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ED 037 341
T1TLL
PUB LATENOTEAVAILABLE Erc:i
FDESDESCFITORS
IDENTIFIERS
ABSTPACT
DOCUMENT RESUME
SE 007 880
In This Dr-cale, Fission to tne Moon.Naticnal Aron antics and Space Administration,iashington, D.C.6954p.Sui,erin-endent Cr Documents, U.S. GovernmentPrinting Otfice, wasiington, D.C., 2040:: (0-3'0-01A,$1.25)
EDI,S Price AF-10.2F Lvaiiale from EDF.S.*Aerospace Tecnnologl, Astronomy, ScientificEnterprise, Scientific research, *Space,Technological AdvancementNational Aeronautics and Space Administration
The development and accomplisnments of the NaticnalAeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) from its inception in1958 to the final preparations for the Apollo 11 mission in 1969 aretraced in this brochure. A brief account of the successes of projectsMercury, Gemini, and Apollo is presented and many color photographsand drawings of the astronauts, spacecraft, and the vast complex offacilities of NASA's Manned Spacecraft Center are included. Alsoincluded are pictures photographed in space from the variousspacecraft. Cutaway drawings of spacecraft and launch vehicles areused to illustrate the complexity of these vehicles. The bookletconcludes by mentioning some of the plans for future spaceexploration into the 1980's. (FL)
SE00
:7
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ED
O37
341
P* r
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DIP
AR
IMIK
I Of H
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1 E
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TIO
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AR
I
0111
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CA
TIO
N
TH
IS D
OC
UM
EN
T H
AS
811
14 R
IPR
OD
UC
ID !W
ILY
A',
PR
IMO
FR
OM
I111
PE
RS
ON
UR
OR
GA
NIZ
AT
ION
WO
WIN
G IT
PO
INT
S 0
1 V
IEW
OR
OP
INIO
NS
SE
AT
ED
DO
NO
T N
EC
ES
SA
RIL
Y R
EP
RE
SE
NT
01I
irfA
I 011
ICE
OF
ED
UC
AD
OW
PO
SIT
ION
OR
PO
LIC
Y
- -
"IN THIS DECADE .
Mission To The MoonWhile the Moon has been the focus of ourefforts, the true goal is far more thanbeing first to land men on the Moon, asthough it were a celestial Mount Everestrimsto be climbed. The real goal is to develop
/' and demonstrate the capability for inter-rer\ planetary travel. With some awe we contemplate
the fact that men can now walk on extraterrestrialNip shores. We are providing the most excitingrtN possible answer to the age-old question of
whether life, as we know it on Earth,C:I can exist on the Moon and the planets. Theez answer is yes. Men working together with
mcdern science and technology can extend theLIU domain of terrestrial life throughout the
solar system.
Thomas 0. PaineAdministratorNational Aeronautics and Space Administration
1 1
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AN
EN
DA
ND
A B
EG
INN
ING
Tod
ay a
nd to
mor
row
and
the
day
afte
rto
mor
row
. .. t
hese
now
are
the
mea
sure
s of
tim
e un
til m
an's
gre
ates
tad
vent
ure.
For
dec
ades
, men
hav
e dr
eam
ed o
f rea
chin
gth
e M
oon,
and
of u
sing
it a
s a
sprin
gboa
rd to
the
star
s. F
or y
ears
, it
has
been
a g
oal.
And
now
, it
is o
nly
a m
atte
r of
day
s an
dho
urs
until
the
sile
nt c
old
wel
com
es M
oon'
sfir
st v
isito
rs.
Firs
t one
, and
then
a s
econ
d, A
mer
ican
astr
onau
t will
desc
end
from
thei
r la
nded
spa
cecr
aft t
o st
and
alon
e on
the
surf
ace
of th
e M
oon.
But
in th
e la
rger
sens
e, th
ey w
ill n
otst
and
ther
e al
one;
hun
dred
s of
thou
sand
s of
othe
r m
enan
d w
omen
will
hav
e pu
t the
m th
ere
with
thei
rdr
eam
s, id
eas
and
hard
wor
k.F
or P
roje
ct A
pollo
is a
foca
l poi
nt o
fa
natio
nal d
ecis
ion,
voic
ed b
y P
resi
dent
Joh
n F
. Ken
nedy
in 1
961,
that
"...
this
nat
ion
shou
ld c
omm
it its
elf t
oac
hiev
ing
the
goal
,be
fore
this
dec
ade
is o
ut, o
f lan
ding
a m
an o
n th
e M
oon
and
retu
rnin
g hi
m s
afel
y to
Ear
th."
The
n, 1
970
seem
ed s
o cl
ose,
and
the
task
loom
ed s
o la
rge,
that
man
y be
lieve
d su
ch a
tim
etab
le c
ould
not b
e m
et.
The
man
agem
ent a
nd c
oord
inat
ion
of th
atfo
rmid
able
assi
gnm
ent w
ere
give
n to
the
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spa
ce A
dmin
istr
atio
n, a
thre
e-ye
ar-o
ld fl
edgl
ing
orga
niza
tion.
The
NA
SA
nuc
leus
was
a h
andf
ul o
fre
sear
cher
s in
the
prob
lem
s of
spa
ce fl
ight
. Ove
r th
eye
ars
they
gre
w in
num
ber,
to b
e jo
ined
by
othe
rs in
uni
vers
ities
,in
dust
ry a
ndgo
vern
men
t, an
d to
wor
k in
a h
uge
team
eve
ntua
llynu
mbe
r-in
g in
the
hund
reds
of t
hous
ands
. Tog
ethe
r, th
eyha
ve b
uilt
a po
wer
ful c
apab
ility
, a n
atio
nal r
esou
rce,
bas
edon
a w
hole
new
tech
nolo
gy o
f man
ned
spac
e fli
ght a
nd in
clud
ing
the
surr
ound
ing
com
plex
es o
f com
mun
icat
ion
syst
ems,
test
stan
ds, a
ssem
bly
build
ings
and
laun
ch s
ites.
The
ast
rona
uts
who
firs
t set
foot
on th
e lu
nar
surf
ace
will
stan
d at
an
end
and
a be
ginn
ingt
he e
nd g
oal
of th
esp
ecifi
c A
pollo
11
mis
sion
, and
the
begi
nnin
gof
man
'sex
plor
atio
n of
the
wor
ld b
eyon
d hi
s E
arth
.T
hey
will
sta
ndal
one,
but
hun
dred
s of
mill
ions
of p
eopl
e w
illsh
are
thos
em
inut
es w
ith th
em th
roug
h te
levi
sion
and
rad
io.
The
aw
esom
efe
elin
g of
that
firs
t con
tact
with
a ne
w w
orld
will
touc
h th
em
inds
of p
eopl
e w
ho s
peak
ever
y to
ngue
, wea
r ev
ery
dres
s,in
habi
t eve
ry r
egio
n of
Ear
th.
And
so
the
luna
r la
ndin
gtha
t firs
tst
ep to
war
ds th
e st
ars
will
rep
rese
nt m
ore
than
a tr
ium
ph o
fte
chno
logy
ove
rtim
e an
d di
stan
ce. I
t will
be
a si
ngle
mov
ing
expe
rienc
e to
be s
hare
d in
a b
rief b
ond
of w
orld
wid
ebr
othe
rhoo
d.T
hen
itis
not
impo
rtan
t who
is s
tand
ing
ther
e.W
hat i
sim
port
ant i
s th
at m
an is
sta
ndin
g th
ere.
Pr
"In
I i lr
olW
ilig
Wl+
leIti
ori,r
ims
at S
loA
t., W
isha
re g
ip,.
'live
red
iivw
linel
olis
Mirt
hl'r
e.gu
lent
Nix
im m
Aild
re.:4
,I
2 OF
AIR
AN
D S
PA
CE
Sin
ce it
s in
cept
ion
in 1
958,
NA
SA
's p
rogr
ams
have
expl
ored
the
broa
dest
ran
ge o
f pro
blem
are
as in
aero
naut
ics
and
spac
e.B
efor
e A
pollo
, NA
SA
suc
cess
fully
com
plet
ed tw
oot
her
man
ned
spac
e fli
ght p
rogr
ams,
Mer
cury
and
Gem
ini,
laun
ched
mor
e th
an 1
50 s
cien
tific
sat
ellit
es in
to s
pace
, and
fired
thou
sand
s of
roc
ket p
robe
s in
to th
e up
per
atm
osph
ere.
Obs
erva
tory
spa
cecr
aft,
unha
mpe
red
by th
e E
arth
's o
bscu
ring
atm
osph
ere
have
pro
bed,
pho
togr
aphe
d an
d m
easu
red
the
dist
ant r
each
es o
f spa
ce. T
hey
trai
ned
thei
r in
stru
men
ts o
nth
e st
ars
and
clos
ely
exam
ined
our
Sun
and
hav
e ga
ther
edus
eful
info
rmat
ion
abou
t the
Ear
th a
nd it
s en
viro
nmen
t.A
mer
ica
has
coop
erat
ed w
ith o
ther
cou
ntrie
s in
sci
entif
icpr
ogra
ms
in th
e ex
plor
atio
n of
spa
ce. G
reat
Brit
ain,
Can
ada,
Ital
y an
d F
ranc
e ha
ve d
esig
ned
and
built
sci
entif
icsa
telli
tes
carr
ied
into
spa
ce b
y U
nite
d S
tate
s la
unch
vehi
cles
. Oth
er E
urop
ean
coun
trie
s ar
e pl
anni
ng e
xper
imen
tsor
spa
cecr
aft f
or fu
ture
flig
hts.
Wor
ldw
ide
rela
ys o
f liv
e te
levi
sion
cov
erag
e of
new
s ev
ents
have
bee
n m
ade
poss
ible
by c
omm
unic
atio
nssa
telli
tes,
pio
neer
ed in
NA
SA
exp
erim
ents
. Glo
bal w
eath
erpa
ttern
s no
w a
re s
een
from
wea
ther
sat
ellit
es th
at s
end
thei
rob
serv
atio
ns to
Ear
th s
tatio
ns fo
r fa
ster
, mor
e ac
cura
tefo
reca
stin
g. E
arth
's n
atur
al r
esou
rces
its fo
rest
s an
d w
ater
-sh
edsc
an b
e su
rvey
ed fr
om s
pace
. Thi
s ho
lds
grea
t pro
mis
efo
r th
e fu
ture
. Nav
igat
ion
tech
niqu
es h
ave
been
impr
oved
thro
ugh
the
use
of in
stru
men
ts a
nd c
once
pts
utili
zed
insa
telli
tes.
NA
SA
's in
volv
emen
t with
aer
onau
tics
has
run
long
and
deep
. One
rec
ent m
ajor
res
earc
h pr
ogra
m w
as d
evot
edto
the
deve
lopm
ent o
f an
econ
omic
ally
feas
ible
des
ign
for
asu
pers
onic
tran
spor
t.In
oth
er a
eron
autic
al r
esea
rch
prog
ram
s, th
e fli
ght b
oun-
darie
s of
man
ned
airc
raft
wer
e ex
tend
ed in
to n
ew s
peed
and
altit
ude
rang
es b
y th
e X
-15
and
XB
-70
rese
arch
airc
raft.
Lifti
ng b
odie
s, w
hose
car
eful
ly c
onto
ured
fuse
lage
s su
bstit
ute
thei
r lif
t for
mis
sing
win
gs, p
robe
the
pote
ntia
l of r
e-us
able
spac
ecra
ft. A
gen
erat
ion
of v
ertic
al-
and
shor
t-ta
keof
f-an
d-la
ndin
g (V
TO
L an
d S
TO
L) a
ircra
ft ha
ve b
een
flow
n by
NA
SA
pilo
ts in
flig
ht r
esea
rch
prog
ram
s to
sol
ve s
ome
prob
lem
s of
shor
t-ra
nge
tran
spor
tatio
n.N
AS
A's
wor
k in
spa
ce e
xplo
ratio
n an
d ae
rona
utic
s is
requ
iring
adv
ance
s in
pra
ctic
ally
all
field
s of
sci
ence
and
tech
nolo
gy, a
nd m
any
of th
ese
adva
nces
are
pro
ving
use
ful
also
in n
on-a
eros
pace
indu
strie
s an
d in
med
icin
e. S
uch
know
ledg
e is
mad
e av
aila
ble
to p
oten
tial u
sers
thro
ugh
publ
icat
ions
and
dat
a ba
nks
that
can
be
quic
kly
sear
ched
by
com
pute
r fo
r an
swer
s to
spe
cific
que
stio
ns.
4
No"
4
3.
r
1
2
1111
16".
..-
.4
L
6
4
4..
*011
1O
r:*
44r.
;di
11
01,1
14f.
'!V
P-
N1"
An
App
licat
ions
Tec
hnol
ogy
Sat
ellit
eco
lor
phot
ogra
ph o
f the
Ear
th fr
om 2
2,30
0 m
iles
in s
pace
.
2. T
he X
B-7
0 fu
rnis
hed
fligh
t dat
a fo
r th
esu
pers
onic
tran
spor
t pro
gram
.
3. A
n in
flatio
n te
st o
f the
Ech
o II
pass
ive
com
mun
icat
ions
sat
ellit
e.
4. A
tech
nici
an w
orks
on
the
high
-gai
nan
tenn
aar
m o
f the
Ven
us-b
ound
Mar
iner
11
spac
ecra
ft.
5. A
dvan
ced
elec
tric
pro
puls
ion
syst
ems
are
test
ed in
this
vac
uum
cha
mbe
r.
6. A
win
gles
s Li
fting
Bod
y m
odel
unde
rgoi
ng h
igh
air
velo
city
win
d-tu
nnel
test
s.
5
rdk
ti
IA..1.1_447,a
a
N..
am 'N.
if
4r
-4
toe. NIMIL
r
9
. 4.1.0711M
rIF
r
7
. 1.:1
'
1. A
ll th
e w
orld
's w
eath
er s
how
n in
a s
ingl
eph
otom
osai
c m
ade
from
450
exp
osur
esc"
take
n by
TIR
OS
IX.
2. A
Nim
bus
I wea
ther
sat
ellit
e ph
otog
raph
of
the
Was
hing
ton,
D. C
. are
a.
3. A
Mar
iner
IV d
igita
l rep
rese
ntat
ion
ofth
e su
rfac
e of
Mar
s.
,.
4
460
vt
-4
8
4. A
ssem
blin
g a
SY
NC
OM
com
mun
icat
ions
sate
llite
.
5. A
uxili
ary
tank
s on
the
X-1
5 re
sear
ch a
ircra
ftin
crea
sed
fuel
cap
acity
for
high
er p
erfo
rman
ce.
6. T
echn
icia
n ch
ecks
out
an
Orio
n II
soun
ding
roc
ket,
prio
r to
laun
ch.
7. T
he fi
nal i
nspe
ctio
n of
a U
nite
d K
ingd
omsa
telli
te b
efor
e m
atin
g to
its
laun
ch v
ehic
le.
8. A
djus
ting
com
plex
circ
uitr
y in
the
Exp
lore
r V
II.
"Spa
ce w
ill h
e ex
plor
ed fo
r m
any
reas
ons
scie
ntifi
c.ec
onom
ic. m
ilita
ry. p
oliti
cal.
The
que
stio
n is
not
but
whe
n. a
nd b
y w
hom
*."'-
Dr.
Hug
h 1.
. Dry
den.
196
0.
3 BLA
ZIN
G T
HE
TR
AIL
The
firs
t Am
eric
an in
spa
ce, A
stro
naut
Ala
n B
. She
pard
, Jr.
,ro
de h
is o
ne-m
an M
ercu
ry s
pace
craf
t in
a su
b-or
bita
lfli
ght t
hat l
aste
d ju
st o
ver
15 m
inut
es. T
hat w
as li
ttle
mor
eth
an e
ight
yea
rs a
go.
Tod
ay, t
hree
ast
rona
uts
are
pois
ed fo
r th
e A
pollo
11
mis
sion
whi
ch w
ill la
nd tw
o of
them
on
the
Moo
n's
surf
ace.
The
ir sp
acec
raft
cont
ains
thei
r lif
e su
ppor
t sys
tem
s, a
nd a
host
of s
peci
aliz
ed in
stru
men
ts a
nd e
quip
men
t ite
ms
that
mak
e th
e lo
ng fl
ight
pos
sibl
e.P
roje
ct M
ercu
ry w
as th
e fir
st s
tep
in th
e pl
anne
d pr
ogra
mof
man
ned
spac
e fli
ght.
Its a
ims
wer
e si
mpl
e: P
utas
tron
auts
in s
pace
, lea
rn a
bout
thei
r ab
ilitie
s to
func
tion
in th
e ne
w e
nviro
nmen
t and
rec
over
them
saf
ely.
