfofJasikan,halfofKpandoandSouthDayi;EasternRegion(ER)districts:HalfofAsuogyamanandAframPlains.

LZ6:UpperMiddleBeltMaize‐Yam/Cassava LivelihoodZone;NRdistricts: Bole, one‐thirdWestGonja andhalfCentralGonja;BARdistricts:One‐thirdofTainandKintampoNorth.

LZ7:MiddleVoltaCocoa/Coffee‐Cassava‐Small Ruminants LivelihoodZone:VRdistricts: Kadjebi, half of Jasikan,halfofKpando,HohoeandhalfofHoMunicipal.

LZ8:CentralMiddleBeltCommercialMaize‐Cassava‐SmallRuminantsLivelihoodZone:BARdistricts:Two‐thirdsofTain, Jaman North, Wenchi, Kintampo South, Techiman Municipal, Nkoranza, half of Pru, Atebubu/Amantin;AshantiRegion(AR)districts:halfofOffinso(OffinsoNorth),Ejura/Sekyidumasi,SekyereEast,SekyereWest.

LZ9: LowerMiddleBeltCocoa/OilPalm/Citrus‐CommercialPoultry‐MiningLivelihoodZone:BARdistricts: JamanSouth,Berekum,SunyaniMunicipal,TanoNorth,TanoSouth,Dormaa,Asutifi,AsunafoNorthandAsunafoSouth;ARdistricts:Ahafo‐AnoNorth,Ahafo‐AnoSouth,halfofOffinso(OffinsoSouth),Afigya‐Sekyere,Atwima‐Mponua,Atwima, Bosumtwe/Atwima/Kwanhuma, Kwabre, KumasiMetroplitan, AmasieWest, Amansie Central, AmansieEast, ObuasiMunicipal, Adansi North, Adansi South, Ejisu Juaben, Asante Akim North and Asante Akim South.EasternRegion(ER)districts:KwahuSouth,KwahuWest,BirimNorth,Kwabibirim,AtiwaandFanteakwa;WesternRegion (WR) districts: One‐third of Sefwi‐Wiawso; Bibiani/Anhwiaso/Bekwai and half of Wassa Amenfi East;CentralRegion(CR)districts:UpperDenkyiraandAssinNorth.

LZ 10: Inland Greater Accra and Lower Volta Commercial Rice‐Cattle Livelihood Zone: ER districts: Birim South,WestAkim,EastAkim,Suhum/Kroboa/Coaltar,New JuabenMunicipal,YiloKrobo,ManyaKrobo,AkapimNorth,AkwapimSouthandhalfofAsuogyaman;GreaterAccraRegion(GAR)districts:HalfofGaWest,GaEast,one‐thirdofTemaMunicipalandhalfofDangbeWestDistricts.VRdistricts:HalfofHoMunicipal,Adaklu‐Anyigbe,halfofNorthTonguandhalfofAkatsiDistricts

LZ11:HighForestTimber‐Cocoa/Oilpalm/Rubber‐MiningLivelihoodZone:WRdistricts: Bia,Juabeso,Two‐thirdsof Sefwi‐Wiawso, Aowin/Suaman,Wassa AmenfiWest, Half ofWassa Amenfi East,WassaWest,Mpoho‐WassaEast, Half of Jomoro and Half of Nzema East. CR districts: Twifo/Hemang/Lower Denkyira, Assin South,Asikuma/Odoben/Brakwa,Ajumako/Enyan/Esiam,Agona,HalfofKomenda/Edina/Eguafo/Abriem,HalfofAbura‐Asebu‐KwamankeseandhalfofAwutu/Effutu/SenyaDistricts.

LZ12:CoastalBeltMarineFishing‐Vegetables‐SaltLivelihoodZone:WRdistricts:HalfofJomoro,halfofNzemaEastandAhantaWestandShama‐AhantaEastMetropolitan;CRdistricts:HalfofKomenda/Edina/Eguafo/Abriem,CapeCoastMunicipal, Half of Abura‐Asebu‐Kwamankese,Mfantseman,Gomoa and half of Awutu/Effutu/Senya.GARdistricts: Half ofGaWest, AccraMetropolitan, two‐thirds of TemaMunicipal, Dangbe East and half of Dangbe

28

West. VR Districts: Half of North Tongu, South Tongu, half of Akatsi, Keta and Ketu Districts.

29

Annex2–GHANALIVELIHOODSMAP(attached)

30

Annex3–GHANALIVELIHOODSMAPSUPERIMPOSEDONDISTRICTS’MAP(attached)

31

ANNEX4–LIVELIHOODMAPPINGWORKSHOPREPORT

1. Activitiesleadingtolivelihoodsmapping

Activitiesofthe15thJuly2010startedwithawelcomeaddressbyDrBenNyamadi,aDeputyDirectoroftheGhanaIrrigationDevelopmentAuthority(GIDA)oftheMinistryofFoodandAgriculture(MOFA),whoistheNationalFocalPoint of the AWM Solutions Project. His presentation centered on the role of GIDA in agricultural waterdevelopmentandmanagement inGhana.HestatedthattheGhanaIrrigationPolicypreparedbyGIDAhadbeenpassedbyCabinetthepreviousFridayandtheapproveddocumentuploadedontotheMOFAwebsite.Thepolicyclearlystatestheimportanceofsmall‐,medium‐andlarge‐scaleirrigationprojects.Hestressedtheimportanceofirrigation inensuring foodsecurityandpoverty reduction inGhanaandthe importancethat theGovernmentofGhanaattachestotheAWMSolutionsProject.

AfterthewelcomeaddressparticipantsintroducedthemselvesstatingtheirinstitutionalaffiliationsandhowtheirinterestareasarealignedtotheobjectivesoftheworkshopandtheAWMprojectasawhole.Theintroductionsindicated the many varied interests in water management. It also indicated that all the varied interests havesignificantrelevancetotheAWMSolutionsProject.

Aftertheintroductions,JeanPhillipeVenotofIWMI,AccrapresentedasummaryoftheAWMSolutionsProjecttoparticipants.He said theproject is abouthalfway throughand someAWMsolutionshavebeen identified. Theprojectaimstoidentifyinnovativesolutionstounlocktheproductivepotentialofsmallholders,includingwomen,through investments in water and its management. He said smallholder agricultural water management is apromisingoptiontoimprovefoodsecurityoflocalpeopleandthefocusoftheAWMSolutionsProjecthasbeenonmicro‐agriculturalwatermanagement(AWM),that is, low‐costtechnologiestocapture,storeandusewater.Healso saidpartof the reasonwhywearenot realizing thepotential thatexists for smallholder agriculturewatermanagementtoimprovelivelihoods,isourfailuretofocusonwomenintheprocess.HesaidAWMisanykindoftechnical,practicaland/orinventiontocapturestoreanddrainwater.

