INDEX

2556

AAbbreviations

accuracy 1221geometric 609–614mathematical and signs 2scientific and engineering terms 2554–

2555symbols for mechanics 115welding 1396

ABEC bearing tolerances 2256–2261Abrasive

beltgrinding 1193–1194selecting 1194

contact wheelselecting 1195

cubic boron nitride (CBN) 755–757, 1140, 1157, 1166

cutting 1195–1196diamond 1139grains and materials 1139grinding 1139honing 1196–1199lapping 1199–1202polishing 1440–1441

ABS plastics 380, 579, 588, 601, 2511Absolute

programming, NC 1240system of measurement 114temperature 2514zero 2514

Acceleration 114, 151, 153–154angular 153constant 152linear, of point on rotating body 154of gravity, g 114

Accuracyeffect of, on part tolerances 1220of NC machine tools 1218–1219positioning 1216repeatability, and resolution, NC 1216significance of 1218–1219

Acetal plastics 380, 579, 588, 597, 601Acetylene, specific gravity 371Acme threads

abbreviations 1795ANSI Standard 1792–1816centralizing 1802–1811checking 1870–1874drill sizes for 901

Acme threads (continued)general purpose 1792–1802multiple start 1795, 1800stub type 1811–1816taps for 898–901thread profile form 1793–1794types of 1792, 1802, 1811wire sizes for checking 1872–1874

Acres to hectares 2541Acrylic plastics 380, 588, 597, 601Active face width 1998Active spline length 2127Actual space width 2127Actual tooth thickness 2127Adaptive control, NC 1233Addendum 1998

chordal 2017–2018, 2062modification 2044

involute spur and helical gears 2044Addresses, letter, NC 1243Adhesives, bonding 2460–2466

one-component 2461–2463retaining compounds 2463–2464sealants 2464–2466thread-locking 2463–2464two-component 2460–2462

Adiabatic expansion and compression 395–401

Adjusting gear blanks for milling 2062Aerodynamic lubrication 2321Aging of metal 479AGMA

backlash allowance and tolerancefine-pitch spur, helical and herringbone

gearing 2041recommended backlash range

bevel and hypoid gears 2038coarse-pitch spur, helical and

herringbone gearing 2037AGMA Standard

AGMA 112.05 2001AGMA 115.01 2001AGMA 116.01 2001AGMA 202.03 2054AGMA 208.03 2054AGMA 209.04 2054AGMA 330.01 2054AGMA 370.01 2066AGMA 390.03 2038backlash recommendations 2037–2038,

2041

INDEX 2557

Airadiabatic expansion and

compression 395–396compression and flow 393, 396–401density 394flow in pipes 401isothermal expansion and

compression 396power or work to compress 396, 398–400pressure, temperature, and volume

relationships 395properties of 393–394velocity of escaping 401volume and weight at different

temperatures 393volume transmitted through pipes 401

Airdry wood, weight per cubic foot 377AISI–SAE 406–408Alcohol, specific gravity 371Algebra and equations 20Algebraic

expressions and formulas 32rearrangement and transposition of

terms 20–21Alignment variation 2127Allowances and tolerances for

cylindrical fits, ANSI Standard for 627–657

fits 621–667fits, preferred series 628–630metric ISO fits, British Standard for 657–

666Allowances for bending sheet metal 1304–

1310Alloy cast iron 1330Alloy steels 406

AISI-SAE designations 409–410basic numbering system 403, 405carburizing grades 422–423castings 1335compositions 411–412directly hardenable grades 424–425effects of alloying elements 2114–2117hardness of heat-treated 432–436heat treatments 505mechanical properties 432–436numbering system 403, 405quality variations 418selection for making tools 452–456speeds for drilling and reaming 1030–

1033, 1035speeds for milling 1014–1019speeds for turning 996–999strength of heat-treated 432–436

Alloysaluminum 542–557bearing 1344, 2238–2242brazing 1354–1361cast iron 1328–1329cast steels 1332–1335copper 525–542

Alloys (continued)copper-beryllium 565–566copper-silicon 565die casting 1342–1344magnesium 557–560nickel 561–563nonferrous 525–566nonferrous, strength 477numbering systems for 403soldering 1352–1355titanium 561, 564

Alternating current motors 2449–2452Alternating stress 197Aluminum

alloys 542–557Association 543, 546–548bearings 2241cast

composition of 546–548, 550–551strength of 477

strength of 550–551characteristics of 542–543clad 546composition of

wrought 556–557designations 546die casting 1342–1343heat treatability of wrought 546machining 1116melting point 368–369properties of 550–557series groups 546–549soldering 1352–1354structural shapes 2498temper designation 543–546welding 1365, 1386–1387, 1390wrought 477, 546–557

Aluminum bronzecasting alloy 532strength 477

cast 550–551American

Boiler Makers Association 268Brass Company 565Bureau of Shipping 355, 1335Foundrymen's Association 479Gear Manufacturers Association

(AGMA) 2001, 2004, 2037–2038, 2041

Institute of Steel Construction 265column formulas 267

Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) 360, 403, 405

Steel Products Manual 411–412Wire and Rods, Carbon Steel 435

National fire hose connection threads 1842–1845

Railroads, Assn. of 1335Screw threads, wire sizes for

measuring 1861–1862Society for Metals (ASM) 479, 521

INDEX2558

American (continued)Society for Testing and Materials

(ASTM) 479, 520–521, 557–560, 1328–1331, 1335

annealing temperatures 496–497copper alloys 525–542

Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) 1295

wire gage 2499–2500American Standard B1.1 1712Ammonia, specific gravity 371

in nitriding 417Amortization 27AMS 2404C 1447AMS 2405B 1447AMS 2433B 1447Analysis, break-even 40–42Angles

bent to circular shape, lengths of 2488between lines tangent to two circles 685compound 688–690cutting tool 723–730cutting tool inserts 1281–1284degrees into radians 90, 92functions of 83–101helix 1933indexing 1950–1993involute functions of 97–101lead 1933length of arc of given radius 80–81length of chord 80–81measuring by disc method 682–683minutes into decimals of a degree 90, 92moment of inertia 2495–2497radius of gyration 2495–2497section modulus 2495–2497sine bar for measuring 673–682structural 2495–2497taper per foot corresponding to 684

rules for figuring 682–683thread, tolerances on gages 1882to find, for given taper per foot 682–685useful relationships among 93weight per foot 2495–2497

Angularacceleration 153

torque, relation to 156backlash in gears 2042clearance for dies 1302indexing 1956–1977velocity 151–153, 187

of rotating bodies 187Annealing 414–415, 479, 495

constant temperature, transformation 496–497

double 496temperatures 496

Annual cost method 27–29Annuities (calculation of) 26–27Anode 1319Anodizing 1444

Anodizing (continued)hard 1448

ANSI / RMA IP-26, 1977 2398ANSI Bl.20.5 1854ANSI B1.1 1506, 1508, 1712ANSI B1.12 1786ANSI B1.13M 1538, 1544, 1762ANSI B1.18M 1755ANSI B1.20 1848ANSI B1.20.1 1848, 1851ANSI B1.20.3 880, 1853–1854ANSI B1.3 1879ANSI B1.3M 1774ANSI B1.5 1792, 1811ANSI B1.9 1818, 1822–1823, 1877ANSI B17.1 2342–2343, 2345–2347ANSI B17.2 2348–2350ANSI B18.1.1 1464, 1468–1470ANSI B18.1.2 1464–1467ANSI B18.16.1M 1542, 1547ANSI B18.16.3M 1520, 1542, 1547ANSI B18.17 1693–1701ANSI B18.2.1 1492ANSI B18.2.2 1492, 1510ANSI B18.2.3.1M 1520–1521ANSI B18.2.3.2M 1520, 1522, 1524ANSI B18.2.3.3M 1520, 1523ANSI B18.2.3.4M 1524ANSI B18.2.3.5M 1520, 1524, 1530ANSI B18.2.3.6M 1520, 1524, 1529ANSI B18.2.3.7M 1520, 1528–1529ANSI B18.2.3.8M 1520, 1525, 1532ANSI B18.2.3.9M 1524ANSI B18.2.4.1M 1520, 1542–1543ANSI B18.2.4.2M 1520, 1542–1543ANSI B18.2.4.3M 1520, 1542ANSI B18.2.4.4M 1520, 1542, 1544–1545ANSI B18.2.4.5M 1542, 1548ANSI B18.2.4.6M 1520, 1542, 1548ANSI B18.22.1 1512–1513, 1515ANSI B18.22M 1520, 1549ANSI B18.3 1541ANSI B18.3.1M 1522ANSI B18.6.1 1456ANSI B18.6.3 1568–1577ANSI B18.6.4 1620, 1622–1625, 1627, 1635ANSI B18.6.7M 1568ANSI B18.8.1 1649ANSI B212.1 738–739, 741–746, 859–860,

862–864ANSI B212.12 730ANSI B212.4 731ANSI B212.5 733–734ANSI B27.7M 1665–1668, 1670, 1672–

1673ANSI B29.1M 2435ANSI B32.1 2501ANSI B32.4M 644ANSI B4.1 627, 630, 634, 636, 638–640,

2267–2268ANSI B4.2 642, 644, 646, 648–655, 657

INDEX 2559

ANSI B4.4M 656ANSI B47.1 1882ANSI B5.18 920, 922–924ANSI B6. 7 2024ANSI B6.1 2004–2006, 2008–2009, 2011,

2019, 2023ANSI B6.7 2008, 2011, 2023–2026, 2079ANSI B6.9 2064–2065ANSI B7.1 1170, 1174, 1196ANSI B7.1-1988 1173ANSI B74.13 1141, 1166ANSI B74.2 1142–1143, 1148, 1150, 1204–

1206ANSI B74.3 1163–1165, 1167ANSI B92.1 2130–2131, 2133–2134, 2137,

2139, 2149–2150ANSI B92.2M 2126, 2148–2150ANSI B94.11M 827, 837ANSI B94.2 813–820, 822–826ANSI B94.25 731ANSI B94.33 942–943, 945–950ANSI B94.35 848, 850ANSI Standard

abbreviations 115, 2554–2555Acme threads 1792–1816bolts, nuts, screws, and washers,

inch 1492–1519bolts, screws, and nuts, metric 1520–

1524, 1548–1549boring tools, carbide 859–864buttress inch type threads 1818–1824cap screws, hex head 1496, 1520cap screws, metric 1520–1523castle and slotted nuts 1500–1502chain, transmission 2421–2426Class 5 threads 1786–1788cutting tools 730–746diamond wheels 1163–1168drafting practices 606drafting room practice 606–611drill drivers 848–850drive screws 1635electric socket and lamp base

threads 1846engineering drawings 606fine pitch standard gear tooth parts 2009fine-pitch

helical gears 2077–2080worm gearing 2064–2066

fine-pitch worm gearingANSI B6.9 2064

flat metal productsinch sizes 2501–2502metric sizes 2503

gage usage, recommended 656gagemakers

tolerances 656gages 1876–1884

for self-holding tapers 914for Unified screw threads 1877–1884

gear tooth forms 2004–2010

ANSI Standard (continued)geometric characteristic symbols for

engineering drawings 609–614geometric dimensioning and

tolerancing 606–611grinding wheel safety 1170–1174grinding wheels 1141–1149, 1157, 1166hexagon socket head shoulder

screws 1605hose coupling screw threads 1841–1845interference-fit threads 1786–1791involute spline symbols 2130involute splines

inch dimensions 2126–2147metric module 2148–2155

jig bushings 941–951key drive 911–912keys and keyseats 2342–2354keys and keyways for milling cutters and

arbors 794knurls and knurling 1211–1215letter symbols for mechanics 115limits and fits 627–657lock washers 1515–1519machine screws 1568–1577

binding head 1576fillister head 1574flat, countersunk head 1569–1571hexagon washer head 1571metric 1578–1585oval head 1574–1576pan head 1573round head 1577slotted hexagon 1572truss head 1572

manufacturers' standard gage for sheet steel 2501–2502

metriccap screws 1520–1523retaining rings 1666–1673screw threads, M profile 1755–1776screw threads, MJ profile 1777–1780screws, bolts, nuts, and washers 1520–

1525, 1533–1534, 1546–1549microscope threads 1846milling cutters 772–795miniature threads 1781–1785numerical control 1226nuts 1492–1504nuts, metric 1541, 1543–1548pins 1648–1664pipe and pipe fittings 2504–2508pipe thread 1846–1855plain washers 1512–1517position symbols 1221preferred

basic sizes 644fits 644–647metric limits and fits 632, 642–657metric sizes 642–644numbers 19

INDEX2560

ANSI Standard (continued)thicknesses, thin, flat metals 2501

reamers 813–815, 820–826retaining rings 1666–1673rivets 1464–1470roundness symbols 1222runout symbols 1224screw thread symbols 1787, 1793–1794,

1811, 1816, 1824metric 1756–1778

screw threads 1706–1710, 1712–1790, 1793–1816, 1818–1824

metric M profile 1755–1776metric MJ profile 1777–1780

screws and boltsinch 1492–1509metric 1520–1527, 1529, 1532–1534,

1541section lining symbols 606, 608self-tapping thread inserts 1635self-threading screws, inch 1620–1635

metric 1635–1644serrations, involute 2126set-screw heads and points 1606–1610set-screws, socket type 1607, 1612shoulder screws 1605single-point tools and tool posts 740–746slotted head cap screws 1599–1600slotted headless set screws 1606socket head cap screws 1601–1605spindles and drives for portable

tools 1207–1210spline socket set screws 1607, 1612splines, involute

inch dimensions 2126–2147metric module 2148–2155

spur gear tooth forms 2004–2010stub threads, 29- and 60-degree 1811–

1816stud threads 1786–1791studs, drive 1659, 1662surface texture 697–708symbols

accuracy 1221accuracy symbols 1221comparison to ISO 609concentricity 609, 1223datum referencing 614diameter 609, 1222drawing practices for surface

texture 704–708parallelism 609part tolerance 609, 642–644perpendicularity 609position 609roundness 609runout 609section lining 606, 608total runout 609welding 1393

symbols for section lining 608

ANSI Standard (continued)tang drives 909–910tapers 906–918taps and threading dies 872–898threads for electric sockets 1846T-nuts, T-bolts, T-slots 1645–1647tolerances 630

gagemakers 656symbols 578–579, 609–614, 622

tolerances and allowances for cylindrical fits 621–657

tooth proportions, fine-pitch involute spur and helical gears 2008

total runout symbols 1224twist drills 827–849Unified threads 1706–1710, 1712–1754,

1781–1786washers, inch 1512–1519

metric 1547, 1549welded and seamless wrought steel

pipe 2505wing nuts, wing screws, and thumb

screws 1693–1701wood screws 1456woodruff keys 2348–2354worm gearing, fine pitch 2064–2066wrench openings 1510–1511

ANSI Standard Z17.1-1973 19ANSI X3.37 1264ANSI Y10.4 115ANSI Y14.1 606ANSI Y14.2 1294ANSI Y14.2M 608ANSI Y14.36 606ANSI Y14.5M 1286ANSI Z136.1 1413ANSI 14.5M 1221ANSI, RMA IP-25 2402ANSI/AFBMA Std 10 2303, 2306ANSI/AFBMA Std 11 2291ANSI/AFBMA Std 11–1978 2297ANSI/AFBMA Std 18.1 2263, 2270–2271ANSI/AFBMA Std 18.2 2263–2264, 2269–

2271ANSI/AFBMA Std 20 2256–2257ANSI/AFBMA Std 20, 1987 2258–2260ANSI/AFBMA Std 24.1–1989 2261ANSI/AFBMA Std 24.2 2262ANSI/AFBMA Std 24.2–1989 2261ANSI/AFBMA Std 7 2265, 2267–2268ANSI/AFBMA Std 8.2 2276–2279ANSI/AFBMA Std 9 2286, 2297ANSI/AGMA 2005 2054ANSI/AMSE B18.16.3M 1546ANSI/ASME B1.1 1712ANSI/ASME B1.12 1788–1791ANSI/ASME B1.13M 1755, 1757–1759,

1763–1764, 1766–1768, 1774, 1776ANSI/ASME B1.2 1864, 1877, 1880, 1883–

1884ANSI/ASME B1.20.1 1847–1851

INDEX 2561

ANSI/ASME B1.20.7 1841–1842ANSI/ASME B1.21M 1755, 1777ANSI/ASME B1.3M 1712, 1791ANSI/ASME B1.7M 1707, 1712ANSI/ASME B18.1.3M 1464ANSI/ASME B18.2.1 1492–1498, 1551ANSI/ASME B18.2.2 1492–1493, 1499–

1502, 1510, 1551ANSI/ASME B18.2.3.4M 1527ANSI/ASME B18.2.3.5M 1530ANSI/ASME B18.2.3.9M 1526–1527ANSI/ASME B18.21.1 1515–1519ANSI/ASME B18.21.2M 1515ANSI/ASME B18.3 1601–1605, 1607–

1608, 1611–1613ANSI/ASME B18.3.1M 1532, 1539, 1541ANSI/ASME B18.5 1505–1509ANSI/ASME B18.5.2.2M 1527–1528, 1531ANSI/ASME B18.6.2 1599–1600, 1606,

1609–1610ANSI/ASME B18.6.5M 1623, 1635–1640ANSI/ASME B18.6.7M 1577–1585ANSI/ASME B18.8.2 1651–1655, 1658–

1664ANSI/ASME B29.1 M 2421ANSI/ASME B29.1M 2421–2422, 2425–

2429, 2438, 2442ANSI/ASME B29.3M 2422ANSI/ASME B32.3M 2503ANSI/ASME B36.10M 2504–2505ANSI/ASME B5.1M 1645–1647ANSI/ASME B5.10 848, 909–914, 918ANSI/ASME B5.15 2156ANSI/ASME B5.50 1284–1286ANSI/ASME B92.2M 2156ANSI/ASME B94.11M 829, 839–841, 846–

847, 849ANSI/ASME B94.19 772–795ANSI/ASME B94.6 1211, 1213–1214ANSI/ASME B94.9 872ANSI/ASME Y10.3M 115ANSI/ASME Y14.2M 607ANSI/AWS A2.4 1396ANSI/AWS 2.4-79 1408ANSI/EIA RS 274-D 1227, 1240–1241,

1243, 1245, 1248–1249, 1264ANSI/RMA IP-20 2379–2381ANSI/RMA IP-21 2386ANSI/RMA IP-22 2373–2375, 2377ANSI/RMA IP-23 2394–2396ANSI/RMA IP-24 2409, 2411–2414ANSI/RMA IP-25 2402–2403ANSI/RMA IP-26 2397, 2400ANSI/RMP IP-21 2387ANSI/RMP IP-24 2411ANSI/SAE AS568A 2482Antifriction bearings 2246–2302Apothecaries'

fluid measure 2518weight 2519

Application factor 2044–2045

Applying surface texture symbols 706APT (automatically programmed

tool) 1263–1280axis nomenclature 1235circles 1265–1270, 1272computational statements 1265example program 1277for turning 1279–1280geometry statements 1265geometry, 3-D 1274motion statements 1270–1275planes 1273points 1266postprocessor statements 1275–1280programming 1263–1280tabulated cylinder 1274

Arborscircular saw 1203diameters for spring-winding 332dimensions of centers 813driving slots and lugs for shell

reamer 823keys and keyways for 794lathe 858shell reamer 823standard milling machine 920–924steels for 456

Arbor-type milling cutters 790Arc

checking radius of 690–692electric, cutting of metals 1391, 1428–

1429length of given angle and radius 80–81of action 1998of approach 1998of recession 1998plasma welding 1387–1391thickness of internal gear tooth 2047thickness of pinion tooth 2047welding 1362–1387

Arc of recession 1998Area

circle 63circular

ring 64ring sector 64sector 63segments 63, 78, 80–81

cycloid 63different sections 217–227ellipse 65enclosed by cycloidal curve 58fillet 64finding by Simpson’s rule 57–58geometrical figures 60–65hexagon 62hyperbola 65irregular outline 57–58octagon 62parabola 64–65

segment of 65

INDEX2562

Area (continued)parallelogram 60plane figures 60–65plane surface of irregular outline 57–58polygon 62rectangle 60spandrel 64square 60surface of revolution 56–57trapezium 62trapezoid 61triangle 61

Areas and volumes 56–59Argon, welding gas 1364–1366, 1374, 1387–

1388Arithmetical

operations, sequence of 21progressions 43–44

ASA B1.10 1902ASA B1.12 1559ASA B17c 281ASA B18.2 1492, 1510ASA B5.38 1207–1210ASA B6.1 2005, 2009–2010ASA Code for transmission shafting 280Asbestos, specific gravity and weight 370ASCII, American Standard Code for

Information Interchange 1295ASME Y14.5M 609ASME/ANSI B 1.8 1800ASME/ANSI BI.5 1807ASME/ANSI B1.1 1739, 1753–1754ASME/ANSI B1.12 1786ASME/ANSI B1.3M 1753ASME/ANSI B1.5 902, 1792–1794, 1796,

1799–1805, 1808–1811ASME/ANSI B1.8 1793, 1801, 1811–1813,

1815ASME/ANSI B29.1M 2423, 2443ASME/ANSI B94.9 872, 876–895, 897–898ASTM A 220 1331ASTM A297 1334ASTM A307 1488, 1495ASTM A325 1488ASTM A325M 1530ASTM A354 1488, 1496ASTM A449 1488, 1496ASTM A490 1488ASTM A490M 1530ASTM A563M 1542, 1544, 1547ASTM A574M 1531ASTM A743-81a 1335ASTM B23-83 2239ASTM B253 1447ASTM B438-83a 2243–2245ASTM B439-83 2243, 2245ASTM B633 1451ASTM E-140 2306ASTM E-18 2306ASTM F467M 1544ASTM F568 1530

ASTM F594 1494ASTM F837M 1531ASTM 574M 1530Atmospheric pressure 393, 2519Austempering 479, 491–492Austenite 483–484, 514Austenitic manganese cast steel 1335Autocollimation 1219–1220Autogenous, (welding) 1362Automatic screw machines 1094–1099

knurling on 1094Avoirdupois or commercial weight 2518Axial

pitch 1998plane 1998thickness 1999

Azimuth reading displacements 1219

BB & S automatic screw machines 1094Babbitt metals 2238–2242

properties of 2240–2242SAE general information 2238

Backlash 1999allowance in checking gears by the pin

method 2103control of allowances in production 2039control of in assemblies 2041determining proper amount of 2036fine-pitch gears 2040gearing 2036–2042recommended 2038

Bainite 481Balance wheels 173Balancing

calculations 167–172counterbalancing masses located in two or

more planes 170–171counterbalancing several masses located

in single plane 168–170dynamic 167lathe fixtures 171–172machines 167rotating parts 167–172running or dynamic 167static 167

Ball bearings 2246–2252, 2254–2261, 2264–2266, 2271–2301alignment and squareness 2273–2274allowance for axial displacement in 2264angular contact 2246–2248cage materials 2254–2255clamping and retaining methods 2274–

2280clearances, running 2282–2284closures 2275, 2280design and installation 2264designation of 2267failures 2285

INDEX 2563

Ball bearings (continued)fits 2275, 2280flanged housing 2254friction losses 2280handling precautions 2284–2285housing bore tolerances 2267–2268housings, soft metal and other 2274–

2275life 2285life adjustment factors 2296locknuts and shafts for 2277–2278lockwashers for 2276lubricants 2318–2320lubrication 2282materials for 2254mounting 2271–2284pillow block 2254plastics 2254quiet or vibration-free mountings 2275radial and axial clearance 2283–2284rating life 2287–2291seating fits for 2275selection 2281–2283shaft

and bore limits 2267–2268and housing fits for metric radial 2264–

2266tolerance

classifications, metric 2265–2266limits, metric 2266–2267

special or unconventional types of 2254squareness and alignment 2273–2274starting torque 2281static

equivalent loads 2300–2301load ratings 2297–2300

thrust 2250tolerances 2255–2261types of 2246–2254

Ball, roller, and needle bearings 2246–2302Balls, standard 2302–2310

grades 2305hardness corrections 2306hardness ranges 2306materials 2305number per kilogram 2310number per pound 2309ordering specifications 2303package markings 2293–2294preferred gages 2303preferred sizes 2306–2308tolerances 2305–2306

Band brakes 2337–2339Band saw

blade selection 1101–1102break-in 1105–1106speeds and feeds, metal cutting 1103–

1105Bar, small diameter radius of gyration 147Barometer reading and equivalent

pressure 395

Barrelliquid capacity 2518volume 71

Barrel effect 1319Base

circle 1999, 2127diameter 2127helix angle 1999pitch 1999tooth thickness 1999

Base circle 1999Base circle, spur gear

diameter 2004Base helix angle 1999Base oils for metal cutting 1109Base pitch 1999Base tooth thickness 1999Basic

endurance limit 2044gear dimensions 2010rack profiles 2153space width 2127

Basic dimension 621hole 621shaft or hole 621

Baths, hardening or quenching 488–490for heating steel 487tanks for 490–491

Baumé’s hydrometer 372conversion to specific gravity 371

Beams 239, 241–242, 248–249, 251–259, 2488–2494channel 2494, 2498combined stresses in 206–210curved 254–257deflections 236, 239, 241–242, 253–254

designing for 253–254fixed at

both ends 252one end 241–242, 249, 251

formulas 207I-beams 2488–2493, 2498reactions 236rectangular solid 249simple stresses in 204–205stresses in 204–210, 236, 239, 241–242,

248, 252–258stresses produced by shocks 257–258supported at both ends 239, 249uniform strength 248, 251–252

Bearing lubricantsball and roller bearings 2318–2320plain bearings 2202–2205

Bearing materials, plain 2236–2244aluminum 2238, 2241ASTM compositions 2239–2245babbitt metals 2238–2242cadmium alloys 2240–2242carbon-graphite 2241–2245cast iron 2241copper-lead 2238–2242

INDEX2564

Bearing materials, plain (continued)die casting in place 1344graphitic 2242, 2245laminated phenolics 2242leaded bronze 2240–2242nylon 2242oil impregnated 2242–2245plastics laminates 2242porous 2241–2245properties 2236–2237rubber 2242, 2245SAE compositions 2238–2239seals 2198–2199silver 2241Teflon (TFE) 2242, 2245tin-bronze 2240–2242white metal 2238–2242wood 2242, 2245