The
mem
orab
le E
arth
-orb
iting
flig
ht m
ade
by A
stro
naut
John
H. G
lenn
, Jr.
was
a la
ndm
ark
in m
anne
d sp
ace
fligh
t.T
he M
ercu
ry p
rogr
am c
oncl
uded
with
a 3
4-ho
ur s
pace
flig
htby
Ast
rona
ut G
ordo
n C
oope
r to
mee
t the
final
prog
ram
obj
ectiv
e of
spe
ndin
g on
e fu
ll da
y in
spa
ce. T
he tw
osu
b-or
bita
l and
four
orb
ital f
light
s of
Pro
ject
Mer
cury
wer
e a
maj
or s
tep
in A
mer
ica'
s m
anne
d sp
ace
prog
ram
.T
he tw
o-m
an c
rew
s of
Pro
ject
Gem
ini,
Am
eric
a's
next
man
ned
spac
e fli
ght p
rogr
am, w
ere
to e
xten
d th
eex
perie
nces
and
cap
abili
ties
of m
an in
spa
ce, a
nd to
sol
veso
me
of th
e pr
oble
ms
antic
ipat
ed in
the
Apo
llo fl
ight
s.T
he fi
rst o
f the
ten
man
ned
Gem
ini f
light
s ch
ecke
d th
etw
o-m
an s
pace
craf
t and
its
syst
ems
in th
ree
orbi
ts o
fth
e E
arth
; the
sec
ond
unro
lled
62 r
evol
utio
ns o
f the
Ear
th in
alo
ng-d
urat
ion
fligh
t tha
t saw
the
first
"w
alk"
in s
pace
.G
emin
i flig
hts
pass
ed n
ew m
ilest
ones
: The
firs
t spa
cere
ndez
vous
, spa
ce fl
ight
dur
atio
n re
cord
s, th
e fir
stdo
ckin
g of
two
vehi
cles
in s
pace
. An
astr
onau
t "w
aked
" fr
omon
e ve
hicl
e in
spa
ce to
ano
ther
, and
wal
ked
back
.T
he G
emin
i pro
gram
end
ed w
ith a
59-
revo
lutio
n fli
ght,
in-
clud
ing
mor
e th
an 5
1/2
hour
s of
wal
king
and
wor
king
out
side
.P
roje
ct G
emin
i pio
neer
ed th
e te
chni
que
of th
e sp
ace
rend
ezvo
us, t
he c
ritic
al m
aneu
verin
g an
d m
eetin
g of
two
spac
ecra
ft w
hich
is e
ssen
tial t
o th
e A
pollo
flig
hts.
Mor
e, it
pro
vide
d ex
perie
nce
in lo
ng-d
urat
ion
spac
e fli
ghts
,de
velo
ped
new
gro
und-
crew
ski
lls, a
nd te
sted
re-
entr
yan
d re
cove
ry m
etho
ds.
Per
haps
mos
t im
port
antly
, Gem
ini p
rovi
ded
the
nucl
eus
ofth
e hi
ghly
trai
ned
and
expe
rienc
ed fl
ight
cre
ws
that
wou
ld m
an th
e A
pollo
spa
cecr
aft.
8
p
tqs.
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:-
.
liot;
V--
3
A
5
1. P
roje
ct M
ercu
ry a
stro
naut
sw
ere
Sch
irra,
Sla
yton
, Gle
nn, a
nd C
arpe
nter
(fr
ont r
ow);
She
pard
, Gris
som
, and
Coo
per
(rea
rro
w).
2. A
stro
naut
She
pard
, firs
t Am
eric
anin
spa
ce, i
sre
cove
red
by h
elic
opte
r af
ter
subo
rbita
l flig
ht.
3. J
ohn
Gle
nn b
oard
s th
eF
riend
ship
7 s
pace
craf
tfo
r th
e fir
st U
. S. E
arth
orb
ital f
light
.
4. M
ercu
ry (
left)
and
Gem
ini (
right
) sh
owco
mpa
rativ
e si
ze o
f one
- an
d tw
o-m
anne
dsp
acec
raft.
5. G
emin
i XII
astr
onau
ts L
ovel
l and
Ald
rinph
otog
raph
ed th
is A
gena
targ
et v
ehic
lefr
om 5
5 fe
et a
way
.
6. A
stro
naut
You
ng h
ad th
is v
iew
of th
e do
ckin
gof
Gem
ini X
with
an
Age
na ta
rget
vehi
cle.
7. A
Gem
ini I
V v
iew
of t
he N
ileD
elta
and
Egy
pt;
with
the
Med
iterr
anea
n S
ea to
the
left
and
the
Sue
z C
anal
and
the
Rad
Sea
in th
eba
ckgr
ound
.
9
N-w
oonio to*,..101114,
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., "
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4
likop
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ror.
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nV
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-44
0110
40
X!?
s
1. T
wo
Gem
ini s
pace
crai
t, G
emin
i VI a
ndG
emin
i VII,
per
form
sta
tion
keep
!ng
man
Auv
ers
alte
r re
ndez
vous
, whi
le o
rbiti
ng 1
60m
iles
abov
e th
e E
arth
.
2. G
emin
i IV
AS
trO
naut
Ed
Whi
te, t
he fi
rst
Am
eric
an to
per
form
Ext
ra V
ehic
ular
Act
Mtil
(EV
A,i,
floa
ts a
long
side
his
orb
iting
spac
ec,1
1.
3. T
he d
esce
nt o
f Gem
ini X
I prio
rto
,sp
lash
dow
n in
the
Atla
ntic
Oce
an.
4. F
rogm
en le
ap to
aid
in th
ere
cove
ryof
a G
emin
i spa
cecr
aft,
5. G
emin
i IX
Ast
rona
uts
Cow
anan
d S
tqllo
rdaw
ait h
elic
opte
r re
cove
ry a
lter
thei
r m
issi
on.
%1
I
AN
D N
OW
AP
OLL
OM
ercu
ry a
nd G
emin
i wer
e tie
d to
the
Ear
th. F
or A
pollo
,E
arth
-orb
iting
wou
ld ju
st b
e a
star
ting
poin
t. T
hefli
ghts
wou
ld b
reak
the
bond
of E
arth
and
hea
d ou
t int
o sp
ace,
even
tual
ly to
orb
it an
d la
nd o
n th
e M
oon.
Now
, the
man
ned
expl
orat
ion
of s
pace
see
med
rea
dy to
pass
from
the
real
m o
f sci
ence
fict
iod
into
the
wor
ld o
fof
rea
lity.
Tha
t exp
lora
tion
wou
ld s
tart
logi
cally
with
the
Moo
n. N
ewsc
ient
ific
info
rmat
ion
abou
t the
Moo
n, a
nd p
ossi
bly
abou
t the
Ear
th it
self,
wou
ld b
e on
e re
sult,
Lun
ar o
rbiti
ng,
rend
ezvo
us a
nd la
ndin
g co
uld
also
ser
ve a
s re
hear
sals
for
late
r in
terp
lane
tary
exp
lora
tion.
To
do th
is jo
b w
ould
req
uire
the
deve
lopm
ent o
f new
spac
ecra
ft an
d ne
w la
unch
veh
icle
s.It
wou
ld a
lso
dem
and
the
desi
gn a
nd c
onst
ruct
ion
of a
vas
t com
plex
of
grou
nd fa
ciR
ies
need
ed to
bui
ld, t
est a
nd a
ssem
ble
thes
esp
acec
raft
and
laun
ch v
ehic
les.
It w
ould
req
uire
an
enor
mou
sel
ectr
onic
net
wor
k to
wat
ch a
nd o
bser
ve th
e sp
acec
raft
onth
eir
long
voy
age
to th
e M
oon
and
back
.A
nd s
o A
pollo
beg
an. A
thre
e-m
an c
rew
bec
ame
the
unit
arou
nd w
hich
two
spac
ecra
ft--a
com
man
d an
d se
rvic
eun
it an
d a
two-
man
luna
r la
nder
wou
ld b
e de
velo
ped.
The
spac
ecra
ft w
ould
be
two
part
s of
a m
odul
ar a
ppro
ach
to th
eA
pollo
flig
ht s
yste
m, s
pace
flig
ht b
uild
ing
bloc
ks th
at c
ould
be
stac
ked
toge
ther
to m
eet m
issi
on r
equi
rem
ents
.A
few
par
agra
phs
desc
ribe
Apo
llo, b
ut th
e st
atis
tics
alm
ost
defy
the
imag
inat
ion.
Hug
e te
st s
tand
s w
ere
built
by
the
Mar
shal
l Spa
ce F
light
Cen
ter
to h
old
dow
n m
ore
than
seve
n -
mill
ion
poun
ds o
f thr
ustin
g ro
cket
whi
le th
ousa
nds
ofco
mpl
ex m
easu
rem
ents
wer
e m
ade.
NA
SA
's e
ntire
Man
ned
Spa
cecr
aft C
ente
r w
as o
rgan
ized
, bui
lt fr
om th
e gr
ound
up,
and
man
ned
to p
lan
and
supp
ort t
he p
rogr
am.
Fou
r co
mpl
etel
y in
stru
men
ted
ship
s w
ere
built
to a
ugm
ent
the
land
-bas
ed tr
acki
ng a
nd d
ata
acqu
isiti
on n
etw
ork,
to w
hich
new
land
sta
tions
wer
e ad
ded
arou
nd th
e w
orld
.A
t Ken
nedy
Spa
ce C
ente
r, a
new
laun
ch a
rea
was
cle
ared
and
cons
truc
ted.
The
Veh
icle
Ass
embl
y B
uild
ing
(VA
R),
rea
chin
g 52
5 fe
et a
bove
the
flat F
lorid
a be
ach,
was
bui
ltas
par
t of a
bol
d co
ncep
t for
indo
or a
ssem
bly
of th
e en
tire
Apo
llo fl
ight
sys
te s
pace
craf
t and
laun
ch v
ehic
leon
am
obile
laun
cher
. The
laun
cher
and
the
asse
mbl
edA
pollo
Sat
urn
V w
ould
be
mov
ed fr
om th
e V
AB
by
an e
norm
ous
craw
ler,
the
wor
ld's
hea
vies
t tra
cked
veh
icle
, alo
ng a
thre
ean
d on
e ha
lf-m
ile r
oadb
ed to
the
laun
ch s
ite.
New
test
sta
nds,
new
bui
ldin
gs, n
ew tr
acki
ng s
yste
ms,
new
grou
nd fa
cilit
ies
of a
ll ki
ndst
hese
had
to b
e de
velo
ped
for
the
Apo
llo p
rogr
am. T
hey
cons
titut
e a
form
idab
le n
atio
nal
reso
urce
, cap
able
of m
eetin
g an
y re
quire
men
ts th
is c
ount
ryha
s fo
r sp
ace
fligh
t.
12
4aV
A
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1;:
ff
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twe.
11.0
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T".
ot
Ir -
7111
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r.
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hMO
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OO
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IVIO
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elr.
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r,
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1111
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MPl
f
2
I } ti dab
4
A
tr;
"\
7c7,
111.
t A4k
i.SN
s
.\
.41
ta,,*
° 00.)
,
\10
4
1. U
nder
con
stru
ctio
n, th
e V
ehic
le A
ssem
bly
Bui
ldin
g (V
AB
) ta
kes
form
nea
r N
AS
ALa
unch
Com
plex
39.
A2.
Fou
r A
pollo
/Sat
urn
V M
oon
rock
ets,
eac
hto
wer
ing
363
feet
, can
be
asse
mbl
ed a
t onc
e in
one
of th
e la
rges
tby
volu
meb
uild
ings
inth
e w
orld
, the
Veh
icle
Ass
embl
y B
uild
ing
(VA
B).
3. A
pollo
8 lo
oms
abov
e cr
awle
r-tr
ansp
orte
r.E
ach
of th
e 60
ste
el li
nks
in th
e cr
awle
r'str
eads
wei
ghs
abou
t a to
n.
4. T
he fi
rst s
tage
of a
Sat
urn
V la
unch
veh
icle
bein
g lo
wer
ed in
to p
ositi
on in
the
Veh
icle
Ass
embl
y B
uild
ing
(VA
B).
5. In
side
Firi
ng R
oom
3 o
f the
Lau
nch
Con
trol
Cen
ter
at th
e K
enne
dy S
pace
Cen
ter.
a
5
13
5 RO
OM
FO
R T
HR
EE
The
ir fir
st c
ode
nam
es w
ere
Spi
der
and
Gum
drop
, nam
esth
at m
illio
ns h
eard
dur
ing
tran
smis
sion
s fr
omA
pollo
9.
For
mal
ly th
ey a
re c
alle
d th
e lu
nar
mod
ule
(LM
)an
d th
eco
mm
and
and
serv
ice
mod
ule
(CS
M),
and
are
the
two
key
spac
ecra
ft in
the
Apo
llo p
rogr
am.
Beh
ind
them
lies
the
deve
lopm
enta
l exp
erie
nce
that
firs
tpr
oduc
ed th
e be
ll-sh
aped
Mer
cury
one-
man
spa
cecr
aft,
six
feet
in d
iam
eter
, sev
en fe
et h
igh,
and
wei
ghin
gab
out
3,50
0 po
unds
. The
suc
ceed
ing
Gem
ini t
wo-
man
craf
tre
tain
ed th
e ba
sic
bell
shap
e, b
ut r
equi
red
extr
a sp
ace
tosu
ppor
t tw
o m
en o
n lo
nger
flig
hts.
It w
as a
bout
71/
2 fe
etin
diam
eter
, sto
od a
bout
12
feet
hig
h an
d w
eigh
edab
out
4,80
0 po
unds
.T
here
is a
fam
ily r
esem
blan
ce b
etw
een
thes
eea
rlier
spac
ecra
ft an
d th
e co
mm
and
port
ion
of th
e C
SM
. The
ysh
are
a sl
ight
ly r
ound
ed b
ase,
a h
eat s
hiel
d to
insu
late
the
retu
rn-
ing
astr
onau
ts fr
om th
e bu
rnin
g he
at o
f re-
entr
y.S
eate
d w
ithba
cks
to th
e sh
ield
, the
ast
rona
uts
are
prot
ecte
d by
oute
rla
yers
of a
blat
ing
mat
eria
l, a
subs
tanc
e th
at a
bsor
bsth
efr
ictio
nal h
eat o
f re-
entr
y by
mel
ting,
boi
ling
and
evap
orat
ing.
The
com
man
d m
odul
e its
elf s
tand
s ab
out 1
2 fe
ethi
gh,
has
abou
t the
sam
e di
amet
er, a
nd w
eigh
s ab
out
13,0
00po
unds
. Pac
ked
into
its
inte
rior
are
the
astr
onau
tco
uche
s,al
l the
ir fo
od, a
ll th
eir
inst
rum
ents
and
rad
ios
and
cam
eras
and
spac
e su
its, t
heir
fligh
t pla
ns a
nd h
elm
ets
and
toot
hbru
shes
, the
ir su
ngla
sses
and
the
reco
very
par
achu
tes.
The
bas
e of
the
com
man
d m
odul
e is
atta
ched
to th
ese
rvic
e m
odul
e fo
r m
ost o
f 'th
e tr
ip to
the
Moo
nan
d ba
ck.
The
cyl
indr
ical
ser
vice
mod
ule
and
its r
ocke
ten
gine
are
sepa
rate
d ju
st b
efor
e re
-ent
ry in
to th
e at
mos
pher
e.T
heco
mm
and
mod
ule
carr
ies
the
astr
onau
ts to
the
reco
very
area
and
the
empt
y se
rvic
e m
odul
e br
eaks
up
and
burn
son
re-
entr
y.T
he lu
nar
mod
ule
was
des
igne
d w
ithon
e th
ough
t in
min
d:E
ffici
ent p
erfo
rman
ce in
spa
ce. I
t can
't ta
keth
e de
cele
ra-
tions
and
fric
tiona
l hea
t of r
e-en
try
into
the
Ear
th's
atm
osph
ere.
Itis
car
ried
into
spa
ce in
side
a pr
otec
tive
adap
ter
that
spa
ns th
e tr
ansi
tion
betw
een
the
laun
ch v
ehic
lean
d th
e C
SM
.T
he lu
nar
mod
ule
is a
bout
as h
igh
as a
two-
stor
y ho
use,
wei
ghs
16 to
ns a
nd lo
oks
likew
ell,
like
a sp
ider
. It h
as b
lack
and
gold
mar
king
s to
abs
orb
and
refle
ct th
ehe
at o
f the
Sun
,T
he lu
nar
mod
ule
itsel
f is
mod
ular
; com
plet
e,it
mak
esth
e de
scen
t to
the
Moo
n on
the
thru
st o
fa
rock
et e
ngin
ein
its
belly
. Its
spi
ndly
legs
sup
port
the
mod
ule
on th
e lu
nar
surf
ace.
Afte
rwar
ds, t
he a
stro
naut
s le
ave
the
Moo
n in
the
asce
nt s
tage
, the
upp
er m
odul
e of
the
luna
rla
nder
. The
low
er p
ortio
n st
ays
behi
nd, s
ervi
ngas
a la
unch
pad
for
the
lifto
ff.