Healsomentioned that thisAWMSolutionsProjecthasbeen fundedby theBill andMelindaGatesFoundation(BMGF)anditisbeingimplementedbytheIWMI,FAO,StockholmEnvironmentInstitute(SEI),InternationalFoodPolicyResearchInstitute(IFPRI)andCH2MHILLIncinfiveAfricancountriesincludingGhanaandtwoIndianStates.HenotedthatseverallocalinstitutionsinGhananotablyGIDA,theUniversityforDevelopmentStudies(UDS)andtheWaterResources InstituteoftheCouncil forScientificandIndustrialResearchhavebeenactively involvedintheproject.

Barbara van Koppen of IWMI, South Africa, presented a brief summary of the gender mapping results of thepreviousdayafterJPVenot’spresentation.Sheexpressedherhappinessattheenthusiasmofparticipantsinthegender‐mappingexerciseandthegeneralconsensusarrivedatduringtheexercise.Theparticipantswereclearlywell‐informedaboutgenderissuesandgenderanalysisandhowthispertainstothevariouspartsofthecountry.

2. Thelivelihoodmappingexercise

ThenextactivityforthedaywasapresentationofthelivelihoodmappingmethodologybyGuidoSantiniofFAO,Rome. He explained the importance of mapping and stated that well‐targeted interventions in water havesignificantpotentialtocontributetorapidimprovementsinlivelihoodsoftheruralpeopleinGhana.Hetalkedofthe various factors that should be considered in defining a livelihood zone. Themain factors to be consideredinclude agro‐climatic conditions, cropping patterns, livestock distribution patterns, population, poverty levels,malnutritionlevelsandtoaccesstomarkets.Henotedthatthereisneedforlocalexpertsofvarieddisciplinesandknowledge from all parts of the country to brainstorm and agree on the boundaries of livelihood zones in thecountry.

32

After the presentation, participantswere divided into fiveworking groups as given in Table 1. Each groupwasprovidedwith various typesofmapsofGhana. Themaps includeddistributionofpopulationand ruralpoverty,croppingpatterns,livestockdistribution,accesstomarkets,landcoveraswellasclimateandtopography.

AnnexTable1–WorkingGroupsGroup Regionscovered Namesofgroupmembers1 UpperWestandUpperEastRegions Onyobie Abu Ojingo, Aaron Aduna, Eric Adu‐Dankwa, Asher

Nkegbe,CyrilQuist,Hon.SamsonAbuandStephenMwinkaara2 NorthernRegion Mary Magdalene Salifu, Kwaku Adu‐Boateng, Naaminong Karbo,

BernardN.Baatuuwie,felixDarimaaniandSamuelAnsahManu.3 Brong Ahafo, Ashanti and Eastern

RegionsSimon Mariwah, Lesley Hope, Benjamin Gyampoh, FaustinaEssandoh, Asare Mintah, Victor Owusu, Paulina Addy and PatrickAppiah

4 CentralandWesternRegion CharlotteMensah,M.K.Nkrumah, Paschal Atengdem,AnnaAntwiandGideonOweridu

5 GreaterAccraandVoltaRegions Ben Nyamadi, Victoria Tsekpo, Sylvanus Adzornu, Francis Dzah,CharlotteWrigley‐AsanteandPrue(Abena)Loney

The fiveworkinggroupswere tasked todivide the regionsassigned to them into livelihood zonesbasedon themethodologyoutlinedbyGuidoSantini.Afterthegroupworkingsessionstheresultswerepresentedinaplenarysession.Difficultiesencounteredbythedifferentgroupswerediscussedduringtheplenarysession.Alsoadjacentzonesidentifiedbythedifferentgroupswerecomparedandcontrastedtoeithermergeorkeepseparate.

The fivegroupsuseddifferent specific factors toarriveat theirdelineated livelihoodzones.Relevant factors fordelineatinglivelihoodzoneswillobviouslybedifferentfordifferentareas.

2.1 ResultsofthemappingexerciseGroup1(UpperWestandUpperEastRegions):Thegroupnotedthatthemainlivelihoodsourcesforallpartsofthetworegionsarefoodcropsandlivestock.Thereare,however,anumberof‘secondary’livelihoodsourcesthatcan be used to distinguish between areas. These are irrigation practices, crafts, charcoal production and small‐scalemining. Thedegreeof importanceof these secondary livelihood sourceswill dependonhowdetailed thelivelihoodmap is thatwill finally be produced.Using these ‘secondary’ livelihood sources, theUpperWest andUpperEastRegionsweredividedintofivezones(seeLZattributestableintegratedfileforpictureofMapdrawn).Irrigation, craftsandsmall ‐caleminingareconcentrated in theUpperEastRegion,whilecharcoalproduction isconcentratedintheUpperWestRegion.ItwasalsonotedthatthereisgreaterimportanceoflivestockasasourceoflivelihoodintheUpperWestRegionascomparedtotheUpperEastRegion.

InthecaseofGroup2(NorthernRegion),themajorfactorsinputtingareasintolivelihoodzoneswaswhetheranareais‘yamgrowing’or‘non‐yamgrowing’aswellasfishingandmigration.Itshouldbenotedthatreferencetoa‘non‐yamgrowing’ areadoesnot imply that no yam is grown in the area. It onlymeans yamproduction is notregardedas amajor livelihood source. The groupalsonoted the importanceof theemergingmango‐producingeconomyaroundTamale (TamaleMetropolitan,partsofSavelugu/NantonDistrictandpartsofTolon‐KumbunguDistrict).Thegroupagreedthatthenorthernpartsoftheregion,WestMamprusi,EastMamprusiandBunkpurugu‐YunyooDistrictsare‘non‐yamgrowing’areasandthatthatzonewasmoresimilartotheUpperEastRegionthanother parts of Northern Region. Livestock as a source of livelihood in thewestern part of the regionwas alsoconsideredtobesignificantlydifferentthanforotherpartsoftheregion.They,thus,endedupwithfivelivelihoodzonesasindicatedintheirmap(seeLZattributestableintegratedfileforpictureofmap).

For Group 3 (Brong Ahafo, Ashanti and Eastern Regions), themain distinguishing livelihood factors consideredwere food crops (as cash crops), as in northern parts of Brong Ahafo and Ashanti Regions; tree crops (as cashcrops)withfoodcrops(mainlyforsubsistence),asinthesouthernpartsofBrongAhafoandAshantiRegionsandmostpartsoftheEasternRegion;andfishingaroundtheVoltalake.Thus,Group3identifiedthreelivelihoodzones(seeLZattributestableintegratedfileforpictureofmap).Theimportanceofminingasamajorlivelihoodsourcewasalsohighlightedbutforspecificlocations.