Bearing spacing and shaft stiffness 2053Bearings 2193–2218, 2220–2244, 2246–

2300guide 2236–2237

Belleville springs or washers 326Belts and pulleys 2368–2420

flat belts 2368–2371V-belts 2372–2420

Bendingallowances, sheet metal 1304–1310formulas

for beams 239, 241–242, 249, 251–257for shafts 275–277

stress in beams 236, 239, 241–242, 248–249, 251–254

structural angles 2495–2497Bending load wood 375Beryllium and copper alloys 566Bevel gearing 2050–2063

ANSI/AGMA Standard 2054applications 2051–2053applications of 2051backlash 2037–2038bearing spacing 2053blank design 2052–2053cutting teeth in 2053–2062face angles 2054, 2056–2057face widths 2054, 2056–2057German standard tooth form 2090Gleason system, straight bevel

gears 2054Zerol bevel gears 2050–2051

hypoid gears 2051materials for 2063milled 2054, 2056–2062milling cutters for 792, 2058–2060milling setup 2061–2062mountings 2052–2053nomenclature 2054–2056octoid tooth form 2053planetary 2083, 2087replacement gear dimensions 2122–2125selecting formed cutters for 2060

Bevel gearing (continued)shaft stiffness 2053spiral 2050straight 1998, 2050, 2052, 2054tooth measurement for milled 2062types of 2050typical steels used for 2063Zerol 1998, 2050–2052

Bilateral and unilateral tolerances 621–622Binary multiples 2533Birmingham wire gage 2499–2500Birnie's equation 272Blank diameters, drawing dies 1302–1307Blanks, sintered carbide 738–740Blast cleaning of castings 1338Block

brakes 2340NC 1241, 1243, 1245or multiple indexing 1990–1991

Blow, force of 159–160Boilers, strength of flat stayed surfaces 268Boiling temperature,various substances 364Bolt head

markings, inch 1484–1488metric 1532, 1534, 1560–1561

wrench and socket clearances 1510–1511Bolt hole circles

chordal distance 78coordinates for 953–970

Bolts and nutsANSI, inch dimensions

cap or acorn nuts 1503countersunk bolts 1508–1509fin neck bolts 1506flat jam nuts 1500heavy hex bolts 1495heavy hex structural bolts 1493–1494hex

bolts 1493flat nuts 1500high nuts 1504nuts 1493–1494, 1499slotted high nuts 1504slotted nuts 1500–1502thick slotted nuts 1501–1502

jam nuts 1499machine screw nuts 1568ribbed neck bolts 1507round head bolts 1505–1507square

bolts 1492–1494neck bolts 1505–1508nuts 1492–1493, 1502

step bolts 1508T-bolts 1646T-head bolts 1505T-nuts 1647types of 1492–1493Unified 1489–1490, 1492–1496, 1499–

1502wing nuts 1693–1697

INDEX 2565

Bolts and nuts (continued)ANSI, metric dimensions

clearance holes 1532designation 1532diameters 1523heavy hex

bolts 1529nuts 1548structural bolts 1529

hexflange nuts 1545jam nuts 1548

hex nuts 1543identification symbols 1532materials and mechanical

properties 1534prevailing torque hex

flange nuts 1547nuts 1546

reduced diameter bolts 1524, 1527slotted hex nuts 1544thread series 1532

British StandardFine thread 1552–1559, 1619, 1838–

1840hexagon 1551–1554metric hexagon 1555–1561standard thread 1839Unified 1597Whitworth 1551–1554, 1591, 1595–

1598, 1619, 1836–1838, 1868eye bolts and nuts 358–359grade markings for steel 1484–1488,

1532, 1534, 1541, 1560–1561load allowable on bolts 1489–1491spacing for wrench clearances 1510–

1511tightening 1475torque required to tighten 1475–1488working strength of bolts 1489–1491,

1559–1560wrench clearances for 1510wrench openings 1510

Bolts and screws 1492Bonding, adhesives 2460Boring

carbide tools for 859–864cutting time for 1044wood 378

Boring-bar, cutters, carbide 859–864Boron nitride

cubic (CBN) abrasive 982, 1140, 1157, 1166

cutting tool materials 982speeds and feeds for 1002, 1008, 1018–

1022Bottom land 1999Box wrench clearances 1510Brads and wire nails 1455

Brakesband 2337–2339block type 2340coefficient of friction 2338–2340

Brasscastings 525–532coloring 1441–1442strength and physical properties 477wire, strength 477

EDM 1328–1329Brazing 1354–1361

filler metals for 1354–1359fluxes for 1354–1359heating for 1360symbols 1361workholders for 1360

Break-even analysis 40–42Bricks

specific gravity and weight 370strength 478

Briggs (now ANSI) standard pipe thread 1849–1850

Brinell hardness 473, 475, 516–524aluminum alloys 550–555cold-drawn carbon steel rounds, squares,

and hexagons 395–396heat-treated steels 432–436magnesium alloys 560Rockwell conversion tables 520stainless steels 439

British Associationstandard screw threads 1839tolerance formulas 1839

British StandardBS 1083 1551, 1553–1554BS 1157 1838, 1903–1904BS 1387 1857BS 1449B 1565BS 1580 1551BS 1657 1825BS 1768 1492, 1551BS 1769 1492, 1551BS 1807 2043BS 1916 1650BS 1981 1595, 1597BS 2059 2156BS 21 1856–1858BS 235 2043BS 2519 2043BS 2693 1551, 1559, 1562BS 2708 1551BS 275 1464, 1471BS 2779 1856–1857BS 2827 1586BS 2870 1565BS 2963 1559BS 3027 2043BS 308 2043BS 328 848, 850–856BS 3382 1559, 1586BS 3550 2156

INDEX2566

British Standard (continued)BS 3643 902, 904, 1560, 1587, 1826,

1831, 1834BS 3692 1551, 1555–1559, 1904–1905BS 3696 2043BS 4084 1825BS 4168 1613–1618, 1904–1905BS 4183 1586, 1588–1589, 1592–1594,

1904–1905BS 4186 1904BS 4190 1551, 1904BS 4235 2354–2355, 2357–2360BS 4320 1565–1567BS 436 2042–2045BS 4464 1563–1565BS 45 1840BS 450 1586, 1595, 1598BS 4500 657, 660–663, 665–666, 2356BS 46 2359, 2361–2364, 2367BS 4620 1473–1474BS 545 2043BS 57 1586BS 6 2365BS 6104 1613BS 6105 1613BS 6186 2156BS 641 1472BS 721 2043BS 821 2043BS 84 1551, 1838BS 93 1551, 1839BS 949 902–903BS 970 2354BS 978 2043clearance holes for metric bolts and

screws 1903–1904combined drills and countersinks 847countersunk head screws 1591–1598dowel pins, metric 1648–1650drills, metric 850–856fasteners, mechanical properties 1559–

1560, 1613Fine threads (BSF)

basic dimensions 1838tolerance formulas 1836

hexagon bolts 1551–1554hexagon socket screws, metric 1613–

1618button head 1617cap 1614–1615set 1616–1618

Imperial wire gauge 2499–2500interference fits 1551, 1562ISO metric

grade markings 1559–1560hexagon bolts, screws, and nuts 1555–

1561limits and fits 657–666tapping drill sizes for 1903taps 902–903threads 1825–1834

British Standard (continued)keys and keyways 2354–2367limits and fits for holes and shafts 657–

666machine screws 1586–1598metric

and inch pipe threads 1856–1858basic sizes, preferred 667bolts, clearance holes 1903–1904comparison of British, French, German

and Swiss 1780dowel pins 1648–1650drills 850–856hexagon socket screws 1613–1618keys and keyways 2354–2367limits and fits 657–666machine screws and nuts 1586–1595series plain washers 1565–1566series spring washers 1563–1565taps, ISO 902–903threads 1780

nuts 1552–1555, 1557–1559, 1586–1597PD 3376 2043PD 6457 2044pipe threads, parallel 1856–1857pipe threads, taper 1857–1858preferred metric basic sizes 667preferred numbers 667rivets 1464, 1471–1474screws 1551–1560, 1586–1598, 1613–

1619thread dimensions 1825–1858thread profiles 1825, 1836

spark plugs 1840spur and helical gears 2042striaght splines 2156studs 1551, 1562tapping drill sizes, ISO metric

threads 1901–1903taps, ISO, metric 902–903thermal units, (BTU) 2514

converted into foot-pounds 2553power and heat equivalents 2551

Unifiedmachine screws and nuts 1595–1597screws and nuts 1595–1597thread sizes 1706–1710, 1712–1754,

1781–1785UNJ profile threads 1825–1826washers, plain, metric 1565–1567Whitworth threads (BSW)

machine screws 1595–1598set-screws 1595–1598, 1619thread form 1836–1837tolerance formulas 1836

Broacheschip breakers 930–931clearance angles for teeth 930depth of cut per tooth 929depth of teeth 930face angle or rake 930

INDEX 2567

Broaches (continued)land width 930pitch of teeth 927–930radius of tooth fillet 930shear angle 930–931surface 928total length of 930types 926–927

Broaching 926–932cutting oils for 1108–1109cutting speeds for 1043difficulties 932pressure 928types of machines 930–931

Broken tap, removal of 1905–1908Bronze 525

castings, strength 477strength 477

Brown & Sharpeautomatic screw machines 1094–1099milling machines 1979taper 906, 915–916taper reamers for sockets 825wire gage 2499–2500

Brush finishing, power 1435–1438Buckingham formula for pin method of

checking screw threads 1867–1870Buckling, columns 261–262Buffing and polishing 1439–1440

wheels for 1440Built-up Sections, Moments of Inertia 217Bulk modulus of various material 384Bulk temperature thermal flash factor 2045Burs and files, rotary 1433Bushings

gear 2117jig, materials for 941standard, for jigs 941–951steels for 456

Butt joint, riveted 1457–1462Buttress threads 1817–1824

allowances and tolerances 1821–1823ANSI Standard inch type 1818–1824basic dimensions 1817–1818British Standard 1825designations 1824diameter-pitch combinations 1817–1818miscellaneous types 1817–1824symbols and formulas 1820thread form 1818–1819wire method of measuring 1875–1877

Byte 2533Byte, PLC 1229B18.2.1 1492B18.2.2 1492B18.6.7M 1577

CCables, wire, breaking strength 336–341CAD/CAM 1287–1297

drawing exchange standards 1294–1296projections 1289rapid prototyping 1296standard lettering sizes 1294tips 1290

Cadmiumbearing alloys 2240plating 1444vacuum coating 1451

Cage materials, anti-friction bearings 2254–2255

Calculation procedure 1137Calculations

strength of materials, sample 212Caliper

gear tooth 2018–2020, 2108–2111measurement of 2020

vernier 669Calorie, kilogram 2514, 2546Cams and cam design 1098–1099, 2163–

2188acceleration, velocity, and displacement

formulas 2163–2167classes of cams and followers 2163–2164cylindrical cams 2185–2187design example 2181–2184displacement

constant velocity 2165curves 2163–2167cycloidal 2166–2167diagrams 2163–2169harmonic 2165–2167parabolic 2165–2166synthesis of 2167–2169

forces 2179–2184machining errors, effect on

acceleration 2183–2184materials 2179–2186milling 2186–2188pressure angle 2171–2178profile determination 2168–2171radius of curvature 2178–2184rollers 2186–2187size determination 2172–2176stresses, contact 2179–2180, 2184threading cams, screw machine 1094–

1098Canned (fixed) cycles, NC 1258–1262Cap screws 1496, 1599–1604

button head 1604drill and counterbore sizes for 1601–

1602fillister head 1600finished, hexagonal 1496flat head 1599, 1603

INDEX2568

Cap screws (continued)hexagon socket type 1601–1604hexagonal 1496metric 1521round head 1600spline socket type 1601–1604tap drill sizes 1889–1907

Capacitor 1319Capital recovery 28Carat 2518Carbide tools

application of cutting fluids to 1111boring 859–865coated 980–981cutting 738–740grinding 937–940insert holders 726, 732–738, 1281–1284insert type 726, 730–738materials for 747–757, 979–981sharpening 937standard blanks for 738–740tips for boring tools 859–864tips for turning tools 741–746

Carbides and carbonitrides 747–752Carbon

monoxide, specific gravity 371steel castings 1333–1334steels 403, 406

AISI-SAE designations 409–410cold drawn 430–431composition of, SAE 420heat treatments 504mechanical properties 432–436numbering system 403, 405quality variations 418speeds for milling 1014–1019, 1022speeds for turning 996–999structure of 483tool steel as a cutting tool material 978unified numbering system 403, 405,

413Carbon dioxide

solidification temperature 623specific gravity 371

Carbonaceous mixtures 498Carbon-graphite bearings 2242, 2245Carbonitrides and carbides 747–752Carbonitriding 417–418Carburizing 417, 479, 498

gas 498liquid 498solid materials 498steels for 422–423temperatures 504–505vacuum 499

Cartesian coordinates 36Case hardening 416–418, 479, 498

steel 497Cash flow 30–31

discounted 30–31Cast iron

Cast iron (continued)alloy 1328–1329bearings 2241chilled 1328–1329density 370ductile 1332gray 1328–1329malleable 1330–1331Meehanite 1328–1329nodular 1332speeds and feeds for

drilling, reaming, and threading 1037–1038

milling 1021–1022turning 1002–1003

strength 476white 1328–1329

Cast roller chains 2421Cast steel 1332–1336

strength 476, 1332–1335Casting processes

aluminum alloys 1342–1343die casting 1337–1344ductile iron 1332gravity die casting 1337–1338gray iron 1336–1337green-sand molding 1336–1337investment casting 1345–1347low pressure casting 1337–1338permanent mold 1337–1338shell-molding 1336–1337squeeze casting 1337–1338V-process 1336–1337

Castingsalloy steel 1332–1335blast cleaning 1338brass and bronze 525–532bronze and brass for gears 2117–2119carbon steel 1333–1334cleaning methods 1338ductile (nodular) iron 1332finishing operations 1338heat treatment 1338heat-resisting 1328–1329investment 1345malleable iron 1330–1331malleable iron, strength 476manganese steel 1335Meehanite 1328–1329nodular cast iron 1332nonferrous strength 477removal of gates and risers 1338shrinkage of 1339–1343steel 1332–1336steel, for gears 2063, 2113–2117surface texture of 708weight, obtained from pattern

weight 1340Castle and slotted nuts 1493, 1500–1502,

1552, 1554Cathode 1319

INDEX 2569

Cell, flexible manufacturing, NC 1235Celsius (Centigrade) and Fahrenheit

temperatures 2514–2516Cement, strength of 478Cementation 479Cemented carbide tools 747–752

coated 750–752grinding 937–940materials for 979–981speeds for drilling with 1030–1033,

1035–1041speeds for milling with 1013–1022speeds for turning with 996–1009

Cementite 483Cements, pipe joints 2464–2466Center

distance, gear set 2010, 2012, 2080drills reamers and machine

countersinks 813of oscillation 151of percussion 151

Center distance 1999Center distance, gearing 1999Center of gravity 136–142, 151

any four-sided figure 137circle sector 138circular arc 137cone 140cone, frustum 140cylinder 139cylinder, portion of 139ellipse segment 138ellipsoid, segment of 141fillet 138of two bodies 141parabola, area of 139paraboloid 141part of circle ring 138perimeter or area of parallelogram 136pyramid 140pyramid, frustum 140spandrel 138sphere, hollow 141spherical sector 141spherical segment 141spherical surface 138spheroid, segment of 141trapezoid 137triangle 136wedge 140

Centering toolsfeeds for 1094–1095length of point 925

Centerless grinding 1183–1185screw threads 1926–1927troubles 1184–1185

Centers, for arbors and reamers 813Centimeter-gram-second system of

measurement 2520Centimeter-inch conversion tables 2533Centipoises 2201–2202, 2312–2313, 2319

Centistokes 2201–2202, 2312–2313, 2319Central plane 1999Centralized lubrication systems 2313–2315Centralizing Acme threads 1802–1811, 1816

alternative series 1816designation 1811formulas for determining diameters 1804limiting dimensions 1804–1807, 1811major and minor diameter allowances and

tolerances 1810pitch diameter allowances 1808thread data 1807thread form 1794, 1803

Centrifugalclutches 2332force 163–166

calculation 164stresses in flywheels 178

Ceramic cutting tool materials 752–755, 981Cermets 747Chain

cast roller 2421close-link 355crane and hoisting 351–360detachable 2421pintle 2421

Chamfers and corner clearance, gearing 2135Change gears

helical gear hobbing 2080–2083helical milling 1931leads and angles for helical milling 1946–

1947relieving helical-fluted hobs 1916–1917thread cutting, lathe 1912–1916

fractional ratios 1913–1914fractional threads 1912metric pitches 1912–1913modifying the gearbox output 1913–

1916threads per inch with given

combination 1912Channels

aluminum 2498elements of 2494, 2498moment of inertia 2494, 2498radius of gyration 2494, 2498section modulus 2494, 2498steel 2494structural 2494, 2498weight per foot 2494, 2498

Characteristic, logarithm 102, 104Charcoal, weight and volume 371Checking

Acme threads by three-wire method, table 1872

American standard threads by three-wire method, table 1866–1867

assembly 619castings 619dimensions 619drawings 618–619

INDEX2570

Checking (continued)for strength 618gear size 2094–2112machined parts 620radius of arc 690–693Whitworth threads by three-wire method,

table 1868Cheese head screws, British Standard 1591,

1595–1596, 1598Chemical

treatment of metals 1440–1443vapor deposition (CVD) 750

Chilled cast iron 1330Chipbreakers 728

grinding 939–940Chisels, cold steels for 456Chord

length for given angle and radius 80–81length for given number of

divisions 955–958Chordal addendum 1999, 2018

milled bevel gear teeth 2064milled, full-depth gear teeth 2016–2017

Chordal distance of bolt circle 78Chordal thickness 1999

gear teeth 2015–2017, 2062milled bevel gear teeth 2064milled, full-depth gear teeth 2016–2017OD is special 2018OD is standard 2015

Chrome 1445Chromium

plating 1427tool steels 458, 460, 462

Chucking reamers 808–822expansion 814rose 808, 822

Chucksdrill, tapers and threads for 919hexagonal, for portable tools 1210spindle, for portable tool grinders 1207

Cincinnati milling machines, indexing movements 1986–1989

Circleschords for dividing circumference

of 955–958dividing, on jig boring machine 959–970enclosed within a circle 72–75enclosed within a rectangle 77geometry of 48–50lengths of chords for dividing 955–958packing

in circles 72–75in circles and rectangles 72–77in rectangles 77

programming in APT (NC) 1267–1270segments 80–81squares of equivalent areas 79

Circulardisk

radius of gyration 147

Circular (continued)gear teeth 2006–2008interpolation, NC 1254–1255mil gage for wires 2517pitch 1999, 2127

given center distance and ratio 2014pitch gears, diameters of 2022ring sector, area 64ring, area 64ring, thin flat 148saws, arbors for 1203sector segment 955–958sector, area 63segment, area 63thickness 1999

milled bevel gear teeth 2064outside diameter

has been enlarged 2015has been reduced 2015is standard 2014

Circular arcenter of gravity 137

Circular pitch 1999Circular pitch in gears 2022Circular thickness 1999Circumference, chords for dividing 955–958CL data, NC 1242Classical V-belts 2379–2386Clavarino's equation 271Cleaning castings 1338Clearance 1999

anglesboring tools 859–864milling cutters 800punch and die 1301reamers, tooth rest position 811single-point tools 740–746turning tools 740–746

drill sizes, machine screw 1900for wrench 1510–1511

ANSI Standard 1532British Standard 1903–1904

Clevis pins 1648Closed-loop system 1233, 2468–2470Clutches 2329–2336

centrifugal and free-wheeling 2332cone 2330–2331cutting with angular cutters 2334–2336disk 2329friction 2329–2330friction coefficients 2330magnetic 2331–2332positive 2333–2334power capacity of 2329saw tooth 2335–2336slipping 2332wrapped spring 2332–2333

CNC 1225–1226programming 1240–1280

Coatings 1444–1451Coatings, conversion, of metals 1440–1443

INDEX 2571

Cobalt 939alloy 981

Cobaltchrom steel 508Coefficient of friction 190–191, 2045, 2330,

2341rolling resistance 191

Coefficient of heat radiation 367Cold-form tapping 1904–1907Collets 971–973Colloidal suspension 1319Coloring metals 1440–1443Columns 261–267

American Institute of Steel Construction 264–265, 267

American Railway Engineering Association formulas 261

eccentrically loaded 262Euler formula 261–263, 266–267J. B. Johnson formula 262, 266–267Rankine or Gordon formulas 261, 263steel pipe, allowable concentric

loads 264–265Combination

drill and tap 1909shanks for end mills 781

Combinations of involute spline types 2138Combined stress 206

normal stresses at right angles 206Combined stresses 207–210Compensation, insert radius, NC 1281–1284Complex conjugate 39Complex or imaginary numbers 38Composite, checking of gears 2042Compound

angles 688–690indexing 1950–1956thread cutting, NC 1263

Compressionin beams 236, 256–257in columns 261–267of air 395–401springs 285–305

Compressive propertiesceramics 379definitions 196strength, values of 476, 478wood 375–376

Computer numerical control, CNC 1225–1226programming 1240–1280

Computer-aided (or-assisted)design (CAD) 1287–1297manufacturing (CAM) 1287

Concave arbor-type milling cutters 790Concrete

specific gravity and weight 370strength 478

Conditional expressions, NC 1258Conductance, thermal 366Conductivity

electrical, of metals 1323–1324

Conductivity (continued)electrical, of plastics 580–581thermal 368–370, 379

Conecenter of gravity 140clutches 2330–2331frustum

center of gravity 140polar moments of inertia 144radius of gyration 150

frustum of 68polar moments of inertia 144radius of gyration 149

Cone volume 68Conical pendulum 188–189Conjugate fractions 14–16Constructional steels 1150–1151Contact

diameter 1999, 2028diameter, gearing 2028–2033ratio 1999, 2029

face 1999factor 2044–2045total 1999

ratio, gearing 2024–2029stress 1999, 2045stresses, cams 2184–2186

Contact diameter 1999Contact ratio 1999Contact ratio factor 2044–2045Contact stress 1999Contents of tanks 58–59Continued fractions 13–14

use of as conjugates 15–16Contour Milling 1994Contourmilling 1994Control, adaptive, NC 1233Convergents 13–16Conversational part programming,

NC 1240–1241Conversion

coating of metals 1440–1443cutting speed formulas 985tables

angular measure 90, 92cutting speed and diameter to rpm 986,

1174cutting speed formulas 1908–1909decimal equivalents of inch

fractions 2519decimal multiples of SI units 2522foot-pounds into Btu 2553hardness 520–524horsepower into kilowatts 2553metric into English measure 2525–

2550miscellaneous English units 2532oil viscosity unit 2201–2202, 2312–

2313pounds-force into newtons 2550radians into degrees 90, 92

INDEX2572

Converting numbers to powers-of-ten notation 18

Convex arbor-type milling cutters 790Coolants for

lapping 1202machining

aluminum 1116magnesium 1117–1118tool sharpening 939–940zinc alloys 1118

tapping 1889–1890, 1909Coordinate system, converting to another 36Coordinates, for jig boring 953–970Copolymer 569Copper

flat products, strength 477lead bearings 2238–2241linear expansion 368–369plating 1445silicon alloys 565wire, strength 477zinc-tin alloys, strength 478

Copper and copper-base alloyscast 525–532classification 525Copper-beryllium 565–566die casting 1343passivation 1441–1442speeds, for drilling and reaming 1041

for turning and milling 1006wrought 533–542

Copper- and iron-base sintered bearings 2243–2245

Copper Development Association 525–542Cordage Institute 353, 360Core drills 846–849Corner-rounding milling cutters 775, 790Corrosion-resisting alloys 425, 428, 525–

566castings 1335

Cosecant 83Cosine 83Cosine law of 84Cotangent 83Cotter pins, standard sizes 1648, 1659, 1662Cotters 2354Coulomb shear theory (plastics) 584–585Counterbores 857–858Countersinks 813, 862

combined with drills 845machine 813

Countersunk headrivets 1466, 1470–1472

British Standard 1464, 1472–1474screws 1569–1571, 1574–1575, 1591–

1599, 1603British Standard 1591–1598

Couples and Forces 120Couples of forces 121Couplings

double-cone 2326

Couplings (continued)fire-hose 1842–1845flexible 2327hose 1841–1843interference fits 2326knuckle joint 2328–2329safety flange 2325single keys used as fixed 2140, 2143slipping 2332universal 2327–2328

CPVC plastics 380, 601, 2511Crane chain

hoisting 351–360safe loads 352strength 351–354

Crane motors 2456–2457Crane, hooks 351–360

capacity of 357dimensions 357

Crater-resistant carbide toolsmaterials for 980

Craters 1319Creep 524, 576–577

rupture 524, 576–577Critical

slenderness ratio 261–262speeds 185–186

formulas for 185–186of rotating bodies and shafts 185

speeds of rotating shafts 283temperatures, heat treatment 479, 485

determining 486Crobalt alloy 981Croning shell mold process 1336–1337Crosby Group 356–359Cross recesses

for machine screws 1577for self-tapping screws 1623

Cross section lining, ANSI Standard for drawings 606, 608

Crossed helical gears 1998Crowned

involute splines 2145splines for large misalignments 2145

Crowned involute splines 2145Crushing strength, wood 375Cryogenic treatment, steel 514–517Cube, volume 66Cubes of wire diameters 330Cubic

boron nitride (CBN) 982, 1002, 1004, 1008, 1018, 1021–1022, 1139–1140, 1157, 1166

grinding wheels 1157, 1166conversions 2542equations 33measure 2517, 2542

Cumulative fatigue damage 198Cupola malleable iron 1330–1331Curve, normal distribution 1216–1219Cutoff 701

INDEX 2573

Cutoff or roughness sampling length 707Cutter

checking relief and rake angles 801, 805clearance angles 800–801, 806compensation, NC 1251–1253, 1281–