14
Laun
chE
scap
eS
yste
m
CO
MM
AN
D M
OD
ULE
SE
RV
ICE
MO
DU
LES
ER
VIC
E P
RO
PU
LSIO
NS
YS
TE
M
Inst
rum
ent U
nil
S-I
VB
Thi
rd S
tage
S-1
1S
econ
d S
tage
1 AP
OLL
O S
PA
CE
CR
AF
TA
ND
SA
TU
RN
V L
AU
NC
H V
EH
ICLE
CO
MM
AN
D M
OD
ULE
SE
RV
ICE
MO
DU
LE1
Doc
king
Pro
be16
Fue
l Cel
ls2
Mai
n P
arac
hute
s17
Liqu
id O
xyge
n A
nd3
Foo
d C
ompa
rtm
ent
Hyd
roge
n T
anks
4R
eact
ion
Con
trol
Fue
l Tan
ks1$
Hig
h.G
ain
Ant
enna
5F
ire E
xtin
guis
her
19S
ervi
ce M
odul
e6
Yaw
Jet
sE
ngin
e F
uel T
anks
7D
rinki
ng W
ater
20R
eact
ion
Con
trol
Jet
s6
Rol
l Jet
s21
Fue
l Inl
etE
NLA
RG
ED
9S
tora
ge C
ompa
rtm
ents
BE
LOW
10P
ilch
Jets
SE
RV
ICE
PR
OP
ULS
ION
SY
ST
EM
Luna
rM
odul
e11 12
Dro
gue
Par
achu
tes
Pitc
h Je
ts22 23
Ser
vice
Mod
ule
Eng
ine
Noz
zle
(LM
)13
Com
man
der
14C
omm
and
Mod
ule
Pilo
t15
Luna
r M
odul
e P
ilot
21
S-I
CF
irst S
tage
Fiv
eF
-1 E
ngin
estft
Ast
rona
uts
Pai
ntin
g by
Dar
ts M
eltz
er. R
esea
rch
by tl
eorg
e W
. fea
ltyC
lem
:rab
bit.
Art
Div
isio
nN
atio
nal G
eogr
aphi
c. S
ocie
tyIte
prot
tnee
d by
Spe
cial
Per
mis
sion
of t
heN
atio
nal r
leog
rapI
tle S
ocie
ty
3
e5r4
4***
-914
.,""
A
J'1
111_
1.ce
F`
I '11=
49
1. X
-ray
vie
w o
f the
Apo
llo c
omm
and
and
serv
ice
mod
ule.
2. T
he A
pollo
com
man
d m
odul
e fo
rwar
d w
all
bein
g pr
epar
ed fo
r bo
ndin
g an
d cu
ring
ofpr
imar
y co
verin
g m
ater
ial.
3. T
he A
pollo
8 c
omm
and
mod
ule
is m
ount
edon
the
wei
ght a
nd b
alan
ce r
ig fo
r fin
al s
yste
ms
eval
uatio
n te
sts.
4. M
ocku
p of
the
Apo
llo c
omm
and
mod
ule,
as
seen
thro
ugh
the
hatc
hway
. The
thre
e as
tron
aut
couc
hes
are
seen
bel
ow th
e m
ain
disp
lay
pane
ls.
5. R
ock
'n' r
oll t
est o
f the
com
man
d an
d se
rvic
em
odul
e ch
ecks
gui
danc
e an
d na
viga
tion
units
. 15
16
2
Ren
dezv
ous
Rad
ar A
nten
na
Cre
w C
ompa
rtm
ent
RC
S T
hrus
ter
Ass
embl
y
Asc
ent E
ngin
e C
over
Oxi
dize
r
Ingr
ess-
Egr
ess
Hat
ch
Fue
l (A
eroz
ine
50)
Oxi
dize
r(N
itrog
enT
etro
xide
)4
A
Wat
er
ASCENT STAGE
f
S-B
and
Ant
enna
re
VH
F A
nten
na
Doc
king
Hat
ch
Gas
eous
Oxy
gen
Fue
l (R
CS
)
Hel
ium
Liqu
id O
xyge
n
Hel
ium
Oxi
dize
r
Fue
l (A
eroz
ine
50)
Oxi
dize
r
Wat
er
Fue
l
Oxy
gen
Des
cent
Eng
ine
DESCENT STAGE
3
,
5
1. T
he A
pollo
10
com
man
d an
d se
rvic
e m
odul
ebe
ing
mov
ed to
the
wor
k st
and
befo
reas
sem
bly
to it
s S
atur
n V
laun
ch v
ehic
le.
2. C
ut-a
way
vie
w o
f asc
ent a
nd d
esce
ntst
ages
of t
he lu
nar
mod
ule.
3. T
he A
pollo
10
luna
r m
odul
e is
mad
e re
ady
for
mat
ing
to th
e sp
acec
raft'
s lu
nar
mod
ule
adap
ter.
4. A
moc
kup
of th
e A
pollo
luna
r m
odul
e as
cent
and
desc
ent s
tage
s is
put
toge
ther
at
Ken
nedy
Spa
ce C
ente
r.
5. A
n ov
erhe
ad c
rane
in th
e V
ehic
le A
ssem
bly
Bui
ldin
g ho
ists
the
Apo
llo 1
0 sp
acec
raft
inpr
epar
atio
n fo
r m
atin
g to
its
Sat
urn
Vla
unch
veh
icle
.
6. T
he lu
nar
mod
ule
bein
g ch
ecke
din
its
asse
mbl
y st
and.
6
17
PO
WE
R T
O G
OT
he lu
nar
jour
ney
star
ts w
ith th
e S
atur
n V
's r
oarin
g th
rust
of 7
1/2
mill
ion
poun
ds, s
pew
ing
from
the
thro
ats
of fi
vero
cket
eng
ines
.S
atur
n V
is s
ix m
illio
n po
unds
of l
aunc
h ve
hicl
e, s
tand
ing
as h
igh
as a
36-
stor
y bu
ildin
g, s
haki
ng th
e E
arth
with
the
rauc
ous
rum
ble
of it
s ro
cket
s th
at d
eliv
er m
ore
thru
st th
an10
0 m
oder
n je
t airl
iner
s.S
atur
n V
als
o is
mod
ular
, a s
erie
s of
pow
ered
sta
ges
and
adap
ters
or
tran
sitio
n pi
eces
. As
the
laun
cher
for
the
final
grou
p of
Apo
llo m
issi
ons
to th
e M
oon,
Sat
urn
V r
equi
res
thre
e po
wer
ed s
tage
s, s
tack
ed o
ne a
top
the
othe
r in
ato
wer
ing
asse
mbl
y th
at d
war
fs p
revi
ous
laun
ch v
ehic
les.
Mer
cury
spa
cecr
aft f
irst w
ere
lofte
d by
the
Red
ston
e ro
cket
and
late
r by
the
Atla
s ro
cket
, cho
sen
beca
use
they
wer
ere
adily
and
eco
nom
ical
ly a
vaila
ble,
and
thei
r pe
rfor
man
ceha
d be
en p
rove
n.G
emin
i req
uire
d m
ore
thru
st fo
r th
e la
rger
and
hea
vier
two-
man
spa
cecr
aft.
Aga
in a
n av
aila
ble
rock
et w
as c
hose
n.M
odifi
ed a
nd m
an-r
ated
, the
Tita
nII
laun
ched
all
ten
Gem
ini f
light
s.A
pollo
impo
sed
new
req
uire
men
ts. A
Sat
urn
I, th
e fir
stA
pollo
laun
ch v
ehic
le fo
r un
man
ned,
inst
rum
ente
d te
stfir
ings
, was
an
outg
row
th o
f an
earli
er b
oost
er r
ocke
t. S
atur
n1B
use
d a
Sat
urn
Ifir
st s
tage
, com
bine
d w
ith a
n en
tirel
yne
w s
econ
d st
age.
It c
arrie
d un
man
ned
spac
ecra
ft in
to o
rbit,
and
then
boo
sted
the
first
man
ned
Apo
llo s
pace
craf
t int
oan
Ear
th o
rbit
for
a su
cces
sful
che
ck o
f the
Apo
llo s
yste
min
long
-dur
atio
n sp
ace
fligh
t.T
he S
atur
n IB
sto
od a
bout
141
feet
hig
h an
d w
eigh
ed a
bout
11/2
mill
ion
poun
ds. I
t dw
arfe
d th
e ea
rlier
laun
ch v
ehic
les.
But
Sat
urn
V w
as to
be
a gi
ant a
mon
g gi
ants
, top
ping
363
feet
.T
hat h
eigh
t is
built
on
a fir
st s
tage
con
tain
ing
five
F-1
rock
et e
ngin
es. N
ext m
odul
e is
an
inte
rsta
ge, w
ith s
mal
lro
cket
eng
ines
and
ele
ctro
nics
.T
he s
econ
d po
wer
ed s
tage
con
tain
s fiv
e J-
2 en
gine
s, w
hich
toge
ther
dev
elop
mor
e th
an o
ne m
illio
n po
unds
of t
hrus
t.A
bove
is th
e th
ird p
ower
ed s
tage
, with
a s
ingl
e J-
2 en
gine
.A
tran
sitio
n pi
ece
join
s th
at s
tage
to th
e in
stru
men
t sec
tion,
and
anot
her
tran
sitio
n pi
ece,
con
tain
ing
the
LM, j
oins
the
com
bine
d se
rvic
e an
d co
mm
and
mod
ules
to th
e bu
lk o
f the
Sat
urn
V la
unch
veh
icle
.P
oise
d at
op th
e en
tire
asse
mbl
y is
the
esca
pe to
wer
, aro
cket
-pow
ered
str
uctu
re th
at w
ill li
ft of
f the
com
man
dm
odul
e if
ther
e is
trou
ble
on th
e pa
d at
laun
ch o
r in
the
first
few
sec
onds
of f
light
.O
ne m
easu
re o
f the
pac
e of
pro
gres
s: T
he th
rust
of t
hees
cape
roc
ket e
ngin
e is
twic
e th
at o
f the
orig
inal
Red
ston
ero
cket
that
laun
ched
the
first
Mer
cury
man
ned
fligh
ts.
18
1.11
1.11
1111
1111
11.1
111
_
2 fw
+IN
Ow
..
3
ti
1
1111
1061
._
-471
r`
. I*
7-:1
,
t*
ro
.
'..
1,-1
111
7wo
;1
111=
14
1. R
edst
one
laun
ch v
ehic
le c
arrie
dM
ercu
rysp
acec
raft
into
sub
orbi
tal f
light
.
2. A
tlas
rock
et la
unch
ed M
ercu
ryA
stro
naut
Gle
nn in
to E
arth
orb
ital f
light
.
3. T
his
mul
tiple
exp
osur
e ph
oto
show
s th
e cv
:tion
of th
e er
ecto
r ga
ntry
bef
ore
lift-
off o
f the
Gem
ini-T
itan
laun
ch v
ehic
le.
"I fe
el p
erso
nally
that
the
gene
ral g
oals
of t
hesp
ace
prog
ram
are
a n
atur
al c
ontin
uatio
n of
the
hum
an a
dven
ture
.It
is u
nthi
nkab
le th
at o
ur s
ocie
ty, p
artic
ular
lyW
este
rnso
ciet
y, c
an ig
nore
this
cha
lleng
e.".
Dr.
Fre
deric
kS
eitz
.P
resi
dent
, Nat
iona
l Aca
dem
y of
Sci
ence
s, in
Con
gres
sion
alte
stim
ony,
198
3.
19
vviewlst.0.1410.1-,
41V
4
1011..11104. MI.411004.10 01.Inelm
homi,M
NII
mol...114101ov. -r
to.410:31,.
.
,
V
No.
04,111ritap
I.
ei4
a
111
,#.
OZ
'0
tko
1.
4111
11.1
111.
-
5
1. S
tatic
firin
g co
mpl
eted
, thi
s S
atur
n V
firs
t sta
geis
bar
ged
away
from
test
sta
nd a
tM
issi
ssip
pi T
est F
acili
ty.
2. S
atur
n V
firs
t sta
ge r
acke
t in
final
ass
embl
yat
the
Mar
shal
l Spa
ce F
light
Cen
ter.
3. F
irst s
tage
of t
he S
atur
n V
Is h
oist
edin
to p
ositi
on in
side
the
VA
B.
4. S
tand
ing
on it
s cr
awle
r-tr
ansp
orte
r, th
eA
pollo
/Sat
urn
V M
oon
rock
et r
olls
out
of t
heV
AB
on
its w
ay to
the
laun
ch p
ad.
5. A
pollo
/Sat
urn
V h
eads
for
spac
e.
6, 7
, 8. A
pollo
/Sat
urn
V M
oon
rock
et is
laun
ched
into
spa
ce, a
s ph
otog
raph
ed fr
om th
e 36
0-fo
otle
vel o
f its
um
bilic
al to
wer
.
67
8
4". I
MM
O.
.11.
1
U
21
7 SP
AC
E T
RA
VE
LER
ST
he c
rew
s de
sign
ated
for
Apo
llo m
issi
ons
are
draw
n fr
oma
grou
p of
50
astr
onau
ts n
ow p
artic
ipat
ing
in th
e N
AS
Am
anne
d sp
ace
fligh
t pro
gram
. Orig
inal
ly c
hose
n fr
om th
e lis
tsof
qua
lifie
d m
ilita
ry te
st p
ilots
, the
ast
rona
uts
brou
ght
thei
rsp
ecia
lized
flig
ht s
kills
to th
e pr
ogra
m. I
n la
ter
grou
ps,
scie
ntis
ts-a
stro
naut
s w
ere
sele
cted
, and
then
rec
eive
d fli
ght
trai
ning
to r
ound
out
thei
r ex
perie
nce.
But
ther
e w
as to
be
muc
h m
ore
to d
o th
an fl
ya
spac
ecra
ft.E
ach
astr
onau
t, al
read
y hi
ghly
qua
lifie
d te
chni
cally
beca
me
a sp
ecia
list o
n so
me
phas
e of
man
ned
spac
e fli
ght,
such
asco
mm
unic
atio
ns, s
pace
sui
t des
ign
or s
pace
craf
t lay
out.
The
ir tr
aini
ng is
rig
orou
s, e
xact
ing
and
long
. Exe
rcis
ere
gim
es m
aint
ain
them
at t
heir
phys
ical
pea
ks. C
onst
ant
prac
tice
of m
issi
ons
on s
imul
ator
s, tr
aini
ng d
evic
es a
ndon
pape
r sh
arpe
n th
eir
skill
s fu
rthe
r. T
hey
have
exp
erie
nced
re-e
ntry
forc
es in
a w
hirli
ng c
entr
ifuge
, and
wei
ghtle
ssne
ssin
ski
llful
ly fl
own
airc
raft.
The
y m
aint
ain
thei
row
n fli
ght
prof
icie
ncy
in je
t pla
nes.
Pilo
t pro
ficie
ncy
was
impo
rtan
t, be
caus
e fr
om th
e st
art
of th
e m
anne
d sp
ace
fligh
t pro
gram
, NA
SA
had
rej
ecte
dth
eid
ea th
at th
e oc
cupa
nt o
f the
spa
cecr
aft w
ould
onl
y be
apa
ssen
ger,
alo
ng fo
r th
e rid
e. F
rom
the
first
Mer
cury
flig
hts,
all s
pace
craf
t wer
e ca
pabl
e of
bei
ng fl
own
man
ually
. And
in e
ach
of th
e or
bita
l Mer
cury
flig
hts,
it p
aid
off;
the
astr
onau
t had
to ta
ke c
ontr
ol o
f the
spa
cecr
aft t
o co
mpl
ete
the
mis
sion
suc
cess
fully
.P
uttin
g a
man
in a
spa
cecr
aft a
nd e
xpec
ting
him
to w
ork
in th
at e
nviro
nmen
tand
in th
e m
ore
alie
n en
viro
nmen
tof
spa
cede
man
ds r
emar
kabl
e cl
othi
ng. T
he M
ercu
ryas
tron
auts
had
to b
e pr
otec
ted
only
aga
inst
cat
astr
ophi
c lo
ssof
pre
ssur
e in
the
spac
ecra
ft. G
emin
icr
ews
need
ed m
ore
prot
ectio
n; th
eir
suits
had
to b
e qu
alifi
ed fo
r "s
pace
wal
ks,"
plan
ned
for
thos
e fli
ghts
and
nec
essa
ry fo
r la
ter
Apo
llola
ndin
gs o
n th
e M
oon.
But
the
best
sui
t is
no s
uit,
the
Mer
cury
and
Gem
ini p
ilots
foun
d. S
o th
e A
pollo
spa
cecr
aft h
as a
n en
viro
nmen
t lik
eth
at o
f a m
oder
n ai
rline
r, p
ress
uriz
ed a
nd a
ir-co
nditi
oned
,gi
ving
the
crew
mor
e fr
eedo
m o
f mot
ion.
Out
side
the
spac
ecra
ft, th
e fie
rce
envi
ronm
ent o
f the
Moo
n w
ill b
e co
unte
red
by a
full-
pres
sure
sui
t, a
com
plex
garm
ent w
ith e
xtra
laye
rs o
f fab
ric a
s ar
mor
aga
inst
poss
ible
mic
rom
eter
oid
hits
.T
he p
ress
ure
suits
hav
e a
tend
ency
to s
tay
rigid
in th
eva
cuum
of s
pace
. Jus
t to
mov
e in
a p
ress
ure
suit
is h
ard
wor
k, a
nd th
e sc
hedu
les
for
all t
he s
pace
wal
king
and
luna
rsu
rfac
e ex
plor
atio
n in
the
Apo
llo p
rogr
am a
re in
ters
pers
edw
ith n
umer
ous
rest
per
iods
.
