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INCLUDING FAMILY AND COMMUNITY IN THE RECOVERY
PROCESS
Presented by William “Bill” White and Joe Powell May 29, 2014
Download the PowerPoint slides & access CE quiz here:
www.naadac.org/includingfamilyandcommunityintherecoveryprocess
A presenta*on by the NAADAC, the Associa*on for Addic*on Professionals
Misti Storie, MS, NCC
WEBINAR ORGANIZER
Director of Training & Professional Development
NAADAC, the Associa/on for Addic/on Professionals
USING GOTOWEBINAR
• Control Panel
• Asking Ques:ons
• PowerPoint Slides
• Polling Ques:ons
• Audio (phone preferred)
www.naadac.org/includingfamilyandcommunityintherecoveryprocess
A presenta*on by NAADAC, the Associa*on for Addic*on Professionals
A COMPONENT OF THE RECOVERY TO PRACTICE (RTP) INITIATIVE
www.naadac.org/recovery
OBTAINING CE CREDIT
o The educa/on delivered in this webinar is FREE to all professionals.
o 2 CEs are FREE to NAADAC members who aEend this webinar. Non-‐members of NAADAC receive 2 CEs for $25.
o If you wish to receive CE credit, you MUST complete and pass the “CE Quiz” that is located at: (look for TITLE of webinar)
www.naadac.org/includingfamilyandcommunityintherecoveryprocess
www.naadac.org/webinars
A CE cer/ficate will be emailed to you within 21 days of submiXng the quiz and payment (if applicable) – usually sooner.
o Successfully passing the “CE Quiz” is the ONLY way to receive a CE cer*ficate.
Free to NAADAC Members!
5/27/14
2
WEBINAR LEARNING OBJECTIVES
o Describe how the family and community have been affected by addic/on
o List 3 strategies for including individuals, family members and the community in the recovery programs
o Define community recovery capital
o Iden/fy how to assess community recovery capital
Joe Powell, LCDC, PRS
WEBINAR PRESENTER #1
Execu:ve Director
Associa/on of Persons Affected by Addic/on (APAA)
JOE POWELL – PERSON IN LONG-TERM RECOVERY
The family follows a predictable and
progressive course in response to living in an environment where the disease of addic:on is
ac:ve.
Similar signs and symptoms of the alcoholic/addict.
ü Tolerance of the addict
ü Denial of the Elephant
ü Plays detec/ve
ü Preoccupied with addict
ü Tries to hide the problem from family and friends
ü Con/nue to make excuses and cover for addict
ü Lose friends and family
ü Develop ulcers, headaches, nervous breakdowns, depression
WHO IN THE FAMILY IS AFFECTED BY THE DISEASE OF ADDICTION
o We develop our first sense of who we are, how the world works and how we fit into the world in our family of origin.
o The addicted family member maEers more than the family as an en/ty. (Family denial)
o The primary enablers in a chemically dependent family is usually someone who is emo/onally connected to the addict. (The whole family)
o Parents, spouses and children of the addict/alcoholic have hidden their most life-‐shaping experiences behind a veil of silence and secrecy.
WHO IN THE FAMILY IS AFFECTED BY THE DISEASE OF ADDICTION
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The "don't trust" rule means:
o don't trust anybody outside the family
o don't trust the police
o don't trust the addict or your own percep/ons
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER FAMILY SHAME
Shame: Family problems should stay within the family -‐ Influencing how they reach out to others for help, their ini=al reac=ons in counseling process
The "don't talk" rule means:
o don't tell other people about family problems
o don't talk about problems with other family members
o don't speak un/l spoken to
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER FAMILY SHAME
Shame: Family problems should stay within the family -‐ Influencing how they reach out to others for help, their ini=al reac=ons in counseling process
The "don't feel" rule means:
o Don’t get angry (Mad)
o Don’t get depressed (Sad)
o Don’t be afraid (Scared)
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER FAMILY SHAME
Shame: Family problems should stay within the family -‐ Influencing how they reach out to others for help, their ini=al reac=ons in counseling process
The Learning Phase
o Family members gradually become aware of stress in the family.
o Family rela/onships become strained: arguments, tension, domes/c violence, less communica/on, etc.
o Family members begin to experiment with defensive behaviors.
o Learning may not be conscious, but is strong and habit-‐forming.