1284grinding 798–806location data (CL data) 1242radial relief, eccentric type 801–805rake angles 800–801spline 799tooth rest positions 806wheels for sharpening milling

cutters 798–800Cutter compensation, NC 1251–1253, 1281–

1284location data, NC 1242

Cuttersangular, milling 777, 783, 796–799bevel gear, formed types 2058–2061boring-bar 859–864box-tool 1095fluting, for reamers 808–810helical gear, formed type 2077–2079internal gear 2047milling 771–806

speeds and feeds for sharpening 800milling, steels for 452–456roller chain sprocket 2439–2441spur gear, formed type 2017–2021T-slot 775Woodruff keyseat 795

Cuttingabrasive 1204electric arc 1428–1429fluids 1106, 1108–1111

application of to carbides 1111aqueous solutions 1107broaching 1108–1109carbides 1111chlorinated oils 1107–1109magnesium 1108–1109, 1111mineral oil 1109selection 1107–1109soluble oils and compounds 1107sulfurized oils 1107, 1109–1110various alloys 1107–1109

gas torch cutting 1428–1429roller chain sprocket teeth 2437time for turning, boring and facing 1044wire rope 344

Cutting bevel gear teeth 2053Cutting speeds and feeds 978, 1040–1046

automatic screw machine 1095bandsaw 1103–1105broaching 1043chip thickness 992–994cutting speed calculations 1005cutting tool materials 444–471, 747–757CVD diamond tools 982

Cutting speeds and feeds (continued)diamond tools 981–982drilling and turning titanium and titanium

alloys 1007drilling superalloys 1008–1009drilling, reaming, and threading 1012–

1043copper alloys 1041feeds 1012ferrous cast metals 1037–1038glass 1034light metals 1039plain carbon and alloy steels 1030–

1035stainless steels 1036tool steels 1035

equivalentchip thickness (ECT) 992–994rpm for given cutting speed 986–990rpm for given drill sizes and speed 986

formulas for 985, 1005honing 1196–1198metal cutting saws 1044milling 1009–1012

feeds for high-speed steel cutters 1023ferrous cast metals 1021–1022plain carbon and alloy steels 1014slit and slot 1012–1013stainless steels 1019–1020superalloys 1008–1009titanium and titanium alloys 1007with cemented carbide cutters 1009–

1012planing 1044rpm for different speeds and

diameters 987–990shaping 1044tapping 1012–1039, 1041–1043, 1959–

1975thread chasing 1041–1043tool

angles 723–730inserts 747–757, 1281–1284life 982–983, 992–994

adjusting 755–757, 1004–1005, 1009, 1012, 1028

materials related to 978tool steels 1000, 1018–1019, 1035turning

copper alloys 1006ferrous cast metals 1002–1003hard-to-machine materials with CBN

tools 1008–1009light metals 1007–1008plain carbon and alloy steels 996–999stainless steels 1001superalloys 1008–1009titanium and titanium alloys 1007tool steels 1000unusual materials 1044

work materials 978

INDEX2574

Cutting tools 723–726angles 723–738, 1281–1284application codes, ISO 753carbide grade selection 747–757, 980–

981carbon tool steels 978carbonitrides (cermets) 747–752, 981cast nonferrous alloy 981cemented carbides 747–757, 979–981ceramics 752–755, 981coated carbides 980coatings 750, 980compositions and properties 748–750crater-resistant carbides 980cubic boron nitride (CBN) 754–757, 982,

1140, 1157, 1166CVD diamond 982diamond 750–757, 981–982

CVD 982polycrystalline 754–755, 981–982synthetic 755–757

grades 752, 980–981high-speed steel 979inserts 1281–1284machining data 755–757materials 978–982sharpening 934–935single-point 723–738specifications, ISO 751–752titanium carbides 749–752, 980trouble-shooting checklist 983tungsten carbide 747, 979

combined with other elements 749–750whisker-reinforced 754

Cyanidebath for heating steel 487hardening 498

Cyaniding 417–418, 480Cycloid 1999

area 63curves, area enclosed by 58

Cylindercenter of gravity 139collapsing pressure 273–274hollow

polar moment of inertia 144radius of gyration 149volume 68

plates and shells 268–274polar moment of inertia 144portion of volume 67–68portion of, center of gravity 139radius of gyration 148strength to resist internal pressure 270–

274working pressure vs. radius ratio 272

Cylindrical coordinates 38Cylindrical grinding 1175–1183

automation in 1178–1179basic process data 1178

Cylindrical grinding (continued)high speed 1178–1179machines 1175operating data 1177selection of grinding wheels 1142, 1156–

1157, 1166, 1176–1177traverse and plunge grinding 1175troubles 1179–1183workholding 1176

Cylindrical tank, contents 58–59Cylindrical to rectangular coordinates 38

DData input, manual, NC 1240Datum referencing 610–611, 614Datum target points 616Datum targets 615Decalescence point in steel hardening 479,

485Decimal

equivalents, fractions 2519multiples and submultiples of SI

units 2522point programming, NC 1245

Dedendum 1999Definitions

gear terms 1998geometric dimensioning and

tolerancing 610spline terms 2142surface texture 699surfaces of solid materials 697

Deflectionbeams 236, 239, 241–242, 253–254calculating 206flat plates 268–270shaft, linear 280shaft, torsional 277–280springs

compression and extension 302torsion 321–324

Degrees, expressed in radians 90, 92Density 370

air 394ceramics 379metals 368–370plastics materials 380powdered metals 383wood 376

Department of Commerce 272–273Deposition rates (welding) 1367, 1375–

1378, 1390–1391Depth of cut 982–983Depth of engagement 2127Derivatives of functions 34–35Detachable chains 2421Deviation, mean positional 1217Diameter of circle enclosing smaller

circles 72–75

INDEX 2575

Diameters for finished shafting 280Diametral

equivalent circular pitch and tooth proportions 2007–2008, 2091–2093

equivalent modules 2091–2093pitch 1999pitch knurls, (ANSI) Standard 1212–

1215pitch, gear teeth

sizes 2002–2004Diamond

concentration 937–938dust for lapping 1201grinding wheels 1152–1169laps and lapping 1201tool materials 754–757, 981–982truing 1158–1162wheels 937–939, 1163–1169

composition 1166designation symbols 1163–1166diamond concentration 937–939feeds and speeds 1169grades, grit sizes 937–938modifications 1166operating guidelines for 1169selection of 1168shapes of standard 1163–1166speeds and feeds 1169terminology 1163thread grinding 1923

Die blocks, steels for 452–456Die casting 1337–1344

alloys used 1342bearing metals 1344design 1341–1342dies 1343–1344machining zinc alloy 1118porosity 1341

Die sinkers’ files 1432Diemaker's reamers 797Dies and punches, steel for

drawing 1302–1307hot-working 452–454, 456

Dies and tapscombination drill and tap 1909maximum pitches 1929–1930selection of 1885–1887square thread 883, 887–890tap drill size 901, 1889–1908

Acme threads 901formula 1900–1901metric 1903pipe 1907–1909Unified 1889–1902

Dies, sheet metalangular clearance for 1302bending allowances 1304–1310blank diameters for drawing 1304–1307blocks, steels for 452–454, 456clearance between punch and die 1301diameter reductions in drawing 1305

Dies, sheet metal (continued)heat-treatment, steels for 452–454lubricants 1302press speeds and pressures 1302–1304punching pressures 1302–1304rectangular drawing 1302–1304shut height of press 1302–1304steels for various classes of die parts 452–

454, 456Dies, steel rule 1315–1317Dies, threading, maximum pitches 1929–

1930Differential

indexing 1976–1985pulley 135

Dimensioning and tolerancing, geometric 606, 610–611

DIN 867 2090Direct (or distributed) NC 1296Discounted cash flow 30–31Disk

circular, radius of gyration 147clutches 2329method of measuring tapers 682–683springs 326

Displacement in ball and roller bearings, allowance for axial 2264

Distance across bolt circle 687Distributed numerical control (DNC) 1296Distribution curve, normal 1216Dividing

circles 959–970head

angular position 796–799indexing 1947–1993

numbers written in powers-of-ten notation 19

DNC 1296DOD-P-16232-F 1450Dolly bars for riveting 1467Double angle milling cutters 777Double V-belts 2386–2394Double-cone clamping couplings 2326Dovetail slides, measuring 682–683Dowel pins 1648–1654

metric 1648–1650Drafting practices, ANSI Standard 606–611Draw-in bolt ends 923Drawing

ANSI Standarddrafting practices 606–611lines 606sheet sizes 606surface texture symbols 704–708welding 1394–1409

bisect angle 52checking 618circle around square 54circle around triangle 53circular arc 53data for gear blanks 2033

INDEX2576

Drawing (continued)data for gears 2033–2036data for involute splines 2139divide line into equal parts 51ellipse 54equilateral triangle 52helix 55hexagon around circle 54hyperbola 55involute 55metric dimensions on 708parabola 55parallel lines 52perpendicular lines 51sizes of sheets 606square around circle 54symbols

ANSI Standard 606–611section lining 606

geometric 609ISO 609

tangent to circle 53triangle around circle 5345-degree angle 5260-degree angle 52

Drawing data, splines 2140Drawing dies

annealing drawn shells 1302blank diameters 1304–1307brass 1302depth drawn in one operation 1305–1307diameter reduction in one

operation 1305–1307rectangular 1302–1304

Drawing, or tempering, steel 493–495Drawings

checkinginspecting a new design 618materials specified 618method of making drawing 619

data for spur and helical gear 2036metric dimensions on 710scales of metric drawings 711specifying spur and helical gear data

on 2034Dressing grinding wheels 1158–1162Drill

sizes for tapping Acme threads 901sizes for wood screws 1456

Drillingaccuracy of drilled holes 856–858automatic screw machine feeds and

speeds 1095cutting speeds for 1094

ferrous cast metals 1037–1038light metals 1039superalloys 1008–1009titanium and titanium alloys 1007tool steels 1035

difficulties 1034

Drilling (continued)estimating thrust, torque, and

power 1051–1055feed rates for 1012holes in glass 1034holes, accuracy of 856–858horsepower and thrust for 1051–1055machine, shaftless motor type 2454spade 865–871

Drillsaccuracy of drilled holes 856–858angle of cutting point 934–936chucks, tapers 919cobalt high-speed steel 857combined drills and countersinks 845–

847core, taper shank 847cutting speeds and equivalent rpm 986definitions of terms 827diameters of tap 1889–1903drivers 848–850for taper pin reamers 1655–1658grinding 934–937jobbers length 829–835length of point 925metric, British Standard 847–856nomenclature 827screw machine drills 829–840sharpening 935–937sizes for tapping 1889–1903

for Acme threads 901spade 865–871steels for 856–857straight-shank drill sizes

core drills 849letter 833–834metric 829–839number 829–833

straight-shank, taper-length, drill sizesfractional 830–839letter 833–834metric 830–839number 830–833screw machine length 840

tangs for 839tap and clearance hole sizes 1900taper-shank core drills 846–849taper-shank drill sizes

fractional inch 841–846metric 841–846

twist 827–858types 827

Drivesmotors, NC 2471–2473nose key 911–912screws 1620–1621, 1635square, for portable tools 1208studs 1662taper 910–911

Driving slots and lugs for shell reamers and arbors 823

INDEX 2577

Drop-forging dies, steels for 452–456Drums, chain and wire rope 342–343, 360Dry measure 2518, 2523Dryseal pipe threads 1852–1855

taps for 881Ductile

cast iron 1332iron 476, 1332

Duranickel, machining 1118Durometer tests 521Dynamic

balance 167stresses 257–258

Dynamic factor 2044–2045Dynamic viscosity coefficient for

lubricants 2324Dynamometers 2338–2341Dyne 2520

EEarth, weight of 370Eccentricity 2136Economic Tool-life 1073ECT

grinding 1121ECT (equivalent chip thickness) 992–994EDG (electrical discharge grinding) 1319EDM 1318–1329

dielectric filter 1319dielectric fluid 1319dielectric strength 1319discharge channel 1319dither 1319duty cycle 1319electrode growth 1319electrode wear 1319electro-forming 1319Farad 1319gap 1320gap current 1320gap voltage 1320heat-affected zone 1323–1324ion 1320ionization 1320low-wear 1320negative electrode 1320no-wear 1320overcut 1320overcut taper 1320plasma 1320plunge (sinker) method 1321–1328

electrode materials 1324machine settings 1322making electrodes 1327metal removal rates 1323

positive electrode 1320power parameters 1320process 1321quench 1320

EDM (continued)recast layer 1320secondary discharge 1320spark in 1320spark out 1320square wave 1321stroke 1321UV axis 1321white layer 1321wire EDM 1321wire guide 1321wire method 1318, 1328–1329wire speed 1321workpiece materials 1323–1324

Effectivedimensions, splines 2127, 2136length of bolt 1479vs. nominal interest rates 25

Efficiency 2000influence of friction on 191machine tool 1048–1051

spade drilling 870riveted joints 1459–1462

Elasticlimit 196modulus 196

for various materials 196plastics 583region 196, 1483–1484

tightening fasteners in 1477–1481Elastic properties of material 384Elasticity (rigidity)

modulus of 196in shear (torsion) 196spring materials 326–329various materials 196

Elasticity factor 2044–2045Elastohydrodynamic lubrication 2321Electric

arc, cutting metals 1428–1429dielectric strength

ceramics 379plastics 380

socket and lamp base threads 1846Electrical relationships 2532Electrodes (welding)

characteristics of standard types 1378–1382

AWS E60XX 1379–1383AWS E70XX 1381–1383

current to use with 1367–1386deposition rates 1364, 1367–1370, 1375–

1377diameter to use 1363–1364, 1372, 1381,

1383selecting GTAW tungsten type 1385–

1387wire, feed rates 1367–1375

Electropolishing 1447Elements, table of chemical 363Elevation reading displacements 1219

INDEX2578

Ellipsearea 65methods of drawing 54moment of inertia 222radius of gyration 222section modulus 222segment, center of gravity 138

Ellipsoidpolar moment of inertia 145radius of gyration 150volume 69

Elongationcarbon and alloy steels 432–436carbon steel rounds, squares, and

hexagons 430–431copper alloys 526–542copper-beryllium alloys 566copper-silicon alloys 565high-strength, low-alloy steels 441Investment casting alloy 381magnesium alloys 560nickel alloys 562–563plastics 380stainless steels 439titanium alloys 564various metals 383

Emerygrades 1440grain numbers for polishing 1440

End millsangles for milling teeth in 796–797ANSI Standard 779–789combination shanks for 781terminology of 778–779

Endurance limit 197, 2044–2045for spring materials 295

Energy 156–158, 1319kinetic 157–159of flywheels 173, 175potential 157–158

Energy and momentum 154Engagement, length of thread 1489–1491Engine lathe, change gears 1912Enlarged pinions

center-distance system for 2027in helical gearing 2077–2080in spur gearing 2019–2027

Epicyclic gearing 2083–2087bevel gear type 2085–2087compound drive 2087ratios 2085–2087

Epicycloidal curves, areas 58Equations

cubic 33quadratic 33solution of

first degree with one unknown 32first degree with two unknowns 33numerical with one unknown 35quadratic with one unknown 33

using Newton-Raphson method 35

Equilateral triangle 83Equivalent chip thickness (ECT) 992–994Equivalent pitch ratio 2000Equivalents, power and heat 2551Erg 2520Etching and etching fluids 1440–1441Euler's formulas for columns 261–263Evaluation length 701Evaporation, latent heat of 364Everdur copper-silicon alloy 565exbi 2533Expansion

air 395–396chucking reamers 814coefficient of (linear)

ceramics 379metals 368–370plastics 370

fits 623hand reamers 817pipe 392

Exponent 17External spline 2128, 2138External spur gear 1998Extrusion process 1347–1351Eye bolts and nuts 358–359

FFabric, bonding 2462–2463Face advance 2000Facing

cutting time for 1044hard 1423–1427

Factorial 97Factors

of numbers 3–12prime number 3–12

Factors of safety 199machine columns 265shafts 276, 283tubes subject to external pressure 274wire rope 339–340

Fahrenheit and Celsius (Centigrade) temperatures 2514–2516

Failurefatigue, modes of 199fatigue, springs 293–295of riveted joints 1458of springs 331

Fatiguecombined with creep 199contact 199corrosion 199cumulative damage 198failure, modes of 199influence of stress on 197–198low/high cycle 199properties 197S-N diagrams 197–198

INDEX 2579

Fatigue (continued)springs 293–295surface 199thermal 199

FCAW (flux-cored arc welding) 1371–1378Federal Specification

gage blocks, inch and metric sizes 717GGG-G-15A 717GGG-G-15B 717GGG-G-15C 717–719

Feedfunction, NC 1249–1250rate override, NC 1251rates

centering tools 1095for drilling 868–870, 1012–1043, 1095for milling 1009–1012for turning 996–1009hollow mills 1095

Feeds and speeds 597–599, 869, 978–1046, 1094–1095, 1103–1106

Feetinto meters 2541into millimeters 2538per minute into rpm 985–990, 1908–1909

Fellows stub tooth gears 2010Ferrite 483Ferrous

cast metals, speedsfor drilling, reaming, and

threading 1037–1038for milling 1021–1022for turning 1002–1003

metals, properties of 473, 475–476Fiber, vulcanized, strength of 478Fiberglass sheet, properties 380Files 1430

applications 1431–1432characteristics 1431classes 1431cross sections 1431–1432curved tooth 1431–1432machinists’ 1431–1432mill or saw 1431–1432rasps 1432–1433rotary 1433–1434special purpose 1432steel for 854Swiss pattern 1432–1433teeth, cut of 1431

Filler metals for brazing 1354–1359Fillet

area 64center of gravity 138

Fillet radius 2000Fillister head machine screws 1574Fine blanking 1312–1314Finishing of castings 1338Finishing, power brush 1435–1438Fire hose connection screw thread 1842–

1845

Fitsand limits

graphical representation 631–633tolerances designation 642–644

cylindricalallowances and tolerances for 621–667ANSI Standard 627–657application of tolerances 622British Standard 657–667clearance 631–637definitions 621–644expansion 623forced 622, 640metric ISO, British 657–666metric radial, ball and roller bearing

shaft and housing 2264preferred series 630running 631–635shrinkage 623–640transition 631, 633, 638

pressure in assembling 622–623Fittings, pipe 2504–2512

friction loss in 392Fixed (canned) cycles, NC 1258–1262Fixtures and jigs 941–951Flame

cutting of metals 1428–1429hardening 417, 499–500spraying process 1351

Flanged housing and pillow block bearings 2254

Flank of tooth 2000Flat

belts 2368–2369length formula 2369rivets for belts 1469rules for diameters and speeds of

pulleys 2370–2371speed limitations 2368

head cap screws 1599, 1603head machine screws 1569–1571, 1597–

1598metal products, preferred

thicknesses 2503plate

circular 270square and rectangular 268–269strengths 268–270thin 148thrust bearings 2219–2225

stayed surfaces in boiler work, strength 268

Flat knurls 1213Flexible

belts 2372, 2419couplings 2327manufacturing

cell 1235module 1235systems, (FMS) 1234

Floor and bench stand grinding 1192

INDEX2580

Flow of air in pipes 401Flow of water through nozzles 390

in pipes 388–389, 2509Fluid Maintenance

1114biocide Treatment 1114personal protective clothing 1114system service 1114

Fluidized bed furnace 479, 485Fluting cutters, reamers 808–810Fluxes

brazing 1354–1359soldering 1352–1354

Flywheels 173–184bursting speed tests 182–183calculations 173–184centrifugal stresses in 178classification 173design, general procedure 174energy of 173, 175for presses, punches, shears 174–178

dimensions of 176rim velocity 176simplified calculations 177–178weight of rim 177

pulley 173spokes or arms of 184stream engine 183–184stresses 183

centrifugal in rim 178combined bending and centrifugal 179in rotating disks 183

types of 173Foot-pound

equivalents 2551into British thermal units 2553

Force 113, 195acceleration resulting from 154–156addition and subtraction of 118algebraic composition and resolution

of 121–129algebraic solution

forces in same plane 122–124forces not in same plane 126–129

and couples, work performed by 158centrifugal 163–166

calculating 164colinear 121components of 118, 121composition 118, 121concurrent 121

components of single force 122coplanar 121couples of 120–121differential pulley 135for moving body on horizontal plane 135friction 155graphical representation 118–120moment of 113, 120noncoplanar 121normal component 155

Force (continued)of blow 159–160of gravity 155on inclined plane 131parallel 119parallelogram of 119polygon of 119pound 114, 116relationship to time 195resolution of 118, 121

into rectangular components 126resultant 118, 121

any number of concurrent forces 126locating when components are

known 129non-intersecting forces 124–125non-parallel, non-intersecting

forces 128parallel forces 123parallel forces not in same plane 127single force and couple 123three or more concurrent forces 122two concurrent forces 122

screw 135systems 118–135toggle joint 133work performed by 158

Forced fits, allowances 622, 640Forces and Couples 158Format

classification 1243–1245detail, NC 1243–1245word address, NC 1243–1245

Formed cutters for internal gears 2047Forming tools 758–770

arrangement of 770circular 760–770

diameters of 762–770with top rake 762–764

feeds per revolution 770, 1094speeds for 770, 1094straight 758–761

with rake 758–761Formulas

algebraic 32beam 207calculating dimensions of milled bevel

gears 2056column

American Railway Engineering Association 261

Euler 261–262, 266–267Johnson 262Rankine or Gordon 261straight-line 261

contour milling 1994critical speeds 185–186cutting speed 985dimensions of milled bevel gears 2054dimensions of SAE standard splines 2160dimensions of standard spur gears 2004

INDEX 2581

Formulas (continued)distance across bolt circle 687internal gears 2048linear motion, constant acceleration 152pendulum 189proportions of ANSI fine-pitch worms

and wormgears 2065rearrangement of 20–21rotary motion, constant acceleration 153tooth parts

former American Standard spur gear 2010

tooth parts, coarse pitch spur gear 2004torque capacity of involute splines 2141transposition 20–21trigonometric 84–85work and power 162

Formulas for center of gravity 136Fourth powers of wire diameters 330Fractional threads 1912Fractions

conjugate 14–15continued 13–14

use of 15–16decimal equivalents 2519one inch into decimal inches 2519one inch into millimeters 2538

Freebody diagram 155cutting steels 409, 422wheeling clutches 2332

Freezing mixtures 367French

metric screw threads 1780thermal unit 2514

Fretting damage 2145Friction 155, 190–192

brakes 2337–2341clutches 2328–2330coefficients 191, 2330, 2338–2341

rolling resistance 191static steel on various materials 191

effect on efficiency 191laws of 190rolling 191wheels, power transmission 2339–2341

Friction lossElbow

45 degree 39290 degree 392

in bearings 2280Standard tee

Flow thru branch 392Flow thru run 392

Fuelsaverage weights and volumes 371weight 372

Functionsderivatives 34–35involute 97–101

Functions (continued)sevolute 97trigonometric 83–85, 93

tables of 93–96versed cosine 97versed sine 97

Functions of anglesgraphic illustration 92

Furnaces, steel heat-treating 479, 484–485, 512–513

Fusion, latent heat of 364

GGage block sets

inch sizes 718metric sizes 719

Gage blocks 717Gage blocks, precision 717–719

federal specifications for 717inch sizes 718metric sizes 719

Gage tolerances 1883, 1885–1898Gagemakers tolerances 656–662Gages

ANSI Unified threadallowances and tolerances 1882–1884angle tolerances 1882classification 1877–1879constants for computing

dimensions 1883diameter tolerances 1882form 1879, 1883formulas for limits 1883–1884tolerances for plain gages 1883tolerances on lead 1882

rods 2499sheet metal 2501–2503sheet zinc 2502thickness and diameter sizes, galvanized

sheet 2502tubing 2499usage, ANSI Standard recommended 656wire 330, 2499–2500zinc 2502

Gaging methods and measuring instruments 669

Gallonscylindrical tanks 58–59in tank at given level 58–59into cubic inches 2518U.S. into liters 2545

Galvanized, (welding) 1363Gas

carburizing 417, 498illuminating, specific gravity 371metal arc welding (GMAW) 1363–1371specific gravity 371tungsten arc welding (GTAW) 1382–

1387

INDEX2582

Gasket materials 1458–1459Gasoline, specific gravity 371G-code programming, NC 1243–1263Gear

blanks 2033–2034, 2052–2053crossed helical 1998helical 1998hypoid bevel 1998materials 2063, 2113–2120set, center distance 2010–2015shapers, root diameters of gears cut

on 2011shaving 2011–2013size, checking 2094–2112specifications 2033–2036spur

internal 1998spur, external 1998straight bevel 1998teeth

induction hardening 502invention of 2121–2122

tooth caliper, vernier 2020, 2108–2111trains, for fractional ratios 1913–1914worm 1998zerol bevel 1998

Gear cutters, formedinvolute 2017–2021, 2047, 2077–2079milling cutters for chain sprockets 792–

793milling cutters for 14.5 deg. pressure

angle gears 791milling cutters for 14.5 deg. pressure

angles 791for miter and bevel gears 792

number for bevel gears 2058–2060Gear cutting

block or multiple indexing 1990–1991excess depth to obtain backlash 2039–

2040formed cutter selection 2021, 2058–

2059, 2077–2079helical 2077–2078internal gears 2047methods for bevel 2053–2062shaving 2011–2013

Gear ratio 2000Gear teeth, comparative sizes and shape

of 2002Gear to Mesh with Enlarged Pinion 2027Gear tooth stiffness constants 2045Geared chucks, spindles for 1203Gearing 2048–2066, 2068, 2070, 2077,

2093–2125AGMA Standards 2037, 2041angular backlash 2036–2042backlash 2036–2042, 2103backlash, recommended 2038bevel 2050–2063bronze and brass castings for 2117calculating

Gearing (continued)helical gears 2068–2083replacement gear dimensions 2123–

2125spur gears 2004–2033

calculating dimensions of milled bevel gears 2056

case hardening steels for 2113, 2117checking gear sizes 2094–2112checking pressures 2042chordal measurement of teeth 2015–