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InthecaseofGroup4(CentralandWesternRegion),fourlivelihoodzonesweredelineated.Thenorthernportionofthetworegionsismuchforestedandtimberandtreecrops,particularlycocoa,arethemajorlivelihoodsources.Themainlivelihoodsourceinthemiddlepartoftheregionsistreecrops,suchascitrus,withfoodcrops,suchascassava, while the main livelihood sources in the coastal stretch are fishing, coconut production and saltproduction.MiningintheWesternRegionwasalsonotedasanimportantlivelihoodactivityformanypeople.

Group 5 (Greater Accra and Volta Region) noted that the land area from north to south can be convenientlydividedintofourlivelihoodzones.Theupperpart(UpperVolta)ischaracterizedbyyamproductionandisveryliketheyam‐growingareasoftheNorthernRegion.The‘MiddleVolta’partischaracterizedbyfishing,somecocoaandcoffee production as well as maize and cassava production, while the ‘Inland Accra and Lower Volta’ part ischaracterized by livestock and irrigated rice production. Vegetables such as shallots, tomatoes, etc. that arecultivated mainly for the market, are the main livelihood sources in the coastal zone. (See LZ attributes tableintegratedfileforpictureofmap).

After abreak, anotherplenary sessionwas convened topreparea final livelihoodmap forGhana.All themapspreparedby the five groupswereused to arrive at the finalmap.Reasons for every livelihood zonedelineatedweregivenanddiscussedbytheparticipantsandconsensusesarrivedat.Thefinalmapconsistsof12zones(seeFinalLivelihoodsMapattached).

Zone1ischaracterizedbytheproductionofcereals,legumes,someyamandlivestock,mainlycattle.ItcoversalloftheUpperWestRegionandtheSawla‐Tuna‐KalbaDistrictoftheNorthernRegion.

Zone 2 approximately consists of the Upper East Region and the West Mamprusi, East Mamprusi and theBunkpurugu‐YunyooDistrictsof theNorthernRegion. It isalsoacereal‐legume‐livestockzonebut thedominantlivestockinthezonearesmallruminantsandguineafowl.Itisarelativelythicklypopulatedarea.

Zone3 isamaize‐rice‐mango‐livestockzone inwhichthecityofTamaleseemstobean importantconsumptionandmarketcentre. It consistsof the ruralpartsof theTamaleMetropolitanarea,partsof theSavelugu/NantonDistrict and parts of the Tolon‐Kumbungu District of the Northern Region. Suggestions that the zone could beaddedtoanyoftheadjacentoneswerefiercelyresisted.Severalparticipantsinsistedthatthelivelihoodpatternofthepeopleinthezoneissignificantlydifferentfromthatoftheadjacentzones.

Zone4isayam‐cassava‐livestockzonethatcoverswhatiscommonlycalledthe‘EasternCorridor’oftheNorthernRegionaswellaswhatGroup5calledthe‘UpperVolta’areaoftheVoltaRegion.

Zone 5 is the ‘fishing zone’, around the Volta Lake. Maize and livestock production are also very importantlivelihoodactivitiesinthezone.

Zone6 covers the southwestern cornerof theNorthernRegion (Bole‐BamboiDistrict) and thenorthernpartofBrong Ahafo Region. It is a tubers (yam/cassava)‐maize‐cashew‐livestock zone where commercialization is notprominent.Itisalsoanimportantsheanut‐producingzone.

Zone 7 is part of the ‘Middle Volta’ area of the Volta Region. Tree crops (cocoa/coffee), cassava and smallruminantsarethemainlivelihoodcharacteristicsofthezone.

Zone8 is greatly characterizedby commercialmaizeproduction.Cassavaand small ruminantproduction is alsosignificant.ItcoversmainlythemiddlebeltareaofBrong‐AhafoRegionandnorthernAshantiRegion.

Zone9isatree‐crop(cocoa/oilpalm/citrus)‐Commercialpoultryzone.ItcoverssouthwesternBrong‐AhafoRegion,mostpartsofAshantiRegion, thenorthern fringesof theWesternandCentralRegionsandpartsof theEasternRegion.

Zone10consistsofthesouthernpartsofEasternRegion,the‘InlandGreaterAccra’andpartsof‘LowerVolta’oftheVoltaRegion.Itisacommercial(irrigated)rice‐livestockzone.

Zone11isthemostforestedpartofthecountryandischaracterizedbytimberandtreecrops(mainlycocoa,oilpalm and rubber). There are also considerable mining activities in the area. It is also the emerging crude oilproducingarea.ThezonecoversmostofWesternandCentralRegions.

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Zone12isthecoastalzonestretchingfromtheCoteD’IvoirebordertotheTogoborderandischaracterizedbyseafishingandvegetableproductionaswellassaltproduction.

3. Workinggroupsdiscussionson‘PromisingAWMSolutionsintheDifferentLivelihood

Zones’

On16thJuly2010,thedaystartedwithapresentationonidentifiedAWMsolutionsinGhanabyJeanPhillipeVenotand an open discussion on howAWM can contribute to poverty reduction. Therewas general agreement thatwateriscriticaltopovertyreductionasitisrequiredinallaspectsoflivelihoods.

SeveralAWMsolutionshadbeen identifiedthroughtheresearchandpreviousworkshopsanddiscussions.Theyincludethefollowing:

1. Shallowgroundwater,2. Tubewell(Borehole)3. Privatepumpfromriversandstreams4. Communalpump5. Largecommercialpumpfromrivers6. Out‐growers7. Privatesmalldams/dugouts8. Publicprivatepartnership(toincludepublicsurfacereservoirsystems)9. Communalsmalldams/dugouts

Each of these AWM solutions will best suit particular livelihood zones. It was thus necessary that participantsidentifiedAWMsolutionsthatarebestforparticularlivelihoodzones.Theabove‐identifiedAWMsolutionscanbecategorizedintogroundwater(shallowandtubewells),pumps(motorandhand/pedal),outgrowers,andsurfacewater.WorkinggroupswereformedtoanalyzeandassesstheidentifiedAWMsolutionsinthedifferentlivelihoodzones with regards relevance, physical suitability, livelihood impacts, gender benefits, level of upscalibility,environmentalimpactandconstraints.

Fivegroupswereformedandthe12livelihoodzonesdelineatedwereassignedtothegroupsasgiveninTable2.