OUTSIDE FAME BUT INSIDE SHAME
The Harmful Phase
• Family members' defensive behaviors become automa/c and compulsive.
• The family blames the chemically-‐dependent person.
• Family members feel helpless to control the chemical use and begin to believe that they and their behavior were the cause of the problem, leading to feelings of guilt, shame and self-‐blame.
• Family members deny their own pain.
FOREVER, MY FAULT
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The Escape Phase o Repeated major crises become rou/ne occurrences.
o Family members suffer overpowering feelings of rage, guilt, and disloyalty regarding the chemically-‐dependent person, and seriously begin to look for ways to escape.
o Separa/on, deser/on, and some/mes suicide are seen as the only way out.
o At this stage, separa/on from the dependency situa/on is not enough. All members of the family need help.
ACTING OUT FAMILY SHAME
Enabling = any ac=ons that prevent the person with a substance use disorder from experiencing the consequences of their drinking behavior
o Acknowledging the problem and adop/ng a paEern of tough love could speed up the day when the person with a SUD “hits boEom” and ini/ates recovery.
o Reverend Vern Johnson felt there had to be a beEer way to intervene in alcoholism than to sit and wait for the person to hit boEom.
o He developed a technology of family interven/on through which the boEom could be raised to meet the person.
o He pioneered the use of a loving confronta/on between the person with a substance use disorder and those who cared for him/her to precipitate a crisis that most ohen resulted in the person’s entry into treatment.
FAMILY DENIAL
o The family does what they do out of a sincere desire to help the person with a SUD and to maintain the family.
o With the crisis of addic/on/alcoholism, the tradi/onal tools of family problem-‐solving and crisis reac/on do not work.
AFFECT ON THE FAMILY
o Families are made dysfunc/onal by the aEempt to cope with alcoholism/addic/on in the only way they know.
o Aher all they have done, they think they fail in the role of wife, husband, parent or children. They try harder. They take on the responsibili/es of the person with a SUD, not realizing that this causes the him/her to become irresponsible.
AFFECT ON THE FAMILY
o They have tried what religion, society and our culture has taught them. It doesn’t work, and the resul/ng despair and guilt bring about confusion and chaos.
o As the person with a SUD must be viewed as a vic/m of a disease, so must the characteris/cs of the concerned persons be viewed as a reac/on to the progressive stress of the disease.
o Their behavior has a very immediate mo/va/on: stabiliza=on of the family.
o In the context of what is best for the person with a SUD, behavior of a concerned person may be dysfunc/onal; but, in the context of the rest of the family, the behavior might appear quite func/onal.
AFFECT ON THE FAMILY
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o The common denominator among these roles is that each in its own way is an aEempt to survive, a coping strategy.
o These roles are seen as providing children and adolescents with support and approval from persons outside the home, from adults or peers.
o For example, the responsible one probably is a good student, mommy’s liEle helper, and gets praise for both. The danger to a youth is becoming frozen in an adopted role. The role can become a life/me paEern.
SURVIVAL ROLES IN THE FAMILY & COMMUNITY
o The Vic/m/Dependent person
o Primary Enabler
o The Frustrated Parent
o The Hero
o The Scapegoat
o The Lost Child
o The Mascot
o I survived the disease of my parents only to acquire it myself.
SURVIVAL ROLES: CODEPENDENT
o The impact and affect of addic/on/alcoholism is visible throughout the community with alcoholism, drug addic/on, liquor stores, drug dealing, in schools, entertainment, poverty, housing, domes/c violence, social impact, unemployment, rites of passage and mental illness
o The community have stuffed its feelings from their trauma/c wounds and have lost the ability to feel or express their truths because it hurts too much.
AFFFECT ON THE COMMUNITY
o The recommenda/on to seek help is par/cularly vital, considering the majority of people with diagnosable disorders, regardless of race or ethnicity, do not receive treatment in the community.
o The s/gma surrounding addic/on is a powerful barrier to reaching treatment. People with addic/on/mental illness feel shame and fear of discrimina/on about a condi/on that is as real and disabling as any other serious health condi/on.