2017, 2108–2111circular pitch system 2002compound 1912, 1978contact ratios 2024–2026design of bevel gear blanks 2052diametral and circular pitch 2003diametral pitch 1999, 2009diametral pitch system 2002drawing data 2033–2036efficiency 2000elasticity factor 2044–2045enlarged fine-pitch pinions 2023enlarged pinion and reduced dimensions

to avoid interference 2019enlarged pinions meshing without

backlash 2027epicyclic 2083–2087equivalent pitch radius 2000external spur gears 1998face advance 2000Fellows stub tooth 2010fillet radius 2000fillet stress 2000fine-pitch gears, blanks for 2033finishing gear milling cutters 2023flank of tooth 2000for given center distance and ratio 2010,

2012–2013forged and rolled

alloy steels for 2113–2117carbon steels for 2113–2117

formed cutters for milling bevel gears 2060

geometrical factor 2046geometry factors 2045geometry of gear teeth 2002heat treatment to permit

machining 2113–2114helical 2068–2083herringbone 2083highest point of single tooth contact

(HPSTC) 2030–2031hypoid 2051idler gears 1977increasing pinion diameter to avoid

undercut or interference 2022induction hardening 502information to be given on

drawings 2043inspection 2042

INDEX 2583

Gearing (continued)inspection of gears 2042integral temperature criterion 2046interference 2000internal 2047–2048internal diameter 2000internal gear 2000internal spur gears 1998, 2047invention 2122involute curve 2002land 2000lead 2000length of action 2000life factor 2044–2045line of action 2000load distribution 2044–2045lowest point of single tooth contact

(LPSTC) 2000, 2029lubricant influence 2044lubricant influence, roughness, and

speed 2044lubrication film factor 2045material quality 2044materials for 2063–2066, 2113–2120measuring 2020, 2094–2112methods of cutting internal gears 2047metric

module gear cutters 2021minimum demanded and actual safety

factor 2045minimum demanded and calculated safety

factors 2045minimum number of teeth to avoid

undercutting 2027module 2000module system 2090–2093mountings for bevel gears 2053non-metallic 601–604, 2118–2122outside diameter 2000pin method of checking size 2094–2112pitch diameter 2002

obtained with diametral pitch system 2003

pitch point 2000plane of rotation 2001planetary 2083–2087pressure angle 2001, 2008profile checker settings 2031rack 2001ratchet 2088–2089relative sizes of internal gear and

pinion 2047replacement gear dimensions 2122–2125roll angle 2001root diameter 2001selection of involute gear milling

cutter 2021size factor 2044spur 2002–2033standard normal diametral pitches 2043steels for 2113–2117

Gearing (continued)surface condition factor 2045tangent plane 2001tangential force 2044terms used in specifications 2034through hardening steels for 2113–2114tip relief 2001tooth face 2001tooth proportions

fine-pitch involute spur and helical gears 2008

for enlarging fine-pitch pinions 2025–2026

tooth surface 2001tooth thickness allowance for

shaving 2013tooth-to-tooth composite error 2042total composite error 2042total face width 2001transverse load distribution factor 2045transverse plane 2001trochoid 2001true involute form (TIF) 2030true involute form diameter 2001, 2030undercut 2001undercut limit for hobbed involute

gears 2030welding factor 2045work Hardening Factor 2045work hardening factor 2044working depth 2001worm 2064–2066worm gearing 2064worm gears 1998zone factor 2044–2045

Gearing ratioschange, for lathe 1912–1915differential indexing 1976–1985finding accurate 1915–1917

Gears for given center distance and ratio 2012

General purpose Acme threads 1792–1802data 1799designation 1795form 1793–1794, 1796formulas for diameters 1796limiting dimensions 1795, 1797, 1802pitch diameter allowances 1800thread form 1793–1794, 1796

Geometric dimensioning and tolerancing 606, 610datum

feature 610identifier 610plane 611reference frame 611simulator 611target 611target areas 616target lines 616

definitions 610

INDEX2584

Geometric dimensioning and (continued)degrees of freedom 611dimension

basic 612origin 612reference 612

feature 612feature control frame 612free state 618least material condition (LMC) 612material removal required or

prohibited 706maximum material condition

(MMC) 613mean line 699modifiers 616position 613positional tolerance 616projected tolerance zone 616regardless of feature size (RFS) 613relation of surface roughness to

tolerances 702size, actual 613size, feature of 613tangent plane 618

Geometric symbolscomparison of ANSI and ISO 609

Geometricalconstructions 51–55dimensioning and tolerancing 606, 610–

611progression 43, 45propositions 46–50symbols for drawings 609–614

Geometrical factor 2046Geometry factors 2045German standard

gear tooth 2090screw threads, metric 1780

Gib-head keys 2345–2367gibi 2533Gleason system

bevel gears 2051–2054Zerol bevel gears 2050–2051

Glue, pattern 1339–1340GMAW

(gas metal arc welding) 1363–1371welding aluminum 1365–1366welding stainless steel 1364–1366

GO and NOT GO gages 2147Gold

plating 1447Goodman diagram 197–198Gordon formula for columns 261, 263Grade markings on bolts and nuts

ASTM and SAE 1488–1489inch 1484–1488metric 1534, 1559–1560, 1586

Gramsinto ounces, avoirdupois 2547per cubic centimeter into pounds per cubic

inch 2549Granite

specific gravity and weight 370strength 478

Graphical Resolution of Forces 118Graphical solution of force systems 118–120Graphitic materials for bearings 2242, 2245Gravel, weight 370Gravitational system of measurement 114Gravity 114

acceleration due to 114center of, in various geometrical

figures 136–142force of 155lubrication systems 2314–2316specific 370

gases 371liquids 371plastics 380various substances 370–371

Gray cast iron 1330Grease lubricants 2316–2318Greek symbols 2554Green sand molding 1336–1337Green wood, weight per cubic feet 377Grindability of tool steels 1151–1152Grinders

safety for 1170spindles for portable 1207, 1209

Grinding 1139–1193abrasive belt grinding 1193abrasives 1139–1141basic rules 1120carbide materials, diamond wheel 1135carbide tools 937–940cast iron 1132centerless 1183–1185centerless grinding troubles 1184–1185ceramic materials, diamond wheel 1135chip breakers 939–940cylindrical 1175–1183cylindrical grinding troubles 1179–1183diamond wheel 937–939, 1163–1169ECT 1121equivalent diameter (work conformity)

factor 1125finishing 1128floor and bench stand 1192fluids 1107grindability groups 1128grinding cost, optimization and process

planning 1138grinding cutting forces, torque and

power 1126grinding data selection including wheel

life 1127grinding rules and data selection 1120heat resistant alloys 1134

INDEX 2585

Grinding (continued)internal centerless 1183milling cutters 798–801minimum cost conditions 1123offhand grinding 1192optimization 1138optimum grinding data for roughing 1123planing tools 729–730plunge 1175portable grinding 1192procedure to determine data 1130relative grindability 1129rpm, various speeds and diameters 1174screw threads 1923–1927side feed, roughing and finishing 1128silicon carbide wheels 937–939spark-out time 1125specific metal removal rates 1125spindles for portable tools 1203surface 1185–1192surface finish, Ra 1124surface grinding troubles 1190swing-frame 1192terms and definitions 1129tool steels 1132–1134tools

carbide 937–939twist drills 934–937

traverse 1175unhardened steels 1131user calibration of

recommendations 1136wheel life and grinding ratio 1120wheel life relationships and optimum

grinding data 1122wheel life vs. cost 1138wheel safety 1170–1174

handling 1170inspection 1170machine conditions 1170mounting 1170portable grinders 1172safe operating speeds 1171–1174speed conversion table 1174speeds, maximum 1173storage 1170

wheel safety grades 1140wheels 1139–1162, 1170–1174

abrasive materials for 1139–1140angles for eccentric type radial relief

angles on milling cutters 804bond properties 1140CBN 1140, 1157, 1166cubic boron nitride 1139, 1157diamond 754–755

truing of 1158–1162dressing and truing of 1158–1162faces, shapes of 1150grades 1140

Grinding (continued)markings, standard 1141–1142mounted wheels and points 1205–1206

metric 1204mounting and safety 1170selection of 1142–1162shapes and sizes, standard 1142–1150

metric 1148–1149structure 1140–1141truing

diamond feeds 1161diamond sizes 1161dressing of 1158–1162

wheel markings 1141work speed and depth of cut

selection 1121work speeds in rough and finish

grinding 1125Grooved pins 1656, 1658–1662Grooving and oil feeding of bearings 2204–

2205Ground thread tap, designations 898GTAW (gas tungsten arc welding) 1382–

1387Guide bearings 2236–2237Guldinus or Pappus rules 56Gutta percha, turning 1045G-word, NC 1245–1249Gyration radius of 146

bar, small diameter 147circular disk, thin 147circular ring, thin flat 148cone 149cone, frustum 150cylinder 148cylinder, hollow 149ellipsoid 150flat plate, thin 148hollow cylinder, thin 148hollow sphere 150paraboloid 150parallelepiped 149parallelogram 148prism, rectangular 149ring 147sphere 150sphere, hollow 150spherical shell, thin 150thin flat plate 148

HH- and L-limits 879–880, 896–897Hand

expansion reamers 817of flute helix 774of milling cutter 773reamers 807–817

Hard facing 1423–1427Hard rubber, machining 1119

INDEX2586

Hardenability 415–416test methods 416

Hardening steel 479, 485–486, 491–492flame 499induction 500laser and electron beam 503

Hardmetals 747–757carbonitride based 749–750coated 750–752ISO classifications 753tooling for wood and nonmetals 757

Hardness 415aluminum alloys 550–555bearings 2199–2200ceramics 379heat-treated steels 430–436magnesium alloys 560O-ring 2483–2484plastics 380powdered metal alloys 383relation to tensile strength 473, 475, 521,

524steel

carbon and alloy 432–436castings 1333cold drawn, rounds, square, and

hexagons 431stainless 439tool steels 458, 460, 462, 464, 468, 471

surface (case) 415–416testing 516–524

Brinell 516–524conversion errors, causes 521conversion tables 520–524correction for curvature 2304diamond pyramid 518–520durometer 521, 2485, 2487Hultgren ball 517–521Keep’s test 519Knoop hardness numbers 518–519Mohs hardness scale 521, 524monotron 518–519relationship between hardness and

tensile strength 473, 475, 521, 524Rockwell 520–524scleroscope 518–521Turner's sclerometer 521, 524Vickers 518–521

H-bands (hardenability) 416Heat

absolute temperature and zero 2514coefficients of radiation 367coefficients of transmission 367Fahrenheit-Celsius conversion 2514–

2516freezing mixtures 367ignition temperatures 367latent 364loss from uncovered steam pipes 365–

366mechanical equivalent 2514

Heat (continued)power equivalents 2551quantity measurement 2514radiating capacity of bearings 2204radiation coefficient 367scales 2514specific 364temperature scales 2514–2516thermal energy 2514

Heat radiating capacity of bearings 2206Heat treatment 479–483

high-speed steelsannealing 510–511furnaces for 512–513hardening 508–514

steel 414–415, 479–517annealing 414, 479, 483, 495–497annealing temperatures 496–497, 503–

505baths

heating 487quenching 488–492tempering 492–495

carbonitriding 417carburizing 417, 498

temperatures 504–505case hardening 497–499case hardening steels 504–505cleaning work after case hardening 499colors for tempering 495cooling

low-temperature, to stabilize dimensions 514–517

subzero, to improve properties 516–517

cyanide hardening 498decalescence point 479, 485defects in hardening 488double tempering 494flame hardening 499furnaces 479, 484–485hardenability test, Jominy 416hardening temperatures 479, 485–486,

504–505hardening, defects in 488heat treatments for SAE steels 503–505induction hardening 500–503interrupted quenching 490–492lead bath temperatures 487, 494liquid baths 487nitriding 417, 513normalizing 414, 496–497normalizing temperatures 503–505oil hardening steels 503–505pack-hardening 498protective coatings for molybdenum

steels 512quenching 414, 481–485, 488–492, 510recalescence point 479, 485salt baths 487scale formation 488

INDEX 2587

Heat treatment (continued)spheroidizing 496–497stabilizing dimensions 515strength and hardness of AISI

steels 432–436stress relieving 415subzero treatments 516–517surface hardening 503tanks for quenching baths 490tempering 416, 482, 493–495time aging 515water quenching 489

Hectares into acres 2541, 2544Helical

gearingenlarged fine-pitch pinions 2077–2080fine pitch 2077–2079formed cutter number 2077–2079hobbing 2080replacement gear dimensions 2122–

2125shafts

at any angle 2069–2078at right angles 2072–2074parallel 2070

interpolation, NC 1255milling 2077–2079

change gears 1931–1948wire screw thread inserts 1635

Helical gearing 1998, 2068–2083center distance for enlarged 2080change gears for hobbing 2080–2083checking gear size 2094, 2103–2109checking size by pin method 2103chordal thickness and addendum 2015–

2017data on drawings 2033–2036direction of thrust 2068enlarged fine-pitch pinions 2080fine pitch 2006–2008helix angles 2069herringbone type 2083hobbing 2081–2083normal tooth thickness 2006, 2008pin method of checking size 2094–2109pitch of cutter 2069problems 2083spur gear replacement by helical

gears 2122tooth number for selected formed

cutter 2077–2079tooth proportions 2008

Helical gears 1998Helical overlap 2000Helix 1933

angle 2000angle factor 2045angles, screw threads 1740–1749constructing 55lead for given angle 1943–1948measurement of angle 1933

Helix angle 2000Herringbone gearing 2083Hertz stress, 2000Hexagon

area 62distance across corners 82

Highest point of single tooth contact (HPSTC) 2000, 2030

High-speed steels 457–460, 979as cutting tool materials 979cobalt 856–857cobaltcrom 508heat treatment 508–514

annealing 510–511equipment 513forging 513hardening

molybdenum 510–512temperatures 509–510tungsten 508–510

nitriding 512–513preheating tungsten 508quenching

molybdenum 512tungsten 509–510

subzero treatment 514–517tempering

molybdenum 512tungsten 510–511

time for through hardening 509molybdenum 457–458, 464, 510–513tungsten 458, 460, 462, 508–511

High-strength, low-alloy (HSLA) steels 409–410, 440–443

Hob tip radius, maximum 2030–2033Hobbing helical gears, change gears 2080–

2083Hobs

change gears for relieving 1916–1917roller chain sprocket 2437, 2439

Hobs, worm gear 2064Hoisting chain and wire rope 333–360Holders for NC, insert 732–738, 1281–1284Hold-on or dolly bars for riveting 1467Holes

accuracy of drilled 856–858coordinate dimension factors for jig

boring 959–970difficulties in reaming 812for riveted joints 1457for tapping 1889–1907in glass, drilling 1034sizes for self-tapping screws 1628–1635spacing of, on a jig borer 959–970

Hollowcylinder 149mills, feeds and speeds 1095sphere 150

Honing process 1196–1199abrasive stones for 1198adjustments 1198–1199

INDEX2588

Honing process (continued)carbide tools 939–940rotative speeds in 1196–1198stock removal, rate of 1197tolerances 1199

Hooks, dimensions of crane 357Horsepower 113

air compression 396–400chain transmission 2431–2444converted into kilowatts 2551, 2553disk clutches 2329drilling different materials 1051–1053dynamometer test 2338–2341electric motor ratings 2446equivalents 2551, 2553formulas 162friction wheels 2339–2341gearing 2118–2121helical gearing 2068–2083machining 1046–1051nonmetallic gears 2118–2122planing and shaping 1047–1049roller chains 2431–2444set-screw transmitting capacity 1619shafting 275–277spade drilling 870, 1051–1054spur gears 2118–2122torque equivalent 275–277V-belt drives 2372–2419water at a given head 389

Horsepower-hour equivalents 2551Hose coupling screw threads 1841–1845Hot short alloy 1337–1338Hot-working, tool steels for 452–454, 456HSLA steels 409–410, 440–443Hydrant screw thread 1842–1845Hydrochloric acid, specific gravity 371Hydrometer, Baumé’s, and specific

gravity 371Hydrostatic bearings 2195–2196Hyperbola area 65

constructing 55Hypocycloidal curves, areas 58Hypoid bevel gears 1998Hypoid gears 2049, 2051

applications of 2051Hypotenuse 83Hysteresis 290

II-beam

aluminum 2498standard structural

steel 2493structural

moment of inertia 2489–2493section modulus 2489–2493steel 2489weight per foot 2489–2493

Ice, specific gravity and weight 370Identities, trigonometric 84–85Idler gears 1977IGES (initial graphics exchange

specification) 1294–1296Ignition temperature 368Impact force of 159Impact strength, Izod

carbon and alloy steels 432–433plastics 380

Impulse 160–162Impulse and momentum, angular 161Inch

decimals of, into millimeters 2525–2535fractional, into millimeters 2538into centimeter and millimeter 2533millimeters into decimals of 2536

Inclined plane 130, 155force for moving body on 130motion on 155

Inclined plane, forces on 131Inconel metals 562–563Incremental programming, NC 1248Indexable

carbide inserts 729–732insert holders, NC 732–738, 1281–1284inserts, single-point tools 729–732

Indexingangular 1956–1976block or multiple 1990–1991compound 1947–1948, 1950–1956differential 1976–1985head worm wheel with 64 teeth 1992milling machine 1947–1993movements 1951–1975, 1979–1989,

1992–1993rack cutting on milling machine 1993reamer teeth for irregular spacing 807–

808simple 1947–1948, 1979–1985

Indexing head, angular position formilling cams 2186–2188milling clutches 2334–2336milling end mills and angular

cutters 796–799Induction hardening 417–418, 500–503

equipment 500–501gear teeth 502–503quenching 502steels for 501

Industrial assets, investments in 27–31Inertia 113

moment of 217polar 277–278

Initial graphics exchange specification (IGES), NC 1294–1296

Insertshardmetal materials 747–757holders for NC 732–738, 1281–1284indexable 730–738, 1281–1284radius compensation, NC 1281–1284

INDEX 2589

Inserts (continued)screw thread 1635self-tapping screw 1635superhard materials 754–757

Inspection methods 669–719Instrument maker's thread system 1846Instrumentation

surface texture measurement 704Interest

compound 24finding unknown rate 26formulas 28nominal vs. effective 25simple 24

Interference 2000Interference fit threads 1786–1791

British Standard 1551, 1562coarse threads 1789–1790designation symbols 1787dimensions 1788engagement lengths 1789interferences 1787, 1789lubrication 1789materials for 1789profile 1786spur gearing 2019–2022torques for 1791

Interferometer 1219Internal diameter 2000Internal gear 2000Internal spur

gear 1998gearing 2047–2048

International System (SI) units 2520–2524Interpolation

circular, NC 1254–1255helical and parabolic, NC 1255linear, NC 1253

Interrupted quenching 490–492Inverse

and direct proportions combined 23ratio or reciprocal 21

Investmentannual cost method 27–29casting 1344–1346in industrial assets 27–31present worth method 29–30prospective rate of return method 30–31

Investment casting alloyaluminium 381–382bronge 381–382carbon and low alloy steel 381–382cobalt 381–382copper 381–382stainless steel 381–382

Involute 2000constructing 55curve properties 2004, 2006curve, properties of 2002functions 97–101

Involute (continued)gear cutters, formed type 2021, 2047,

2054, 2056–2060, 2077–2079serrations 2126splines 2126–2150

ANSI Standard, inch dimensions 2126–2147

basic dimension formulas 2131, 2151basic rack profile 2155chamfers and fillets 2135, 2155combinations of types 2138compressive stresses,allowable 2145crowning for misalignment 2145dimensions, effective and actual 2135–

2151drawing data 2139fillets and chamfers 2135, 2155fits, types of 2133, 2148–2150fretting damage 2145inspection methods 2146interchangeability 2138metric module 2148–2155pin measurement of 2147reference dimensions 2138, 2155shear stresses allowable 2142sizes and lengths, estimating 2140,

2143space width limits 2136–2138, 2151–

2153symbols for 2129, 2139, 2148–2150tensile stresses, allowable 2145terms 2126–2129, 2148–2153tolerances 2133–2134, 2151–2153tooth numbers 2129, 2133tooth proportions 2129–2133, 2148–

2155tooth thickness limits 2136, 2151–2153torque capacity formulas 2140–2145variations

effect of 2135, 2153types of 2127, 2135, 2153

Involute splines 2000, 2126, 2129American National Standard 2126basic dimension 2133classes of tolerances 2133diametral pitch 2128effect of spline variations 2136effective

clearance 2128space width 2128tooth thickness 2128variation 2128, 2153

effective and actual dimensions 2136–2137, 2147

fillet 2128fillet root splines 2128, 2135fillets and chamfers 2135fit Classes 2152flat root splines 2128, 2135form circle 2129form clearance 2129

INDEX2590

Involute splines (continued)form diameter 2129formulas for 2-pin measurement 2148inspection

types of gages 2147inspection methods 2146inspection with gages 2147interchangeability 2138internal splines 2129, 2138lead variations 2129, 2136length of engagement 2129length of splines 2141load distribution factors 2142machining tolerance 2129, 2154major circle 2129major diameter 2129major diameter fit 2133manufacturing 2162maximum

actual space width 2137effective space width 2138effective tooth thickness 2137

maximum actual tooth thickness 2137minimum

actual space width 2137effective space width 2137effective tooth thickness 2138

minimum actual tooth thickness 2137minor circle 2129minor diameter 2129parallelism variation 2129pitch 2129pitch circle 2129pitch diameter 2129pitch point 2129pressure angle 2129shear stress

at the pitch diameter of teeth 2144under roots of external teeth 2144

side fit 2133space width and tooth thickness

limits 2137stub pitch 2129tooth numbers 2133tooth proportions 2130tooth thickness modification 2153total index variation 2129total tolerance 2129types and classes of fits 2133variation allowance 2129, 2136wear life factors, flexible splines 2142

Iron- and copper-base sintered bearings 2243–2245

Iron castings 1328–1331ISO Standard

drawing symbols, compared with ANSI 609

geometric dimensioning and tolerancing 606

ISO Standard (continued)ISO DR 911 1559ISO DR 947 1559ISO DR 950 1559ISO DR 952 1559ISO DR 987 1559ISO Recommendation R273 1904ISO R272 1559ISO R288 1559ISO R53 2043ISO R54 2043ISO R773 2354ISO R861 1522ISO TC/600 2045ISO 261 1777ISO 4032 1542ISO 4033 1542ISO 4035 1542ISO 4156 2148ISO 4161 1542ISO 4762 1522ISO 68 1755–1756, 1760ISO 6983/1 1248ISO 6983/2 1248ISO 6983/3 1248ISO 887 1549ISO 898/I property class 8.8 1776ISO 965 1755, 1766, 1768ISO 965/1 1762–1764, 1767–1768ISO/TC2/WG6/N47 1549metric

British Standard taps 902–903grade markings on bolts 1559–1560hexagon bolts, screws and nuts 1555–

1560limits and fits, British Standard 657–

666thread 1825–1834

surface texture symbology 713tapping drills for 1901–1903washers, compared with ANSI 1549

ISO surface finish 711ISO surface parameter symbols 715Isosceles triangle 83Isothermal

expansion, compression of air 396quenching 492

Izod impact strengthcarbon and alloy steels 432–433plastics 380

JJacobs tapers 919Jam nuts, standard 1493, 1499–1500

metric 1548Japanese Industrial Standard

JIS B 1083 1482Jarno taper 906, 917

INDEX 2591

Jigboring 951–954

hole coordinate dimension factors for 959–970

transfer of tolerances in 952–954bushings 941–951

definitions 941designation system for 942, 951locking mechanisms for 950materials 941

plate thicknesses 941Jigs and fixtures 941–951

definitions 951Jobbers reamers 818

drills 829–835Johnson, J. B., column formula 262, 266–

267Joints

plastics pipe 2510–2512riveted 1457–1463toggle 133universal 2327

Jominy hardenability tests 416Journal or sleeve bearings 2204–2219

KKeep’s hardness test 519Kelvin, degrees 2514Kerosene, specific gravity 371Key and spline sizes and lengths 2140Keying bearings 2197–2198Keys and keyseats 2342

ANSI Standard 2342–2354British Standard 2354–2367chamfered keys 2347, 2353cotters 2351, 2354depths for milling keyseats 2342–2344,

2353effect on shaft strength 283estimating key sizes 2140filleted keyseats 2347, 2353fitting 2346gib-head keys 2345, 2359, 2363–2367key fitting 2346keyseat milling cutters, Woodruff 795keyseats, depth of 2343–2344, 2346,

2353keyway stresses, nonmetallic

gears 2121–2122metric 2354–2360milling cutters and arbors 794parallel 2342–2353plain 2345, 2363–2367setscrews for keys 2347size vs. shaft diameter 2342–2346, 2353–

2357, 2361–2364strength considerations for shafts 283taper 2345–2354, 2359–2364tolerances 2345, 2347–2349, 2353

Keys and keyseats (continued)transmission chain 2426Woodruff 2348–2365

kibi 2533Kilogram calorie 2514Kilograms

into pounds 2546per cubic meter into pounds per cubic

foot 2549per square centimeter into pounds per

square inch 2548per square meter into pounds per square

foot 2548per square meter into pounds per square

inch 2548Kilometers into miles 2541Kilopascals into pounds per square inch 2548Kilowatt

into horsepower 2553power required for machining 1046

Kilowatt-hour equivalents 2551Kinematics 113Kinetic energy 157–159Kinetics 113Kingsbury thrust bearing 2218–2219, 2232–

2235Kips 1333–1334K-Monel, machining 1118Knee tools, speeds and feeds 1095Knoop hardness numbers 518–519Knuckle joints, proportions 2329Knurls and knurling 1211–1215

ANSI 1211–1215automatic screw machines 1094–1099concave 1215diametral pitch knurls 1211–1215formulas 1213lathe knurls 1211revolutions required for top

knurling 1094sizes, preferred 1211speeds and feeds 1095straight knurls 1213–1215tracking correction 1211work diameter tolerances 1214–1215

