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Increasing Sustainable Agriculture Increasing Sustainable Agriculture Production in Mozambique through Production in Mozambique through
DroughtDrought Tolerant Maize and Tolerant Maize and Conservation AgricultureConservation Agriculture
Increasing Sustainable Agriculture Increasing Sustainable Agriculture Production in Mozambique through Production in Mozambique through
DroughtDrought Tolerant Maize and Tolerant Maize and Conservation AgricultureConservation Agriculture
By Christian Thierfelder and Peter Setimela
Introduction:Introduction:Introduction:Introduction:
Unreliable rainfalls Low investments in soil fertility
(some areas with shifting cultivation) Soil degradation due to
unsustainable land management (burning, cultivation)
Use of un-improved, traditional varieties
Unavailability of improved seed Dysfunctional Input-Output markets
Constraints in Mozambiquean Constraints in Mozambiquean cropping systemscropping systems
Conservation Agriculture (CA) – a Conservation Agriculture (CA) – a sustainable systemsustainable system CA comprises the following
principles: Minimal soil movement Surface crop residue retention Crop rotations and green manure
cover crops
Drought tolerant maize varietiesDrought tolerant maize varieties
Flowering and post-flowering drought stress
● Top left: time of last irrigation● Top right: crop after flowering● Right: genotypic differences
The TeamThe Team
• The Mozambique National Agricultural Research and Extension Systems (IIAM and DNER)
• CIMMYT and other IARCs
• Seed producers and input suppliers
• American Universities (e.g. University of Tennessee)
• International NGO’s (i.e. Total Land Care)
• Donors: USAID, IFAD, ACIAR and others
Field tour with partners in Manica ProvinceField tour with partners in Manica Province
Project Progress in 2010/2011 - SeedProject Progress in 2010/2011 - Seed
Multiplication of breeder seed at CIMMYT Support to small seed companies (Dengo, Lozane, Semente Perfeita)Development of seed roadmaps with seed companiesVariety demonstrations
Participatory variety selection in Barwe, Manica Province
Development of seed roadmaps (Lozane)Development of seed roadmaps (Lozane)
Seed Road Map 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14
Breeders' Seed Production
MZ10B: CML444 – 70 kg (1 range)CML445 – 30 kg (half range)CZL054 – 120 kg (2 ranges)444/445 – 200 kg (0.25 ha, ISO)CZH0511 – 75 kg (2 ranges)
HA12A:CML444 – 70 kg (1 range)CML445 – 30 kg (half range)CZL054 – 120 kg (2 ranges)
Pre-Basic and Basic Seed Production
HA11A ISO:CML444 – 400 kg (0.5 ha)CML445 – 200 kg (0.25 ha)CZH054 –1200 kg (1.25 ha)Ukulima FarmCML444/CML445 – 3 t (3 ha)
Ukulima FarmCML444/CML445 – 6 t (6 ha)CZL054 – 3 t (3 ha)CML444 – 3 t (3 ha)HA12A:CML445 – 1 t (1 ha)
MozambiqueCML444/CML445 – 12 t (12 ha)CML444 – 5 t (5 ha)CML445 – 2 t (2 ha)CZL054 – 5 t (5 ha)
Certified Seed Production
Production: 20 t Production: 350 t Production: 750 t Production: 1200 tMOZ11A:CZH0511 – 10 ha
MOZ12ACZH0511 – 150 ha
MOZ13ACZH0511 – 300 ha
MOZ14ACZH0511 – 500 ha
Variety Demonstrations
300 demonstrations:250 g seed of the following:CZH0511ZM523MatubaHybrid
1000 demonstrations:250 g seed of the following:CZH0511ZM523MatubaHybrid
1000 demonstrations:250 g seed of the following:CZH0511ZM523Matuba
Hybrid
Variety Promotion and Marketing
3000 leaflets30 Field days
50000 leaflets50 Field days
50000 leaflets50 Field days
Seed Road Map 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14
Breeders' Seed Production
MZ10B: CML444 – 70 kg (1 range)CML445 – 30 kg (half range)CZL054 – 120 kg (2 ranges)444/445 – 200 kg (0.25 ha, ISO)CZH0511 – 75 kg (2 ranges)
HA12A:CML444 – 70 kg (1 range)CML445 – 30 kg (half range)CZL054 – 120 kg (2 ranges)
Pre-Basic and Basic Seed Production
HA11A ISO:CML444 – 400 kg (0.5 ha)CML445 – 200 kg (0.25 ha)CZH054 –1200 kg (1.25 ha)Ukulima FarmCML444/CML445 – 3 t (3 ha)
Ukulima FarmCML444/CML445 – 6 t (6 ha)CZL054 – 3 t (3 ha)CML444 – 3 t (3 ha)HA12A:CML445 – 1 t (1 ha)
MozambiqueCML444/CML445 – 12 t (12 ha)CML444 – 5 t (5 ha)CML445 – 2 t (2 ha)CZL054 – 5 t (5 ha)