AFFFECT ON THE COMMUNITY
o Repeated Modeling Childhood
o Always Confused o Cannot Please Family
o Repeat Mistakes
o Unreal Expecta/ons of Life o Mixed Messages
• “I love you/Go away”
• “Cannot do right/I need you”
• “Always tell the truth/I don’t want to know”
• “I’ll be there for you/Then forget”
FAMILY DENIAL
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o Healthy Rela/onships o Lack Self Esteem
o Receive double messages
o Learned behaviors and “Submerged Issues”
• Treat family members as objects
• Explain away everything -‐ Tap Dance
• Crisis Children Panic
• Children set self up
COMMUNITY CONSPIRACY OF DENIAL
The Addict/Alcoholic hides behind the wall of denial
o The Marriage – money, beauty, words, save you
o The children, Parents and in-‐laws o The Employer
o Doctor o Minister
o AA Community players behind the wall
COMMUNITY CONSPIRACY OF DENIAL
o Family members have most ohen found healing and purpose when they join together for their own mutual support, love and advocacy.
o Families u/lize the community for resources for basic needs, safety security, belonging and needs.
HEALING THE COMMUNITY
!Faith
Work orschool
Socialsupport
BelongingFamily
Housing
Peersupport
Treatment &rehab
PrimaryFocus
CommunityLife
In the model. clinical care is viewed as oneof many resources needed for successfulintegration into the community
Service System ProgressionModel 3: Recovery-oriented
System of Care
o The recommenda/on to seek help is par/cularly vital, considering the majority of people with diagnosable disorders, regardless of race or ethnicity, do not receive treatment in the community.
o The s/gma surrounding addic/on is a powerful barrier to reaching treatment. People with addic/on/mental illness feel shame and fear of discrimina/on about a condi/on that is as real and disabling as any other serious health condi/on.
HEALING THE COMMUNITY
1) Educate yourself on the recovery process for individuals and families.
2) If your recovering family member is living with you, provide a sober environment to support that recovery.
3) Seek professional and community peer support (from a group like Al-‐Anon) for your own physical and emo/onal health.
4) Support your family member's involvement in treatment ahercare mee/ngs and recovery support groups.
5) Assist the recovering family member with assistance in loca/ng sober housing, employment, child care, transporta/on or other recovery support needs.
6) Asser/vely re-‐intervene in the face of any relapse episode.
FAMILY HEALING & RECOVERY PROCESS
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MASLOW’S HEIRARCHY OF NEEDS
Self Actualization
ESTEEM (Respect)
Self, Family and community LOVE
(Belonging, being a part of the
community) Emotional, fellowship
SAFETY & Security, Companionship, information,
instrumental (housing/employment) and emotional (trauma) community
supports
Physiological Food - Shelter - Job – Health crisis Clothing
Emotional - Instrumental information Support
MAINTENANCE
ACTION non traditional recovery
PREPARATION for a Cultural
Congruent Recovery
CONTEMPLATION
PRE-CONTEMPLATION
Historical Trauma, Libera*on, and Cultural Healing:
Addic/on within communi/es of color is best viewed within the larger historical context of slavery, oppression, trauma and disaster.
o Such historical traumas destroy personal iden/ty and hope, erode cultural sources of resilience, and fuel the appe/te for anesthesia.
o Recovery is best framed within the larger framework of libera/on and personal/cultural survival.
o To be personally and culturally meaningful, the recovery stories of African Americans may have to be nested within their larger history and contemporary experience as a people.
CULTURES OF RECOVERY
o People recovering from addic/on have evolved a language (e.g., “recovering”/”recovered”) and rituals (e.g., sobriety birthdays) to describe and celebrate their experience.
o Language and rituals for family members is much less defined. Some refer to themselves as “families in recovery” or a “family member in recovery,” even though some family members felt such terms were ambiguous and confusing.
o Some family do not play a role in the family member’s recovery but is happy for her/him/family.
RECOVERY CULTURE
Cataly*c Metaphors:
• To achieve recovery, each addicted individual must find sense-‐making, life-‐transforming ideas that abort the rituals of drug use.
• Such metaphors spark profound breakthroughs in percep/on of self and the world that in turn lead to drama/c reconstruc/ons of personal iden/ty and interpersonal rela/onships.
• Linking AOD use to historical oppression, portraying alcohol and other drugs as weapons of con/nued oppression, and portraying sobriety as an act of resistance and libera/on can serve such a transforma/ve func/on for some African American clients.