AnnexTable2–LivelihoodzonesassignedtoWorkingGroupsGroup LivelihoodZonesAssignedWorkingGroup1 1,2and3WorkingGroup2 4,5and7WorkingGroup3 6and8WorkingGroup4 9and10WorkingGroup5 11and12

WorkingGroup1couldtackleonlyLivelihoodZone1.TheyspentsomuchtimeanalyzingtheZone1situationthattheycouldnotgettimetoworkontheotherzones.Table3showstheresultsarrivedatbythegroup.Zoneseemstobeverysuitableforgroundwaterandoutgrowersdevelopment.

AnnexTable3–AssessmentsofAWMsolutionsinLivelihoodZone1 Groundwateruse Motorpumps Outgrowers

Relevanceinthezone(high,medium,lowrelevance)

High:1.Availabilityofwaterbodies2.Therearesomeattemptsbythelocalresidentstoprovidethemselveswiththesefacilities.Butthereisaneedformorestudiestobeconductedtoknowthevolumeofwateravailable

Medium

High

Physicalsuitability(high,medium,low)

High:Availabilityofwaterbodiesandfarmlands Medium

High

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Mainpurposes(crops(specify),livestock,fishponds,etc)

Crops(leafy,vegetables,Onions,Tomato,Carrots,watermelons)

Rice,Maize,Crops(leafy,vegetables,Onions,Tomato,Carrots,watermelons)

Livelihoodimpact(incomegrowth,etc.)

Incomegrowth,nutrition,Jobcreationandfoodsecurity



Beneficiaries(traditionalfarmers,market‐oriented,pastoralists,etc.) Traditionalfarmers,andintermediaries

TraditionfarmersandIntermediaries

Mainlymarketorientedfarmers

Possiblesocialexclusionissues

Possibleexclusionoflandlessusers

Possibleconflictswithneighboringcountries,exclusionoflandlessowners

Basedonsubjectivity,landlessfarmersarelikelytobeexcluded

Gender(maleorfemalebenefitmore?) Both Both

Maledominated

levelofupscalabityinthezone High Low

High

Possibleconstraintsforadoption

Socio‐cultural,Markets,Roadsandotherrelevantinfrastructure

1.Availabilityofequipment,2.Affordability,3.Costofoperations,4.Profitability,5.Expertise/capacitiestomaintainthefacilities;6.Technicalskillsinlandpreparationandirrigation

Land,Reputationofleadfarmerandout‐growers,Profitability,PricingoftheCommodities

Environmentalimpact1.Depletionofundergroundwater,2.Pollutionofthewaterbodies,3.Erosionandlanddegradation,4.Issuesofsiltation,5.Deforestation,6.Floods

1.Depletionofundergroundwater,2.Pollutionofthewaterbodies,3.Erosionandlanddegradation,4.Issuesofsiltation,5.Deforestation,6.Floods

WorkingGroup2 analysed theAWMsolutions’ relevance andpotential impact in Livelihoods Zones4, 5 and7.Tables 4A to4Care the results arrivedat. The relevanceof theAWMsolutions in the Zones are generally low.Rainfallisrelativelyhighanditsdistributionrelativelygood.

AnnexTable4A:AssessmentsofAWMSolutions(Groundwateruse)inLivelihoodZones4,5and7GROUNDWATERUSEinZones4,5and7

LivelihoodzoneZone4(Easterncorridor&UpperVolta) Zone5(Voltabasin) Zone7(MiddleVolta)


Medium:foranimalswatering,otherdryseasoncroppingandactivities Low Low


Meduim:Someareasarenotsuitableandothersarenot High Medium:Someareasarehilly

Mainpurposes(crops(specify),livestock,fishponds,etc) Livestock,domestic Domestic Livelihoodimpact(incomegrowth,etc.)

Localprocessingofsheabutter,Pitobrewing,Improvehealth Improvehealth

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Beneficiaries(traditionalfarmers,market‐oriented,pastoralists,etc.)

Localprocessors,constructionindustry,Farmers(crop),pastoralists Domesticusers

Possiblesocialexclusionissues Witchescamps,Leprosarium None

Gender(maleorfemalebenefitmore?)

Female:Reliefwomenoftheburdenofwatersearchforprocessinganddomesticpurposes Women

levelofupscalabityinthezone

Medium:Someareasarenotsuitableandothersarenot Low


Culturalbarriers(Believe),Citingofboreholecanbeaproblem,Priorityandinterestofcommunity.

EnvironmentalimpactHealthproblems‐Mosquitobreeding.

AnnexTable4B:AssessmentsofAWMSolutions(Motorpumps)inLivelihoodZones4,5and7MOTORPUMPSinZones4,5and7

Livelihoodzonezone4(Easterncorridor&upperVolta) Zone5(Voltabasin) Zone7(MiddleVolta)


low:LackofPerennialrivers

High:Presenceofperennialwaterbodies

Low:Becauseofbimodalrainfall

Physicalsuitability(high,medium,low) N/A N/A N/AMainpurposes(crops(specify),livestock,fishponds,etc) Irrigation Livelihoodimpact(incomegrowth,etc.) Incomegrowth Beneficiaries(traditionalfarmers,market‐oriented,pastoralists,etc.) marketorientedfarmers Possiblesocialexclusionissues Gender(maleorfemalebenefitmore?) levelofupscalabityinthezone Possibleconstraintsforadoption Environmentalimpact

AnnexTable4C:AssessmentsofAWMSolutions(Outgrowers,SmallDamsandRiverDiversions)inLivelihoodZones4,5and7

LivelihoodzoneZone4(Easterncorridor&upperVolta) Zone5(Voltabasin) Zone7(MiddleVolta)

OUTGROWERSforZones4,5and7Relevanceinthezone(high,medium,lowrelevance)

Low/medium‐Marketwomensponsorsomefarmerandlaterbuythefarmproduce Low Low

SMALLDAMSforZones4,5and7Relevanceinthezone Medium:Livestockwateringand Low Low

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(high,medium,lowrelevance)

processing

Physicalsuitability(high,medium,low) Medium:

Low:Maydecreaselandareaforfarming

Low:Maydecreaselandareaforfarming

OTHERAWMSOLUTION(RIVERDIVERSION)forZone4

LivelihoodzoneZone4(Easterncorridor&upperVolta)

Relevanceinthezone(high,medium,lowrelevance) High:Diversionfromculverts Physicalsuitability(high,medium,low) High

WorkingGroup3assessedtheAWMsolutions’relevanceandpotentialimpactinLivelihoodsZones6and8.Tables5A to 5D (below) are the conclusions the group arrived at. Both zones seem to have a good potential forgroundwaterdevelopmentandpumpirrigation.