Ksi 1333–1334

LLag screws and threads 1497–1498

metric 1525Lame’s formula for internal pressure 271Laminated phenolic bearings 2242, 2245Land 2000Land, gear tooth

drill 827Lapping

abrasives 1202carbide tools 939–940grading abrasives for 1200

INDEX2592

Lapping (continued)grading diamond dust for 1201lubricants 1202pressures 1202tests 1203wet and dry 1202

Laps 1199–1203charging laps 1200cutting properties 1201flat surfaces 1199materials for 1199rotary diamond 1200wear 1202

Laser and electron beam surface hardening 503

Lasers 1410–1422beam focusing 1410–1411beams 1410cladding 1421–1422cutting metal with 1414–1415

cut edge roughness 1415–1416cutting speeds 1418–1419heat-affected zone 1416–1417kerf widths 1415–1416

cutting nonmetals 1416–1417drilling 1420–1422heat treatment 1421–1422light 1410marking 1422safety 1413types of industrial 1411–1412welding 1418–1421

joint design 1419–1420processing gas 1420–1421theory 1418–1419welding rates 1419–1421

Latent heat 364Lathe

arbors 858centers, steel for 456change gears 1912–1916fixtures, balancing 171–172screw constant 1912types of motors for driving 2449

Law ofcosines 84sines 84

Lead 2000angle of cutting tools 723–730

tool inserts 1281angle of screw thread

finding 1863–1864, 1933tables for 1740–1749, 1784, 1799,

1807, 1815, 1872–1874angle of screw thread tables for 1815of helix for given angles 1943–1948of helix known, find change gears for

milling 1931–1943of helix, change gears and angles for

milling 1863–1864, 1946–1947of milling machine 1931

Lead (continued)of screw thread 1859–1864, 1933

Lead bathalloys, temperatures 494for heating steel 487tempering 494

Lead, melting point 494heat transmission coefficient 367solder 1353specific gravity 370strength 477tempering in 494

Lead-base alloys, die casting 1343Leaded-bronze bearings 2238–2241Least material condition (LMC) 612Length

differences due to temperature 668engagement of screw thread 1489–1491measures 2517, 2522of rivets for forming heads 1463standard 2522

Length of action 2000Letter

addresses, NC 1243symbols for mechanics 115

Levers 132Life adjustment factors for rolling element

bearings 2296–2297Life factor 2045Light

duty V-belts 2390–2397laser 1410metals

speeds for drilling, reaming, and threading 1039

speeds for milling 1013–1014speeds for turning 1007–1008

wave interference bands, measuring surface variations with 695–696

Limestonecutting speed for 1045specific gravity and weight 370strength 478

Limitelastic 196endurance 197proportional 195–196

Limits and fitsANSI Standard preferred metric 632,

642–657British Standard (metric ISO) for holes

and shafts 658–666cylindrical fits, ANSI Standard 627–642definitions 632, 642, 644gages, plain 622, 656gages, thread 1877–1884graphical representation 632–633indicating on drawings 621–622metric 632, 642–651, 657screw thread gages 1877–1884symbols 642–644

INDEX 2593

Limits and fits (continued)tolerance designation 642Woodruff keys 2348–2349

Limits, upper and lower (UL and LL) 613Line

conventions and drawings 606geometry of 48

Line conventions and drawings 606Line of action 2000Linear

coefficient of expansion 367ceramics 379metals 368–371pipe material

copper 392FRP 392PP & PVDF 392PVC 392steel 392

plastics 380deflection of shafting 280interpolation, NC 1253

Lines, points, circles (APT) NC 1265–1270Liquid

baths, heating steel in 487carburizing 417depth to volume conversion 58–59measure 2518, 2523specific gravity 370–371

Litersinto cubic feet 2545into U.S. gallons 2545

Loadrating, static, bearings 2297–2301ratings and fatigue life, bearings 2285–

2303Load distribution 2044–2045Lobing 694–696Lock wire proceedure 1491Locknut threads, pipe 1848, 1851–1852Locknuts, ball and roller bearing 2277

shafts for 2278–2279Lockwashers

ANSI Standard 1515–1519ball and roller bearing 2276British Standard, metric

plain 1565–1566spring 1563–1565

spring type 1516–1517tooth type 1515, 1518–1519

Logarithms 102–111avoiding negative characteristic 104characteristic 102common 102, 108–109division by 105extracting roots by 107mantissa 102multiplication by 104natural 102, 104, 110–111

Logarithms (continued)obtaining powers by 106tables 108–111

common 108–109natural 110–111

using calculator to find 104Long angle lathe file 1433Low pressure casting 1337–1338Löwenherz thread 1825Lubricants 2311–2320

application of oils 2312–2314bearings 2202–2205, 2318–2320cutting 1106, 1108–1111density 2311–2313dynamic viscosity coefficient 2324electric motors 2458–2459grease 2315–2318oil mist 2315–2316oils 2311–2320pressure-viscosity coefficient 2324presswork 1302solid films 2318specific gravity 2312–2313temperature vs. viscosity 2202–2203,

2312–2313viscosity 2311–2313, 2319

Lubrication 2201–2205, 2312–2320aerodynamic 2321analysis, journal bearings 2207–2219application of oils 2315–2318ball and roller bearings 2318–2320centralized systems 2313–2315chain 2443density 2311–2313elastohydrodynamic 2321films 2318gravity systems 2314–2316grease 2315–2317motors 2458–2459oil mist 2315–2316oils 2315–2318plain bearings 2201–2204relubrication with grease 2317–2318roller chain 2443selection for bearings 2202–2205solid films 2318specific gravity 2312–2313systems 2313–2316viscosity 2202–2203, 2311–2320viscosity-pressure relationship 2324wicks and wick feeds 2314–2316

Lubrication film factor 2045

MMachinability of wood 377–378Machine

accuracy, effect of on part tolerances 1220

countersinks 813

INDEX2594

Machine (continued)elements, subjected to compressive

loads 262platens, NC ??–1285

Machine screw taps 872, 883–886metric (ISO) 883–893

Machine screwsANSI Standard 1568–1585binding head 1576British

metric 1586–1598Unified 1595–1597

British Metric 1598British Unified 1597BSW and BSF 1586, 1591, 1595–1598cheese head 1593clearance holes, metric 1585cross recesses 1577fillister head 1574flange head 1583flat head 1569–1571, 1579header points for 1574–1575, 1582hexagon head 1572, 1583hexagon washer head 1571metric, ANSI standard 1577–1585nuts for 1568oval head 1574–1576, 1580pan head 1573, 1581, 1591–1592recommended nominal screw lengths,

metric 1585round head 1577tap and clearance drills 1889–1903tap drill sizes 1900taps for 872, 883–893truss head 1572washerhead 1571washers for 1512–1517, 1565–1567

Machine toollathe, change gears for fractional

ratios 1913–1914motor types 2456–2457

Machinery noise 1297Machining

aluminum 1116bearings 2199–2201copper alloys 1119hard rubber 1119magnesium 1117–1118Monel and nickel alloys 1118–1119nonferrous metals 1116–1119power constants 1046–1047power factors

chisel-edge 1053drill diameters 1055feeds 1047, 1054machine tool efficiency 1049metal removal rates 1050tool wear 1048work materials 1053

power, estimating 1046–1054zinc alloy die castings 1118

Machining processesANSI Standard tolerance grade

relationships 630, 657effect on surface roughness 702–703

Macro, NC 1257–1258Magnesium alloys 557–560, 1343

applications 557compositions 559cutting fluids for 1111, 1117–1118designations 557die casting 1342machining 1117–1118properties 560soldering of 1352–1354strength 477, 560

Magnesium, coating 1446Magnetic clutches 2331–2332Malleable

cast iron 1331iron castings 1330–1331Iron Research Institute 1340strength 1330–1331

Malleablizing 481Manganese steel 411–412Manganese, in welding electrodes 1362–

1363Manganese-bronze castings 529–530Manila rope, strength 354, 360Mantissa, logarithm 102Manual data input, NC 1240Manufacturers' standard gage for sheet

steel 2501Manufacturing cell

flexible, NC 1235Manufacturing cell, flexible, NC

module 1235system 1235

Marblespecific gravity and weight 370turning 1045

Martempering 492Martensite 484, 514Masonry, weight per cubic foot 370Mass 113–114, 116Material quality 2044Materials

mechanical properties of 195–196Materials for worm gearing 2067Mathematical signs and abbreviations 2Matter 113Maximum material condition (MMC) 613MBEC bearing tolerances 2240M-codes (M-words), NC 1249Mean positional deviation 1216–1219Mean proportional 22Measurement of backlash 2040Measurement over pins 687Measurements with pins 2147Measures and weights 2536–2553Measuring

angles with sine-bar 673–682

INDEX 2595

Measuring (continued)compound angles 688–690dovetail slides 682–683gear size 2094–2112instruments and gaging methods 669–

719radius or arc, over rolls 690surface texture 697–705tapers 682–686threads

Acme 1870–1875American standard 1866–1867buttress 1875–1877tapered 1872, 1875–1876using micrometer 1859–1861using screw thread gage 1876–1884using three-wire method 1860–1877Whitworth 1868

V-shaped groove, over pins 690with light-wave interference bands 695–

696with micrometer 670–672, 1859–1861with vernier 669–670

mebi 2533Mechanical equivalent of heat 2514Mechanical properties

aluminum 550, 556–557bolts, inch sizes 1488–1489bolts, metric sizes 1520, 1559–1560ceramics 379copper 565magnesium 557–560nickel 561–563plastics 380powdered metal alloys 383spring wire 385steel 452–454, 473, 476strengths 473–478titanium 561, 564various materials 195–196wood 375–376

Mechanics of materials 113acceleration 151, 153–154

due to gravity, g 114algebraic solution of force systems 118,

121–129angular

impulse 161momentum 161velocity 151–154

center and radius of oscillation 151center of gravity 136–142, 151center of percussion 151centrifugal force 163–166

calculating 164couples 120–121differential pulley 135dynamics 113energy 156–158force 118–121force of a blow 159–160

Mechanics of materials (continued)graphical solution of force systems 118–

120impulse and momentum 160–162

angular 161inclined plane 130, 155kinetic energy 157–159levers 132linear velocity 151–152metric SI units 113, 116, 118

decimal multiples and submultiples of 2522

moment of inertia 143–146momentum 160–162Newton's laws 154–155pendulums 188–189potential energy 157–158pound force 114power 162–163pulleys 134–135radius

of gyration 146radius of gyration 147–151radius of oscillation 151scalar and vector quantities 118screw 135SI metric units 113, 116–118statics 113toggle joints 133torque 156units 113–116vectors 118velocity, angular 151–152velocity, linear 151–152wedge 130wheels 134work 158–159, 162–163work and energy relation 158–159work and power formulas 162–163work performed by forces and

couples 158Meehanite castings 1328–1329Melting points

alloys of copper and zinc 1356–1357alloys of lead and tin 1353brazing alloys 1356–1358metals 368–370solder 1353various metals 368–370

Mercury inches of, and equivalent pressure 388

Metalalumimium alloys 368–369balls, standard 2302–2310bonded grinding wheels 937–938, 1140bonding 2460–2463cast iron and steel 368–369coloring 1440–1443copper-base alloy 368–369foundry patterns 1340identification 521

INDEX2596

Metal (continued)inert gas (MIG) welding 1362–1371manganese bronge 368–369melting points 368–369nickel 368–369numbering systems for 403, 405plasma welding 1387–1390properties of 473–478slitting saws 776specific gravity and properties 368–370spraying process 1351stainless steel 368–369temperature effect on strength 475, 478titanium alloy 368–369

Metal workingapplication 1113fluid selection 1113use 1113

Metal working Fluidsclasses 1112occupational exposure 1112–1115

Metallurgy, powder 1350Meters into feet 2541Metric

basic sizes, British Standard preferred 667

bolts and screws, British Standard clearance holes for 1903–1904

conversion factors 2525–2531, 2533tables 2525–2553

dimensions on drawings 708, 710dowel pins, British Standard 1648–1650equivalents 2525–2553fasteners, ANSI 1520–1527, 1529, 1532–

1534, 1541, 1544–1549inch vernier, dual 670–671International System of Units (SI) 2520–

2524ISO limits and fits, British Standard 657–

666keys and keyways, British

Standard 2354–2360micrometer, reading 671–672module, gear cutter 2021

gear teeth 2090–2093series British ISO

hexagon bolts, nuts, and screws 1555–1560

machine screws and nuts 1586–1595metal washers 1565–1566socket screws 1613–1618spring washers 1563–1565taps 902–903

SI system in mechanics, calculations 113, 116–118

SI units, factors and prefixes 2522sizes, preferred for flat metal

products 2503systems of measurement 2520–2523threads

British (ISO) 1825–1834

Metric (continued)SI 1825

twist drillsANSI 827–846British Standard 856

vernier, reading 670washers, plain, ANSI 1547, 1549

Metric (SI) System 116Metric module gear cutters 2021Metric system 113–114

base units 116in strength of materials calculations 195use of 116

Microinch 2517into micrometers (microns) 2539–2540

Micrometerinto microinches 2539–2540reading 670–672screw thread 1859

Microprocessor 1229–1230Microscope screw thread 1846Mil 2517MIL-A-8625F 1444, 1448MIL-C-13924C 1444MIL-C-14538C 1444MIL-C-14550B 1445MIL-C-5541E 1445MIL-C-8837B 1451Miles into kilometers 2541MIL-F-495E 1445MIL-G-45204C 1447Military plating specifications 1444–1451Mill or saw files 1431Millimeters

hundreds of, into inches 2533into feet 2538into inches 2533, 2536thousandths of an inch, into 2534–2535

Millingangular 777, 783cam 2186–2188change gears for helical or spiral 1931–

1948contour 1994feeds for

cemented carbide cutters 1013–1022high-speed steel cutters 1023in inches per tooth for cemented carbide

cutters 1013–1022helical, change gears for different

leads 1931–1948horsepower for 1044–1051short lead 1931speeds and feeds 1009–1012

automatic screw machine 1095copper alloys 1006, 1024ferrous cast metals 1021–1022light metals 1013–1014metal slitting (saws) 776, 1012plain carbon and alloy steels 1014stainless steels 1019–1020

INDEX 2597

Milling (continued)superalloys 1008–1009titanium and titanium alloys 1007tool steels 1018–1019

thread 1928–1930Milling cutters 771–806

ANSI Standard 772–795arbor keys and keyways 794arbor type 790bevel gear 792, 2058–2061casting 1346classification of 772–773concave and convex 790corner rounding 775, 790double angle 777eccentric type radial relief 801elements of 776–779end mills 779–789gear 791–792grinding or sharpening 798–806hand of

cut 772cutter 773flute helix 774rotation 772

helical gear 2077–2078hollow 1095indicator drop methods of checking relief

and rake angles 801–805keys and keyways for 794keyseat 795metal slitting (saws) 776number of teeth 771–772plain 773rake angles 800–801roller chain sprocket 792–793selection of 771setting angles for milling teeth in 796–

799shell mills 778side 774single angle 777, 783spline shaft 799spur gear 791, 2021steels for 452–456terminology 776–779T-slot 775Woodruff keyseats 795

Milling machineBrown & Sharpe 1979centering plugs 923Cincinnati 1986–1989cutters for 14.5-deg. pressure angle

gears 791–792draw-in bolt ends 923indexing 1947–1993lead of 1931platens ??–1285spindle noses 920–921, 924

tapers for 920, 1929–1930tool shanks 922

Milling machine (continued)V-flange, NC 1284–1285

MIL-L-46010D 1448MIL-M-3171C 1446MIL-M-45202C 1446MIL-P-45209B 1449MIL-P-81728AT 1446MIL-R-27426 1674, 1676, 1678, 1680MIL-R-46085B 1450MIL-T-10727C 1451Miner's law of linear damage 198Miniature screw threads 1781–1785Minutes into decimals of a degree 90, 92Miscellaneous functions (M-words),

NC 1249Module 2000

flexible manufacturing, NC 1235splines, metric 2148–2155system of gear teeth 2090–2093

Moduluspolar moment 278polar section 278

Modulus ofelasticity

for various materials 196perforated metal 235shear 196

elasticity, E (Young’s) 196, 326–329for various materials 196iron and steel 476nickel-based alloy 289–290nonferrous metals 477plastics 380

flexural 380rupture 375–376

wood 375shear (G) 196

for various materials 196in plastics 573–575in spring design 329

spring materials 326–329Modulus section

polar 277Mohs hardness scale 521, 524Molding

green sand 1336–1337shell 1336–1337

Molds, steels for permanent 468–469Molybdenum

high-speed steels 510–512heat treatment of 510–512tool steels 457–458, 460, 462, 464

steels, SAE 409Moment of a force 113, 120Moments of inertia 143–146

angles, steel 2495–2497built-up sections 217channels, aluminum 2498channels, steel 2494cross-sections 217–227formulas for various sections 217–227

INDEX2598

Moments of inertia (continued)I or S shapes, steel 2493I-beams, aluminum 2498I-beams, steel 2489–2493of complex areas 146pipe 2339–2341plane areas 143polar 143–146, 229, 277–278

cone 144cone, frustum 144cylinder 144cylinder, hollow 144ellipsoid 145paraboloid 145prism 144pyramid 144solid ring 145sphere 145spherical sector 145spherical segment 145torus 145

rectangles 228round shafts, table for 229–234structural channels 2494, 2498wide flange, steel 2489–2492

Moments of Inertia, Section Moduli and Radius of Gyration 218

Momentum 160–162Monel metals, machining 1118

properties 562–563Monotron for hardness testing 518–519Morse

reamers for sockets 824stub taper shanks 907–908tapers 906–917twist drill gage 2499

Mortising wood 378Motion

accelerated 153–156constant acceleration 152constant velocity 151force and work 154–155, 158general formulas 151–153

linear motion, constant acceleration 152

rotary motion, constant acceleration 153

Newtonfirst law 154second law 154–155third law 155

on inclined plane 130, 155rotary, formulas 153uniformly accelerated 151

Motion controlanalog transducers 2475closed-loop systems 2468–2470control function 2471

features of controllers 2470control motors 2472–2474feedback transducers 2474

Motion control (continued)hydraulic systems

control systems 2476–2480electronic controls 2480proportional control 2479pumps and fluids 2475–2476

mechanical stiffness and vibration 2471open loop systems 2467–2469pneumatic systems 2476–2477, 2481synchros and resolvers 2475system application factors 2467

Motors, electric 2445–2459, 2472–2474adjustable-voltage, shunt-wound 2449alternating current 2449–2452characteristics 2448–2457classes of standards 2445compound-wound 2449control 2472–2474current definitions 2445–2448DC 2448–2449

brushless, NC 2471–2473brush-type, NC 2472–2473

design letters 2445direction of rotation 2447factors governing selection 2453–2455frame sizes, standard 2445high frequency induction 2451hydraulic, NC 2475–2476injurious operating conditions 2455inspection schedule 2458–2459locked rotor current and torque

ratings 2445–2446lubrication, proper 2458–2459maintaining and repairing 2458–2459mounting dimensions, standard 2445multiple speed induction 2451NEMA 2445–2447

standards for 2445polyphase 2445–2450polyphase wound-rotor 2446pull-up torque 2446rotation, standard direction 2447–2448selection 2453–2455shunt-wound 2448–2449single-phase motors 2451–2452speed reducer type 2452–2453squirrel-cage induction 2445–2449standards for 2445–2446stepper, NC 2471–2473synchronous 2451torque definitions 2445–2448type, dc and ac 2448–2453, 2472types and characteristics for different

applications 2456–2457, 2472used for motion control 2472–2473variable speed 2447–2448wound rotor induction 2451

Mounted wheels and mounted points 1204–1206

Mounting bearings 2271–2284MS 16624 1682

INDEX 2599

MS 16632 1685MS 16633 1686MS 3215 1687Multiple or block indexing 1990–1991Multiplying numbers written in powers-of-

ten notation 18–19Muriatic acid, specific gravity 371Music wire, gages 2499–2500

spring material 286, 385M-words, NC 1249

NNails and spikes, standard 1455Narrow V-belts 2373–2379National Fire Protection Association

NFPA No. 194 1843NFPA 1963 1844–1845

National Tube Co. 274Nautical measure 2517NC programming 1240–1284Needle roller bearings

designations of 2267fitting and mounting practice 2269roller and cage assemblies 2269shaft and housing tolerances 2270–2271tolerances 2261–2264types of 2253–2254

Negative and positive numbers 16Negative functions of angles 93NEMA standards for electric motors 2445–

2447Newton's laws of motion 154–155Newton’s second law 117Newton-meters into pound-inches 2550Newton-Raphson method 35Newtons into pounds force 2550Nickel

alloys 561–563machining 1118–1119

chromium steels, SAE strength 476melting point 368–370plating 1447–1448

Nickel steels 411–412Nickel-chromium steels, SAE 413Nitinol, machining 1118Nitralloy steels 498Nitric acid, specific gravity 371Nitriding 417, 498

high-speed steel tools 512–513ion nitriding 498

Nitrogen, liquid temperature 623Nodular cast iron 1332Noise, machinery 1297Nomenclature

bevel gears 2054gear teeth 2002spur gears 2003

Nominal clearance 2129Nominal vs effective interest rates 25

Nondestructive testing symbols 1408–1409Nonferrous alloys 525–566

machining 1116–1119strength 473, 477–478, 525–564

Nonmetals, strength of 478Normal

distribution curve 1216–1219positional deviation 1216–1219

Normal lane 2000Normal plane 2000Normalizing 414–415, 481, 495–496, 503–

505temperatures 504–505

Norton Company 1142, 1150–1156Nozzles, flow of water through 390Number of nails and spikes in a pound 1455Number of teeth 2000Numbering systems

for metals and alloys 403, 405for steel 405, 409–410, 413

Numberspositive and negative 16powers-of-ten notation 17, 19preferred series 19, 632, 642, 667progressions 43–45

Numerical control 1225–1297absolute programming 1248accuracy, repeatability, and

resolution 1216–1219adaptive control 1233addresses, letter 1243APT programming 1263, 1274–1280

circles 1269–1270, 1272computational statements 1265example program 1277for turning 1279–1280geometry statements 1265lines 1267motion statements 1270–1275planes 1273points 1266postprocessor statements 1275–1280tabulated cylinder 1274

automatically programmed tool (APT) 1263–1280

axis nomenclature 1235–1239bit 1229block 1243–1245byte 1229CAD/CAM 1287, 1296–1297central processing unit 1229circular interpolation 1254–1255closed-loop system 1233computer-aided part programming 1241control, adaptive 1233cutter compensation 1251–1253, 1281–

1284cutter location data 1242decimal point programming 1243direct (or distributed) NC 1296drive motors 2472–2473

INDEX2600

Numerical control (continued)feed rate override 1251fixed (canned) cycles 1258–1262flexible manufacturing

cell 1235module 1235system 1234

format detail 1243F-word 1250G-code addresses 1245–1249helical interpolation 1255incremental programming 1248initial graphics exchange specification

(IGES) 1294–1296insert holders for NC 732–738, 1281–

1284insert radius compensation 1281–1284interpolation

circular 1254–1255helical and parabolic 1255linear 1253

letter addresses 1243–1245linear interpolation 1253machine platens ??–1285macro 1257–1258manual data input 1240microprocessor 1229–1230miscellaneous functions, (M-

Words) 1249open-loop system 1233parabolic interpolation 1255parametric

expressions and macros, NC 1257–1258

programming, NC 1257–1258subroutine 1257–1258

part programming 1240–1243part tolerance symbols

ANSI 1221compared to ISO 609

points, lines, circles (APT) 1266–1270postprocessor 1243, 1265preload registers (G92) 1249preparatory word 1245–1249programmable controllers 1229–1233programming

absolute 1248incremental 1248NC 1240–1284

repeatability, accuracy, and resolution 1216–1219

sequence number 1245standards 1226subroutine 1256–1258S-word 1251thread cutting 1262, 1908–1909tool

compensation 1281–1284data table 1251length offset 1253

Numerical control (continued)nose radius compensation 1253, 1281–

1284offset 1252

total indicator reading 1238turning cycles 1262T-word 1251–1253V-flange tool shanks 1285word address format 1243–1245zero suppression 1245

Nut taps 872, 884, 890–891Nuts

acorn 1503ANSI, inch dimensions

flat jam 1500hex 1493–1494, 1499hex flat 1500hex high 1504hex slotted 1500–1502hex slotted high 1504hex thick slotted 1501–1502jam 1499machine screw 1568square 1493–1494, 1502T-type 1647types of 1495Unified 1492–1496, 1499–1502

ANSI, metric dimensionsheavy hex 1548hex flange 1545hex jam 1548hex, styles 2 and 3 1543prevailing torque, hex 1546prevailing torque, hex flange 1547slotted hex 1544

British StandardFine 1551–1554, 1586, 1598ISO metric 1555–1561metric 1586, 1589, 1591, 1595–1596Unified 1595–1597Whitworth 1551–1554, 1595–1598,

1619crown, low and high (SAE) 1503eye nuts 359high, SAE 1504slotted, high hex (SAE) 1504wing nuts 1693–1696wrench clearances 1510–1511wrench openings 1510–1511

Nylonbearings 2242machining 597–599properties 380, 579, 582–583, 588, 601rope, strength of 353

OOblique-angle triangles

solution 88–89Octagon area 62

INDEX 2601

Octoid gear teeth 2053Offhand grinding 1192Offset method of determining yield

strength 196Ohm’s law 2532Oil feeding and grooving of bearings 2204–

2205Oil impregnated bearings 2242–2245Oilless bearings 2242, 2245Oils

and compounds, machining 1106, 1108–1119

emulsifying or soluble 1107mineral 1109–1110sulfurized and chlorinated 1109–1110

coating 1448lubricating 2311–2314, 2319

viscosity unit conversion 2201–2202, 2312–2313

tempering 493Open-end wrench clearances 1511Open-loop system 1233, 2467–2469Operations on complex numbers 39Orbit 1320Order of performing arithmetic 21O-ring 2482–2486

groove dimensions and clearances 2483–2485

ring materials 2486–2487squeeze 2482–2483surface finish in contact with 2484–2485