AFRICAN AMERICAN CULTURAL RECOCERY
Family (as system, subsystems and individuals) Adapta*ons to
Progression of Addic*on Family (as system, subsystems and individuals)
o The family in response to addic/on and the addic/on-‐related deteriora/on in role performance of a family member.
o Suggest that the marital or family environment is actually an agent in ini/a/ng and sustaining addic/on
o The former studies depict family members as innocent vic/ms; the laEer depict family members and par/cularly the wife of the male alcoholic as an “e/ological agent” or a factor “complica/ng the illness.”
FAMILY ADAPTATIONS TO PROGRESSION OF ADDICTION
Throughout Stages of Long-‐term Recovery o A major implica/on of this research is the no/on that children and
families go through a “trauma of recovery”—a readjustment of expecta/ons required by their con/nued psychological isola/on from the addicted parent going through early recovery (Brown, 1994).
o The diversity of family life is as wonderful in its capacity for resilience as it is some/mes horrifying in its capacity for cruelty.
o Each family must be its own model.
o Interven/on into families must be characterized by gentleness and humility rather than by clinical arrogance born of knowing THE truth about the impact of addic/on and recovery on the family.
“TRAUMA OF RECOVERY”
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MY STORY – THE POWER OF STORY
THANK YOU!
William “Bill” White
WEBINAR PRESENTER #2
Emeritus Senior Research Consultant
Chestnut Health Systems
www.williamwhitepapers.com
ADDICTION RECOVERY: MULTIPLE LEVELS OF HEALING
o Personal Recovery: 3 core dimensions
o Family Recovery: 5 family subsystems
o Community Recovery (“Healing Forest”)
• community subsystems (e.g., government, business, educa/on, religious ins/tu/ons, healthcare, social service, arts, sports, media, cultural subgroups, mutual aid)
RECOVERY CAPITAL (RC)
Recovery Capital = internal and external resources (at personal, family and community levels) that can be mobilized to ini:ate and sustain long-‐term recovery from severe AOD
problems (Granfield & Cloud, 1999; White & Cloud, 2008)
PERSONAL RECOVERY CAPITAL
o physical recovery capital: physical health, financial assets, health insurance, safe and recovery-‐conducive shelter, clothing, food, and access to transporta/on.
o human recovery capital: values, knowledge, educa/onal/voca/onal skills and creden/als, problem solving capaci/es, self-‐awareness, self-‐esteem, hopefulness, meaning and purpose in life, interpersonal skills.
RECOVERY CAPITAL (RC)
Recovery Capital = internal and external resources (at personal, family and community levels) that can be mobilized to ini:ate and sustain long-‐term recovery from severe AOD
problems (Granfield & Cloud, 1999; White & Cloud, 2008)
FAMILY/SOCIAL RECOVERY CAPITAL
o encompasses recovery-‐suppor/ve in/mate rela/onships, family and kinship rela/onships (defined as family of choice), and social rela/onships
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RECOVERY CAPITAL (RC)
Recovery Capital = internal and external resources (at personal, family and community levels) that can be mobilized to ini:ate and sustain long-‐term recovery from severe AOD
problems (Granfield & Cloud, 1999; White & Cloud, 2008)
COMMUNITY RECOVERY CAPITAL
o Encompasses community aXtudes/policies/resources that promote the preven/on and resolu/on of AOD problems.
o Cultural capital is a form of community capital, e.g., local availability of culturally-‐prescribed pathways of recovery that resonate with par/cular individuals and families
ROLE OF RECOVERY CAPITAL IN PREDICTING LONG-TERM RECOVERY OUTCOMES
o Science is confirming what front-‐line addic/on professionals have long known: “environmental factors can augment or nullify the short-‐term influence of an interven/on” (Moos, 2003, p. 3; Humphreys, Moos & Cohen, 1997).
o Therapeu/c processes in addic/on treatment must encompass more than a strictly clinical interven/on (Simpson, 2004).
o Strategies that target family and community recovery capital can elevate long-‐term recovery outcomes and elevate the quality of life of individuals and families in long-‐term recovery (White, 2009).
AUDIENCE POLLING QUESTION
Does your organization have one or more staff/volunteer positions dedicated to
increasing recovery support resources in the communities you serve?