22
A
1
....
I...
1
L
ti
2
i, .
1
Hi..
0"*-
,o.
'. .
.1w
."'
".
5
a
=p
gai
ms
.ti
1. A
pollo
10
Ast
rona
ut T
om S
taffo
rdex
erci
ses
for
fitne
ss.
2. A
stro
naut
Eug
ene
Cer
nan
mai
ntai
ns h
is fl
ight
prof
icie
ncy
in h
igh
perf
orm
ance
jet a
ircra
ft.
3. A
bac
kgro
und
in g
eolo
gy w
ill b
e us
eful
in lu
nar
expl
orat
ion.
Sho
wn
is A
stro
naut
Sta
fford
on fi
eld
trip
.
4. A
stro
naut
Ald
rin p
ract
ices
ext
rave
hicu
lar
wor
kun
derw
ater
to s
imul
ate
zero
-gra
vity
con
ditio
ns.
5. F
light
acc
eler
atio
n ce
ntrif
uge
at th
eM
anne
d S
pace
fligh
t Cen
ter,
6. A
pollo
Ast
rona
uts
prac
tice
thei
r m
issi
ons
inth
is s
imul
ator
at t
he K
enne
dy S
pace
Cen
ter.
7. L
unar
Lan
ding
Res
earc
h V
ehic
le w
as fl
own
Inte
st s
imul
atin
g de
scen
t to
the
Moo
n.
67
ri
-4
,
- 4
..,-.
.....
23
8 SC
OU
TIN
G T
HE
MO
ON
Bef
ore
Apo
llo's
ast
rona
uts
land
on
the
Moo
n, o
ther
maj
orN
AS
A s
cien
tific
pro
gram
s w
ill h
ave
prod
uced
det
aile
dm
aps,
phot
ogra
phs
and
phys
ical
dat
a ab
out E
arth
's n
eigh
bor.
Ran
ger,
Lun
ar O
rbite
r an
d S
urve
yor
spac
ecra
ft ha
vere
ache
d, to
uche
d an
d ex
plor
ed th
e M
oon
in p
rogr
ams
ofun
man
ned
luna
r tr
ips
that
beg
an a
lmos
t a d
ecad
e ag
o.T
hree
Ran
ger
spac
ecra
ft pr
oduc
ed m
ore
than
17,
000
phot
ogra
phs
of th
e lu
nar
surf
ace;
one
of t
he R
ange
rs s
ent
the
first
live
tele
visi
on p
ictu
res
from
nea
r th
e M
oon.
The
rew
as a
noth
er b
enef
it fr
om th
ese
spac
ecra
ft; th
eir
pict
ures
conf
irmed
the
exis
tenc
e of
larg
e, s
moo
th a
reas
sui
tabl
e fo
rlu
nar
land
ings
.T
he R
ange
rs w
ere
hard
-land
ers,
des
troy
ed o
n im
pact
with
the
Moo
n. S
urve
yor,
a s
erie
s of
sof
t-la
nder
s, w
as p
lann
edfir
st a
s a
scie
ntifi
c pr
ogra
m, b
ut w
as la
ter
expa
nded
toin
clud
e ta
sks
spec
ifica
lly r
elat
ed to
eng
inee
ring
need
s of
Apo
llo.
The
firs
t Sur
veyo
r la
unch
was
suc
cess
ful;
mor
e th
an 1
1,00
0ph
otog
raph
s of
the
Moo
n w
ere
tran
smitt
ed b
ack
to E
arth
for
stud
y. T
he s
econ
d S
urve
yor
faile
d. T
he th
ird b
ounc
edaf
ter
initi
al to
uchd
own,
and
pho
togr
aphe
d on
e of
its
own
inte
rmitt
ent f
ootp
rints
whi
ch v
erifi
ed a
ssum
ptio
ns th
at th
eM
oon'
s su
rfac
e co
uld
bear
wal
king
men
. It a
lso
took
mor
eth
an 6
,000
oth
er p
ictu
res
of th
e lu
nar
land
scap
e,sa
mpl
ed th
e su
rfac
e by
dig
ging
four
tren
ches
, fee
ling
the
surf
ace
and
test
ing
a pi
ece
of th
e su
rfac
e to
det
erm
ine
its s
tren
gth.
Late
r S
urve
yor
spac
ecra
ft co
ntin
ued
to tr
ansm
'fph
otog
raph
s, s
ampl
e th
e su
rfac
e an
d su
pply
con
firm
ing
data
for
Apo
llo. B
ut th
ere
was
a n
eed
for
phot
ogra
phic
map
ping
of t
he M
oon,
whi
ch d
efin
ed th
e re
quire
men
ts fo
r a
new
spa
cecr
aft,
the
Luna
r O
rbite
r.Its
prim
ary
job
was
to s
urve
y po
ssib
le la
ndin
g si
tes.
The
first
thre
e Lu
nar
Orb
iters
fulfi
lled
that
task
by
taki
ngm
any
phot
ogra
phs
of p
oten
tial t
ouch
dow
n po
ints
. The
last
two
Luna
r O
rbite
rs w
ere
guid
ed to
look
at b
road
er a
reas
of t
heM
oon.
The
res
ults
wer
e al
mos
t unb
elie
vabl
e. D
etai
led
pict
ures
of t
he lu
nar
surf
ace
wer
e tr
ansm
itted
bac
k to
Ear
th, t
o re
veal
mor
e th
an 9
9 pe
rcen
t of t
he M
oon'
s su
rfac
e.T
he p
hoto
grap
hs w
ere
ten
times
as
clea
r as
the
best
that
coul
d ha
ve b
een
obta
ined
from
an
Ear
th o
bser
vato
ry.
The
pic
ture
s w
ere
inva
luab
le to
the
Apo
llopr
ogra
m.
But
ther
e w
as a
maj
or s
econ
dary
ben
efit
in th
e w
ealth
of
phot
ogra
phic
dat
a av
aila
ble.
Ast
rono
mer
s, g
eolo
gist
s,se
ism
olog
ists
and
oth
er s
cien
tists
now
hav
e an
une
qual
led
colle
ctio
n of
new
dat
a on
the
Moo
n, to
pro
vide
new
insi
ght
into
the
luna
r co
mpo
sitio
n an
d st
ruct
ure.
24
1
I
i
FIN
A
if'rk
1. R
ange
r sp
acec
raft
rece
ives
a pr
e-fli
ght c
heck
.
2, 3
, 4, 5
. Tel
evis
ion
phot
os fr
omR
ange
r IX
at
altit
udes
abo
ve th
e lu
nar
surf
ace
of:
(2)
50.3
mile
s, (
3) 3
5 m
iles,
(4)
12.
2 m
iles,
(5)
4.5
mile
s.
6. S
olt l
andi
ng S
urve
yor
spac
ecra
ft.
7. P
hoto
mos
aic
take
nby
Sur
veyo
r V
II sh
ows
the
surf
ace
sam
pler
dig
ging
a tr
ench
on th
e M
oon.
7
25
1
cal i
"a
4.,,e
t
.
AN
NA
etp.
:r
Arc
--r r
*
--he
!
._
e
6
14C
1,14
,N
'e4
I 'ft
:* r-
'171
.414
tAlk
wie
?440
-O
M;
.V
."1"
..
D,
40i
e
13"t
or *
al. 4
.11:
c
c jar
-Z.
try
4..
'%
4.'4
4111
.....
:...
. '44.
WM
.*"
.'::.
.'...
..cp
g ,
't 1
t ,' .
.,..7
V :
#jc
11 '
. ...
.O
r al
l.,
' k l'
ain
, iV
..:*
* N
441:
4:17
';:cr
7..
'r
"..
,0.d
r 'J.
*://i
P dr
at
aT;I
P W
51do
3/07
7;31
de.
le/
4.
or d
i
991,
.or
1. S
cien
tific
dev
ice
carr
ied
by S
urve
yor
to h
elp
dete
rmin
e th
e ch
emic
al c
ompo
sitio
n of
the
luna
r so
il, w
as d
eplo
yed
on th
e M
oon.
2. T
he fl
oor
of th
e cr
ater
Cop
erni
cus,
sho
wn
inth
is L
unar
Orb
iter
II ph
otog
raph
, has
1,0
00-f
t.hi
gh m
ount
ains
pro
ject
ing
near
the
cent
er.
3. L
unar
sur
face
mat
eria
l, pl
aced
on
the
foot
pad
by S
urve
yor
Ill's
sur
face
sam
pler
, was
pho
to-
grap
hed
and
conv
erte
d in
to c
olor
imag
e.
4, P
rote
cted
by
red
dust
cov
ers,
the
cam
era
lens
es o
n Lu
nar
Orb
iter
spac
ecra
ft ar
ech
ecke
d be
fore
flig
ht.
5. L
unar
Orb
iter
V's
wid
e-an
gle
cam
era
phot
ogra
phed
the
crat
er T
ycho
from
135
mile
s ab
ove
the
Moo
n.
6. F
irst L
unar
Orb
iter
spac
ecra
ft to
ok th
is p
hoto
of th
e E
arth
whi
le o
n its
16t
h or
bit o
f the
Moo
n.
9 TH
E V
ITA
L LI
NK
Whe
re a
re th
ey n
ow?
Wha
t's h
appe
ning
? T
he a
nsw
ers
are
inst
antly
ava
ilabl
e ac
ross
the
thou
sand
s of
mile
s th
atse
para
te A
pollo
spa
cecr
aft f
rom
the
Ear
th.
The
con
nect
ing
link
is a
com
plex
net
wor
k of
rad
io, r
adar
and
optic
al s
yste
ms,
tied
toge
ther
on
a co
mm
on ti
me
base
and
func
tioni
ng a
s N
AS
A's
Man
ned
Spa
ce F
light
Net
wor
k.T
he n
etw
ork
has
stat
ions
aro
und
the
wor
ld a
t gro
und
site
s. A
dditi
onal
ly, s
hips
and
airc
raft
serv
e as
rec
eivi
ng a
ndtr
ansm
ittin
g st
atio
ns, o
pera
ting
to fi
ll th
e ga
ps o
ut o
f ran
geof
the
land
sta
tions
.A
ll th
e in
com
ing
data
feed
s th
roug
h a
mas
ter
switc
hing
stat
ion
at N
AS
A's
God
dard
Spa
ce F
light
Cen
ter
and
isin
stan
tly r
elay
ed to
Apo
llo M
issi
on C
ontr
ol C
ente
r at
the
Man
ned
Spa
cecr
aft C
ente
r.T
he li
nk p
erfo
rms
two
basi
c jo
bs. I
t def
ines
the
loca
tion
of th
e sp
acec
raft,
and
it e
xcha
nges
info
rmat
ion
with
the
crew
and
with
the
spac
ecra
ft.In
the
earli
est d
ays
of s
pace
exp
lora
tion,
it w
as a
diffi
cult
job
just
to fi
nd th
e sa
telli
te. N
ow th
e pr
oble
m is
to p
ick
out t
he c
orre
ct o
ne a
mon
g th
e th
ousa
nd d
iffer
ent
spac
e tr
avel
ers
hurt
ling
alon
g th
e ce
lest
ial f
reew
ays.
The
Man
ned
Spa
ce F
light
Net
wor
k is
one
of t
hree
that
NA
SA
ope
rate
s; it
spo
nsor
s th
e op
erat
ion
of a
four
th. O
neof
thes
e ne
twor
ks p
rimar
ily tr
acks
and
rec
ords
dat
a fr
omth
e m
any
unm
anne
d sc
ient
ific
sate
llite
s la
unch
ed b
y N
AS
A.
A s
econ
d tr
acks
the
luna
r, p
lane
tary
and
dee
p sp
ace
prob
esan
d he
lps
the
Man
ned
Spa
ce F
light
Net
wor
k du
ring
Apo
llofli
ghts
. A th
ird is
ess
entia
lly a
n op
tical
sys
tem
for
the
prec
isio
n tr
acki
ng o
f sat
ellit
es; i
t is
oper
ated
by
the
Sm
ithso
nian
Ast
roph
ysic
al O
bser
vato
ry.
The
se n
etw
orks
and
thei
r st
atio
ns a
re b
ound
toge
ther
by
a si
ngle
com
mun
icat
ion
syst
em u
sing
sat
ellit
es, u
nder
sea
cabl
es, l
and
lines
and
mic
row
ave
links
.
28
4
1. O
pera
tions
Con
trol
Cen
ter.
Man
ned
Spa
ceF
right
Net
wor
k at
God
dard
Spa
ce F
light
Cen
ter,
The
net
wor
k ke
eps
in to
uch
with
the
spac
ecra
ft.
2. U
SN
S R
edst
one
is o
ne o
f fou
r A
pollo
inst
rum
enta
tion
ship
s th
at m
onito
r m
issi
ons
beyo
nd th
e ra
nge
of la
nd s
tatio
ns.
3. S
mith
soni
an A
stro
phys
ical
Obs
erva
tory
fir,
oper
ates
Bak
er-N
unn
cam
eras
for
optic
altr
acki
ng o
f spa
cecr
aft.
7
4. L
ocat
ions
of M
anne
d S
pace
Flig
ht N
em a
rk.
5. T
he G
olds
tone
210
-lo
ot d
iam
eter
ant
enna
used
for
trac
king
spa
cecr
aft f
ar o
ut in
spac
e.
6. W
orke
rs in
side
the
210-
foot
dis
h at
Gol
dsto
ne.
7. In
the
bulb
ous
nose
of t
his
four
-eng
ine
KC
-135
are
radi
o an
tenn
as th
at m
onito
r A
pollo
flig
hts.
e.,g
*44
41'1
4
29
0T
ES
TIN
G: 7
...8.
..9A
stro
naut
s W
alte
r M
. Sch
irra,
Jr.
, Don
n F
. Eis
ele
and
Wal
ter
Cun
ning
ham
rod
e th
e A
pollo
7 s
pace
craf
t int
oa
near
ly p
erfe
ct E
arth
orb
it in
the
first
man
ned
fligh
t of t
hepr
ogra
m. F
ollo
win
g a
serie
s of
unm
anne
d te
st fl
ight
s, th
eS
atur
n IB
laun
ch v
ehic
le li
fted
the
spac
ecra
ft of
f the
pad
on O
ctob
er 1
1, 1
968.
Dur
ing
the
fligh
t the
y pr
actic
ed r
ende
zvou
s an
d si
mul
ated
dock
ing
with
the
spen
t Sat
urn
uppe
r st
age.
The
y al
sobe
amed
bac
k liv
e T
V p
ictu
res
whi
ch w
ere
tran
smitt
ed in
tom
illio
ns o
f hom
es.
The
ir re
turn
to E
arth
Oct
ober
22
was
with
in a
mile
of t
hepr
edic
ted
spla
shdo
wn
poin
t. T
he tr
ip h
ad la
sted
10
days
and
20 h
ours
; the
y ha
d m
ade
163
circ
uits
of t
he E
arth
.T
he A
pollo
com
man
d/se
rvic
e m
odul
e an
dits
sys
tem
s ha
d be
en p
rove
d in
a r
igor
ous
test
.T
he A
pollo
8 m
issi
on w
ill b
e re
mem
bere
d in
his
tory
ason
e of
the
grea
test
eve
nts
of o
ur c
entu
ry. F
or th
e fir
st ti
me,
men
wou
ld v
oyag
e be
yond
Ear
th's
gra
vity
, circ
le th
e M
oon,
and
retu
rn w
ith a
pric
eles
s ca
rgo
of p
hoto
grap
hs, d
ata
and
obse
rvat
ions
.A
stro
naut
s F
rank
Bor
man
, Jam
es A
. Lov
ell,
Jr. a
ndW
illia
m A
. And
ers
set o
ut o
n th
eir
hist
oric
voy
age
ofex
plor
atio
n on
Dec
embe
r 21
, 196
8.T
he c
urvi
ng fl
ight
pat
h w
ould
take
them
beh
ind
the
Moo
n, o
ut o
f tou
ch w
ith E
arth
. The
re th
ey w
ould
fire
the
rock
et e
ngin
e to
nud
ge th
em in
to a
luna
r or
bit.
"One
min
ute
to L
OS
(lo
ss o
f sig
nal).
All
syst
ems
go.
Saf
e jo
urne
y, g
uys.
" A
nder
s an
swer
s fo
r th
e cr
ew: "
Tha
nks
a lo
t, tr
oops
. We'
ll se
e yo
u on
the
othe
r si
de."
Sile
nce.
LO
S is
com
plet
e; th
ere
are
no v
oice
s, n
ote
lem
eter
ed d
ata,
no
trac
king
. Ten
min
utes
pas
s; th
een
gine
sho
uld
be fi
ring
now
. Apo
llo 8
sho
uld
be in
luna
ror
bit.