Oscillation, center and radius of 151Ounces, avoirdupois, into grams 2546Out of roundness 694–696Oval head machine screws 1574–1576Oxygen

gas in welding 1364–1367, 1428–1429specific gravity 371

PPack

carburizing 417hardening 498

Packingin circles 72–75in circles and rectangles 72–77in rectangles 77

Palladium, plating 1449Pan head machine screws 1573Paper, bonding 2462–2463Pappus or Guldinus rules 56Parabola

area 64–65center of gravity 139constructing 55segment of area 65

Parabolic interpolation, NC 1255Paraboloid

center of gravity 141

Paraboloid (continued)polar moment of inertia 145radius of gyration 150segment volume 71volume 70

Parallelepiped 149Parallelogram

area 60center of gravity 136geometry of 48of forces 119radius of gyration 148

Parametric subroutine, NC 1257–1258Passivation of copper 1441–1442Patenting process in wire making 481Patterns for castings 1339–1340

materials 1339–1340metal 1340shrinkage allowances 1339–1340varnish 1339–1340weight of casting from 1340wood 1339–1340

PD 6481 667Pearlite 483–484Pearlitic malleable iron 1330–1331pebi 2533PEEK plastics 380Pendulum 188–189

calculations 189conical 188–189formulas for 189physical 188–189simple and compound 188–189torsional 188–189types of 188

Percentage 23–24Percussion, center of 151Perforated metals, strength and stiffness

of 235Permanickel, machining 1118PET plastics 380Petroleum, specific gravity 371Phenolic plastics 2242Phosphate coating 1449–1450Phosphor-bronze

wire strength 477worm gearing 2117

Phosphorusspecific gravity and weight 370

Physical vapor deposition (PVD) 750Piano wire, working stresses 293–295

at elevated temperatures 295–297Piles, weight of 373Pillow block bearings 2254Pilot hole for wood screws 1456Pin method for checking

gear sizes 2094–2108, 2111–2112allowance for backlash 2103for involute splines 2147wire diameters 2094, 2103

screw threads 1860–1877

INDEX2602

Pin method for checking (continued)V-shaped grooves 690

Pinion, spur gearchecking by measurement over

wires 2111–2112enlarged to avoid undercut 2019–2028

Pinsclevis 1648cotter 1648, 1659, 1662dowel 1648–1654grooved 1656, 1658–1662metric dowel 1648–1650spring 1663–1664straight 1653–1655strength of taper 215–216taper 1655–1658

Pintle chains 2421Pipe and pipe fittings 2504–2512

ANSI Standard wrought steel 2507–2508British threads 1857–1858columns 264–265cross-sectional area of metal 2507–2508cubic contents for given length 392,

2507–2508definitions 2504, 2510–2511Dryseal 1852–1855

measuring by wire method 1872, 1875–1876

straight 1848, 1851–1852taper 1846–1850threads 1852–1855

flow in 2509gallons per foot 392, 2507–2508grades of 2505–2508heat loss from uncovered steam 365length per cubic foot 2507–2508loads, table of 264–265moment of inertia 2507–2508plastics 2510–2512radius of gyration 2507–2508reamers, taper 825schedule numbers 2505sealing joints 1458–1459section modulus 2507–2508steel, welded and seamless 2505taps, dimensions 879–882, 894

Briggs and Whitworth 1907–1908British Standard 1901–1903Internal Dryseal 1855internal dryseal 1855power for driving 1907–1908straight 872, 879–896taper 872, 879–881

threadsAmerican National Standard 1846–

1855British Standard 1856–1858

weight per foot 2505–2508wrought steel 2504–2505

Pipe welding 1402procedure 1405

Pitch 2000broach teeth 926–929circle 2000circular, of gears 2002–2004diameter 2000diameters, gears

bevel 2054–2057circular pitch 2022helical 1932, 2068pin method of checking 2094–2108,

2111–2112spur 2004, 2022worms 2065

diameters, roller chain sprockets 2427–2428

diameters, thread(see also type of thread)

lead angle at 1932Unified 1716–1749

checking 1859–1877for tensile stress area 1482lead angle at 1932metric, M profile 1766–1775wire sizes for measuring 1861–1862

gear 2004plane 2000point 2001rivets 1457, 1461–1462screw threads, measuring 1859worms 2064

Plain bearings 2193–2210, 2214, 2220–2232, 2237–2244allowable pressures 2209boundary lubrication mode 2195–2196circumferential-groove 2193classes of 2193clearances 2209cylindrical-overshot 2193–2195cylindrical-undershot 2193–2195design 2195, 2206–2218, 2220–2234displaced elliptical 2193–2195elliptical-overshot 2193–2195full film operational mode 2197grooving and oil feeding of 2204–2205hardness and surface finish 2199–2200heat radiating capacity 2204–2205hydrostatic 2195–2196journal or sleeve 2193–2196, 2205–2219length-to-diameter ratio 2209lubricants 2202–2205lubrication analysis 2207–2219lubrication methods 2201–2203machining 2199–2201materials 2236–2245mixed-film lubrication mode 2197modes of operation 2195–2197multiple-groove 2193–2195nutcracker 2195–2196oil grooves 2204–2209operating temperatures 2210–2219pivot-shoe 2193–2195

INDEX 2603

Plain bearings (continued)pressure 2193–2195retaining methods 2197–2199sealing methods 2198–2200sleeve or journal 2193–2196, 2205–2219surface finish and hardness 2199–2200three-lobe 2193–2195thrust, design 2218–2235types 2193–2196viscosity conversion table 2201–2202,

2312–2313viscosity temperature chart 2202–2203

Plain milling cutters 773Plain washers

inch 1512–1519metric 1549

Plane figures, areas and dimensions 60–65Plane of rotation 2001Planetary gearing 2083–2087

compound drives 2087Planetary thread milling 1929–1930Planing

estimating cutting speeds 1044power required 1046–1050speeds and feeds 1044time 1044tool grinding 729–730wood 378

Plaster of Paris, weight 370Plastic region 196Plastics 567, 582–604

assembly with fasteners 595–597bonding 591, 2460–2466chemical resistance of 583definitions 568–571design

for assembly 591–595for injection molding 586–591

developing prototypes 599–600draft angles and depth of draw 590drilling speeds and feeds 598–599effects of temperature 578–581elastomers 567–570electrical properties 581–582environmental effects 581–584finishing 600gearing 601–604

accuracy 603–604backlash 603–604service factors 603tooth form factors 602

machining 597–600materials 567–570

machining 600mechanical properties 570–579

effect of temperature on 578–581related to time 576–577

mixtures 567–570modulus, E 576modulus, G 573–575opacity 569

Plastics (continued)physical properties 571

density 568–569opacity 569–570shrinkage 568–569water absorption 568–569

pipe and fittings 2510–2511sawing, speeds and numbers of teeth 599structural analysis 582, 584structures 567–570thermal properties 578–579thermal stresses 585–586thermoplastic 567–570thermosetting 567–570Vicat softening point, plastics 578–579wall thicknesses 587–588

Plastics bearingsanti-friction 2254laminated, plain bearings 2242, 2245sleeve 2242, 2245

Plastics pipe 2510–2512joining 2510–2511pressure ratings 2512properties and use of 2511weights and dimensions 2510

Platens, machine, NC ??–1285Plates

flat, strength and deflection of 268–270shells and cylinders, strength of 268–274

Plating 1444–1451chromium 1427

Plating, chromium 1427PLC (programmable logic control) 1229–

1233Plow steel haulage rope, strength of 336–

341, 352–354Points, lines, circles, (APT) NC 1265–1270Poise 2201–2202, 2312–2313, 2319Poisson's ratio 268

for various materials 270Poisson’s ratio 196, 268

for various materials 196of various material 384perforated metal 235plastics 573–574

Polarcoordinates 36

Polar moment of inertia 143–146, 229, 277–278cone 144cone,frustum 144cylinder 144cylinder, hollow 144ellipsoid 145masses 143paraboloid 145plane areas 143prism 144pyramid 144solid ring 145sphere 145

INDEX2604

Polar moment of inertia (continued)spherical sector 145spherical segment 145torus 145

Polar moments of inertia 144Polar section modulus 229, 277–278Polishers, spindles for portable 1209Polishing and buffing 1439–1440

abrasives 1439speeds 1440wheels for 1439–1440

Polycarbonate plastics 380, 579, 588, 598, 601

Polygonarea 62, 78formulas and table 78length of side 78of forces 119radius of circumscribed circle 78radius of inscribed circle 78shafts 2160–2161

Polygon-type shaftconnections 2160

dimensions of 2161three- and four-sided designs 2161

Polyphase motors 2445–2450Polypropylene plastics 380, 579, 588, 598,

2511Polysulphone plastics 579, 588, 598Polyurethane plastics 380, 579, 588, 598,

601, 2486Porosity, pressure die castings 1341Porous bearings 2241–2245Portable grinding 1192

safety 1172Portable tools

hexagonal chucks for 1210hexagonal shanks for 1210spindles and drives for 1207–1210

Positional deviation, mean 1216–1219Positional tolerances 611Positioning accuracy 1216–1219Positive and negative numbers 16Positive clutches 2333Positive functions of angles 93Postprocessor, NC 1243, 1265Potential energy 157–158Pound force 114Pound-inches into newton-meters 2550Pounds

force 114, 116force into newtons 2550mass 116per cubic foot into kilograms per cubic

meter 2549per cubic inch into grams per cubic

centimeter 2549per square foot into kilograms per square

meter 2548per square inch into kilograms per square

centimeter 2548

Pounds (continued)per square inch into kilopascals 2548

Powder metallurgy 1350Powdered metal bearings 2242–2245Power

brush finishing 1435–1438constant for machining 1052for driving pipe taps 1907–1908general formulas 162heat equivalents 2551in mechanics 113required for machining 1046–1055

Power and roots of numbers 17Power of ten notation 17, 19

expressing numbers in 18Power transmission

belting 2368–2369, 2372–2417chain 2431–2435, 2442friction wheels 2339–2341wire rope 336–344

Precipitationhardening 480heat-treatment 546

Precisionbolts and screws, British 1552–1553,

1559gage blocks 717–719investment casting 1344–1346

Precision gage blocks 717Preferred 646

basic sizes, ANSI Standard 628–644fits, ANSI Standard 646–647hole basis metric fits, ANSI Standard 651metric sizes

ANSI Standard 642–644British Standard 667

numbers 19British Standard 667

series for tolerances and allowances 630series of basic sizes 628shaft basis metric fits, ANSI

Standard 646, 652–655thicknesses for flat metal products,

metric 2503thicknesses for uncoated metals and

alloys 2501Preferred roughness average values (Ra) 708Preferred roughness values and roughness

grades 716Preferred series maximum waviness height

values 708Preload registers, (G-114 word) NC 1249Preparatory word, (G-word) NC 1245–1249Present

value and discount 26worth 27, 30–31

method 29–30Press work 1301–1311Presses power, shut height 1302–1304Pressure 117

and flow of water 386–392

INDEX 2605

Pressure (continued)comparison of various unit of 388head in feet of water 387head in foot to psia relation 386head of mercury in mm 387pascal 387psia 387

to Head in feet relation 386unit conversion 388, 2519, 2548–2550

Pressure angle 2001cams 2171–2173, 2176–2178

Pressure effect on wood property 376Pressure for composite checking of fine-pitch

gears 2042Pressure-viscosity coefficient for

lubricants 2324Prime numbers and factors 3–12Principle reference planes 2001Prism

polar moment of inertia 144rectangular 149volume 66volume formula 56

Prismoidal formula for volume 56Profile checking, gearing 2030–2031Programmable logic controller, NC 1229–

1233Programming

absolute, NC 1248APT 1263–1280G-code 1243–1263incremental, NC 1248numerical control 1240–1280

Progressionarithmetical 43–44geometrical 43, 45

Projected tolerance zone 611Prony brake dynamometer 2339–2341Properties 464

mechanical 195–196, 430–436, 439–441, 476–478

compressive 196fatigue 197perforated metal 235shear 197strength 385, 430–436, 439, 441, 476–

478, 550–555effect of heat or temperature on 475–

478thermal 364, 367–370, 478

of materials 473–478Air 393air 393–394aluminum alloys 542–557ceramics 379copper alloys 525–542copper-silicon and copper-beryllium

alloys 565–566copper-zinc-tin alloys 478magnesium alloys 557–560metals 473, 475–478

Properties (continued)nickel alloys 561–563nonferrous alloys 477, 525–566pipes 392plastics 380powdered metal alloys 383specific gravity 370–371spring wire 385standard steels 403, 413, 420–428,

430–443titanium alloys 561, 564tool steels 444–458, 460, 462, 464–471water 386–388wood 375–377

strengtheffect of heat or temperature on 578–

581Proportion 21–23

compound 21–22inverse 23

Proportional limit 195plastics 583

Prospective rate of return method 30–31Protractor, reading vernier scale on 669Providing backlash 2039PTFE plastics 380, 598, 2242, 2465–2466Public Law 101-592 1492Pulley flywheel 173Pulley taps 884, 890–891Pulleys

center distances, V-belt 2372–2419diameter of V-belt 2374–2420

Pulleys (sheaves)differential 135flat belt 2369rules for calculating diameters and

speeds 2370–2371speeds, rpm into feet per minute 985–

990, 1908–1909Pulleys and belt drives 134–135, 2368–2371,

2373–2419flat belt 2368–2371lengths of open and crossed belts 2369,

2371Pulleys and wheels in mechanics 134–135Pulleys, V-belt 2372–2419Pull-up torque 2446Punch presses speeds and pressures 1302–

1304Punches and dies 1301–1306

pressures required 1302–1304steel for 452–456steel for hot-working 452–456

Punches, steels for 452–456PVC plastics 380, 598, 601, 2511PVDF plastics 380Pyramid

center of gravity 140frustum center of gravity 140frustum of volume 67

INDEX2606

Pyramid (continued)polar moment of inertia 144volume 66

QQQ-C-320B 1445QQ-N-290A 1448QQ-P-35C 1449QQ-P-416F 1444QQ-S-365D 1450Quadrant 93Quadratic equations 33Quartz, specific gravity and weight 370Quenching 414

baths 414, 491–492media 415–416tanks for 490

interrupted 490–492isothermal 492

media 416

RRack 2001

gear 2005milling, indexing 1993spline, metric 2155

Radian per second conversion from rpm 187Radians equivalent to degrees 90, 92Radius

of arc, checking 690–692of curvature 2178–2184of gyration 146–151

angles, steel 2495–2497bar, small diameter 147channels, aluminum 2498channels, steel 2494circular disk, thin 147circular ring, thin flat 148cone 149cone, frustum 150cylinder 148cylinder, hollow 149ellipsoid 150flat plate, thin 148hollow cylinder, thin 148hollow sphere 150I-beams 2489–2492I-beams, aluminum 2498paraboloid 150parallelepiped 149parallelogram 148pipe 2507–2508prism, rectangular 149ring 147S- or W-shape, steel 2493sphere 150sphere, hollow 150

Radius (continued)spherical shell, thin 150structural angles 2495–2497thin flat plate 148thin spherical shell 150wide flange, steel 2489–2492

of oscillation 151radius

of gyration 150Radius of gyration

various cross-sections 217–227radius of gyration 148–150Rails

size to carry given load 259strength of 259

Rake angleschecking milling cutter 801–805turning tool 723, 726–728

Rankine's formulas for columns 261, 263Rankine, degrees 2514Rasps 1432–1433Ratchet gearing 2088–2089Rate of return (interest) 24–27, 30–31

prospective 27, 30–31Rating life, bearings 2286–2296Ratio 21–23

and proportion 21–23compound 21contact, in gearing 2024–2029epicyclic gearing 2083–2087fractional, change gears for 1913–1914gear

for differential indexing 1976–1978geometrical 43, 45inverse or reciprocal 21of volumes 71Poisson’s 196slenderness, columns 261V-belt drives 2372–2419

Ream, paper 2519Reamer arbors, driving slots and lugs for

shell 823Reamers 807–826

ANSI Standard 813–826arbors for shell 823Brown & Sharpe taper socket 825center and countersink 813centers for 813chucking 815, 820–822die-maker's 826difficulties with 812drills for taper pin 1656–1658driving slots and lugs for shell 823expansion chucking 814expansion hand 817finishing 824fluting cutters for 808–810fluting to obtain negative rake 807hand 816–817jobbers 818machine 819–820

INDEX 2607

Reamers (continued)Morse taper socket 824pipe 825rose chucking 808, 821–822shell 822steels for 452–456stub screw machine 819–820taper pin 826taper pin reamers, drills for 1655–1658taper pipe 825taper, milling teeth 796teeth, irregular spacing 807–808terms applying to 814–815threaded end, hand 807–808tooth-rest position for grinding

clearance 811Reaming

cutting speeds forcopper alloys 1041ferrous cast metals 1037–1038light metals 1039stainless steels 1036tool steels 1035

difficulties 812feeds and speeds on automatic screw

machines 1095taper pin 1657

Rearrangement and transposition of terms in formulas 20–21

Recalescence point in steel hardening 479, 485

Recesses, square and cross-shaped, for machine screws 1577for self-tapping screws 1623

Recessing tools, speeds 1095Reciprocal or inverse ratio 21Reciprocals of numbers 17Rectangle

area 60table of section moduli 229

Rectangular and spherical coordinates, relationship 37

Rectangular coordinates 36Rectangular to cylindrical coordinates 38Refrigeration of steel 514–517Relative density 370Relief and rake angles

for single-point cutting tools 726for single-point thread cutting

tools 1910–1911indicator drop method of checking 801–

805Repeatability, accuracy, and resolution 1216Replacement-gear dimensions,

calculating 2122–2125Resinoid bonded wheels 937–938, 1140

thread grinding 1923Resolution of force systems 121Resultant 154Retaining rings

ANSI Standard

Retaining rings (continued)metric 1666–1673

failure of 1683–1690groove design and machining 1687–1688inch 1674–1689selection 1665, 1669, 1678, 1683–1687standards 1689–1692

Retarded motion motion 151Retention knobs, V-flange tool shanks 1284–

1285Reyn 2201–2202, 2312–2313Rhodium plating 1450Right-angle triangles

solution 86–87Rigidity

modulus of (shear) 196spring materials 326–329

Ringarea and volume 56radius of gyration 147stresses in loaded 215

RivetANSI Standard 1464, 1468–1470belt 1469British Standard 1464, 1471–1474button head 1465, 1470cone head 1465cooper's 1468countersunk 1463, 1466, 1468–1472diameters for given plate

thicknesses 1457excess length to form head 1463flat head 1470hold-on or dolly bar sets 1467large rivets, standard 1464–1466material 1458pan head 1465, 1470pitch 1457, 1461–1462sets, dimensions of impressions in 1467shearing strength 1461–1462small rivets, standard 1464, 1468–1470spacing 1457steel 1458strength 1459tinner's 1469truss 1468types of 1457

Riveted joints 1457–1463allowable stresses 1459design of 1457–1463double and triple 1301, 1461efficiency 1459–1460holes for 1457joint failure 1458–1459joint strength 1459–1460rivet length for forming heads 1463rivet materials 1458types of riveted joints 1457working strength 1459

RMS (root mean square) 702Rockwell hardness

INDEX2608

Rockwell hardness (continued)relationship to Brinell 521, 524test 517–524

Rockwell-Brinell hardness conversion tables 520–524

Rod gages 2499Roebling wire gage 2499–2500Roll angle 2001Rolled threads, electric socket and lamp

base 1846Roller bearings 2246–2302

ABEC and RBEC tolerances 2267alignment and squareness 2273–2274allowance for axial displacement 2264barrel type 2253bearing closures 2280cage materials 2254–2255clamping and retaining methods 2275clearances, running 2283–2284closures 2280cylindrical type 2249–2253design and installation

considerations 2264designation of 2267failures 2285fits 2275, 2280flanged housing 2254friction losses in 2280handling precautions 2284housing bore tolerances 2267–2268housings, soft metal and resilient 2274–

2275life 2285life adjustment factors 2296limitations for 2291location and seating 2271–2280locknuts and shafts 2277–2279lockwashers 2276lubricants 2318–2320lubrication 2282materials for 2254method of designation 2266–2267mounting 2271–2284needle type 2253–2254, 2269–2271pillow block 2254plastics 2254quiet or vibration-free mountings 2274–

2275radial and axial clearance 2283–2284rating life of radial 2291–2296seating fits for 2274–2275selection 2282–2283self-aligning 2250–2251shaft and housing fits for 2275, 2280

metric radial 2264–2266special or unconventional types of 2254spherical type 2253squareness and alignment 2273–2274static equivalent load 2301–2302static load rating of 2300–2301tapered 2252–2254

Roller bearings (continued)tapered roller thrust type 2252–2254thrust 2251–2252, 2262tolerances for 2255–2264torque, starting 2281types of 2249–2254

Rollingcontact bearings 2246–2302friction 191resistance 191

Rolling screw threads 1918–1922cylindrical die machines 1918diameter of blank 1918–1919diameter of threading roll 1919flat die machines 1918in automatic screw machines 1919speeds, and feeds 1920–1922steels for 1918–1919

Root diameter 2001Roots

and powers of numbers 17finding square and cube 17mean square, surface texture 702

RopeManila, safe loads and strength 354, 360nylon, safe loads and strength 353safe loads for 352–354slings, strength 353–354weight per 100 feet 360wire 333–350

definitions of terms 333–334strength and properties 336–341winding drum, grooves for 342–343,

360Rose chucking reamers 808, 821–822Rotary file or burs 1433–1434Rotary motion

formulas 153formulas for accelerated 153

Rotating parts, balancing 167–172Roughness

control of 697–708cutoff 697, 707–708height values 699–700parameters

rules for determining 715rules for measurement of 716

symbols indicating degree of 697–700Round head machine screws 1577

British Standard 1591–1598Rpm

conversion to radian per second 187for various cutting speeds and diameters,

inch units 987–990metric units 989–990

for various grinding speeds and diameters 1174

RS-232-D interface 1227Rubber

bearings 2242, 2245bonded grinding wheels 1140

INDEX 2609

Rubber (continued)bonding 2461–2462mold casting 1337–1338turning 1044

Rules to compare measured values 715Running

balance 167fits, allowances 631–635

SSAE General Information 2238SAE Grade 1 1488SAE Grade 2 1488SAE Grade 4 1488SAE Grade 5 1488SAE Grade 5.2 1488SAE Grade 7 1488SAE Grade 8 1488SAE Grade 8.2 1488SAE J1199 1530SAE J429 1496SAE J995 1489, 1494SAE Recommended Practice J483a 1503SAE Standard 2352

steel specification numbers 409–412SAE Standards

babbitt metals 2239–2240bearing metals 2239–2240crown or acorn nuts 1503die casting alloys 1342–1343high nuts 1504J482a 1504spark plug threads 1840steel specification numbers 409taper shaft ends 2352V-belts 2420Woodruff keyseat cutters 795

SAE steelsbasic numbering system 409–412castings 1335compositions 409, 411–412heat treatments for 443, 503–505numbering system for 409–412

Safe loads for wire rope 336–341Safe speeds grinding wheels 1171–1174Safety

factor 2044–2045factors of 199flange couplings 2325for wire rope 339–340

Salt baths for heat treating 487Salt, common, weight 370Sample calculations 212, 215

strength of materials 212–215Sand blast cleaning 1338Sand, weight 370Sanders, spindles for portable 1209Sanding wood 378

Sandstoneand limestone, strength 478specific gravity and weight of 370

Saw toothclutches 2335–2336threads 1817

Sawn lumber size 378Saws

band 1101, 1105–1106circular, arbors for 1203metal-cutting, speeds 1044metal-slitting 776sharpening files 1431–1432

Saybolt Universal Seconds (SUS) 2312–2313, 2319

Scalar and vector quantities 118Sclerometer 521, 524Scleroscope 518–521Screw

force for turning 135mechanical principle of 135

Screw machinesautomatic 1094–1099automatic box-tools 1095cam and tool design, pointers 1098–1099drilling speeds and feeds 1095drills 833, 840forming speeds and feeds 1095forming tools 758–770forming tools with rake 758–764knurling 1094–1095reamers, stub 819reaming speeds and feeds 1095speeds and feeds 1095stock required for given production 1099thread rolling 1919–1922threading cams 1094

Screw stock 422Screw threads and thread systems 1706–

1712, 1754–1781, 1790–1858Acme 1792–1816American National form 1706angle test by wire method 1872–1875ANSI

Acme 1792–1816buttress 1818–1824form or profile 1706head recesses 1577, 1623head types 1620–1621

ANSI M profile 1755–1776allowances 1762–1764basic profile 1756–1757coarse pitch 1759–1760coated threads 1764–1765crest and root form 1756–1762data 1758design profile, M series 1756, 1759–

1760designations 1774, 1776fine pitch 1761–1762formulas for limiting dimensions 1765

INDEX2610

Screw threads and thread systems (continued)

lengths of engagement 1763–1766limiting 1769–1780limits and fits 1757limits of size 1765major diameter tolerances 1768minor diameter tolerances 1764, 1767,

1774pitch diameter tolerances 1766–1769profile data 1758symbols 1756thread series 1761–1762tolerance grades 1762–1765

ANSI MJ profile 1775–1778ANSI M-profile

limiting 1781–1787ANSI Unified 1706–1710, 1712–1754

basic dimensions 1740–1749classes 1752–1753definitions 1707–1712designations 1754internal and external profile 1713standard series, tables of 1716–1739symbols 1753–1754thread form 1706, 1712–1714

British Standardbuttress threads 1825ISO metric 1825–1834pipe 1856–1858UNJ profile 1825–1826Whitworth 1836–1838

changing pitch slightly 1929–1930classes of tolerance 1742–1753, 1801–

1802, 1821–1823cutting, change gears 1912

fractional ratios 1913–1914definitions 1707–1712designation of Unified threads 1716–

1754diameters of wires for measuring

American and Whitworth 1861Dryseal pipe 1852–1853electric socket and lamp base

threads 1846formulas for three-wire

measurement 1860–1861gages for screw threads 1877–1884

classification 1877–1878for Unified screw threads 1877–1878standard tolerances 1882–1884

grinding 1923–1927centerless method 1926–1927

helix angle 1740–1749hose coupling 1844–1845inserts 1635instrument makers' 1846interference fit threads 1786–1791International Metric thread system 1825ISO metric 1825–1834lag screw 1497–1498