AnnexTable5A–AssessmentsofAWMSolutions(Groundwater)inLivelihoodZones6and8GROUNDWATERUSEinZones6and8

Livelihoodzone Zone6 Zone8 CommentsRelevanceinthezone(high,medium,lowrelevance) High Medium

HigherinZone6becauseoftheuni‐modalrainfall

Physicalsuitability(high,medium,low) High high

Needfeasibilitystudiestoconfirmquantitiesofwateretc


Vegetables;livestock,commercialpoultry

Vegetables,poultry,fishponds


Diversificationofcrops;incomegrowth;foodsecurity

Diversificationofcrops;incomegrowth;foodsecurity

Zone6hasmorepotentialfordiversificationintovegetableswhichneedirrigation


Livestockkeepers;traditionalfarmers

Market‐oriented;traditionalfarmers

HighdensityofcattleinZone6‐movetowardswateringpoints


Smallholderfarmersmayloseouttolargerscalelivestockowners(marginalized)

Citingofwaterpointsshouldbeconsideredthroughparticipatoryprocesseswithstakeholders


Femalemaybenefitmoreinvegetableuse;menbenefitmoreformen

Malebenefitfromproduction;femalebenefitthroughmarketingofproducts

Integratedfarmfamilysolution


High:moreroomforexpansion;fertilegrounds;virginlandsetc

High:farmersalreadycommerciallyoriented

Zone6upscalingsustainabledependentonmoreinjectionofexternalfundingandservices


Landownership;conflictsonuseofresource;inadequateknowledge,skillsattitudes

Landownership;conflictsonuseofresource;inadequateknowledge,skillsattitudes

Needfeasibilitystudiestoconfirmqualityofwateretc

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requiredforadoption;costinconstructionanduse

requiredforadoption;costsinconstruction,useandmaintenance

EnvironmentalimpactOver‐grazing;soilcompaction;depletionofgroundwater

Over‐grazing;soilcompaction;depletionofgroundwater

AnnexTable5B:AssessmentsofAWMSolutions(Motorpumps)inLivelihoodZones6and8MotorPumpsinZones6and8

Livelihoodzone Zone6 Zone8 CommentsRelevanceinthezone(high,medium,lowrelevance) Medium high

Zone8moreeasilyadoptedsincefarmersherearealreadyusingsome

Physicalsuitability(high,medium,low) High high Mainpurposes(crops(specify),livestock,fishponds,etc)

vegetables;livestock,commercialpoultry

vegetables,poultry,fishpondslesssuitableforlivestockproduction;andpoultry


diversificationofcrops;incomegrowth;foodsecurity

diversificationofcrops;incomegrowth;foodsecurity


livestockkeepers;traditionalfarmers

market‐oriented;traditionalfarmers


smallholderfarmersmayloseouttolargerscalelivestockowners(marginalized)


femalemaybenefitmoreinvegetableuse;menbenefitmoreformen

malebenefitfromproduction;femalebenefitthroughmarketingofproducts

femalemaybenefitlessinownership,butthroughmarketingofproduce


high:moreroomforexpansion;fertilegrounds;virginlandsetc

high:farmersalreadycommerciallyoriented


landownership;conflictsonuseofresource;inadequateknowledge,skillsattitudesrequiredforadoption;costinconstructionanduse

landownership;conflictsonuseofresource;inadequateknowledge,skillsattitudesrequiredforadoption;costsinconstruction,useandmaintenance

needVABchangestoadoptinZone6

Environmentalimpactnotmuch notmuch

noisepollution;migrationofbirds,wildanimals;possiblefuelspillageintowaterbodies

AnnexTable5C:AssessmentsofAWMSolutions(Outgrowers)inLivelihoodZones6and8OUTGROWERSinZones6and8

Livelihoodzone Zone6 Zone8 CommentsRelevanceinthezone(high,medium,lowrelevance) Low High

shouldbeviewedinadifferenttypology

Physicalsuitability(high,medium,low) Mainpurposes(crops(specify),livestock,fishponds,etc)

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AnnexTable5D:AssessmentsofAWMSolutions(SmallDams)inLivelihoodZones6and8SMALLDAMSinZones6and8

Livelihoodzone Zone6 Zone8Relevanceinthezone(high,medium,lowrelevance) High Medium

Physicalsuitability(high,medium,low) High Medium

Mainpurposes(crops(specify),livestock,fishponds,etc) Livestock,vegetables,fish Livestock,vegetables,fish


WorkingGroup4assessedtheAWMSolutionsinLivelihoodZones9and10.Thereseemstobesignificantpotentialforpumpirrigationinthesezones(seeTables6Ato6Dbelow).AnnexTable6A:AssessmentsofAWMSolutions(Groundwater)inLivelihoodZones9and10GROUNDWATERUSEinZones9and10

Livelihoodzone Zone9 Zone10 NotesRelevanceinthezone(high,medium,lowrelevance) Medium Medium

someareasonlywhereitisrelevant

Physicalsuitability(high,medium,low) High Low

groundwaterisavailableinthisareain9notin10

Mainpurposes(crops(specify),livestock,fishponds,etc) Vegetables

Vegetables,fishponds,livestock


High Medium

on9landisnotforcropssoAWMcanincreaseproduction,on10becauseofthescarcegw

Beneficiaries(traditionalfarmers,market‐oriented,pastoralists,etc.) market‐oriented

market‐oriented,pastoralists

Possiblesocialexclusionissues No No

Gender(maleorfemalebenefitmore?)Both Both

menareinvolvedintheproductionandwomeninmarketing

levelofupscalabityinthezone High Low Possibleconstraintsforadoption landtenurecouldbeaproblem,investmentcostsfortubewells,landpreparation

Possibleconstraintsforadoption Impactongroundwatertable,useoffertilizercouldaffecthealth

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AnnexTable6B:AssessmentsofAWMSolutions(Motorpumps)inLivelihoodZones9and10MOTORPUMPSinZones9and10

Livelihoodzone Zone9 Zone10 NotesRelevanceinthezone(high,medium,lowrelevance) High High

Physicalsuitability(high,medium,low)High Medium

Waterisavailablein9,in10partisdry

Mainpurposes(crops(specify),livestock,fishponds,etc) Vegetables Vegetables

Livelihoodimpact(incomegrowth,etc.)High High

Forveggrowers,periurban,notfortreecrops


Periurban,market‐oriented

Periurban,market‐oriented

PossiblesocialexclusionissuesPoorpeople Poorpeople

Motorpumpscosts,verypoorcannotafford

Gender(maleorfemalebenefitmore?) Both Both levelofupscalabityinthezone High Medium Possibleconstraintsforadoption Costsofthepumps,fuel Environmentalimpact useoffertilization

Table6C:AssessmentsofAWMSolutions(Outgrowers)inLivelihoodZones9and10OUTGROWERSinZones9and10

Livelihoodzone Zone9 Zone10 NotesRelevanceinthezone(high,medium,lowrelevance)