Tw
enty
min
utes
dra
g by
; thi
rty,
thirt
y-fiv
e.
..
"Go
ahea
d, H
oust
on. A
pollo
8."
Lov
ell's
voi
ce c
omes
thro
ugh
loud
and
cle
ar, c
onfir
min
g lu
nar
orbi
t.T
he te
chni
cal s
ucce
ss o
f Apo
llo 8
has
bee
n al
mos
tec
lipse
d by
the
emot
iona
l im
pact
of t
he v
oyag
e. T
he s
ight
of E
arth
rise
beyo
nd th
e M
oon,
the
shar
p co
ntra
sts
betw
een
blac
k sk
y an
d gr
ey M
oon,
the
sigh
t of c
rate
rs, a
nd th
e lo
okba
ck a
t Ear
th m
oved
the
astr
onau
ts. "
The
re's
a b
eaut
iful
Ear
th o
ut th
ere,
" sa
id B
orm
an.
But
on
Chr
istm
as E
ve, B
orm
an tu
rned
to G
enes
is fo
r th
ew
ords
, and
a h
ushe
d w
orld
list
ened
whi
le th
e as
tron
auts
rea
dth
e fir
st v
erse
s of
the
stor
y of
cre
atio
n.Ja
mes
A. M
cDiv
itt, D
avid
R. S
cott
and
Rus
sell
L.S
chw
eick
art,
on b
oard
, Apo
llo 9
lifte
d of
f the
pad
at K
enne
dyS
pace
Cen
ter
on M
arch
3, 1
969.
30
Thi
s fli
ght w
as a
n ex
erci
se fo
r th
e lu
nar
mod
ule,
mis
sing
from
pre
viou
s fli
ghts
, to
test
the
last
maj
or p
art o
f the
Apo
llo s
yste
m. M
aneu
verin
g, r
ende
zvou
s an
d do
ckin
g w
ere
perf
orm
ed in
Ear
th o
rbit,
inst
ead
of n
ear
the
Moo
n.A
pollo
9 c
ompl
eted
the
Ear
th-o
rbita
l tes
ting
phas
e of
the
spac
ecra
ft. A
ll th
e el
emen
ts h
ad b
een
test
ed 't
horo
ughl
y.O
nly
one
mor
e m
issi
on r
emai
ned
befo
re th
e lu
nar
land
ing.
1 AO
N,.
-Ave
r.4
1ter
ip
5
. -
0 $ . i
i,.
111r
,
*44/
10".
"10
.0
17 i.
0.0
,
I4-
,Li
t ti
it. :
1t
rili
Moo
....
68
s"44
1..
tkc
1. (
Left
to r
ight
) D
onn
F. E
isel
e, W
alte
r M
.S
chirr
a, J
r. a
nd W
alte
r C
unni
ngha
mth
ecr
ew o
f Apo
llo 7
.
2. A
pollo
7's
dis
card
ed u
pper
sta
ge.
3. (
Left
to r
ight
) F
rank
Bor
man
, Will
iam
A. A
nder
san
d Ja
mes
A. L
ovel
l, Jr
.the
crew
of A
pollo
8.
4. "
Lang
renu
s is
qui
te a
hug
e cr
ater
; it's
got
ace
ntra
l con
e to
it."
Ast
rona
ut L
ovel
l.
5. T
he E
arth
is v
iew
ed b
y th
e A
pollo
8 a
stro
naut
sas
they
orb
it th
e M
oon.
6. (
Left
to r
ight
) R
usse
ll L.
Sch
wei
ckar
t, D
avid
R.
Sco
tt, a
nd J
ames
McD
ivitt
the
crew
of A
pollo
9.
7. In
frar
ed c
olor
pho
togr
aph
take
n fr
om A
pollo
9of
Cal
iforn
ia's
Sal
ton
Sea
and
Impe
rial V
alle
y.
8. T
he A
pollo
9 lu
nar
mod
ulo,
as
seen
from
the
com
man
d/se
rvic
e m
odul
e (C
SM
).
-r.
31
11 DR
ES
S R
EH
EA
RS
AL
Apo
llo 1
0, d
ress
reh
ears
al fo
r th
elu
nar
land
ing,
dup
licat
edev
ery
step
of t
he p
lann
ed A
pollo
11
fligh
t but
one:
The
touc
hdow
n on
and
lifto
ff fr
om th
e lu
nar
surf
ace.
Apo
llo10
was
pla
nned
to g
o no
clo
ser
than
50,0
00 fe
et.
On
May
18,
196
9 A
pollo
10
rose
slo
wly
off
the
pad
and
swun
g ou
t int
o its
eig
ht-d
ay m
issi
on. A
boar
dw
ere
astr
onau
ts T
hom
as P
. Sta
fford
, Joh
n W
.Y
oung
and
Eug
ene
A.
Cer
nan,
vet
eran
s of
ear
lier
Gem
ini f
light
s.W
ithin
a fe
w h
ours
afte
r lif
toff,
mill
ions
saw
the
dock
ing
of th
eir
com
man
d m
odul
e w
ith th
e lu
nar
mod
ule
in th
e fir
stliv
e co
lor
tele
visi
on p
ictu
res
ever
sen
t fro
m s
pace
. Soo
naf
ter,
they
wer
e ab
le to
see
Ear
thas
the
astr
onau
ts s
aw it
,ag
ain
in c
olor
.A
pollo
10
reac
het;
and
orbi
ted
the
Moo
n. S
taffo
rd a
ndC
erna
n cr
awle
d in
to th
e lu
nar
mod
ule,
sep
arat
edfr
omY
oung
in th
e C
SM
, and
beg
an th
e le
tdow
nto
war
d th
esc
arre
d su
rfac
e."W
e're
rig
ht th
ere.
We'
re r
ight
over
it!"
cal
led
Cer
nan
asth
e LM
pas
sed
over
the
land
ing
site
for
Apo
llo11
. And
then
he a
nd S
taffo
rd, i
n ex
cit,.
..-1
voic
es, d
escr
ibed
and
phot
ogra
phed
the
land
mar
ks li
ke to
uris
ts in
a ne
w w
orld
.Ju
st b
efor
e th
eir
seco
nd lo
wpa
ss o
ver
the
surf
ace,
the
LMsu
dden
ly g
yrat
ed. T
he a
stro
naut
s se
ized
man
ual
cont
rol,
stab
ilize
d th
e sp
ace
craf
t and
, as
plan
ned,
jetti
sone
dth
ede
scen
t sta
ge.
Ana
lysi
s in
dica
tes
that
the
prob
lem
was
cau
sed
by a
mal
func
tion
in th
e ba
ckup
gui
danc
e sy
stem
whi
chco
ntro
lled
the
LM a
t tha
t tim
e. T
he s
yste
m s
h7fte
d its
con
trol
mod
esun
expe
cted
ly c
ausi
ng th
e LM
's e
rrat
ic b
ehav
ior.
Onc
e fr
eeof
the
desc
ent s
tage
, the
ast
rona
uts
shift
ed to
the
prim
ary
guid
ance
sys
tem
con
trol
and
ther
ew
ere
no fu
rthe
rdi
fficu
lties
.T
o re
ndez
vous
with
You
ng, o
rbiti
ng o
verh
ead
in th
eco
mm
and
and
serv
ice
mod
ule,
Sta
fford
and
Cer
nan
had
tofly
the
asce
nt s
tage
thro
ugh
exac
ting
and
diffi
cult
man
euve
rs.
Ren
dezv
ous
and
dock
ing
com
plet
ed, S
taffo
rd a
nd C
erna
ncr
awle
d ba
ck in
to th
e co
mm
and
mod
ule.
The
y je
ttiso
ned
the
asce
nt s
tage
, its
eng
ine
was
fire
d an
d it
spun
off
into
sola
r or
bit.
The
res
t of t
he ti
me
in lu
nar
orbi
t was
spe
nt in
land
mar
ksi
ghtin
g, to
loca
te k
ey p
hysi
cal f
eatu
res
of th
e M
oon,
and
in p
hoto
grap
hy o
f the
luna
r su
rfac
e. C
ontin
uing
col
or te
le-
visi
on tr
ansm
issi
ons
brou
ght t
he a
wes
ome
star
knes
s of
the
Moo
n an
d th
e di
stan
t bea
uty
of E
arth
into
mill
ions
of h
omes
.A
nd th
en o
n th
e la
st lu
nar
orbi
t, be
hind
the
bulk
of t
heM
oon,
the
serv
ice
mod
ule
engi
ne fi
red
agai
n to
sta
rt th
elo
ng r
etur
n tr
ip.
The
y sp
lash
ed d
own
near
Sam
oa, t
ired,
but
exh
ilara
ted
by w
hat t
hey
had
seen
and
don
e. A
pollo
10
had
blaz
ed th
etr
ail a
lmos
t to
the
Moo
n; n
ow a
ll th
at r
emai
ned
was
the
luna
r la
ndin
g of
Apo
llo U
.
32
`
,S
I
111
tiJP
.k
*,0,
/kJ
,.
Its
f1
.
-!.1
-,4
Tip
46..
dav.
.
45
2 3
1
1. (
Left
to r
ight
) E
ugen
e C
erna
n, J
ohn
W. Y
oung
,T
hom
as S
taffo
rd -
-the
cre
w o
f Apo
llo 1
0.2.
LM
mov
es o
ff fo
r its
clo
se lo
ok a
t the
luna
r su
rfac
e.3.
Com
man
d m
odul
e ph
otog
raph
ed in
luna
r or
bit
by th
e cr
ew o
f the
luna
r m
odul
e.4.
"T
he M
oon
is s
et a
gain
st th
e bl
acke
st b
lack
you
ever
saw
", s
aid
Sta
fford
.5.
The
Ear
th a
s ph
otog
raph
ed b
y th
eA
pollo
10
crew
.6.
The
asc
ent s
tage
of t
he L
M r
etur
ns fr
om it
scl
ose
look
at t
he M
oon
to fi
nd a
nd d
ock
with
the
CS
M.
7. "
No
mat
ter
whe
re y
ou lo
ok.
.. t
here
's a
diffe
rent
geo
logi
c st
ruct
ure
to s
tudy
",sa
id C
erna
n.7
33
12 TO
MO
RR
OW
IS N
OW
And
now
, Apo
llo 1
1; th
e fir
st la
ndin
g of
man
on
the
Moo
n.T
o de
scrib
e it
now
, whi
le th
e ph
ases
of t
he m
issi
onar
e on
lybl
ack
wor
ds o
n w
hite
pap
er, i
s lik
e de
scrib
ing
tom
orro
w's
sunr
ise.
It w
ill h
appe
n, b
ut h
ow g
olde
n w
ill th
e sk
y be
?N
ow b
right
the
clou
ds?
Wha
t col
or th
e lig
ht o
f daw
non
the
tree
s an
d th
e gr
ass?
The
wor
ds th
at n
ow d
efin
e ea
ch s
tep
of th
e lo
ngvo
yage
outw
ard,
the
orbi
tal p
ath
arou
nd th
e M
oon,
the
desc
ent o
fth
e lu
nar
mod
ule
and
the
wal
king
of m
an o
n th
e M
oon
thes
e w
ards
are
in th
e sh
orth
and
of te
chno
logy
."T
he L
M w
ill b
e de
pres
suriz
ed to
allo
w a
stro
naut
egre
ssto
the
luna
r su
rfac
e. T
he E
VA
dur
atio
n fo
r th
e fir
stas
tron
aut i
s op
en-e
nded
.th
e se
cond
ast
rona
ut w
illeg
ress
and
per
form
EV
A fu
nctio
ns."
The
se p
reci
se w
ords
, the
se n
eat a
cron
yms,
rem
ove
the
emot
ions
that
mig
ht o
ther
wis
e cl
oud
the
scie
ntifi
cob
ject
ivity
of t
his
expl
orat
ion.
It w
ill b
e a
hard
day
's w
ork,
from
the
mom
ent o
fto
uchd
own
on th
e M
oon
until
the
lifto
ff of
the
asce
nt s
tage
."W
e're
pla
nnin
g to
spe
nd s
light
ly u
nder
22
hour
s on
the
surf
ace.
The
firs
t thi
ng th
e gu
ys w
ill d
o is
get
rea
dy to
laun
ch a
gain
..
.in
the
even
t of a
ny k
ind
of e
mer
genc
y."A
fter
that
they
will
eat
and
hav
e a
four
-hou
r re
st p
erio
d.Y
ou c
ould
cal
l it s
leep
exc
ept t
hat I
'm n
ot s
ure
how
wel
lan
y m
an c
an s
leep
in th
e.
.. c
ram
ped
quar
ters
."(C
ould
you
sle
ep, k
now
ing
that
just
out
side
you
r be
droo
mdo
or th
e su
rfac
e of
the
Moo
n w
aite
d?)
And
then
, the
res
t per
iod
over
, the
exi
t hat
ch c
rack
sop
en,
swin
gs w
ide,
and
the
first
ast
rona
ut d
esce
nds
the
ladd
erfr
om th
e ol
d w
orld
."W
e ha
ve to
lear
n ho
w to
wal
k an
d ju
mp
and
mov
e fr
omon
e pl
ace
to th
e ot
her
in th
is e
nviro
nmen
t of o
ne-s
ixth
grav
ity.
.ho
w to
do
all t
he th
ings
we'
ve a
ll le
arne
d he
reon
Ear
th fr
om th
e tim
e w
e fir
st s
tart
ed to
wal
k."
(If
Ist
umbl
e, w
illI
fall?
IfI
fall,
will
Ibe
abl
e to
get
up a
gain
?)"F
irst a
nd fo
rem
ost
..
.a
piec
e of
the
Moo
n, a
luna
rsa
mpl
e. W
e w
ill e
valu
ate
the
capa
bilit
y of
ast
rona
uts
tow
ork
in th
is e
nviro
nmen
t."(I
hav
e to
figh
t the
sui
t; it'
s an
effo
rt to
mov
e m
y ar
m, t
opu
t one
foot
in fr
ont o
f the
oth
er.)
"The
men
will
then
dep
loy
an e
xper
imen
t pac
kage
.."
It st
ays
behi
nd, f
eelin
g fo
r an
y tr
emor
s of
the
Moo
n's
mas
s,m
onito
ring
poss
ible
sei
smic
act
ivity
, pos
sibl
e M
oonq
uake
s.B
ack
insi
de th
e lu
nar
mod
ule,
the
two
astr
onau
ts r
est.
Fou
r or
five
hou
rs p
ass,
follo
win
g th
e tw
o or
thre
e sp
ent o
nth
e lu
nar
surf
ace.
The
y fir
e th
e as
cent
mod
ule,
fly
to o
rbit
and
rend
ezvo
us w
ith th
e co
mm
and
and
serv
ice
mod
ule,
and
all t
hat r
emai
ns is
the
voya
ge h
ome
agai
n.(T
hat's
a b
eaut
iful E
arth
out
ther
e!)
34
eurt
eera
gapo
lio1
......
..e
.C
't.l..
....
" .4
...'le
o.+
.....
,....
meo
leM
VO
....
j'
Ka
."P"
4.,
9...,
..9
9.
...la
MI.
.11.
41 4
.4...
1...
....
.M
N 1
7
%-a
,
,.
"Nilo
)
. .
4p-
.-*
IP.
.
.
mr,
w~
.1,
J.
is4
It
awe
'
$
I. w
.
Mar
e T
ranq
uilli
tatis
(S
ea o
f Tra
nqui
lity)
, nea
r th
elu
nar
equa
tor,
has
bee
n ch
osen
as
the
prim
ela
ndin
g si
te fo
r th
e A
pollo
11
luna
r la
ndin
gm
issi
on. T
he s
ite w
as p
hoto
grap
hed
(on
the
'4rig
ht)
by th
e cr
ew o
f Apo
llo 1
0.
*.
0
Ow
00
le
4
V
"AU
twIm
:vet
t 1,.1
%,*
11.
4, tr
1..t
..,.1
144;
3, 4
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ol..
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.Isi
me
tuth
e In
glA
4..
Ihe
ri..1
in1I
11ir
A I,
: -et
io 4
4n.1
ertA
l4r,
g.liv
er th
e er
tire
1443
4,10
1,41
441
:41(
.101
1e li
r th
e .1
1'..
. 1:4
;In
e,::
{Ir.
MA
rtst
%.1
tr,ir
erel
lne
.4.1
11
35
13 NO
T T
HR
EE
, BU
T T
HO
US
AN
DS
Ast
rona
ut N
eil A
. Arm
stro
ng w
i.1 b
e th
e fir
st m
an o
n th
eM
oon.
Ast
rona
ut E
dwin
E. A
ldrin
, Jr.
, will
be
the
seco
nd.
The
third
Apo
llo 1
1 cr
ewm
an w
ill b
e A
stro
naut
Mic
hael
Col
lins,
orb
iting
mile
s ab
ove
the
surf
ace
in th
e co
mm
and
and
serv
ice
mod
ule.