Screw threads and thread (continued)metric 1525

length of engagement 1489–1490limits

Class 1A and 1B 1717–1739Class 2A and 2B 1716–1739Class 3A and 3B 1716–1739Class 5 1786–1789

lock-nut pipe 1848, 1851–1852Löwenherz 1825measuring 1859–1877metric series threads

ANSI M profile 1755–1776ANSI MJ profile 1775–1778British Standard ISO metric 1825–1834

micrometers for measuring pitch diameters 1859

microscope 1846milling 1625, 1928–1930

classes of work 1929–1930miniature 1781–1785modified square thread, 10-degree 1817multiple, designation 1754National standard form or profile 1706nonstandard small size 0000, 000, and 00

screws 1573pipe

ANSI Standard 1846–1855Dryseal 1852–1855measuring 1872–1876straight 1848–1852taper 1846–1850

pitch, changing slightly 1929–1930pitch, maximum when die cut 1929–1930profiles 1860–1861rolled threads 1846rolling 1918–1922

in automatic screw machines 1919saw-tooth 1817selection of Unified threads 1752–1753sharp V-type thread 1706spark plugs 1840standard series Unified threads 1715strength of 1489–1491stress areas 1482, 1489–1491, 1794stub Acme screw threads 1793, 1811–

1816stub thread, 60-degree 1816stub-Acme screw threads 1793stud threads ??–17801781–1791studs, tolerances 1788–1789symbols used for standard 896–897tap drill sizes 1889–1907taper, measurement by wire

method 1872–1876thread forms 1706trapezoidal metric threads 1779Unified

allowances 1716–1739, 1750–1753coarse thread series 1715–1740coated 1750–1754

INDEX 2611

Screw threads and thread (continued)combination of classes 1752–1753crest clearances 1750–1753design profile 1713designation 1753–1754dimensions 1716–1739external and internal thread

forms 1706, 1712–1714, 1781–1783fine and extra fine series 1715–1745hole sizes for tapping 1754limits 1716–1739, 1750–1753miniature screw thread 1781–1785selection 1752–1753thread classes 1742–1745, 1750–1753thread form, data and formulas

for 1713–1714thread forms 1712–1713thread minor diameter tolerances, M

series 1764, 1767, 1774thread series 1712, 1715tolerances 1750–1754UN and UNR 1712–1713uniform 4-, 6-, 8-, 12-, 16-, 20-, 28-, and

32-pitch series 1715–1749US Standard 1706watch 1781–1785wire method of checking 1860–1877wire sizes for checking pitch

diameters 1861–1862worm threads 2064–2066

Screw threads and thread systemsANSI M profiledesign profile, M series 1759designations 1764, 1767, 1774limits of size 1775

Screwsand bolts 1492British Standard

inch 1551–1554, 1586–1598, 1613–1619

ISO 1825–1834metric 1555–1559, 1586–1595, 1613–

1618Whitworth 1551–1554, 1595–1598,

1619British Unified 1595–1597cap 1496, 1599–1604cap, metric 1521drive 1620–1621, 1635grade markings for steel 1488–1489heavy hex 1496hex 1493–1494lag 1497–1498, 1525load to break threaded portion of 1490–

1491Metric

cap 1521clearance holes 1532designation 1532diameters 1523flange 1526–1527

Screws (continued)formed 1522heavy hex 1523identification symbols 1532ISO 1556–1560ISO British Standard 1825–1834materials and mechanical

properties 1534reduced body diameter 1524socket 1613–1614thread series 1532

self-threading 1620–1644set 1606–1619shoulder 1605sockets for 1608, 1615tap drills 1889–1907thumb 1697, 1700–1701Unified Standard 1492–1496, 1595–1597wing 1697–1699wood 1456

Screws, jig and fixturebutton head 1617heavy hex 1496hex 1493–1494load to break threaded portion 1490–

1491Sealants 2463–2464

gasket materials 2463–2465pipe joining 2464–2466

Sealing bearings 2198–2200Seasoning steel, sub zero 514–517Secant 83Secant modulus (plastics) 572–573Section lining, standard for drawings 606,

608Section modulus

angles 2495–2497for torsion 229, 258formulas for various sections 217–227I-beams 2489–2493pipe 2507–2508polar 229, 277–278rectangles, table for 228–229round shafts, table for 229–234structural shapes

angles, steel 2497channels, aluminum 2498I-beams or S-shapes

aluminum 2498steel 2493wide flange, steel 2489–2492

steel 2494Segment

circular 80–81area 80–81height for given angle and radius 80–81

Seizing and cutting wire rope 344Self-threading screws 1620–1635

cross recesses 1623designations 1620–1621drive type 1620–1622, 1624

INDEX2612

Self-threading screws (continued)head types 1620–1621hole sizes for 1628–1635self-tapping inserts 1635thread and point types 1622–1623thread cutting types 1620, 1623, 1625thread forming types 1620–1622, 1624,

1626torsional strength requirements 1635types of 1620–1621

Self-threading screws, metric 1635–1644designations 1635–1636head types 1635–1636hole sizes for 1640–1644material 1639recommended lengths 1638thread and point types 1636thread cutting types 1635–1639thread forming types 1635–1638

Sensivity Factor 2044Sequence number, NC 1245Series, infinite 33–34, 97Set-screws

American National Standard 1606–1610British Standard metric 1613–1619British Standard Whitworth 1619fluted socket type 1612headless 1606hexagon socket type 1612–1618holding power 1619spline socket type 1612square head type 1609–1610, 1619

Sevolute functions 97Shackle and end-link chain 356Shaft deflection

linear 280torsional 277–280

Shafts 275–284allowances and tolerances for fits 621–

667British Standard for fits 657–666brittle materials, formulas for 283checking for various conditions of 692–

694critical speeds of 283effect of keyways on strength 283factor of safety 276, 283hollow 283–284horsepower transmitted by 275–277, 280linear deflection 280maximum allowable working stress 282moment of inertia, polar 229–234, 277–

278polygon type connections 2160–2161round, section moduli 229–234steel, diameters of 280strength 275–277taper ends, SAE Standard 2352torsional

deflection 277–280strength 275–277

Shafts (continued)hollow vs. solid 283–284

transmission, design of 280–283Shanks

brazing carbide tips to 1365–1366brazing high-speed steel tips to 1360hexagonal, for portable tools 1210taper 906–917

Shapesof grinding wheels 1142–1150of mounted wheels and points 1204–

1206Shaping wood 378Shaping, speeds and feeds 1044Sharp V-thread 1706Sharpening

carbide tools 937drills 936

Shaving, gear teeth 2011–2013Shear

formulas for 204modulus 196

of various material 384of various materials 196of, G

plastics 573–575spring materials 326–329

modulus of, Gplastics 575

properties 197spring design 329steel for hot-working 456stress 195, 206

combined with tension or compression 206–207

in beams 207–210Shearing strength

cast iron 476rivets 1461–1462steels 476wrought iron 476

Shearing strength wood 376Sheaves

for V-belt drives 2373–2420for wire rope 332, 334

Sheet metaland wire gages 2499–2503bending allowances 1304–1310screws 1620–1635

Sheet sizes for drawings 606Shell

blanks, diameters 1304–1307mills 778molding 1336–1337reamer arbors, driving slots and lugs

for 823reamers 822

Shells, plates and cylinders, strength of 268Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) 1378–

1382Shielding gases 1364–1366

INDEX 2613

Shipping measure 2518Shocks, stresses in springs 258

stresses produced by 257–258Shore’s scleroscope 518–521Shoulder screws 1605Shrinkage

allowance, patterns 1345investment casting 1345

Shrinkage allowance, patterns 1339–1344Shrinkage fits 623–627, 631–632, 640Shut height, power press 1302–1304SI

binary prefixes 2533SI units

in strength of materials calculations 195metric 116

Side milling cutters 774Sigma (standard deviation) 1217–1218Significance of accuracy 1216–1219Signs and abbreviations

mathematical 2scientific and engineering 2554–2555

Signs of trigonometric functions 84Silicon

carbide grinding wheels 937–938in steel (welding) 1362–1363

Silverbearings 2241brazing filler alloys 1356plating 1450

Simpleindexing 1947, 1979–1985proportion 22stresses 204–206

Simpson's rule 57–58Sine 83Sine bar constants 675–681Sine bar, use of 673–682Sine law of 84Single tooth contact 2000Single-angle milling cutters 777, 783Single-point cutting tools 723–746, 859–864

angle tolerances 740–746carbide tips and inserts for 738–746chipbreakers 728–730definitions and terms 723–726end cutting edge angle 728indexable inserts 729–732insert toolholders 730–738, 1281–1284lead angles 727–728nose radius 728, 745numerical control tool

compensation 1281–1284planing tools 730–731rake angles 726–728relief angles 726relief angles for thread cutting 1910–

1911side cutting edge angles 727–728tip overhang 740tool contour 723

Single-point cutting tools (continued)tool holders, indexable inserts 730–738

Sinking funds 27Sintered carbide tools, ANSI Standard 738,

747–757tool materials 979–981

Sintered metal bearings 2242–2245Sixty (60)-degree stub threads 1816Sixty (60)-degree V-belts 2407Size factor cover 2044Sizes of sawn lumber 378Skin effect in castings 1341Slate

cutting speed for 1044specific gravity and weight 370

Sleeve bearings 2204–2219Sleeves, Morse taper 915Slenderness ratio of columns 261Slides, measuring 682–683, 690Slings and fittings for wire rope 345–348Slings, strength of rope and chain 354–355Slipping clutches, couplings 2332Slitting saws, metal 776Slots for T-bolts, ANSI Standard 1645Slug 114SMAW (shielded metal arc welding) 1378S-N diagrams 197–198Socket

ANSI hexagon and spline 1608head, screw type

British Standard metric 1613–1618cap 1601–1604, 1614drill and counterbore sizes for 858,

1602keys and bits for 1611set 1612–1618shoulder 1605

reamers, Morse taper 824taper shank 906–917threads for electric 1846wrench clearances 1511

Soldering 1352–1355alloys for 1353aluminum 1354fluxes 1352–1354magnesium 1352–1354methods 1352–1355stainless steel 1352–1354ultrasonic fluxless 1352–1355

Solders 1352–1353brazing 1354–1359silver 1352–1353

Solid figures, volumes and dimensions 66–71

Solid film lubricants 2318Solid ring

polar moment of inertia 145Soluble oils for machining operations 1107Solution heat treatment 480Sorbite 493Sound level specifications 1297

INDEX2614

Space cutters, roller chain sprockets 2437, 2440–2441

Spacing holes on jig borer 953–970Spade drills and drilling 865–871

feed rates for 868–869geometry of 865–867power consumption and thrust for 870

Spandrelarea 64center of gravity 138

Spark plugs, screw threads 1840British Standard 1840taps 876, 891

Spatter, (welding) 1381–1387Specific gravity 370–371

conversion to, from Baumé’s hydrometer 371

gases 371liquids 371miscellaneous substances 370of various metals 370of various substances 370oils 2312–2313plastics 380

Specific heat 364gasses 365of various metals 368–369

Speed reducers, motors, built-in 2452–2453Speeds

calculating cutting speeds 985–990critical, of rotating shafts 283pulleys, rules for calculating 2370–2371rpm for different diameters and cutting

speeds 985–990Speeds and feeds, machining 978–1046

abrasive belt grinding 1193bandsawing 1103, 1105–1106CBN grinding wheels 1157cutting 597–599, 868, 983, 985, 1040,

1094, 1103, 1105–1106cylindrical grinding, high-speed 1178drilling 1012–1039, 1095

diameters and rpm 986feeds for spade drills 868–869

end milling 1009face milling 1009form-turning 1095, 1111general 978, 1040, 1094–1095grinding wheels

maximum peripheral speeds 1173truing and dressing 1160–1161wheel and work speeds 1925

grinding with diamond wheels 1169honing 1195–1198milling 991, 1009–1012nonferrous metals 1116–1119plastics 597–599reaming 1012–1040, 1095reaming and threading 991rotary burs and files 1433–1434sawing

Speeds and feeds, machining (continued)band 1103, 1105–1106circular 1044

shaping 1044slit and slot milling 1009, 1012–1027superalloys 1008–1009surface grinding 1190–1192tables, how to use 991–994tapping and thread cutting 1030–1039,

1041–1043, 1095, 1886–1887thread rolling 1920–1922titanium and alloys 1007tool life 982–983, 994

adjusting 755–757, 1004–1005, 1009, 1012, 1028

tool steelsdrilling reaming, and threading 1035milling 1018–1019turning 1000

turning 991, 995–1009carbon and alloy steels 996–999copper alloys 1006ferrous cast metals 1002–1003hard-to-machine materials 1008–1009light metals 1007speeds and feeds 995–1009, 1095stainless steels 1001superalloys 1008–1009titanium 1007tool steels 1000

Spherehollow

center of gravity 141radius of gyration 150

polar moment of inertia 145radius of gyration 150volume 69

Sphericalsector

center of gravity 141polar moment of inertia 145volume 69

segmentcenter of gravity 141polar moment of inertia 145

segment volume 69shells, strength to resist internal

pressure 271–272wedge volume 70zone volume 70

Spherical and rectangular coordinates, relationship 37

Spherical coordinates 37Spherical shell, thin 150Spherical surface

center of gravity 138Spheroid segment of

center of gravity 141Spheroidal graphite iron 476, 1332Spheroidize, annealizing 415Spheroidizing 414, 495–497

INDEX 2615

Spikes and nails, standard 1455Spindle

for portable tools 1207–1210function, NC 1251noses 920–924, 1251, 1285

Spiral bevel and hypoid gears 2052Spiral bevel gears 1998, 2051

applications 2051tooth contact 2050

Splines 2129application factors 2141comparison of symbols 2150data and reference dimensions 2140fatigue-life factors for 2142formulas for SAE standard 2160machining tolerances and variations 2153SAE standard spline fittings 2160SAE standard splined fittings 2157–2160terms, symbols, and drawing data 2139variations 2135

Splines, involute 2126–2155milling 799socket keys and bits 1611straight-sided 2157–2160

Spray transfer (welding) 1364–1365Spraying process, flame (metal) 1351Spring 285–332

arbor diameters for 332Belleville 326clock 326compression, formulas for 299conical compression 326constant force 326copper-base spring alloys 288–289deflections for

compression 302–305extension 302–305torsion 321–324

design data 296–332elevated temperature stresses 295–296endurance limit for spring materials 295–

296extension 307–311extension spring design 309–311failure in 331flat 326heat treatment of 326–329helical

compression spring design 297–306helical, shock stresses produced in 258high-carbon spring steels 286index 296–298materials 286–290miscellaneous 326moduli of elasticity 326motor 326music wire arbor diameters 332nickel-base spring alloys 288–290pins 1663–1664shock stresses produced in helical 258spiral 326

Spring (continued)stainless spring steels 287–288steels for 286–288stresses 291–297

produced by shocks 258tolerances

for compression and extension 310–314

for torsion 325–326torsion

bars 326design 314–325modulus 326–329

volute 326wire

diameters for 286maximum working temperature 289tensile strength 385

Sprocketschain transmission 2421–2444idler 2436roller chain 2423–2442

Spur gearing 2002–2033AGMA tolerances for fine pitch

gears 2037–2041American National Standard tooth

forms 2004–2008angular backlash 2042backlash 2036–2042, 2103basic dimensions 2010–2012blanks for fine pitch gears 2033–2034caliper measurement of tooth 2020cast 2113–2117center distance

calculations 2010–2015variable 2010, 2012–2015

checking gear size 2094–2112chordal

addenda and thicknesses for milled full-depth teeth 2015–2017

addendum 2017–2018measurement 2108–2111

thickness 2015–2017, 2062circular

pitch system 2002–2015, 2022thickness for given outside

diameter 2014–2024composite

error inspection 2042teeth 2004–2010

contactdiameter 2028–2032highest point of single tooth 2033lowest point of single tooth 2029–2032ratio 2024–2027, 2029

data on drawings 2033–2036diameters for hobbing, preshaving, and

shaping 2011diametral pitch

system 2002diametral pitch shown full size 2002

INDEX2616

Spur gearing (continued)dimensions, formulas for 2004drawing data 2033–2036enlarged pinions 2019–2028, 2077–2080external 1998Fellows stub tooth systems 2010fine-pitch 2008, 2024–2027, 2033–2034,

2077–2079formulas for basic dimensions 2131full-depth, teeth 2004–2010, 2015–2017gear milling cutters, series of 2017–2021

metric module 2021gear tooth parts 2005–2010

checking 2094–2112German standard tooth form 2090hob tip radius, maximum 2030–2033interference, avoiding 2019–2022internal 1998, 2047–2048involute curve properties 2002measurement of tooth with caliper 2020measurement over pins 2094–2112milling cutters for 2021

metric module 2021module system 2090–2093nonmetallic 601–604, 2118–2122outside and root diameters 2011, 2022pin method of checking 2094–2112pitch diameters, tabulated 2022profile checker settings 2030–2031reduced gear 2019–2028replacement gear dimensions 2122–2125root and outside diameters 2011, 2022set center distance 2010–2015shaving 2011–2013steels for industrial 2113–2117tooth

dimensions 2005–2010forms 2004–2010proportions 2008thickness allowance for shaving 2011–

2015thickness measurement 2014–2022,

2039–2040, 2108–2111true involute form (TIF) diameter 2030–

2033undercut, avoiding 2019–2028undercut, limit for hobbed gears 2030–

2033wire method of checking 2094–2108,

2111–2112Square

area 60circles of area equal to 79distances across corners 82of wire diameters 330prism volume 66recesses, for machine screws 1577

for self-tapping screws 1623roots of numbers 17

Squeeze casting 1337–1338Squirrel cage induction motors 2445–2446

S-shapes, structural steel 2493moment of inertia 2493radius of gyration 2493section modulus 2493weight per foot 2493

Stabilizing gages 514–515Stainless steels 406, 413, 425, 428

characteristics and applications 425compositions 413cutting, flame 1428mechanical properties 439soldering 1352–1354

ultrasonic 1352–1354speeds

for drilling, reaming, and threading 1036

for milling 1019–1020for turning 1001

strength 476Stamping

blank diameters 1304die clearances 1301drawing operations 1302–1304fine blanking 1312–1314lubricants for 1302pressures required 1302–1304punches, dies and presswork 1301–1311steel rule dies 1315–1317

Standarddeviation 1216–1218steels 403, 406–418, 420–428, 430–436,

439–443classification 403, 406–410hardenability 415–416hardness 415–416numbering system 409, 413

wire gage (SWG) 2499–2500Standards, NC 1226Static 113

balancing 167equivalent load, bearings 2297–2301load rating, bearings 2297–2301

Statistical tolerance 617Stayed surfaces, flat 268Steel

alloycompositions of SAE 411–412general properties 432–436

Bessemer 422carbon

SAE compositions 409, 420–422steel structure 484

carbon steel structure 483carburizing grades 504–505carburizing methods 498case hardening 497–505cast 1332–1335castings 1332chromium

compositions 413, 428nickel austenitic 413, 425, 428

INDEX 2617

Steel (continued)classification 406cobalt high-speed 856–857cobaltcrom 508color of heated 495columns, pipe 264–265compositions

for tools 464–476of SAE 409–412

corrosion-resisting 425–428deep-drawing 420Founders’ Society of America 1333–

1340free-cutting 422

manganese 447stainless 425

gages 456gear castings 2113–2117gearing, industrial 2113–2117hardenability 415–416hardening 479, 485–492hardness 415–416

and tensile strength relationships 521of heat-treated 432, 473–476

heat treatment 414–415, 479–517of high speed steel 508–514

high-speed 451high-strength, low-alloy 409–410, 440–

443hot-working, for dies, shears 452–454hypereutectoid 483hypoeutectoid 483induction hardening 500manganese, SAE compositions 409–412,

447molybdenum

compositions 409–412, 425, 428heat-treating 511–512high-speed 457–458, 510–511nickel

chromium, SAE compositions 409–412, 425, 428

nickel, SAE compositions 425SAE compositions 411–412

nitriding 417, 498numbering systems for 409–412oil-hardening types 464pipe

ANSI standard 2505columns, allowable concentric

loads 264–265properties of heat-treated 452–454, 473,

476quality

classification 418variations 418

rivets 1458rolled, shape designations 2488rule dies 1315–1317SAE

compositions 409–412

Steel (continued)heat treatments recommended 443,

503–505specification numbers 409–410

screw stock 422sheet, standard gage 2501–2502silicon-manganese, SAE

compositions 411–412stainless 413, 425, 428strength 473–476

and hardness data 432–436, 473, 475–476

of heat-treated 473, 475–476structural shapes 2488–2497subzero treatment 514–517taps 452–456, 1885–1886tool 444–458, 460, 462, 464–471

die 452of different types 452–456

tungstencompositions 458, 460heat treating 508–511high-speed 458–460, 462, 508–511twist drill 856–857

vanadium 447wrought 2504

Stellite alloy 981Step bearings 2219, 2224–2227Stock, amount required for screw machine

production 1099Stoke 2201–2202, 2312–2313, 2319Straight

line column formula 261pins 1653–1655pipe threads 1848–1852

Straight bevel gears 1998Strain

lateral 196longitudianl 196ratio of 196

Strengthhollow vs. solid shafts 283–284of polygon connections 2161of screws and bolts 1490–1491, 1534,

1559–1560riveted joints 1459tensile 196

wood 376ultimate 196yield

perforated metal 235Strength of materials 195

angles, lengths of bent 2488beams 236, 249

shock stresses in 257–258channels, elements of 2494, 2498columns 261–267

AISC formula 267AREA formula 261Euler formula for 261–262, 266–267Gordon formula 261, 263

INDEX2618

Strength of materials (continued)Johnson formula for 262

combined stresses 206–210compression 196critical speeds of shafts 283curved beams 254–257cylinders 270–274definitions 195–196deflection of beams 236, 239, 241–242,

253–254Euler formula 261–263, 266–267factors of safety 199ferrous metals 473, 475–476flat plates 268–270heat-treated steels 432–436hoop stress 585–586

thick-walled tube 584–585thin-walled tube 584–585

influence of temperature 475–478Izod impact 380, 432–433J. B. Johnson column formula 262, 266–

267keyways in shafts 283linear deflection in shafts 280mechanical properties 195–196metals, properties of 473, 475–478miscellaneous materials 478modulus

elasticity 196shear 196

moment of inertiabuilt-up sections 217table 217–227

nonferrous metals 473, 475, 477perforated metals 235pipe columns 264–265plates, shells, and cylinders 268–274polar

moment of inertia 229, 277–278section modulus 229, 277–278

rails 259Rankine, column formula 261, 263rings, stresses and deflections 215section moduli tables 217–234shafts 275–284

brittle material formula for 283critical speeds of 283effect of keyways on strength of 283former American Standard design code

for 280–283horsepower transmitted by 275–277,

280torsional strength of 275–277

shear 195, 197shells, spherical 271–272shocks, stresses produced by 257–258simple stresses 204–206springs, shock stresses in 258steels 473, 475–476straight-line column formula 261stress 117, 195

Strength of materials (continued)analysis 521areas of screw threads 1489–1491concentration factors 200–201

filleted shaft in tension 201filleted shaft in torsion 201grooved shaft in bending 203grooved shaft in torsion 203shaft with shoulder in bending 202shaft with transverse hole in

bending 204shaft with transverse hole in

torsion 202relieving 415working 200

struts or columns 261–267taper pins, strength of 215–216temperature effects 475–478tensile

strength 376, 379, 385stress 195

torsional strength of shafting 275–277tubes 272–274working stresses 200yield 376, 379, 385Young’s modulus 196

Strength of wire rope 334–341Stress 117

alternating 197–198area of thread 1482, 1490–1491, 1794bending in flywheels 179centrifugal in flywheels 178combined 206–210concentration factors 200–204

filleted shaft intension 201torsion 201

grooved shaft inbending 203torsion 203

shaft withshoulder in bending 202transverse hole in bending 204transverse hole in torsion 202

contact, in cams 2184cyclic 197hoop in flywheels 178–179in beams 204–210, 236, 241–242, 249,

251–258in bolts when tightening 1477–1487in flywheels 183in involute splines 2142in loaded ring 215in rotating disks 183in shafting 280–283in splines

allowable compressive 2145allowable contact stress 2045allowable shear 2144allowable tensile stress 2145

in springs 258, 291–297

INDEX 2619

Stress (continued)produced by shocks 257–258shear 206

in beams 207–210simple 204–206spline teeth

compressive 2144superposition of 206three-dimensional, or triaxial 210–212working, of various materials 200

Stress concentration factors 200–201filleted shaft in

tension 201torsion 201

grooved shaft inbending 203torsion 203

shaft withshoulder in bending 202transverse hole in

bending 204torsion 202

Stress relieving 415Stress-strain curves 195–196Structural shapes

aluminum 2498steel 2488–2497

angles, properties of 2495–2497channels, properties of 2494I- or S-shapes, properties of 2493standard designations 2488strength 476wide flange, properties of 2489–2492

Structure of Carbon Steel 483Struts or columns, strength of 261–267Stub Acme screw threads 1793, 1811–1816

alternative 1816ANSI Standard 1811–1815designations 1814formula for determining diameters 1812limiting dimensions for 1813–1814thread data 1815thread form 1793, 1812wire sizes for checking 1872–1874

Stub screw machine reamers 819–820Stub threads, 29- and 60-degree 1929–1934Stub tooth gearing 2005, 2010

Fellows 2010former American Standard 2005, 2010outside and root diameters 2004, 2011

Stub's iron and steel wire gage 2499–2500Stud

British 1551, 1562threads 1786–1791

StudsBritish

drive 1659, 1662Subprogram, NC 1256Subroutine, NC 1256–1258Subzero treatment of steel 514–517

Superalloys, speeds for turning, milling and drilling 1008–1009

Superhard tool materials (CBN) 754–757, 982, 1008–1009, 1140, 1157, 1166

Surfacefinish and hardness of bearings 2199grinding 1185–1192

advantages 1185common faults and possible causes

in 1191–1192table of 1191

principal systems 1186, 1189process data for 1190selection of grinding wheels for 1139–