High(fortomato) High(forrice) InareaslikeAkomadan,


High High


Vegetables Vegetables,rice Tomatoes,pepper

Livelihoodimpact(incomegrowth,etc.) Medium Medium

Assuredofreadymarketthoughpricespaidforproducemaybelow


Marketoriented Marketoriented

Possiblesocialexclusionissues None NoneAnyonewillingtogrowcanbepartofthescheme

Gender(maleorfemalebenefitmore?) Male Male

Womenroleinthemarketingiscutoutinthecaseofoutgrowerschemes

levelofupscalabityinthezone High High

PossibleconstraintsforadoptionDisappointments;conflicts

Farmersmayproduceandnotselltooriginalintendedbuyersbecauseanotherinvestoroffershigherprice;farmersproduceandbuyersfailtoturnup

EnvironmentalimpactIncreasefertilizerapplication

Asaresultofintensiveandlargescalecultivation

41

AnnexTable6D:AssessmentsofAWMSolutions(SmallDams)inLivelihoodZones9and10SMALLDAMSinZones9and10

Livelihoodzone Zone9 Zone10 NotesRelevanceinthezone(high,medium,lowrelevance) Medium High


High Medium

Zone9hasanumberofrivers/streamsthatcanbeused;

Mainpurposes(crops(specify),livestock,fishponds,etc) Vegetables

Vegetables,fisheryandlivestock

Livelihoodimpact(incomegrowth,etc.) High High

Willensuredryseasoncultivation


Market‐oriented

Market‐orientedandpastoralists


Community‐basedoneshavenosocialexclusionbutwithprivatedams,onlyrichpeoplemayafford

Gender(maleorfemalebenefitmore?) Both Both levelofupscalabityinthezone Highinvestmentcost Highinvestmentcost Possibleconstraintsforadoption Costofconstruction Costofconstruction Environmentalimpact Increasedincidenceofwater‐bornediseases

WorkingGroup5assessedtheAWMSolutionsinLivelihoodZones11and12.(SeeTables7Ato7Dbelow).

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AnnexTable7A:AssessmentsofAWMSolutions(Groundwater)inLivelihoodZones11and12GROUNDWATERinZones11and12

Livelihoodzone Zone11 Zone12Relevanceinthezone(high,medium,lowrelevance)

high‐drinking&domesticuse,low‐agriculture High

Physicalsuitability(high,medium,low)high‐lotsofgroundwaterpotentiallyavailableduetohighrainfall

medium‐issuesofsaltinfiltrationintowater


household/domesticuse,useforprocessingofcrops household/domesticuse

Livelihoodimpact(incomegrowth,etc.)waterqualityishigh,littlehealthrisk lesstraveltimetocollectwater


accessshouldbeavailabletoallinthecommunity

accessshouldbeavailabletoallinthecommunity

Possiblesocialexclusionissuesthosethatarewealthiercanaffordtheinfrastructureforcreation

thosethatarewealthiercanaffordtheinfrastructureforcreation

Gender(maleorfemalebenefitmore?)females‐benefitbecausetheydon'thavespendtimesearching/collectingwater

females‐benefitbecausetheydon'thavespendtimesearching/collectingwater

levelofupscalabityinthezone High High


ensurelocationofgroundwateraccessissuitableforthewholecommunity.Ifthetasteisn'tasgoodaswhattheyareuseto,theymaynotusethenewwater.Miningsitesmayalsoeffectthetaste‐solocationofboreholeishighlyimportant.

ensurelocationofgroundwateraccessissuitableforthewholecommunity.Ifthetasteisn'tasgoodaswhattheyareuseto,theymaynotusethenewwater.Miningsitesmayalsoeffectthetaste‐solocationofboreholeishighlyimportant.

Environmentalimpactloweringwatertablenotsomuchofanissueduetohighrainfall

loweringofwatertable‐canleadtosaltrelatedissues

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AnnexTable7B:AssessmentsofAWMSolutions(Motorpump)inLivelihoodZones11and12MOTORPUMPinZones11and12

Livelihoodzone Zone11 Zone12Relevanceinthezone(high,medium,lowrelevance) High

medium‐fewerriversandstreamstoaccesswaterfrom

Physicalsuitability(high,medium,low) High High


crops‐vegetables,processing/distillingofalcohol

crops‐vegetables(especiallypepper,shallots,okra,tomatoes),watermelon

Livelihoodimpact(incomegrowth,etc.)increasedproductivityleadingtoincreasedincomeorincreasedfoodtoeat

increasedcropproductivityleadingtoincreasedincome

Beneficiaries(traditionalfarmers,market‐oriented,pastoralists,etc.) farmers,familiesoffarmers FarmersPossiblesocialexclusionissues


maleswilldominateaccesstothepumps‐butcollectionofwateriscollectedbybothmaleandfemale.Femaleparticipantsthinkmalesbenefitmore,becausetheypocketthemoneyfromtheextraincomegained!

maleswilldominateaccesstothepumps‐butcollectionofwateriscollectedbybothmaleandfemale.Femaleparticipantsthinkmalesbenefitmore,becausetheypocketthemoneyfromtheextraincomegained!

levelofupscalabityinthezone High Medium

Possibleconstraintsforadoptionfinancial,education/trainingonuseofpumps,maintenanceissues,qualityofpumps

financial,education/trainingonuseofpumps,maintenanceissues,qualityofpumps

Environmentalimpact noise,spillageofoil noise,spillageofoilAnnexTable7C:AssessmentsofAWMSolutions(outgrowers)inLivelihoodZones11and12OUTGROWERSinZones11and12

Livelihoodzone Zone11 Zone12Relevanceinthezone(high,medium,lowrelevance) High HighPhysicalsuitability(high,medium,low) High HighMainpurposes(crops(specify),livestock,fishponds,etc)

crops‐treecrops(oilpalm,rubber,citrus) crops‐citrus,pineapple

Livelihoodimpact(incomegrowth,etc.)increasedincometofarmers,butonlyifthemarketpriceisright

increasedincometofarmers,butonlyifthemarketpriceisright


traditionalfarmers,market‐oriented,companiesfinancingthescheme

traditionalfarmers,market‐oriented,companiesfinancingthescheme

Possiblesocialexclusionissuesownershipofland‐onlypossibleifyouownland,orcompanyletsyoufarmontheland

ownershipofland‐onlypossibleifyouownland,orcompanyletsyoufarmontheland

Gender(maleorfemalebenefitmore?)men‐duetobeingthemainownersoftheland

men‐duetobeingthemainownersoftheland

levelofupscalabityinthezone low‐medium low‐medium


farmersarenottookeenonthisschemeduetotheprofitmargin.Theywouldneedtobeconvincedofthebenefittothem

farmersarenottookeenonthisschemeduetotheprofitmargin.Theywouldneedtobeconvincedofthebenefittothem