But
the
tota
l cre
w fo
r th
e A
pollo
11
mis
sion
num
bers
inth
e hu
ndre
ds o
f tho
usan
ds. S
ecre
tarie
s an
d st
eelw
orke
rs,
doct
ors
and
draf
tsm
en, t
echn
icia
ns a
nd ta
ilors
con
trib
uted
thei
r sh
are
of w
ork
criti
cal t
o th
e su
cces
s of
the
mis
sion
.F
orm
er N
AS
A A
dmin
istr
ator
s T
. Kei
th G
lenn
an a
nd J
ames
E.
Web
b, th
e pr
esen
t Adm
inis
trat
or T
hom
as 0
. Pai
ne; t
he la
teD
r. H
ugh
L. D
ryde
n, a
gen
tle a
nd e
xtra
ordi
nary
sci
entis
t; an
dR
ober
t C. S
eam
ans
spea
rhea
ded
the
Nat
ion'
s ef
fort
toex
plor
e sp
ace.
Ast
rona
uts
Arm
stro
ng, A
ldrin
and
Col
lins
are
the
prim
ecr
ew fo
r A
pollo
11.
Arm
stro
ng w
ill c
omm
and
the
mis
sion
;A
ldrin
will
be
the
pilo
t of t
he lu
nar
mod
ule,
and
Col
lins
will
be th
e co
mm
and
mod
ule
pilo
t.T
he b
acku
p cr
ewon
sta
ndby
in c
ase
even
one
of t
hepr
ime
crew
mem
bers
cou
ld n
ot g
owill
be
Ast
rona
uts
Jam
es A
. Lov
ell,
com
man
der;
Will
iam
A. A
nder
s, c
omm
and
mod
ule
pilo
t; an
d F
red
W. l
iais
e, J
r., l
unar
mod
ule
pilo
t.E
ach
of th
e pr
ime
crew
has
com
plet
ed a
Gem
ini m
issi
on,
and
each
had
bee
n na
med
as
a ba
ckup
cre
w m
embe
r on
othe
r G
emin
i mis
sion
s.A
rmst
rong
had
bee
n a
pilo
t in
NA
SA
's X
-15
rese
arch
airc
raft
prog
ram
, a N
aval
avi
ator
and
had
flow
n co
mba
t mis
sion
s in
the
Kor
ean
conf
lict.
He
has
a de
gree
in a
eron
autic
alen
gine
erin
g an
d w
as n
amed
an
astr
onau
t in
1962
.A
ldrin
als
o ha
d flo
wn
in c
omba
t ove
r K
orea
, but
as
anA
ir F
orce
offi
cer.
He
grad
uate
d fr
om th
e U
. S. M
ilita
ryA
cade
my
and
hold
s a
doct
or o
f sci
ence
deg
ree
inas
tron
autic
s. H
e w
as c
hose
n as
an
astr
onau
t in
1963
.C
ollin
s ha
d be
en d
oing
exp
erim
enta
l flig
ht te
sts
as a
nA
ir F
orce
offi
cer
whe
n he
was
sel
ecte
d as
an
astr
onau
t in
1963
. Lik
e A
ldrin
, he
grad
uate
d fr
om th
e U
. S. M
ilita
ryA
cade
my,
and
has
a b
ache
lor
of s
cien
ce d
egre
e.C
ollin
s an
d A
ldrin
are
am
ong
the
few
ast
rona
uts
who
hav
e "w
alke
d" a
nd w
orke
d ou
tsid
e th
eir
spac
ecra
ft.A
ldrin
spe
nt m
ore
than
51/
2 ho
urs
outs
ide
the
Gem
ini 1
2,an
d C
ollin
s w
orke
d ou
tsid
e th
e G
emin
i 10
on th
ree
sepa
rate
ope
ratio
ns.
The
exp
erie
nce
and
skill
s of
thes
e th
ree
high
ly tr
aine
das
tron
auts
now
are
con
cent
rate
d on
the
goal
of t
heA
pollo
11
mis
sion
.
36
1
fl
is
2
1.
Ael
pIR
ON
G
F11.
11.1
M11
1111
11.
Insi
de th
e lu
nar
mod
ule
sim
ulat
ordu
ring
a tr
aini
ng s
essi
on.
2. E
dwin
E. A
ldrin
, Jr.
, Lun
ar M
odul
e P
ilot.
3. N
eil A
. Arm
stro
ng, C
omm
ande
r.
4. M
icha
el C
ollin
s, C
omm
and
Mod
ule
Pilo
t.
4
S.
t
37
14 TH
E V
OY
AG
E O
UT
The
Apo
llo 1
1 sp
acec
raft
has
been
mou
nted
ato
p th
eS
atur
n V
laun
ch v
ehic
le, a
nd s
its o
n th
e pa
d re
ady
for
laun
ch.
Thr
ough
the
days
of t
he c
ount
dow
n, e
ach
syst
em h
asbe
en c
heck
ed, e
ach
test
per
form
ed, e
ach
safe
tym
easu
reve
rifie
d.N
ow A
stro
naut
s A
rmst
rong
, Ald
rin a
nd C
ollin
sar
e se
ated
insi
de th
e co
mm
and
mod
ule
and
the
final
cou
ntdo
wn
has
begu
n."W
e ha
ve ig
nitio
n.
.." T
he S
atur
n V
's r
ocke
ts b
last
out
tong
ues
of fl
ame;
poi
sed
on th
e pi
llar
of fi
re, t
he h
uge
asse
mbl
y in
ches
upw
ard.
"T
ower
cle
ared
!" F
ree
of th
e la
stto
uch
of E
arth
, the
Apo
llo 1
1 m
issi
on is
on
its w
ay.
On
cour
se, t
o th
e M
oon,
Col
lins
sepa
rate
s th
e C
SM
, tur
nsit
in s
pace
, doc
ks w
ith th
e LM
and
plu
cks
it fr
om th
e sp
ent
S-I
VB
sta
ge.
Now
Apo
llo 1
1 ne
ars
the
Moo
n, a
nd th
e fa
mili
ar d
ram
abe
gins
. Beh
ind
the
Moo
n th
ey fi
re th
e ro
cket
eng
ine
toes
tabl
ish
luna
r or
bit,
an e
llips
e th
at c
omes
with
in 6
9 m
iles
of th
e su
rfac
e an
d sw
ings
aw
ay to
a 1
95-m
ile d
ista
nce.
The
yw
ill m
ake
two
turn
s ar
ound
the
Moo
n th
is w
ay, w
hile
they
chec
k th
e sp
acec
raft
syst
ems
and
upda
te th
e na
viga
tion
data
. Ano
ther
bur
st fr
om th
e se
rvic
e m
odul
e en
gine
, and
the
orbi
t cha
nges
to c
ircul
ar, 6
9 m
iles
from
the
Moo
n. T
heas
tron
auts
set
tle d
own
for
an e
ight
-hou
r pe
riod
ofre
st a
nd m
eals
.R
este
d an
d fe
d, A
rmst
rong
and
Ald
rin s
quee
ze th
roug
hth
e co
nnec
ting
tunn
el, e
nter
the
luna
r m
odul
e, a
nd p
ress
thei
r fe
et to
grip
the
Vel
cro-
mes
h flo
orin
g w
ith th
eir
Vel
cro-
sole
d sh
oes.
The
y fli
ck o
n lig
hts
and
inst
rum
ents
,ch
eck
the
160
circ
uit b
reak
ers
and
the
mul
tiple
con
trol
s.T
hen
they
fire
the
desc
ent r
ocke
t to
thru
st th
em in
toan
orbi
t tha
t will
take
them
to a
min
imum
dis
tanc
e of
50,0
00 fe
et a
bove
the
Moo
n.U
p to
this
poi
nt, A
pollo
10
had
rehe
arse
d th
e m
issi
on,
prov
ed e
ach
oper
atio
n. F
rom
her
e on
, eve
n th
ough
this
par
tof
the
fligh
t has
bee
n si
mul
ated
tim
e an
d tim
e ag
ain,
the
Apo
llo 1
1 as
tron
auts
are
trul
y on
thei
r ow
n.N
ow A
rmst
rong
, sta
ndin
g on
the
left,
mov
es h
is le
ft ha
ndon
the
thro
ttle
of th
e de
scen
t eng
ine.
It fi
res;
the
luna
rm
odul
e sl
ows
into
the
first
leg
of th
e de
scen
t. A
ldrin
's v
oice
calls
out
key
rea
ding
s fr
om th
e m
aze
of d
ials
bef
ore
him
;A
rmst
rong
wat
ches
out
of t
he tr
iang
ular
win
dow
at
his
posi
tion.
At 9
,000
feet
the
mod
ule
pitc
hes
to g
ive
the
astr
onau
tsa
bette
r lo
ok a
t the
luna
r su
rfac
e. A
rmst
rong
spo
ts th
ela
ndin
g si
te, l
ines
it u
p w
ith th
e sc
ribed
sca
les
on h
is
38
win
dow
, mak
es a
slig
ht c
orre
ctio
n w
ith h
isha
nd c
ontr
ol.
The
hei
ght d
rops
... 5
,000
feet
... 3
,000
feet
... 1
,000
feet
.A
rmst
rong
cha
nges
the
thro
ttle
thro
ugh
the
desc
ent,
slow
lyre
duci
ng th
e ap
proa
ch s
peed
. At 5
00 fe
et a
ltitu
deth
e lu
nar
mod
ule
is d
ropp
ing
light
ly a
t thr
ee fe
etpe
r se
cond
.A
nd n
ow th
e en
gine
thru
sts
hard
er, s
low
ing
the
desc
ent
even
mor
e. T
he la
ndin
g pr
obes
, mou
nted
on
the
spin
dly
legs
of th
e lu
nar
mod
ule,
see
m to
str
ain
tow
ard
the
Moo
n.T
hey
touc
h; a
war
ning
ligh
t fla
shes
in th
e co
ckpi
t, ^n
dA
rmst
rong
'sle
ft ha
nd c
uts
the
engi
ne. T
here
isa
slig
ht ja
r.B
oth
astr
onau
ts r
elea
se th
eir
pent
-up
brea
th, h
eld
for
thos
e la
st fe
w s
econ
ds. T
hey
star
e ou
t the
win
dow
sat
the
luna
r su
rfac
e on
whi
ch th
eir
spac
ecra
ftno
w s
tand
s.T
he v
oyag
ers
have
land
ed o
n a
new
wor
ld.
^,.......L.F
t
...
I
ti
L
abel
' :1
15 MA
N E
XP
LOR
ES
TH
E M
OO
NA
s C
omm
ande
r of
the
Apo
llo 1
1 m
issi
on, A
rmst
rong
goe
sfir
st. H
e de
pres
suriz
es th
e lu
nar
mod
ule,
ope
ns th
e ha
tch,
mak
es h
is fi
nal d
ecis
ion
and
step
s ou
t on
the
"fro
nt p
orch
,"a
smal
l pla
tform
abo
ve th
e la
dder
. He
chec
ks h
isco
mm
unic
atio
ns, t
alki
ng to
Ald
rin, t
hen
turn
s ar
ound
tost
art b
ackw
ard
dow
n th
e la
dder
.N
ine
step
s do
wn
on it
s ru
ngs,
the
tent
h st
ep o
n th
efo
ot-p
adan
d th
e el
even
th s
tep
is th
e M
oon
itsel
f. H
e fe
els
the
surf
ace
unde
r hi
s fe
et, s
tand
s up
right
, tur
ns, a
nd s
ees
the
awes
ome
luna
r pa
nora
ma.
In th
e lo
ng c
old
shad
ows,
itis
abo
ut 2
00 d
egre
es b
elow
zero
; in
the
open
, it i
s m
ore
than
200
deg
rees
abo
ve. H
isla
ndin
g si
te is
rin
ged
with
mou
ntai
ns, t
he w
alls
of t
he c
rate
rsth
at d
ot th
e M
oon.
It is
a b
arre
n la
nd, n
early
col
orle
ss la
nd,
blac
k in
the
shad
ows,
alm
ost w
hite
in th
e lig
ht, w
ith o
nly
a ra
nge
of g
rays
and
bro
wns
to g
ive
shap
e an
d de
finiti
on.
He
rest
s fo
r a
few
min
utes
, che
cks
his
suit,
its
equi
pmen
tan
d th
e ba
ck-p
ack
life
supp
ort s
yste
m. H
e st
arts
to w
alk,
stra
inin
g ag
ains
t the
nea
rly r
igid
spa
ce s
uit.
Eac
h st
ep A
rmst
rong
take
s, e
ach
activ
ity h
e pe
rfor
ms,
has
been
pla
nned
to b
uild
the
wor
kloa
d gr
adua
lly. A
t eac
h le
vel
of a
ctiv
ity, m
edic
al a
nd s
cien
tific
dat
a is
bei
ng ta
ken,
mon
itorin
g hi
s ab
ility
to s
urvi
ve, t
o m
ove
and
to w
ork
inth
e re
lent
less
env
ironm
ent o
f the
Moo
n.H
e st
arts
with
a s
impl
e w
alk
near
the
luna
r m
odul
e, fe
elin
gst
rang
ely
heav
y on
his
feet
eve
n th
ough
the
Moo
n's
low
grav
ity h
as r
educ
ed h
is n
orm
al 1
65 p
ound
wei
ght t
o 27
1/2
poun
ds, a
nd th
e w
eigh
ts o
f the
sui
t and
bac
k-pa
ck in
the
sam
e pr
opor
tions
.W
ith b
ags
on a
n ex
tend
ible
han
dle,
Arm
stro
ng s
coop
s up
the
first
sam
ple
of lu
nar
soil.
Aga
in th
ere
is a
per
iod
for
chec
ks o
f equ
ipm
ent,
surf
ace
light
ing
and
othe
rch
arac
teris
tics.
Ald
rin lo
wer
s a
cam
era
to A
rmst
rong
, mak
eshi
s fin
al c
heck
bef
ore
calli
ng to
Col
lins,
orb
iting
in th
eco
mm
and
mod
ule,
that
he
is g
oing
out
to jo
in A
rmst
rong
.H
e ba
cks
dow
n th
e la
dder
, pho
togr
aphe
d by
Arm
stro
ng a
ndre
sts
at th
e bo
ttom
.M
ore
than
40
min
utes
hav
e pa
ssed
; now
Arm
stro
ng m
ount
sth
e T
V c
amer
a on
its
trip
od, p
ans
arou
nd th
e ho
rizon
and
posi
tions
it to
mon
itor
thei
r ac
tiviti
es. A
ldrin
, now
fam
iliar
ized
with
the
stra
nge
sens
atio
ns o
f Moo
n w
alki
ng,
unw
raps
the
sola
r w
ind
expe
rimen
tal p
acka
ge.
Dev
ised
by
a S
wis
s sc
ient
ist,
this
one
-pou
nd e
xper
imen
tus
es a
n un
rolle
d sh
eet o
f alu
min
um fo
il to
ent
rap
part
icle
sof
hel
ium
, neo
n, a
rgon
, kry
pton
and
xen
on m
oved
by
the
"sol
ar w
ind.
"
40
Ald
rin p
hoto
grap
hs A
rmst
rong
col
lect
ing
bulk
sam
ples
of
the
Moo
n. B
oth
astr
onau
ts in
spec
t the
luna
r m
odul
e,ph
otog
raph
it a
nd th
e lu
nar
pano
ram
a. A
ldrin
ope
ns a
stor
age
bay
in th
e lu
nar
mod
ule,
take
s ou
t the
rem
aini
ngtw
o su
rfac
e ex
perim
ents
. One
is a
com
plet
e se
ism
icst
atio
n, li
nked
to E
arth
sta
tions
by
inte
rnal
rad
io. P
ower
edby
sol
ar c
ells
, it i
s ex
pect
ed to
ope
rate
for
abou
t a y
ear,
feel
ing
for
and
tran
smitt
ing
data
on
seis
mic
dis
turb
ance
of th
e lu
nar
mas
s.T
he o
ther
exp
erim
ent i
s a
grou
p of
pre
cise
ly b
uilt
optic
alre
flect
ors
to b
ounc
e ba
ck la
ser
beam
s fr
om E
arth
. It w
illhe
lp m
easu
re th
e di
stan
ce b
etw
een
Ear
th a
nd M
oon
mor
epr
ecis
ely,
det
erm
ine
the
Ear
th's
rot
atio
nal r
ate,
and
che
cksc
ient
ists
' the
orie
s of
inte
rcon
tinen
tal d
rifts
.B
oth
expe
rimen
ts s
houl
d ta
ke a
bout
15
min
utes
toem
plac
e; th
e re
st o
f the
ava
ilabl
e tim
e on
the
surf
ace
issp
ent c
olle
ctin
g lu
nar
sam
ples
and
doc
umen
ting
the
colle
ctio
n w
ith p
hoto
grap
hy. T
hey
stay
with
in a
300
-foo
tra
dius
of t
he lu
nar
mod
ule,
the
limits
of e
xplo
ratio
n se
tfo
r th
is tr
ip.