RECOVERY CAPITAL PRESCRIPTIONS
1) Support screening and brief interven/on (SBI) programs that reach people before their recovery capital is depleted
o Precovery: Engaging and mo:va:ng people at pre-‐ac:on stages of change
2) Engage people with low recovery capital through aggressive community outreach.
3) Focus on hope as a recovery catalyst, e.g., myth of “hiXng boEom”; pull (hope) forces versus push (pain) forces
4) Assess recovery capital on an ongoing basis, moving beyond pathology-‐based assessment technologies and monitoring RC over /me
5) Use RC levels to help determine level of care placement decisions (See Matrix next).
6) Embrace program/professional roles in community recovery capital development
7) Use RC measures to evalua/on program/professional performance
RECOVERY CAPITAL & LEVEL OF CARE PLACEMENT DECISIONS
High Recovery Capital High Problem Severity/Complexity
Low Problem Severity/Complexity Low Recovery Capital
Recovery Capital/Problem Severity Matrix
MEASURING PERSONAL/FAMILY RECOVERY CAPITAL
o Assessment of Recovery Capital Scale
o 50-‐item scale and scoring instruc/ons posted at www.williamwhitepapers.com
o Psychometrics published in Drug and Alcohol Review (Groshkova, Best & White, 2012)
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STEPS FOR MEASURING COMMUNITY RECOVERY CAPITAL
o Extensive problem data with liEle solu/on data; Need for recovery resource mapping
o Plot problem indicator data by zip code/census tract/ci/es/coun/es/states, etc.
o Plot recovery resource data by same catchment area, e.g., Tx resources, mutual aid mee/ngs, recovery support ins/tu/ons, etc. & by special popula/ons, e.g., women, young people, etc.
o Iden/fy areas of high problem severity and low RC (and missing types of RC) for targeted development ini/a/ves
o See (Johnson, et al., 2009) for detailed descrip/on
RECOVERY CARRIERS AS COMMUNITY RECOVERY CAPITAL
o Recovery is contagious (White, 2010).
o Recovery is spread via recovery carriers (White, 2012).
o Prevalence of recovery carriers can be strategically increased.
o Mechanisms: Alumni, volunteer, recovery coach, advocacy, educa/onal, community service opportuni/es
CULTURES OF ADDICTION / CULTURES OF RECOVERY
o Cultural elements: people (iconic figures), places (landmarks) & things (language, values, rituals, symbols, literature, art, music, etc.)
o Styles of cultural affilia/on (acultural, bicultural, enmeshed)
o Recovery as a transcultural journey
o Building cultures of recovery
(White, 1996)
KINETIC IDEAS FOR RECOVERY COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
1) Long-‐term addic/on recovery is a reality.
o In terms of s/gma reduc/on, stories trump science.
2) There are mul/ple pathways of recovery—all are cause for celebra/on.
3) Recovery flourishes in suppor/ve communi/es.
4) Recovering people, once part of the problem, can become part of the solu/on.
5) Local vanguards of recovering people can put faces and voices on recovery as living proof of these proposi/ons.
ADDICTION TREATMENT AND COMMUNITY RECOVERY CAPITAL
Inreach
Outreach
Recovery Community Development (RCD) Ac*vi*es • RCD specialists roles in future/
incorpora/on into recovery coach ac/vi/es
Integra*on of clinical and community development/cultural revitaliza*on models
(White, 2002, 2003, 2009)
AUDIENCE POLLING QUESTION
Does your organization offer services/support to individuals and families in later stages of
recovery?