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Environmentalimpact AnnexTable7D:AssessmentsofAWMSolutions(Smalldams)inLivelihoodZones11and12SMALLDAMSinZones11and12

Livelihoodzone Zone11 Zone12


med‐becausethereissomuchrainandwaterisavailablefromrivers.Butthereisirrigationintheeasternregionofthisareacomingfromdams

High

Physicalsuitability(high,medium,low) High HighMainpurposes(crops(specify),livestock,fishponds,etc) crops,livestock,fishponds domestic,crops,livestock


incomegrowththroughincreasedproductivity

Beneficiaries(traditionalfarmers,market‐oriented,pastoralists,etc.) Farmers FarmersPossiblesocialexclusionissues financialconstraints financialconstraintsGender(maleorfemalebenefitmore?) levelofupscalabityinthezone Low LowPossibleconstraintsforadoption findingthespace

Environmentalimpact

managingdamformultipleusages‐pollutionbylivestock,takinglandawayfromfarmingpurposes,changeecosystemecology,safetyconcernswithimproperconstruction

managingdamformultipleusages‐pollutionbylivestock,takinglandawayfromfarmingpurposes,changeecosystemecology,safetyconcernswithimproperconstruction

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Annex5–LIVELIHOODZONESATTRIBUTESTABLE–Generalcharacteristics

LivelihoodZone Sub‐divisioncriteria Mainclimate Mainlivelihoodsources

North-West Millet/Sorghum-Legumes-Cattle Zone (Zone 1)

Populationdensity(andlandavailability);NearnesstoriverssuchastheBlackVolta

Unimodalrainfall;generallyhightemperatures(butverycoldnighttemperaturesduringharmattan);relativelylowhumidity

Arablecropfarming;Livestock(mainlycattleandpigs)rearing;"Pito"(localbeer)brewing;charcoalproduction

North-East Millet/Sorghum/Rice-Legumes-Small Ruminants/Guinea Fowl Zone (Zone 2)

Populationdensity(andlandavailability),NearnesstoriverssuchastheWhiteVolta,Goldmining,Crafts


Arablecropfarming;livestock(mainlysheep,goatsandguineafowls)rearing;dryseasongardening;mining;crafts

North-Central Maize/Rice-Mango-Groundnut-Small Ruminants Zone (Zone 3)

Urbanization(andthusperi‐urbanagriculture);Treecrop(mango);


Arablecropfarming;livestockrearing;emergingcommercialmangoproduction;tradinginagriculturalandnon‐agriculturalproducts

North East Corridor and Upper Volta Yam/Cassava-Groundnut- Cattle Zone (Zone 4)

Commercialyamproduction;extensivelivestock

Unimodalrainfall;generallyhightemperatures;lowtomediumhumidity Arablecropfarming;Livestock(mainlycattle)

Volta Lake Inland Fishing Zone (Zone 5) FishingandfishmarketingUnimodalrainfall;generallyhightemperatures;lowtomediumhumidity Arablecropfarming;fishing

Upper Middle Belt Maize-Yam/Cassava Zone (Zone 6) Savannaandforestareas;

Unimodalrainfall;generallyhightemperatures;mediumhumidity Savannaarablecrops;forestarablecrops

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Middle Volta Cocoa/Coffee-Cassava-Small Ruminants Zone (Zone 7) Mountainous;savannaandforestareas Bi‐modalrainfallregime,mediumhumidity Treecrops;arablecrops;smallruminants

Central Middle Belt Commercial Maize-Cassava-Small Ruminants Livelihood Zone (Zone 8) Commercialmaize;Commercialyam/cassava Bi‐modalrainfallregime,mediumhumidity

Arablecrops(commercialproduction);smallruminants

Lower Middle Belt Cocoa/Oil Palm/Citrus-Commercial Poultry-Mining Zone (Zone 9)

Treecrops;Commercialpoultry;Mining;Trading Bi‐modalrainfallregime

Treecrops;arablecrops;commercialpoultry;legalandillegalmining;tradinginagriculturalandnon‐agriculturalproducts

Inland Greater Accra and Lower Volta Commercial Rice-Cattle Zone (Zone 10)

Commercialirrigatedrice;Commerciallivestock Bi‐modalrainfallregime,highhumidity

Commercialrice;commercialvegetables;livestock

High Forest Timber-Cocoa/Oil Palm/Rubber-Mining Zone (Zone 11) Timber;Treecrops;Mining Bi‐modalhighrainfall,highhumidity Timber;treecrops;mining

Coastal Belt Marine Fishing-Vegetables-Salt Zone (Zone 12)

Seafishing;vegetablecultivation;groundwaterirrigation Bi‐modalrainfallregime,mediumhumidity Seafishing;arablecrops;vegetables

Annex6–LIVELIHOODZONESATTRIBUTESTABLE–Socioeconomiccharacteristics1

Maincrops Livestock

Foodcrops Cashcrops Livestock

Farmerstypology

LivelihoodZone

rainfed irrigated rainfed irrigated CattleSmall

RuminantsPoultry Piggery a b c d

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1

Millet,sorghum,maize,cowpea,groundnut,yam

Sorghum,cotton,groundnut,shea Tomatoes Cattle

Sheepandgoats

Localchicken,guineafowl Pigs

Millet,maize,cowpea,yam

Sorghum,cotton

2

Millet,sorghum,rice,maize,groundnut,sweetpotato,yam(limited) Rice

Shea,cotton,soyabeans

Tomatoes,onions,peppers,rice Cattle

Sheepandgoats

Guineafowls,localchickens Pigs

Millet,sorgum,rice,groundnuts

Irrigatedproductionofvegetablesandrice

3

Rice,maize,yamandcassava

Shea,cotton,groundnut Mango Cattle

Sheepandgoats

Localchickens,guineafowl

Maize,ricemango

4

Yam,cassava,maize,soyabeans,sorghum,millet

Shea,cotton,soyabeans,shea Cattle

Sheepandgoats

Localchicken,guineafowl Pigs

Sorghum,millet Yam,maize

5

Maize,yam,cassava Vegetables

Maize,yam,cassava Fishing

6

Maize,yam,cassava

Shea,cashew

Commer‐cialpoultry

Shea,cashew,poultry

7

Maize,rice,cassava,cocoyamandplantain

Cocoa,coffee,oilpalm

Sheepandgoats

Commer‐cialpoultry Pigs Cassava

Cocoa,sheepandgoats

8

Maize,yam,cassava,cocoyam,plantain

Maize,yam,cassava,oilpalm

Sheepandgoats

Commer‐cialpoultry Pigs

Plantain,cocoyam

Maize,yam,cassava,sheepandgoats Maize,

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9

Cassava,yam,cocoyam,plantain

Cocoa,oilpalm,citrus

Sheepandgoats

Commer‐cialpoultry Pigs

Cassava,maize,cocoyam,plantain

Cocoa,oilpalm,citrus,poultry,pigs

10

Cassava,plantain,bananas,cocoyam

Tomatoes,pepper,okro,gardeneggs,onions,cocoa,oilpalm Cattle


Cassava,maize

Irrigatedriceandvegetables,bananas(mainlyforexport)