Ald
rin r
e-en
ters
the
luna
r m
odul
e fir
st w
hile
Arm
stro
ngre
trie
ves
the
sola
r w
ind
expe
rimen
t and
follo
ws
up th
ela
dder
. Tot
al ti
me
outs
ide
on th
e M
oont
wo
hour
s an
d20
min
utes
for
Arm
stro
ng; o
ne h
our
and
35 m
inut
es fo
rA
ldrin
. Now
they
eat
and
res
t in
prep
arat
ion
for
anot
her
criti
cal p
hase
of t
he m
issi
onth
e as
cent
and
ren
dezv
ous
with
Col
lins.
2
/-
Ni A
11-r
k.41
,...o
mk
ab,
1
1141
"' E
1'1
-71'
'-
,
A..
I.
%.
, es
lio
N7
,mac
4
3 lak
ks. '
P414
,1
4
LI 4
1. T
akin
g pi
ctur
es d
urin
g pr
actic
e lu
nar
surf
ace
activ
ities
at M
anne
d S
pace
craf
tC
ente
r, H
oust
on.
2. R
emov
ing
equi
pmen
t fro
m lu
nar
mod
ule
moc
k-up
..
.
3, 4
. Ere
ctin
g an
um
brel
la a
nten
na ..
.
5. C
olle
ctin
g ro
cks
with
spe
cial
cla
w. .
.
6. C
olle
ctin
g of
mor
e sa
mpl
es .
..
6
.11
.111
1111
. it.
rVIIL
iii g
ruat
ito;-
1 iv
a.1
fllio
n in
1h'
unk
now
n aw
l the
et)
10".
.% M
oilr+
41`'
'toll:
till N
I. N
ixon
.
41
..
. AN
D R
ET
UR
NIN
G H
IM S
AF
ELY
..
."A
bout
22
hour
s af
ter
they
touc
hed
dow
n on
the
Moo
n, th
eas
tron
auts
pre
pare
to le
ave.
Aga
in, t
hing
s m
ust w
ork
perf
ectly
the
first
tim
e. T
he a
scen
t eng
ine
has
lain
dor
man
tth
roug
h th
e en
tire
voya
ge; n
ow it
mus
t fire
. The
ast
rona
uts
chec
k th
e in
stru
men
ts a
nd c
ontr
ols
and
the
star
t cyc
lebe
giis
. On
a si
gnal
from
the
LM's
gui
danc
e co
mpu
ter
the
asce
nt s
tage
fire
s an
d lif
ts-o
ff fr
om th
e de
scen
t sta
ge. T
hey
feel
the
forc
e of
acc
eler
atio
n in
thei
r le
gs a
s th
e as
cent
stag
e cl
imbs
to a
ren
dezv
ous
with
Col
lins
and
the
com
man
dm
odul
e.A
rmst
rong
and
Ald
rin u
se e
very
bit
of th
eir
pilo
ting
skill
sto
eas
e th
e lu
nar
mod
ule
asce
nt s
tage
into
orb
it w
ith th
eco
mm
and
and
serv
ice
mod
ule.
Usi
ng th
e sp
acec
raft
cont
rol r
ocke
ts, A
rmst
rong
and
Ald
rin fl
y th
e re
ndez
vous
; Col
lins
wor
ks w
ith th
em,
as th
esp
acec
raft
drift
slo
wly
tow
ard
dock
ing.
The
re is
a s
light
bum
p as
pro
be a
nd ta
rget
mee
t. T
he la
tche
s sl
ap s
hut.
The
yha
ve r
ejoi
ned.
The
Ast
rona
uts
craw
l thr
ough
the
tunn
el b
ack
to th
eco
mm
and
mod
ule,
car
ryin
g th
e pr
ecio
us s
ampl
es o
f the
Moo
n, th
e so
lar
win
d ex
perim
ent,
and
expo
sed
film
.N
ow th
ey je
ttiso
n th
e lu
nar
mod
ule;
they
coa
st in
luna
ror
bit,
sigh
ting,
cal
cula
ting
and
upda
ting
for
navi
gatio
nal
data
. Thr
ee a
nd o
ne h
alf h
ours
pas
s, a
nd th
en, a
gain
beh
ind
the
Moo
n an
d ou
t of s
ight
of E
arth
, the
y fir
e th
e se
rvic
em
odul
e en
gine
. It t
hrus
ts th
em o
ut o
f lun
ar o
rbit
and
onto
the
road
hom
e.A
ll th
e w
ay b
ack,
uom
mun
icat
ions
link
s re
ach
acro
ss th
em
iles
and
exch
ange
info
rmat
ion,
obs
erva
tions
, com
man
dsan
d co
nver
satio
ns.
Wha
t rem
ains
is r
e-en
try,
the
term
inal
man
euve
rs o
fev
ery
man
ned
spac
e fli
ght.
Six
Mer
cury
flig
hts,
ten
Gem
ini f
light
san
d fo
ur A
pollo
mis
sion
s ha
ve r
amm
ed in
to th
e E
arth
'sat
mos
pher
e be
fore
them
. But
no
mat
ter
how
muc
hex
perie
nce
is a
vaila
ble,
how
man
y re
hear
sals
, eac
h re
-ent
ryis
new
. The
exa
ct a
ngle
is c
ritic
al; t
oo s
hallo
w, a
nd th
esp
acec
raft
caro
ms
off i
nto
spac
e lik
e a
skip
ping
sto
neov
erw
ater
; too
ste
ep, a
nd th
e he
at o
f re-
entr
y bu
ilds
too
rapi
dly
for
surv
ival
.A
pollo
11
slid
es th
roug
h th
e en
try
corr
idor
as
if on
rai
ls,
slam
s in
to th
e at
mos
pher
e at
400
,000
feet
up,
and
sta
rts
togl
ow e
erily
with
fric
tiona
l hea
t. T
he b
liste
ring
ioni
zed
gase
spu
ll a
blac
kout
cur
tain
ove
r co
mm
unic
atio
ns, a
nd a
gain
the
grou
nd s
tatio
ns w
ait t
ense
ly fo
r ra
dio
chat
ter
to s
tart
.T
he s
econ
ds ti
ck p
ast;
the
radi
o co
mes
to li
fe. N
ow th
edr
ogue
par
achu
tes
burs
t out
of t
heir
cont
aine
r to
slo
w th
efa
lling
spa
cecr
aft.
The
y ar
e je
ttiso
ned,
and
thre
e re
efed
42
mai
n pa
rach
utes
str
eam
out
. With
a su
dden
jerk
, the
chu
tes
spre
ad to
thei
r fu
ll di
amet
er a
nd th
e sp
acec
raft
star
ts it
sfin
al c
ushi
oned
dro
p in
to th
e P
acifi
c O
cean
.T
he lo
nges
t par
t of t
he tr
ip is
to c
ome.
To
the
Moo
nan
dba
ck to
ok a
bout
eig
ht d
ays;
but
to th
e Lu
nar
Rec
eivi
ngLa
bora
tory
and
out
will
take
abo
ut th
ree
wee
ks.
The
re is
a p
ossi
bilit
ya r
emot
e on
etha
t con
tam
inan
tsm
ay b
e br
ough
t bac
k fr
om th
e M
oon.
To
be s
afe,
the
crew
,sp
acec
raft
and
atte
ndin
g m
edic
al s
peci
alis
ts w
illgo
into
imm
edia
te q
uara
ntin
e as
soo
n as
pos
sibl
e af
ter
the
spla
shdo
wn.
The
firs
t fro
gman
to r
each
the
float
ing
spac
ecra
ft w
ill h
and
in p
last
ic s
uits
, cov
eral
ls w
ith b
reat
hing
mas
ks fo
rth
eas
tron
auts
. Rec
over
ed b
y he
licop
ter,
the
astr
onau
ts w
illgo
imm
edia
tely
into
a m
obile
qua
rant
ine
van,
join
ing
a fli
ght
surg
eon
and
a re
cove
ry te
chni
cian
.A
fter
the
reco
very
car
rier
has
dock
ed, t
he v
an w
ill b
etr
undl
ed in
to th
e be
lly o
f a c
argo
airc
rafta
nd fl
own
to th
eLu
nar
Rec
eivi
ng L
abor
ator
y at
NA
SA
's M
anne
d S
pace
craf
tC
ente
r. T
he lu
nar
sam
ples
will
be
flow
n by
rel
ays
of fa
st je
tai
rcra
ft fr
om th
e ca
rrie
r to
land
bas
es a
nd th
en to
the
lab.
,..e
Am
u
"PO
,'N
wa
101
I I \
<4
s 4
17 PR
EC
IOU
S C
AR
GO
The
wor
ld's
mos
t pre
ciou
s st
ones
abou
t 50
poun
dsof
Moo
nwill
be
the
focu
s of
pos
t-fli
ght s
cien
tific
stu
dies
.T
he L
unar
Rec
eivi
ng L
abor
ator
y (L
RL)
at
Hou
ston
is th
efir
st s
top
for
thes
e pr
icel
ess
spec
imen
s.P
lann
ed a
nd b
uilt
like
the
com
mun
icab
le d
isea
se w
ing
ofa
hosp
ital,
but t
o ev
en m
ore
exac
ting
stan
dard
s, th
e LR
Lpl
aces
its
wor
k ar
eas
behi
nd b
iolo
gica
l bar
riers
. No
orga
nism
can
esca
pe th
roug
h ai
r, w
ater
or
sew
er s
yste
ms
to th
eou
tsid
e.H
ere
the
astr
onau
ts w
ill s
tay
in q
uara
ntin
e,un
der
care
ful m
edic
al o
bser
vatio
n, u
ntil
21 d
ays
have
pas
sed
from
the
time
they
lifte
d of
f the
luna
r su
rfac
e.T
he s
pace
craf
t its
elf,
ster
ilize
d by
the
heat
of
re-e
ntry
,w
ill b
e tr
ansp
orte
d to
the
LRL
for
quar
antin
e.T
he lu
nar
sam
ples
will
sta
y in
the
lab
unde
rqu
aran
tine
cond
ition
s fo
r 45
to 6
0 da
ys. T
rans
port
ed in
two
sepa
rate
boxe
s an
d tw
o se
para
te a
ircra
ft, th
e lu
nar
sam
ples
arr
ive
atLR
L. E
ach
box
was
vac
uum
sea
led
on th
e M
oon,
and
the
first
pro
bing
of t
heir
cont
ents
is to
che
ck th
atva
cuum
.ga
s an
alys
is s
yste
m is
tapp
ed in
to e
ach
box,
in v
acuu
m,
to s
niff
the
com
posi
tion
of a
ny g
ases
insi
de.
The
n th
e bo
xes
are
open
ed, s
till i
nva
cuum
con
ditio
ns,
unde
r th
e ea
ger
eyes
of g
eo-s
cien
tists
. Sam
ples
will
be
phot
ogra
phed
from
six
sid
es a
s th
ey r
est i
n th
eva
cuum
cham
ber,
and
then
test
ed fo
r ra
dioa
ctiv
ity a
nd b
iolo
gica
lor
gani
sms.
The
n th
e sa
mpl
es w
ill b
e di
vide
d in
to p
ortio
nsto
be
allo
cate
d to
140
sci
entis
ts h
ere
and
abro
ad w
ho h
ave
devi
sed
spec
ial r
esea
rch
to lo
ok a
t the
str
uctu
re, p
hysi
cal,
chem
ical
and
poss
ible
bio
logi
cal c
hara
cter
istic
s of
the
Moo
n.S
ome
of th
at w
ork
will
be
done
at L
RL,
bec
ause
of t
heco
nven
ienc
e; o
ther
wor
k w
ill b
e do
ne a
t lab
orat
orie
s an
dun
iver
sitie
s ar
ound
the
wor
ld.
Onl
y a
part
of t
he to
tal s
ampl
e w
ill b
e di
strib
uted
in th
isfir
st r
ound
of e
xper
imen
ts. T
he s
cien
tists
at L
RL
reas
onth
at y
ou a
lway
s th
ink
of th
e be
st e
xper
imen
t jus
t afte
r yo
uha
ve r
un o
ut o
f sub
ject
, and
they
are
det
erm
ined
not
to le
tth
at h
appe
n w
ith th
eir
prec
ious
pie
ces
of M
oon.
The
y w
illst
ore
som
e fo
r la
ter
expe
rimen
tatio
n.A
sm
alle
r po
rtio
n w
ill b
e ke
pt a
way
from
all
expe
rimen
ters
,to
be
pres
erve
d fo
r po
ster
ity. I
n ye
ars
to c
ome,
stil
l-E
arth
boun
d pe
ople
may
be
able
to s
ee, s
eale
d in
a v
acuu
mco
ntai
ner
and
plac
ed o
n pu
blic
vie
w, t
hose
rar
e gr
ay r
ocks
that
men
left
Ear
th to
find
.
44
1da
ta
-
4400
°4 d
'to
rada
tr.
--2
-bv
J
1
11;I
'
3
(
41-
I.
1
45
...=
..1.1
114
.
1. A
Bio
logi
cal I
sola
tion
Gar
men
t (B
IG)
whi
chw
ill b
e do
nned
by
the
Apo
llo 1
1 as
tron
auts
-'7'
111a
1zi
tim
med
iate
ly a
lter
egre
ss fr
om th
e co
mm
and
111:
mod
ule,
dur
ing
reco
very
.
2. A
Mob
ile Q
uara
ntin
e F
acili
ty (
MQ
F)
for
retu
rnin
g lu
nar
astr
onau
ts a
nd th
eir
supp
ort p
erso
nnel
.
3. T
he L
unar
Rec
eivi
ng L
abor
ator
y,M
anne
dS
pace
craf
t Cen
ter,
Hou
ston
, Tex
as.
4. T
echn
icia
n ha
ndle
s m
ater
ials
at t
heLu
nar
Rec
eivi
ng L
abor
ator
y,
5. L
ivin
g te
st a
nim
als
in th
e Lu
nar
Rec
eivi
ngLa
bora
tory
are
obs
erve
d un
der
germ
free
cond
ition
s.
45
EX
TE
ND
ING
TH
E D
OM
AIN
Nin
e m
ore
man
ned
luna
r ex
plor
atio
ns w
ill fo
llow
Apo
llo11
.T
hese
flig
hts
will
car
ry a
var
iety
of s
cien
tific
exp
erim
ents
todi
ffere
nt a
reas
of t
he M
oon.
The
Apo
llo A
pplic
atio
ns P
rogr
am w
ill p
utan
orb
ital
wor
ksho
p 20
0 m
iles
away
from
Ear
th. i
t will
util
ize
a sp
ent S
atur
n up
per
stag
e. B
ut it
will
hav
e ad
ditio
nal
equi
pmen
t bui
lt in
to c
onve
rt it
to a
wor
kar
ea a
nd li
ving
quar
ters
for
its a
stro
naut
cre
ws.
It w
ill b
e ab
out t
he s
ize
of a
two-
stor
y ho
use,
and
insi
deth
e as
tron
auts
will
be
able
to li
ve a
nd m
ove
with
out t
hecu
mbe
rsom
e sp
ace
suits
. The
y w
ill s
tay
in th
e w
orks
hop
for
28 d
ays,
and
then
ret
urn
to E
arth
, to
be s
ucce
eded
by
anot
her
crew
. Lat
er m
issi
ons
will
ext
end
the
stay
tim
e to
56 d
ays,
and
will
incl
ude
a w
ide
varie
ty o
f exp
erim
ents
.O
ne o
f the
se w
ill u
se a
mod
ified
luna
r m
odul
e as
cent
sta
geto
car
ry a
n as
tron
omic
al te
lesc
ope
to th
e w
orks
hop
for
sola
rob
serv
atio
ns fr
ee o
f the
Ear
th's
atm
osph
eric
dis
tort
ion.
NA
SA
is s
tudy
ing
plan
s to
est
ablis
h an
Ear
th-o
rbiti
ngsp
ace
stat
ion,
laun
ched
and
ass
embl
ed in
sec
tions
, with
atw
elve
-man
cre
w in
the
initi
al e
lem
ent.
By
the
mid
198
0's
it co
uld
be a
per
man
ent s
tatio
n, w
heel
ing
in th
e si
lenc
e of
spac
e, m
anne
d by
as
man
y as
100
ast
rona
uts
and
scie
ntis
ts.
Par
t of t
he p
rogr
am w
ould
be
the
deve
lopm
ent o
fa
spac
esh
uttle
, a s
pace
craf
t abo
ut th
e si
ze o
f the
Dou
glas
DC
-3 th
atpi
onee
red
com
mer
cial
air
tran
spor
t. T
hey
wou
ldca
rry
abou
t25
,000
pou
nds
of c
argo
or
peop
le, a
nd w
ould
mak
e re
gula
rru
ns b
etw
een
Ear
th a
nd th
e or
bitin
g ba
se.
New
unm
anne
d m
issi
ons
to o
ther
pla
nets
now
are
nea
ring
thei
r fli
ght d
ates
. Tw
o M
ars
prob
es a
re o
n th
eir
way
topa
ss n
ear
the
surf
ace
of th
at p
lane
t thi
s su
mm
er. T
wo
year
sfr
om n
ow, t
wo
orbi
ters
will
clo
se to
war
d th
e su
rfac
e fo
rm
appi
ng M
ars.