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PERSONAL/FAMILY RECOVERY SUPPORT THROUGH STAGES OF RECOVERY
o From AC to RM models of recovery support
o Greatest need for “therapy” may be aher period of recovery ini/a/on and stabiliza/on (Dennis, Foss, & ScoE, 2007)
o Ameliora/ng the “trauma of recovery” (Brown & Lewis, 1999)
o Providing “scaffolding” for sustained family recovery across the family life cycle (White & Brown, 2011)
STEPS FOR INCREASING FAMILY ORIENTATION OF ADDICTION TREATMENT
o Shihing Unit of Service from Individual to family—with “family” defined non-‐tradi/onally as family of choice
o Outreach to families regardless of readiness for change of the “iden/fied pa/ent”
o Screening & Assessment Elements, e.g., boundary permeability, family subsystems & individual health status
STEPS FOR INCREASING FAMILY ORIENTATION OF ADDICTION TREATMENT
o Family-‐focused treatment, including paren/ng & preven/on training
o Asser/ve linkage to family support resources
o Family-‐focused recovery checkups
o Invita/on for service and advocacy via local peer support and local/state/na/onal advocacy organiza/ons
BREAKING INTERGENERATIONAL CYCLES
o Addressing historical trauma (Brave Heart, et al, 2011, 1998) and cultural revitaliza/on (Coyhis, 2000, Coyhis & White, 2006)
BREAKING INTERGENERATIONAL CYCLES
o Family/children’s programs integrated into addic/on treatment and recovery support services
o Enhancing effec/veness of parents in recovery, e.g., integra/ng paren/ng educa/on into treatment and post-‐treatment recovery support services
BREAKING INTERGENERATIONAL CYCLES
o Targeted preven/on ac/vi/es for children with family histories of addic/on
o Early interven/on strategies aimed at preven/ng/shortening addic/on careers
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PROMOTING FAMILY WELLNESS IN LONG-TERM RECOVERY
o Need for research on long-‐term recovery
o Need for research on long-‐term family recovery
o Focusing tri-‐direc/onal service integra/on ini/a/ves on family as the unit of service
o Integra/ng wellness ac/vi/es into con/nuing care, alumni ac/vi/es and local RCO ac/vi/es
o Specialized services for affected children
THANK YOU!
ASKING QUESTIONS
Ask questions through the Questions Pane
OTHER RTP WEBINARS
www.naadac.org/webinars
Defining Addic*on Recovery • Thursday, January 9, 2014 @ 3-‐4:30pm ET
What Does Science Say? Reviewing Recovery Research • Wednesday, February 5, 2014 @ 3-‐5pm ET
The History of Recovery in the United States and the Addic*on Profession • Thursday, March 6, 2013 @ 3-‐4:30pm ET
Defining Recovery-‐Oriented Systems of Care (ROSC) • Thursday, April 3, 2014 @ 3-‐4:30pm ET
Understanding the Role of Peer Recovery Coaches in the Addic*on Profession • Thursday, May 1, 2014 @ 3-‐4:30pm ET
Including Family and Community in the Recovery Process • Thursday, May 29, 2014 @ 3-‐5pm ET
Collabora*ng with Other Professions, Professionals, and Communi*es • Thursday, June 26, 2014 @ 3-‐4:30pm ET
Using Recovery-‐Oriented Principles in Addic*on Counseling Prac*ce • Thursday, July 24, 2014 @ 3-‐5pm ET
Exploring Techniques to Support Long-‐Term Addic*on Recovery for Clients and Families • Thursday, August 21, 2014 @ 3-‐5pm ET
WEBINARS ON DEMAND
• Medica:on Assisted Treatment • Building Your Business with SAP/DOT • SBIRT • Billing and Claim Submission • Ethics • Co-‐occurring Disorders • Test-‐Taking Strategies • Conflict Resolu:on • Clinical Supervision • ASAM Placement Criteria • DSM-‐5 Proposed Changes
www.naadac.org/webinars
CE credit s:ll available!
Free to NAADAC Members!
WWW.NAADAC.ORG
5/27/14
13
OBTAINING CE CREDIT
o The educa/on delivered in this webinar is FREE to all professionals.
o 2 CEs are FREE to NAADAC members who aEend this webinar. Non-‐members of NAADAC receive 2 CEs for $25.
o If you wish to receive CE credit, you MUST complete and pass the “CE Quiz” that is located at: (look for TITLE of webinar)
www.naadac.org/includingfamilyandcommunityintherecoveryprocess
www.naadac.org/webinars
A CE cer/ficate will be emailed to you within 21 days of submiXng the quiz and payment (if applicable) – usually sooner.
o Successfully passing the “CE Quiz” is the ONLY way to receive a CE cer*ficate.
Free to NAADAC Members!
Thank You for Par*cipa*ng!
www.naadac.org/recovery
NAADAC, The Associa*on for Addic*on Professionals 1001 N. Fairfax St. Suite 201 Alexandria, VA 22314 p 800.548.0497 f 800.377.1136
NAADACorg
Naadac
mis/@naadac.org
NAADAC
Bill White – [email protected]
Joe Powell – [email protected]