Certified Seed Production
Production: 20 t Production: 350 t Production: 750 t Production: 1200 tMOZ11A:CZH0511 – 10 ha
MOZ12ACZH0511 – 150 ha
MOZ13ACZH0511 – 300 ha
MOZ14ACZH0511 – 500 ha
Variety Demonstrations
300 demonstrations:250 g seed of the following:CZH0511ZM523MatubaHybrid
1000 demonstrations:250 g seed of the following:CZH0511ZM523MatubaHybrid
1000 demonstrations:250 g seed of the following:CZH0511ZM523Matuba
Hybrid
Variety Promotion and Marketing
3000 leaflets30 Field days
50000 leaflets50 Field days
50000 leaflets50 Field days
Bakir Lozane with Molucue 1 seed production in MozambiqueBakir Lozane with Molucue 1 seed production in Mozambique
Release of new DT varieties Release of new DT varieties
Release of two OPVs (ZM309, ZM523)
and three hybrids (Molocue1, SP1, DC1)
Multiplication of seed by private companies (193 t) in 2010/2011
Project Progress in 2010/2011- SeedProject Progress in 2010/2011- Seed
Variety evaluation in seed survey (n = 145 farmers)
Promotion of new drought tolerant maize varieties (CIMMYT and seed companies)
New varieties especially ZM309 has sparked a lot of interest amongst farmers
Project Progress in 2010/2011- CAProject Progress in 2010/2011- CA
Community awareness workFarmer managed validation trialsComponent trials established with national partnersContinued evaluation of systems and varieties
Community awareness meeting
Legume
Maize Farmer Variety
Legume
Maize Farmer Variety
Legume
Maize Farmer Variety
Imp
rov
ed
Maize
V
arie
ties
Im
pro
ve
d M
aize
Va
rietie
s
Imp
rov
ed
Maize
V
arie
ties
No Fertilizer area No Fertilizer area No Fertilizer area
Legume
Basins
10m 10m
22 m
Check
Jabplanter
Legume Legume
22m
6 m
Agronomic results from the 2010/2011 cropping Agronomic results from the 2010/2011 cropping seasonseason
Effect of CA on maize grain yield averaged in each Effect of CA on maize grain yield averaged in each target community, fertilized part with improved target community, fertilized part with improved
varieties averaged, 2010/2011 varieties averaged, 2010/2011
b ab a
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
GuaraG
uara
Lameg
o
Mag
uai
Mal
omwe
Nham
izhin
ga
Nharu
chong
a
Nhaufo
Ulongu
eM
ean
Target villages
Ma
ize
gra
in y
ield
(k
g/h
a)
Control plot
Basins
Jabplanter
Effect of CA on maize grain yield averaged in each Effect of CA on maize grain yield averaged in each target community, un-fertilized part with traditional target community, un-fertilized part with traditional
varieties averaged, 2010/2011 varieties averaged, 2010/2011
b b a
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
GuaraG
uara
Lameg
o
Mag
uai
Mal
omwe
Nham
izhin
ga
Nharu
chong
a
Nhaufo
Ulongu
eM
ean
Target villages
Mai
ze g
rain
yie
ld (
kg/h
a)
Control plot
Basins
Jabplanter
Variety response to each cropping system, Variety response to each cropping system, across eight target communities under the across eight target communities under the
USAID project in 2010/2011USAID project in 2010/2011
cd
c
b ab aba
b
a aa a
d
c
b bab
a
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
loca
l n
o f
ert
loca
l fe
rt
ZM
309
ZM
401
ZM
523
ZM
625
loca
l n
o f
ert
loca
l fe
rt
ZM
309
ZM
401
ZM
523
ZM
625
loca
l n
o f
ert
loca
l fe
rt
ZM
309
ZM
401
ZM
523
ZM
625
Control treatment Basins Jabplanter
Treatments
Mai
ze g
rain
yie
ld (
kg/h
a)
Maize variety performance under Conservation Agriculture (kg/ha), Sussundenga, 2010/2011
ede cdecde cde cde cde
cde cdcd bcd bcd bcdabc
aba
-
2,000.0
4,000.0
6,000.0
8,000.0
10,000.0
12,000.0
EV8430
SRDM12
Hluvuka
ni
ZS261
Pan 6
7
SC513
CZH04007
SC635
CZH0511
ZM30
9
Mat
uba
Sussum
a
ZM62
5
ZM52
3
Tsangano
Man
ica
ZM40
1
Varieties
Gra
in y
ield
(kg
/ha)
Partial budgets from USAID project sites
– Example Barwe (Manica)