In 1
973,
two
inst
rum
ente
d sp
acec
raft
will
4R
touc
h do
wn
in s
oft l
andi
ngs
on th
e re
d pl
anet
, and
a pr
obe
will
rea
ch to
Jup
iter
for
the
first
dire
ct m
easu
rem
ents
of
that
hug
e pl
anet
.A
nd th
en in
197
7, th
ere
com
es a
rar
e op
port
unity
, whe
nth
e pl
anet
s ar
e po
sitio
ned
just
so
in th
e so
lar
syst
em. A
sing
le u
nman
ned
prob
e th
en c
an b
e la
unch
ed fo
ra
"gra
ndto
ur,"
a fl
ight
last
ing
for
year
s, a
nd p
assi
ng b
y Ju
pite
r,S
atur
n, U
ranu
s an
d N
eptu
ne o
n a
wid
e sw
ing
thro
ugh
our
sola
r sy
stem
.In
the
1980
's th
e fir
st m
anne
d ex
pedi
tion
coul
d be
setti
ngof
f on
the
voya
ge to
Mar
s.F
or M
an a
lway
s ha
s re
ache
d ou
t tow
ard
the
star
s. T
hefir
sttin
y sa
telli
tes
grew
to m
anne
d sp
acec
raft,
to lu
nar
land
ers,
and
can
grow
furt
her
to o
rbiti
ng s
tatio
ns, p
lane
tary
pro
bes,
and
expe
ditio
ns th
roug
h th
e so
lar
syst
em.
Spe
akin
g to
a J
oint
Ses
sion
of C
ongr
ess
in J
anua
ry,
Ast
rona
ut F
rank
Bor
man
sai
d it
this
way
: "E
xplo
ratio
n re
ally
is th
e es
senc
e of
the
hum
an s
pirit
, and
topa
use,
to fa
lter,
to tu
rn o
ur b
ack
on th
e qu
est f
or k
now
ledg
e, is
to p
eris
h." -W
e or
e liv
ing
ntIo
ne w
hen
lire
on 1
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111
15 g
oose
thro
ugh
this
eno
rmou
s ne
w p
h.ig
e E
st e
volm
ion.
'whe
n N
inn
Is m
ovin
g fr
om th
e su
rf:te
e ,r
doo
r !li
nnet
out
IMO
the
sola
r $Y
stei
n: tu
nny
peop
le r
eel t
his
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s ro
grai
rant
:is
whe
nth
e Itr
st n
toph
iblo
n ca
me
from
the
stn
up o
nto
the
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tul b
egun
to c
onqu
er n
new
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ain
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isre
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an 0
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ne. A
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AP
OLL
O P
RO
GR
AM
MA
NA
GE
ME
NT
The
Apo
llo P
rogr
am, t
he U
nite
d S
tate
s' e
ffort
to la
nd m
en o
nth
e M
oon
and
retu
rn th
em s
afel
y to
Ear
th b
efor
e 19
70, i
s th
ere
spon
sibi
lity
of th
e O
ffice
of M
anne
d S
pace
Flig
ht (
OM
SF
),N
atio
nal A
eron
autic
s an
d S
pace
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
Was
hing
ton,
D.C
. Dr.
Geo
rge
E. M
uelle
r is
Ass
ocia
te A
dmin
istr
ator
for
Man
ned
Spa
ce F
light
.
NA
SA
Man
ned
Spa
cecr
aft C
ente
r (M
SC
), H
oust
on, i
sre
spon
sibl
e fo
r de
velo
pmen
t of t
he A
pollo
Spa
cecr
aft,
fligh
tcr
ew tr
aini
ng a
nd fl
ight
con
trol
. Dr.
Rob
ert R
. Gilr
uth
is C
ente
rD
irect
or.
NA
SA
Mar
shal
l Spa
ce F
light
Cen
ter
(MS
FC
), H
unts
ville
, Ala
.,is
res
pons
ible
for
deve
lopm
ent o
f the
Sat
urn
laun
ch v
ehic
les.
Dr.
Wer
nher
von
Bra
un is
Cen
ter
Dire
ctor
.
Apo
llo/S
atur
n O
ffici
als
NA
SA
Hea
dqua
rter
sIt
Gen
. Sam
C. P
hilli
ps (
US
AF
)A
pollo
Pro
gram
Dire
ctor
, OM
SF
Geo
rge
H. H
oge
Apo
llo P
rogr
am D
eput
y D
irect
or,
Mis
sion
Dire
ctor
, OM
SF
Che
ster
M. L
eeA
ssis
tant
Mis
sion
Dire
ctor
, OM
SF
Col
. Tho
mas
H. M
cMul
len
(US
AF
)A
ssis
tant
Mis
sion
Dire
c;or
, OM
SF
Geo
rge
P. C
hand
ler,
Jr.
Mis
sion
Eng
inee
rM
aj. G
. n, J
ames
W. H
umph
reys
, Jr.
Dire
ctsr
of S
pace
Med
icin
e, O
MS
FN
orm
an P
ozin
sky
Dire
ctor
of N
etw
ork
Sup
port
Impl
emen
tatio
n D
iv..
OT
DA
Maj
or A
pollo
/Sat
urn
V C
ontr
acto
rsB
ellc
omm
The
Boe
ing
Co.
Gen
eral
Ele
ctric
-Apo
lloS
uppo
rt D
ept,
Mai
l Am
eric
an R
ockw
ell C
orp.
Spa
ce D
iv.
Gru
mm
an A
ircra
ft E
ngin
eerin
g C
orp.
Mas
sach
uset
ts In
stitu
te o
f Tec
hnol
ogy
Gen
eral
Mot
ors
Cor
p..
AC
Ele
ctro
nics
Div
,T
RW
Sys
tem
s. In
cA
vco
Cor
p . S
pace
Sys
tem
s D
ivM
cDon
nell
Dou
glas
Ast
rona
utic
s C
o,In
tern
atio
nal B
usin
ess
Mac
hine
sF
eder
al S
yste
ms
Div
.
Man
ned
Spa
cecr
aft C
ente
rG
eorg
e M
. Low
Man
ager
, Apo
llo S
pace
cral
t Pro
gram
Ken
neth
S. K
lein
knec
htM
anag
er. C
omm
and
and
Ser
vice
Mod
ules
Brig
. Gen
. C. H
. Bol
ende
r (U
SA
F)
Man
ager
. Lun
ar M
odul
eD
onal
d K
. Sla
yton
Dire
ctor
of F
light
Cre
w O
pera
tions
Chr
isto
pher
C. K
raft,
Jr.
Dire
ctor
of F
light
Ope
ratio
nsC
. E. C
hart
esw
orth
Flig
ht D
irect
orC
harle
s A
. Ber
ryD
irect
or o
f Med
ical
Res
earc
han
d O
pera
tions
Ben
dix
Cor
p.F
eder
al E
lect
ric C
orp.
Cat
alyt
ic-D
owU
nite
d A
ircra
ft C
orp.
Ham
ilton
Sta
ndar
d D
ivis
ion
ILC
Indu
strie
sR
adio
Cor
p. o
f Am
eric
aS
ande
rs A
ssoc
iate
sB
row
n E
ngin
eerin
gR
eyno
lds.
Sm
ith a
nd H
illIn
galls
Iron
Wor
ksS
mith
/Ern
stP
ower
Sho
vel,
Inc.
Hay
es In
tern
atio
nal
Pro
duce
d by
the
Offi
ce o
f Pub
lic A
ffairs
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spa
ce A
dmin
istr
atio
nW
ashi
ngto
n, D
.C. 2
0546
NA
SA
Joh
n F
. Ken
nedy
Spa
ce C
ente
r (K
SC
), F
la.,
isre
spon
sibl
e fo
r A
pollo
/Sat
urn
laun
ch o
pera
tions
. Dr.
Kur
t H.
Deb
us is
Cen
ter
Dire
ctor
.
NA
SA
God
dard
Spa
ce F
light
Cen
ter
(GS
FC
), G
reen
belt,
Md.
,m
anag
es th
e M
anne
d S
pace
Flig
ht N
etw
ork
unde
r th
edi
rect
ion
of th
e N
AS
A O
ffice
of T
rack
ing
and
Dat
a A
cqui
sitio
n(O
TD
A).
Ger
ald
M. T
rusz
ynsk
i is
Ass
ocia
te A
dmin
istr
ator
for
Tra
ckin
g an
d D
ata
Acq
uisi
tion.
Dr.
Joh
n F
. Cla
rk is
Dire
ctor
of
GS
FC
.
Mar
shal
l Spa
ce F
light
Cen
ter
Maj
. Gen
. Edm
und
F. O
'Con
nor
Dire
ctor
of I
ndus
tria
l Ope
ratio
nsD
r. F
. A. S
peer
Dire
ctor
of M
issi
on O
pera
tions
Lee
B. J
ames
Man
ager
, Sat
urn
V P
rogr
am 0
11ie
°W
illia
m D
. Bro
wn
Man
ager
, Erm
ine
Pro
gram
011
ice
Ken
nedy
Spa
ce C
ente
rM
iles
Ros
sD
eput
y D
irect
or, C
ente
r O
pera
tions
Roc
co A
. Pet
rone
Dire
ctor
, Lau
nch
Ope
ratio
nsR
aym
ond
L. C
lark
Dire
ctor
, Tec
hnic
al S
uppo
rtR
ear
Adm
. Rod
eric
k 0.
Mid
dlet
on (
US
N)
Man
ager
. Apo
llo P
rogr
am O
ffice
Wal
ler
J. K
apry
anD
eput
y D
irect
or, L
aunc
h O
pera
tions
For
sal
e by
the
Sup
erin
tend
ent o
f Doc
umen
ts. U
.S. G
over
nmen
t Prin
ting
Offi
ceW
ashi
ngto
n, D
.C. 2
0.10
2 -
Pric
e $1
.25
U.S
. GO
VE
RN
ME
NT
PR
INT
ING
OF
FIC
E; 1
969
oaso
-ots
Dr.
Han
s F
. Gru
en°
Dire
ctor
, Lau
nch
Veh
icle
Ope
ratio
nsJo
hn J
. Will
iam
sD
irect
or, S
pace
craf
t Ope
ratio
nsP
aul C
. Don
nelly
Laun
ch O
pera
tions
Man
ager
God
dard
Spa
ce F
light
Cen
ter
Ozr
o M
. Cov
ingt
onA
ssis
tant
Dire
ctor
for
Man
ned
Spa
ce F
light
Tra
ckin
gH
enry
F. T
hom
pson
Dep
uty
Ass
ista
nt D
irect
or fo
rM
anne
d S
pace
Flig
ht S
uppo
rtH
. Will
iam
Woo
dC
hief
, Man
ned
Flig
ht O
pera
tions
Div
.T
ecw
yn R
ober
tsM
el, M
anne
d F
light
Eng
inee
ring
Div
.
Dep
artm
ent o
f Def
ense
Maj
. Ger
.. V
inov
ril G
.i.U
SA
F0
DO
D M
anag
er o
f Man
ned
Spa
ceF
light
Sup
port
Ope
ratio
nsM
aj, G
en D
a.iti
Mtu
tlAr,
Dep
uty
DO
D M
anag
er e
l Man
ned
Spa
ce F
light
Sup
port
Ope
ratic
s::,
Con
:man
tler
of U
SA
F E
aste
rnT
est R
ange
liras
Adm
. F. E
. Uak
i.':-
. (U
SN
)C
omm
ande
r of
Com
bine
d T
ask
Fet
ee1:
30. P
acifi
c R
ecov
ery
Arc
aR
ear
Aim
. P.:
MoM
ank.
r. W
S14
)C
omm
ande
r el
Com
bine
d 70
:k P
elee
14o,
Atla
ntic
Rec
over
y A
rca
Ccl
. RO
yeo
G, M
tn (
US
AF
,D
ucct
er o
f DO
!) M
anne
d S
pace
Flig
ht O
ffice
Bug
. Gen
. Alli
son
C. B
rock
.: (U
SA
F)
Com
inan
ocr
Aer
ospa
ce R
etcu
e an
dR
ecow
ry S
ervi
ce
... ..
..' "
4
i
1-
ft
"Men
's c
once
ptio
n of
them
selv
es a
ndof
eac
h ot
her
has
alw
ays
depe
nded
on
thei
r no
tion
of th
e E
arth
.T
o se
e
t.th
e E
arth
as
it tr
uly
,sr
riall
and
blue
and
bea
utifu
lin
that
eter
nal s
ilenc
e w
h e
it flo
ats,
is to
see
our
selv
es a
srid
ers
on th
e E
arth
toge
ther
...br
othe
rs w
ho k
now
now
they
are
trul
y br
othe
r s.
"- -
Arc
hiba
ld M
acLe
ish,
durin
gA
pollo
8 fl
ight
, 196
8
72
28
29
3031
68
67
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ouch
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n59
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cour
se C
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Mid
cour
se C
orre
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nt C
SM
for
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cour
se83
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tem
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ckou
t60
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dezv
ous
Man
euve
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eart
hC
orre
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n52
Exp
lore
Sur
face
,61
CS
M/L
M In
itial
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king
69S
yste
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tatu
s C
heck
76F
inal
Mid
cour
se C
orre
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nS
et U
p E
xper
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ts52
Tra
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r C
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rom
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to C
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a T
rans
mit
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iods
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eren
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lignm
ent
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heck
out
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/LM
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n70
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nce
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tem
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r54
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dezv
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aran
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tison
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lignm
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man
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ervi
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rack
CS
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nsea
rth
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rient
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r M
idco
urse
Mod
ule
(CM
/SM
) S
epar
atio
n55
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ftoff
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ctio
n T
hrus
ting
Cor
rect
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79C
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M S
epar
atio
n58
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ent
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amet
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urse
Cor
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80O
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CM
for
Ree
ntry
57C
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ntric
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e In
itiat
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65T
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if R
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t Alti
tude
57A
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ne C
hang
e In
itiat
e66
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tem
s S
tatu
s C
heck
73S
yste
m S
tatu
s C
heck
sP
enet
ratio
n58
Con
stan
t Del
taE
at a
nd S
leep
Per
iod
Eat
and
Sle
ep P
erio
ds82
Com
mun
icat
ion
Hei
ght M
aneu
ver
Dat
a T
rans
mit
Per
iod
Dat
a T
rans
mit
Per
iods
Bla
ckou
t Per
iod
58A
. Ter
min
al P
hase
Initi
atio
n67
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nt C
SM
Atti
tude
for
74C
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Gui
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e S
yste
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urse
Cor
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ion
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ce A
lignm
ent
Bro
ken
tral
oclo
ry li
nes
indi
cate
loss
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arth
com
mun
icat
ions
47
1 41
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F V
oice
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F T
elem
etry
39 41B
Jetti
son
For
war
dH
eat S
hiel
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y D
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n C
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81
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82
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LUN
AR
LA
ND
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MIS
t PR
OF
ILE
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ift-O
tt2.
S-I
C P
ower
ed F
light
3. S
-IC
Eng
ine
Cut
off
46:
1C/S
-11
Sep
arat
ion,
S-I
C R
etro
, S-1
11,
11 le
ge
5. S
-Il E
ngin
es Ig
nitio
n..
6 S
-iC/S
-II I
nter
stag
e Je
ttin,
RO
N.,
7. L
aunc
h E
scap
e T
ower
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on8.
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ro, S
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llage
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nitio
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ht.
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13
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4,41
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ngin
e C
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f14
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th P
arki
ng O
rbit
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Beg
in S
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ms
Sta
tus
Che
cks
16 C
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and
Ser
vice
Mod
ule
(CS
M)
Gui
danc
e S
yste
m R
efer
ence
Alig
nmen
t17
Orie
nt fo
r T
rans
luna
r In
ject
ion
18. S
-tV
B U
llage
19 S
:IVB
Eng
ine
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on20
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nslu
nar
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o bo
n21
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M S
epar
ator
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omLu
nar
Mod
ule
(LM
) A
dapt
er22
CS
M 1
80' T
urna
bout
23 C
SM
Doc
king
With
Lkli/
S-I
VB
24 C
SM
/LM
Sep
arat
ion
Fro
m S
-IV
B
2
22
25 C
SM
Gui
danc
e S
yste
mR
efer
ence
Alig
nmen
t26
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nt S
pace
Cra
ft A
ttitu
deF
or M
idco
urse
Cot
act
ion
27 S
M E
ngin
e Ig
nitio
n28
1st M
idco
urse
Cor
rect
ion
Tra
nslu
nar
29 S
yste
ms
Sta
tus
Che
cks
Eat
and
Slo
op P
erto
daD
ata
Tra
nsm
it P
erio
ds10
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M G
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nce
Sys
tem
Ref
eren
ce A
lignm
ent
31O
rient
Spa
ce C
raft
Atti
tude
for
Mid
cour
se C
orre
ctio
n32
Mid
cour
se C
orre
ctio
n,If
Req
uire
d
23
73
4.
Thi
s ch
art h
as b
oon
purp
osel
y dr
awn
out o
f sca
le to
betto
r Ill
ustr
ate
the
maj
or e
vent
s of
the
mis
sion
24
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