11

Cassava,maize,plantain,cocoyam

Cocoa,oilpalm,rubber,coconut

Cocoyam,plantain

Cocoa,oilpalm,rubber,coconut,cassava,maize

12 Maize,cassava

Pineapple,tomatoes,pepper,gardeneggs,okro,onions,shallots


Maize,rice,cassava,cocoyam

Pineapple,tomato,pepper,onions,shallots

Annex7–LIVELIHOODZONESATTRIBUTESTABLE–Socioeconomiccharacteristics2

Marketaccess(high,moderate,limited)Averagelandholdingsize

(in%)

Prevalenceofgenderfarming

systemsLivelihoodZone

a b c d a b c

Mainconstraintsforlivelihoods

Incidenceofruralpoverty

(high,moderate,limited)

Inputs Outputs

MigrationissuesOtheraspects(e.g.dominantethnic

groups)

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1 40% 45% 10% 5% 55% 10% 45%

Erraticrainfall,verylimitedirrigationinfrastructure,limitedpotentialfornon‐farmactivities High limited Limited

Highout‐migration,bothseasonalandpermanenttobothurbanandruralareas

Dagaabas,Walas,Sissalas,Lobis

2 90% 9% 1% 35% 25% 60%

Erraticrainfall,brokendownirrigationinfrastructure,limitedpotentialfornon‐farmactivities,populationpressure High limited Limited

Highout‐migration,bothseasonalandpermanenttobothurbanandruralareas

Frafras,Kusasis,Kassenas,Builsas,MamprusisandBimobas

3 25% 50% 25% 70% 5% 25%

Erraticrainfall,limitedirrigationinfrastructure,populationpressure Moderate Moderate Moderate

Highout‐migration,bothseasonalandpermanenttomainlyurbanareas

Dagombas,Mamprusis,Frafras

4 25% 65% 10% 70% 5% 25%

Erraticrainfall,absenceofirrigationinfrastructure,poorroads Moderate limited Limited

Highout‐migration,bothseasonalandpermanenttomainlyurbanareas

Dagombas,Nanumbas,Chikosis,Kokombas,Akans

5 60% 6% 34%

Poorwatertransportsystem,limitedinfrastructuretosupportfishingandfishprocessing Moderate limited Moderate

In‐migrationmainlyfromVoltaRegion Gonjas,Ewes,Akans

6 98% 2% 55% 10% 35%

Poortransportsystem,limitedsupporttosheaandcashewindustry Moderate limited Limited

Lowout‐migrationandlowin‐migration Gonjas,Akans

7 90% 10% 55% 10% 45%

Populationpressure,limitedavailableagriculturallandandverylimitedirrigationinfrastructure Moderate Moderate Moderate

HighoutmigrationtoVoltalakeareaforfishingandurbanareas Ewes,Akans,Guans

8 15% 40% 40% 5% 30% 30% 40%Limitedmechanizationequipment Limited High High

Lowout‐migrationandhighin‐migrationmanilyformnorthernparts

Akans,Brongs,Mole‐Dagbanigroups

9 25% 50% 25% 25% 35% 40% Labourshortages Limited High High

Lowout‐migrationandhighin‐migrationmanilyformnorthernparts

Akans,Mole‐Dagbanigroups

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10 45 55 30% 30% 40%

Populationpressure,limitedavailableagriculturalland Limited High High

Lowout‐migrationandhighin‐migrationmanilyformnorthernpartsandVoltaRegion

Akans,Ga‐Dangwes,Ewes

11 45% 55% 60% 20% 20%Toomuchrainandpoorroadtransport Moderate

Mode‐rate

Mode‐rate

Lowoutmigrationandlowin‐migration

Sefwis,Ahantas,Akans

12 90% 10% 30% 30% 40%

Populationpressure,limitedavailableagriculturalland Limited

mode‐rate

mode‐rate Highin‐migrationtocities

Fantes(Akans),Ahantas,Ga‐Dangwe,Ewes

Annex8–LIVELIHOODZONESATTRIBUTESTABLE–Water‐relatedcharacteristics

LivelihoodZone

Mainwater‐relatedconstraints

towhatextentAWMcanimprovelivelihoods

(high,moderate,limited)

Localconflicts(competing

uses)onwatermanagement

surfacewater

availabilityand

exploitation(high,

moderate,limited)

groundwateravailabilityandexploitation(high,moderate,limited)

mainwateruse

(farming,livestock,domestic,

etc.)

Frequenceofdroughtsanddryspells(high,moderate,limited)

EthnicityimplicationsforAWM

Notes

1

Longdryseasonandlackofirrigationinfrastructure Veryhigh Moderate Moderate Moderate

Crop,livestock,agro‐processing High Notcritical

2

Longdryseasonandlimitedirrigationinfrastructure Veryhigh Moderate Moderate Moderate

Crop,livestock,agro‐processing High

Couldbeaproblemwithoutadequatesensitizationbecauseoflandpressure

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3

Longdryseasonandlimitedirrigationinfrastructure Veryhigh Moderate Moderate Low


Couldbeaproblemwithoutadequatesensitization

4

Longdryseasonandlackofirrigationinfrastructure Veryhigh Moderate Low Moderate


Canbeaverysignificantproblemwithoutextensivesensitization

5

Poordrainageandcultivationclosetobankoflake Low(limited) Moderate High High

Fishing,crop,agro‐processing Moderate Notcritical

6 Lackofirrigationinfrastructure High Low Low Moderate

Crop,livestock,agro‐processing Moderate Notcritical

7 Limitedirrigationinfrastructure High Moderate Low Moderate


8 Lackofirrigationinfrastructure High Low Low Moderate


9 None Low(limited) Low Low High

Crop,livestock,agro‐processing Low Notcritical

10 None Low(limited) Low Low High

Crop,livestock,agro‐processing Low Notcritical

11 None Low(limited) Low High HighCrop,agro‐processing Low Notcritical

12 Limitedirrigationinfrastructure High Moderate High Moderate


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Documents

Improved livelihoods for smallholder farmers LIVELIHOOD ... · COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS.....2 2.3 IDENTIFICATION OF AWM INVESTMENT POTENTIALS ... Production of Major Crops in Volta