Check Basin Jab Planter Maize Cowpea Maize Cowpea Maize Cowpea Grain Yield 3339 434 3909 636 4436 563 Grain Price 0.16 0.43 0.16 0.43 0.16 0.43 Gross Revenue 534.24 186.62 625.44 273.48 709.76 242.09 Labour Land Preparation 25 25 Basin Opening 36.79 38.79 Mulching 21.43 21.43 21.43 21.43 21.43 Seeding 11.76 8.93 8.93 16.37 16.37 16.37 Weeding 1 17.86 13.39 9.39 12.28 9.28 9.28 Weeding 2 16.74 13.39 9.39 13.39 10.39 10.39 Weeding 3 17.86 Harvesting 35.71 35.71 20.01 35.71 20.01 20.01 Total Variable Cost 124.93 117.85 105.94 137.97 77.48 77.48 Input Cowpea 48.21 48.21 48.21 Maize Seed 48.21 48.21 48.21 Npk 178.57 178.57 178.57 178.57 178.57 178.57 Round Up 29.46 29.46 Urea 178.57 178.57 178.57 Total Input Cost 405.35 226.78 405.35 256.24 405.35 256.24 Total Variable Cost 530.28 344.63 511.29 394.21 482.83 333.72 Net Revenue 3.96 -158.01 114.15 -120.73 226.93 -91.63
Partial budgets from USAID project sites
– Example Maguai (Tete)
Check Basin Jab Planter Maize Beans Maize Beans Maize Beans Grain Yield 3900 821 4135 907 3925 840 Grain Price 0.18 1.1 0.18 1.1 0.18 1.1 Gross Revenue 702 903.1 744.3 997.7 706.5 924 Labour Land Preparation 51.43 51.43 Basin Opening 73.57 73.57 Mulching 21.43 21.43 21.43 21.43 Seeding 53.57 25.67 53.57 25.67 53.57 25.67 Weeding 1 42.86 30.86 35.71 25.04 35.71 26.99 Weeding 2 42.86 27.5 35.71 25.04 35.71 27.71 Harvesting 26.79 19.29 26.79 19.29 26.79 Total Variable Cost 190.72 162.25 239.28 197.54 165.71 128.59 Input Cowpea 48.21 48.21 48.21 Maize Seed 48.21 48.21 48.21 Npk 178.57 178.57 178.57 178.57 178.57 178.57 Round Up 29.46 29.46 Urea 178.57 178.57 178.57 Total Input Cost 405.35 226.78 405.35 256.24 405.35 256.24 Total Variable Cost 596.07 389.03 644.63 453.78 571.06 384.83 Net Revenue 105.93 514.07 99.67 543.92 135.44 539.17
Conclusions from maize variety - and CA validation trials in 2010/2011
● The 2010/2011 cropping season was significantly better than the previous season
● Release of five new improved maize varieties in Mozambique
● Private seed companies are getting strongly involved in project activities (over 160 t of seed multiplied)
● ZM309 is now available on the market at a competitive price
● More seed multiplication/breeding is nessesary in the country (Sussundenga)
Conclusions from maize variety - and CA validation trials in 2010/2011
● New collaboration with the University of Tennessee will enable more in-depth studies (e.g. on soil carbon dynamics and adoption)
● CA cropping systems are equal or better performing than the traditional agriculture systems
● Economic benefits are higher on CA than conventional systems in some areas
Success storiesSuccess stories
Early maturing
Risk reduction
Good taste and weevil resistance (flint)
Farmers select not always for higher yield!
Large uptake by private seed companies
100 tons of certified seed produced in 2010/2011
Extension of the variety ZM309 and ZM523:
Success storiesSuccess stories
● Early planting ● short season varieties● Two crops instead of
one● Improves food security
and nutrition● Direct impact on
farmer livelihood
Double cropping:
First and second maize and cowpea grain yield from Mr. Andrissoni, Lamego, Mozambique, 2011
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Maize first harvest Cowpea firstharvest
Maize secondharvest
Cowpea secondharvest
Sites
Gra
in y
ield
(k
g/h
a)
Conventional control
Basins
Jabplanter
Success stories
● Reduced labour on land preparation
● Women are benefitting if herbicides are used
● Jabplanter vs dibble stick ● No-burning - Major step
towards sustainable land management systems
CA systems:
Plans for the 2011/2012 cropping seasonVariety promotion:● Facilitation of breeder seed for multiplication ● Continued support to basic seed production● Strengthening participatory variety selection on farmers fields● Variety demonstration with seed companies (seed roadmaps)● Development of more extension bulletins
Conservation agriculture extension:● Continuation of validation plots (more biophysical data taking)● Intensive farmer evaluation exercise during the season● Continuation and expansion of component trials● Support to farmer experimentation and cross-site visits
Plans for the 2011/2012 cropping season
Socio-economic aspects:● More involvement of small
agriculture input suppliers ● Institutionalization of both CA and
improved varieties● Revision of data at the annual
evaluation and planning meetings● Identification of constraints to
farmer adoption● Packaging of information to
various audiences