1150, 1185–1187, 1190hardening

electron beam 503laser 503

of revolution, area 57roughness

measurements 703–704produced by common production

methods 702–703produced by laser cutting 1415–1416relationship to tolerances 702–704

speeds, diameters and rpmgrinding wheels 1171, 1174pulleys and sheaves 985, 987–990,

1908–1909speeds, diameters and rpm cutting speeds

formula 985–990, 1908texture 697–702

measurement by light wave interference bands 695–696

Surface coatings 1444–1451Surface condition factor 2044Surface finish

differences between ISO and ANSI symbology 711

Surface texture 699applying symbols 706–708castings 708comparing measured values to specified

limits 715control and production 697cutoff for roughness measurements 704drawing practices for symbols 704–705error of form 697flaws 697graphical centerline. 699instruments 704instruments of measurements 704lay 697, 708lay symbols 709measurement instrumentation 704measurement of 697–702measurements

area avearaging methods 704max rule 715non-contact instruments 704probe microscope 704

INDEX2620

Surface texture (continued)skidless instruments 70416% rule 715

profile 699measured 699modified 699nominal 699real 700total 700variation 2129, 2136

root mean square 702roughness 697roughness average (Ra) 701–702, 707roughness evaluation length 702roughness parameters 701roughness profile 700roughness sampling length 701roughness spacing 700roughness topography 700sampling length 700–701spatial resolution 700standard roughness sampling lengths 707symbols 606, 705–706symbols, proportions of 706system height resolution 700topography 700

measured 700modified 700

traversing length 701use of symbols 706valley 700waviness 699

evaluation length 700, 702height 702, 708long-wavelength cutoff 700parameters 702profile 700sampling length 700–701short-wavelength cutoff 700spacing 700topography 700

Surface texture symbolsdrawing practices for 705

Surveyor's measure 2517, 2523SUS (Saybolt Universal Seconds) 2313,

2319Swing frame grinding 1192Swiss pattern files 1432–1433S-word, NC 1251Symbols

ANSI Y14.5M Standard geometric characteristic engineering drawing 609

datum referencing 614section lining 606, 608

applying surface texture 706–708arc and gas welding 1393–1401brazing 1361concentricity, ANSI 609, 1223diameter, ANSI 609, 1222diamond wheel marking 1163–1166

Symbols (continued)drawing practices for surface

texture 704–705fits 631Greek 2554grinding wheel markings 1141–1142involute splines 2129, 2139mechanics 115nondestructive testing 1408–1409parallelism, ANSI 609, 1223perpendicularity, ANSI 609, 1224roundness, ANSI 609, 1222runout, ANSI 609, 1224screw thread, for tap marking 896–897surface profile, ANSI 609, 1222surface texture 704–708tolerances 642–644total runout, ANSI 609, 1224welding 1393–1409

Symbols and abbreviations 2, 2554–2555Synchronous belts 2407–2419System of measurement

absolute 114gravitational 114

System, flexible manufacturing, NC 1234Systeme International d’Unites

in strength of materials calculations 195Système International d’Unites 2520–2524

definition of units 2523–2524in mechanics calculations 116–118use of 113–114, 116–118

TTangent 83Tangent plane 2001Tangential force 2044Tanks

contents at given level 58–59cylindrical, capacity in gallons 58–59quenching bath 490–491

Tantung alloy 981Tap drill diameters 1889–1908

Acme 901British Standard ISO metric 1901–1902cold form tapping 1905–1907effect of diameter when tapping 1889–

1890machine screw sizes 1900pipe taps 1907–1908

Taperkeys 2342–2354, 2359–2364measurement methods 682–686per foot and corresponding angles 684pin reamers 826, 1657pins, standard 1655–1658

drills for 1655–1658strength 215–216

pipe taps 879–881, 894pipe threads 1846–1850

INDEX 2621

Taper (continued)reamers

Brown & Sharpe 825Morse 824

shaft ends, SAE Standard 2352Tapered

land thrust bearing 2218–2219, 2227–2232

roller bearings 2252–2254roller thrust bearings 2252–2254

TapersAmerican (ANSI) Standard 906–918applications of standard 917British Standard 907–908Brown & Sharpe 906, 915–916collets 971–973gages for self-holding 914Jacobs 919Jarno 906, 917machine tool spindles 917measuring with

sine bar 674V-block and sine bar 682

milling machine spindles, arbors and spindle noses 920–924

Morse 906–917stub taper shanks 907–908

rules for figuring 685self-holding and self-releasing 906–914steep machine 913, 918

Tapping and thread cutting 1885–1917automatic screw machine 1095British Standard drill sizes 1901–1903cold form 1904–1907cutting oils 1110cutting speed for 1030–1039, 1041–1043high-speed CNC 1908–1909holes

for tapping miniature screw threads 1901–1902

sizes before tapping, Unified threads 1889–1902

lubrication 1110maximum pitches of die cut

threads 1929–1930power required for pipe taps 1907–1908removing a broken tap 1905–1908specific materials 1887–1890speeds 1030–1039, 1041–1043, 1095,

1886–1887square threads 883, 887–890, 903tap drills

Acme threads 901clearance drills for machine

screws 1900diameters 1889–1890, 1907–1908for American form threads 1898–1900for ISO metric threads 1903

tap thread H- and L-limits 879–880, 896–897

Taps 872–875Acme 898–901adjustable 901ANSI Standard 872–898British Standard ISO metric series 902–

903collapsing 901cut thread limits 876–882, 891definitions 872–875fits, classes obtained 895fractional inch sizes 876–878, 891ground thread limits 877–883, 892H- and L-limits 879–880, 896–897hand, dimensions of standard 875, 883,

888–892hand, types of 872limit numbers for ground-thread

taps 897–898machine screw 883–893marks or symbols for identifying threads

on taps 880, 896–898metric sizes 876, 883–893multiple-thread taps, marking 898nitriding of 1885–1886nut 872, 884, 890–891pipe 872, 879–882, 894

power for driving 1907–1908tap drills for 1907–1908taper 879–882, 894

pitch increased to compensate for shrinkage 1929–1930

pulley 872, 884, 890rake angles of 1886–1887removing broken 1905–1908selection of 1885–1887serial 1885–1886sparkplug 876, 891spiral

fluted 883, 886, 892, 1885–1886pointed 885–893, 1885–1886

square thread 898–901steel for 456, 1885–1886straight fluted 875, 883, 888–889, 892straight pipe 879–882, 894surface treatment of 1885–1886terms 872thread series designations 896–897tolerances 876–897types of 872Unified thread form 1706

Tar, specific gravity 371Taylor

principle in grinding 606tool life equation 992

T-bolts and T-slots, ANSI Standard 1645–1646

tebi 2533Teflon (TFE) bearings 2242, 2245Temper designations, aluminum alloy 543–

546

INDEX2622

Temperatureabsolute 2514bearings 2204–2211boiling points, various substances 364changes in length due to 668critical, heat treating of steel 480, 483–

484effect on working stresses, of

springs 295–296Fahrenheit and Celsius

(Centigrade) 2514–2516ignition 368influence on strength of metals 475–478judging by color, steel 495maximum operating

ceramics 379plastics 380

melting point metals 368–370of carbon dioxide, solid 623of freezing mixtures 367of ignition, various materials 367of lead bath alloys 494of nitrogen, solid 623required to develop tightening stress in

bolt 1480–1481Temperature criterion 2045Tempering 414–417, 482, 493–495

double 494steel 414, 493–495

Ten-degree modified square thread 1817Tensile

modulus (plastics) 380, 572–573strength 196–197stress 195

Tensile strengthaluminum alloys 550–555ceramics 379copper alloys 526–542copper-beryllium alloys 566copper-silicon alloys 565ferrous and non-ferrous metals and metal

alloys 473, 475–477heat-treated steel 432–436Investment casting alloy 381iron and steel 473, 475magnesium alloys 560nickel 562–563stainless steel 439steel 430–436, 441

relation to hardness 473–477, 521–524titanium alloys 564wood 376

Thermalconductance 366conductivity 366, 368–370contraction 623cracking of cutting tools 1111energy 2514expansion coefficients 368–370, 379–

380, 579, 668stresses 585–586, 668

Thermal flash factor 2045Thermometer scales 2514–2516Thicknesses, preferred

metal products 2503uncoated metals and alloys 2501

Thin flat plate 148Thin spherical shell 150Thread

Acme 1792–1816angle, wire method of testing 1872change gears for lathe 1912–1916

for fractional output 1913–1914modifying the quick change gearbox

output 1913–1916chasing, cutting speeds for 1030–1043checking by three-wire method,

tables 1866–1868, 1872cutting 1910–1916

numerically controlled 1262–1263, 1908–1909

square 898–901designation symbols for 896–897, 1752–

1754on taps, marks and symbols for

identifying 896–897dies, maximum pitches 1930grinding 1923–1927

accuracy obtainable 1923centerless method 1926–1927crushing method of forming

wheels 1926from the solid 1924–1927number of wheel passes 1924truing wheels 1925wheel and work rotation 1925wheel grain size 1926–1927wheel hardness of grade 1926–1927wheel speeds 1925wheel types for 1923–1926, 1928work speeds 1925

milling 1928–1930changing pitch of thread slightly 1929classes of work for 1929–1930multiple cutter method 1928–1929on numerically controlled

machines 1262–1263, 1908–1909planetary method 1929single cutter method 1928

rolling 1918–1922advantages of process 1918automatic screw machines 1919blank diameter 1918–1919diameter of threading roll 1919dies

cylindrical 1918–1919flat 1918steels for 456

dies, flat 1918machines used 1918precision thread rolling 1918–1919production rates 1918–1919

INDEX 2623

Thread (continued)speeds and feeds 1920–1922steels 1918–1919

screws 1620, 1623, 1625self-forming screws 1620–1622, 1624,

1628single-point cutting tools for 692–694stress area 1482, 1490, 1794symbols for taps 896–897tap drill sizes 1889–1898tools

angles of sides for given clearance and helix angles 1910

for square threads 898–901relief angles for single-point 1910–

1911Threading cam, screw machine 1094, 1098

cutting speeds, threading dies 1094Three-dimensional stress 210–212Three-wire measurement of screw

threads 1860–1877Throw away carbide inserts 730–732Thrust bearings 2250–2254

allowable loads 2220ball 2250–2254flat plate type 2218–2224plain 2218–2235rated life 2290–2296roller 2251–2252static equivalent load 2301–2302static load rating 2300–2301step type 2218–2219, 2224–2227tapered land type 2218–2219, 2227–2232tilting pad type 2218–2219, 2232–2235tolerances 2261–2262

Thumb screws, flat-head type 1697, 1700–1701

Tilting pad thrust bearing 2218–2219, 2232–2235

Tinplating 1451tin lead, plating 1446

Tin-base alloys, die casting 1343Tin-bronze bearings 2238–2242Tin-lead alloys for soldering 1353Tip relief 2001Titanium and titanium alloys

cutting speeds for turning, milling, and drilling 1007

properties 561, 564Titanium carbides as cutting tool

materials 747–752, 980Titanium Metals Corp. 564T-nuts, ANSI Standard 1647Toggle joint 133Tolerance

bilateral 613geometric 613unilateral 613zone symmetry 613

Tolerance grades, relative to machining processes 630, 657

TolerancesANSI Standard 630

bilateral and unilateral 621–622symbols 609, 642–644, 1221

application 622ball and roller bearing 2255–2266compression spring 310–313cylindrical fits 621–667defined 621designation of limits and fits 642–644dimensions on drawings 621–622drilled holes 856–857extension spring 310–314gages

direction of tolerances on 622thread 1882–1884

gear, composite tooth to tooth 2042gear, composite total 2042hand taps 876–879, 891honing 1199how to apply 622indicating on drawings 609–611, 622involute splines, inch 2126–2134involute splines, metric 2148–2153keys and keyways 2345–2354knurling 1212, 1215machine screw taps 878–879, 895obtainable by various operations 630pipe taps 879–882, 894positional 611preferred series of 630projected zone 611relationship to surface roughness 702–

704symbols 609, 1221taps 872–895torsion springs 325–326twist drill, metric 853unilateral and bilateral 621–622

Tolerancing and geometric dimensioning 606, 610–611

Tonlong and short 2518metric 2523, 2546

Tooland cam design, pointers 1098–1099compensation, NC 1281–1284contour, cutting tools 723data table 1251forming 758–770function, NC 1251–1253grinding, angles 723–731holders 732–738indexable inserts 729–738, 753, 1281–

1284knurling 1211–1215length offset, NC 1253life 982–983, 992–994

INDEX2624

Tool (continued)adjusting 755–757, 1004–1005, 1009,

1012, 1028materials 747–757, 978–982NC machines ??–1286nose radius compensation, NC 1253,

1281–1284offset, NC 1252shanks, ANSI Standard for milling

machines 922sharpening

carbide tools 937grinding wheels for 937–940twist drills 934–937

single-point 723–746, 859–864steels 444–458, 460, 462, 464–471

air hardening 464–466alloying elements, effects of 447, 451carbon 452–454chromium types 458, 460, 462classification of 451–454cold work 464cutting speed for 1000, 1018–1019,

1035decarburization limits 471dimensional tolerances 471faults and failures, common 447–450grindability of 446, 1151–1152high-carbon, high-chromium 464high-speed 457hot work 458, 462, 464machining allowances 471mill production forms 470–471mold 466, 468–469molybdenum types 457–458, 464numbering system 403, 405oil hardening 464properties of 444–447selection of 452–456shock resisting 466, 468–469special purpose 466–469speeds drilling, reaming, and

threading 1035speeds, milling 1018–1019speeds, turning 1000tolerances on dimensions 471tungsten types 458, 460water hardening 469–471

wear 933–935Tool trouble-shooting checklist 983Tooling, carbide 747, 754–757Tooth face 2001Tooth rest position

milling cutter grinding 806reamer grinding 811

Tooth surface 2001Torches, metal cutting 1428–1429Torque 113

calculating, for tightening bolts 135, 1475–1491

Torque (continued)electric motor 2445–2448pull-up 2446relationship to angular acceleration 156starting, small bearings 2280–2281tightening, for bolts 1475, 1486–1487torsion springs 315

Torsionand bending of shafts, combined

formulas 204, 210, 280–283deflection of shafts, formula 277–280formulas for shafts 275–277modulus 204, 326–329springs, design 325strength of shafts 275–277

metric calculations 276–277Torus

polar moment of inertia 145volume 71

Total face width 2001Total indicator reading, NC 1238Translating, screws 1910–1943Transmission chains 2421

cast roller chains 2421detachable chains 2421pintle chains 2421roller chains 2421–2444

attachments 2425center distances and chain links 2436cutters for sprockets 2439–2441cutting sprocket tooth forms 2437design procedure 2444dimensions 2423hob design 2439horsepower ratings 2431–2435, 2442idler sprockets 2436installation and alignment 2443keys, keyways and set-screws 2426length of driving chain 2436lubrication 2443manufacture 2437materials 2437nomenclature 2422–2424nonstandard 2421numbers for 2424parts 2422selection 2431, 2436sprockets 2423–2442tooth form 2438types 2421

Transmission shafting design 280–283Transposition of terms in formulas 20–21Transverse plane 2001Trap rock, strength 478Trapezium area 62Trapezoid

area 61center of gravity 137

Trapezoidal metric threads 1779Trepanning 871Tresca shear theory (plastics) 584–585

INDEX 2625

Triangleacute 83area 61center of gravity 136equilateral 83geometry of 46–48isosceles 83obtuse 83right-angle 83solution 83–89

oblique-angle 88–89right angle 86right-angle 87

Triaxial stress 210–212Trigonometric

formulas 84–85functions

of angles 83–101signs of 84using calculator to find 97

identities 84–85tables 93–96

Trimming dies, steels for 456Trochoid 2001Troostite 493Trouble-shooting

broaching 932drilling 1034reaming 812tools 448–450

Troy weight for gold and silver 2518True involute form diameter 2001Truing and dressing grinding wheels 1158–

1162T-slot cutters, standard 775T-slots and T-bolts, ANSI Standard 1645–

1646TT-C-490D 1449Tube 2504

collapsing pressure 272–274gages 2499maximum allowable pressures 274strength of 272–274subjected to external pressure

factor of safety 274thickness and working pressure 273–274wall thickness gages 2488, 2499

Tungstencarbide tools

materials 979electrodes, welding 1382–1388

Tungsten steels 458, 460, 516compositions 452–454, 460high-speed, heat-treatment of 508–511tool steels 458, 460

Tungsten-carbide toolsgrinding 937–939single-point 738, 859–864

Turner's sclerometer 521, 524

Turningcutting speeds for

copper alloys 1006ferrous cast metals 1002–1003hard-to-machine materials 1008–1009light metals 1007–1008plain carbon and alloy steels 996–999stainless steels 1001superalloys 1008–1009titanium and titanium alloys 1007tool steels 1000

cutting time for 1044cycles, NC 1262grinding tools for 726–731speeds and feeds 995–1009, 1095wood 378

Turning, cutting speeds for copper alloys 1006

Twist drill 831–858equivalent of gage or letter size 829–833,

2499–2500grinding (sharpening) 934–936tolerances, metric 853types 827

T-word, NC 1251–1253

UU.S.

Board of Supervising Inspectors 268Dept. of Commerce, formula for pressure

in tubes 272–273gallons into liters 2545standard screw threads 1706Standard sheet metal gage 2502standard sheet metal gage 2501–2502

UK gallons to liters 2544Ultimate strength

common materials 478compressive 196iron and steel 476nonferrous alloys 477plastics 583shear 197

Ultrasonic fluxless soldering 1352–1355Uncoated metals and alloys, preferred

thicknesses, metric 2501Undercut, in spur gearing 2019–2028Unified 1785

bolts, screws, and nuts 1492miniature screw thread, standard 1781–

1785numbering system (UNS) for metals and

alloys 403copper alloys 525plain carbon, alloy and tool steel 403,

405, 409, 411–412stainless steel 409, 413

screw thread standardANSI 1706–1710, 1712–1754

INDEX2626

Unified (continued)British UNJ 1825–1826

Uniform motion 151Unit

conversions 2520–2524horsepower for machining 870, 1046–

1047, 1051systems 2520–2524

Unit systems 2520–2524116

cgs 114MKS 114

Universal joints 2327UNS

no. 406–408series of different metal 404

Upsetting, steel for cold 420

VVan Keuren gear measuring tables 2094–

2106Variable speed belts 2401–2407Varnish, pattern 1339–1340V-belts

arc of contact 2379–2407belt lengths and center distances 2379classical 2379–2386cross-sections 2397, 2413degree 2407double 2386–2394horsepower ratings 2372, 2407light duty 2390–2397narrow 2373–2379SAE Standard V-belts 2420service factors 2418–2419sheave dimensions 2373–2377, 2381–

2382, 2398–2416sheaves 2372–2420storage and handling 2417–2418synchronous 2407–2417, 2419variable speed 2401–2407V-ribbed 2397–2401

Vector and scalar quantities 118Velocity 113, 151, 154

angular 151–153, 187rpm to radian per second

conversion 187constant 151converting to rpm 985–990linear 151–152

of points on rotating bodies 187Vernier scale

dual metric-inch 670–671reading 669reading a metric 670reading on a protractor 669

Versed sine and versed cosine 97V-flange tool shanks and retention

knobs 1284–1286

Vickers hardness 520–521Viscosity 2201–2203, 2311–2313

conversion table for lubricating oils 2201–2202

Viscosity-pressure relationship 2324Viscosity-temperature chart for SAE

oils 2202–2203Vitrified bonded wheels 937–938, 1140

coolants for 1108–1109thread grinding 1923

Volumeair at different temperatures 393barrel 71cone 68

frustum of 68cube 66cylinder

hollow 68portion of 67–68

ellipsoid 69geometrical figures 66–71nozzles 390of flow in pipes and tubes 388–389, 392,

2509of solids 66–71paraboloid 70paraboloidal segment 71prism 66prismoidal formula 56pyramid 66

frustum of 67ratio of 71solid of revolution 56sphere 69

hollow 70spherical

sector 69segment 69wedge 70zone 70

square prism 66torus 71water at different temperature 387wedge 67

Volumesof fuel 372

V-process, casting 1336–1338V-projections, fine-blanking tools 1314V-ribbed belts 2397–2401V-shaped groove, checking by pins 690V-thread 1706Vulcanized fiber, strength 478

WWahl spring curvature correction factor 295Warding files 1431–1432Washburn & Moen wire gage 2499–2500Washers

ANSI, plain 1512–1517, 1547, 1549

INDEX 2627

Washers (continued)Belleville 326British Standard metric 1565–1566

metric spring 1563–1565metric 1547, 1549preferred sizes 1512–1513spring lock type 1516tooth lock type 1515–1519

Washersspring lock type 1519

Watch screw threads 1781–1785Water

boiling point 386composition 386flow in pipes 388–391, 2509flow through nozzles 390horsepower, equivalent to given head 389inches of, and equivalent pressure 388pressure 386pressure, head or depth known 386pressures, methods of measuring 388velocity due to head 391volume at different temperatures 388volume of flow in pipes and tubes 392,

2509weight at different temperatures 389

Watt equivalent 2551Waviness 697

height values 702Wear and wear resistance cutting tool 933–

934Wedge 130

center of gravity 140mechanical principle of 130volume 67

Weight 116air 393–394

at different pressures 394at different temperatures 394per cubic foot 393–394

angles, structural steel 2495–2497avoirdupois or commercial 2518castings, from pattern weight 1340channels, structural 2494, 2498charcoal, coal and coke 371fuels 371hollow shafts 283–284I-beams 2489–2493metals 368–370metric 2523, 2546nails and spikes 1455of natural piles 373per feet of wood 372pipe, per foot 2505–2508specific gravity known 370steel S-sections 2493troy, for gold and silver 2518water 386, 388wide flange, steel 2489–2492wood 371–372, 376–377

Weights and measures 2517–2519

Welding 1362–1409, 1418–1421aluminum 1365, 1385–1390ANSI welding symbols 1393–1409

application of 1397–1401nondestructive testing 1408–1409

application of symbols 1397–1401arc cutting of metals 1428–1429codes, rules, regulations,

specifications 1394–1395complete fusion 1405cutting metals, with electric arc 1428–

1429with oxidizing flame 1428

cutting with lasers 1414–1419definitions and symbols 1393–1401designations 1396dies 1408electrodes 1363, 1367, 1385–1387electron beam 1392FCAW (flux-cored arc) 1371–1378

contact tip recess 1373–1374deposition rates 1376–1378electrodes 1371–1373porosity and worm tracks 1374settings 1374–1376shielding gases 1378

fill and cover pass procedures for 5G welds 1406–1407

fill passes 1403GMAW (gas metal arc) 1363–1371

electrode diameters 1363shielding gases 1364–1366spray transfer 1367–1371welding sheet steel 1364

GTAW (gas tungsten arc) 1382–1387filler metals 1387selecting tungsten electrode 1385–1387shielding gases 1387welding current 1392–1394

hard-facing 1423–1427horizontal pipe welding 1403laser

cutting 1414–1418welding 1418–1421

letter designations for processes 1396materials used in welding 1393nondestructive testing 1408–1409PAW (plasma arc) 1387–1391

applications 1389–1390cutting 1391gases for 1388–1389of aluminum 1389–1390surface coating 1390–1391

pipe 1402positioning of joint components in pipe

welding 1402process letter designation 1396root passes 1403root welding procedure for 5G

welds 1407

INDEX2628

Welding (continued)root welding procedures for fcaw 5G pipe

welds 1406SMAW (shielded metal arc) 1378–1382

characteristic of electrodes 1379–1382specifications 1394–1395symbols 1394tack welding procedures for FCAW 5G

pipe welds 1406thick-walled carbon-steel pipes 1405–

1406thin-wall pipe 1404thin-walled carbon-steel pipes 1407use of flux-cored electrodes 1404vertical-down welding 1403vertical-up welding 1403wire extension 1406

Welding and hard-facing 1423–1427Welding factor 2045Weldon shanks, dimensions of 779–789Wheels

abrasive cutting 1204buffing 1440diamond 937–939, 1163–1169

dressing 1158–1161grinding 1139–1174mechanical principles of 134polishing 1439polishing, speed of 1440silicon carbide 937–938

Wheels and pulleys in mechanics 134–135White cast iron 1330White metal bearing alloys 2237–2238Whitworth

standard bolts, screws, nuts, washers, and studs 1551–1554, 1595–1598, 1619

wire size for measuring threads 1861–1862

Whole depth 2001Wide-flange shapes, steel 2489–2492

moment of inertia 2489–2492radius of gyration 2489–2492section modulus 2489–2492weight per foot 2489–2492

Winding drums, wire rope and chain 342–343, 360

Windlass 134Wing nuts, standard 1693–1696Wing screws 1693–1701Wire

brass, phosphor bronze, strength of 477checking gear sizes 2094–2108, 2111–

2112backlash allowances 2103diameters 2094, 2103helical gears 2103–2109

checking screw threads 1860–1877Acme threads 1866–1874buttress threads 1875–1877contact pressure 1862–1863

Wire (continued)formulas for large lead angles 1863–

1874limits for diameters 1861–1863, 1870specifications 1862–1863taper screws 1872, 1875

circular mill measurement 2517copper, strength of 477diameters, squares, cubes, fourth powers

of 330EDM 1318, 1328–1329music 330, 385, 2499–2500plow steel, strength of 336–341preferred thicknesses 2501rod gages 2499rope 333–350sheet metal gages 2499–2503spring, tensile strength of 385tensile strength 385tubing, wall thickness gages 2499wire gages 2499–2500

Wire nails and spikes, standard 1455Wire rope 333–350

bending stresses 344breaking strengths 334classes 335–338construction 333cutting and seizing 344definitions of terms 333–334drum or reel capacity 342–343drum score for winding 360factors of safety 339–340installation 340–346life 344–345lubrication 345maintenance 344–345properties 334–335rated capacities of 349–350replacement 345rope loads due to bending 344safe loads for 339–340sheave and drum dimensions 342simplified practice recommendations 338sizes 336–341slings and fittings 345–350specification 334strength 336–341weight 336–341

Woodbearings 2242, 2245bonding 2460–2463compression perpendicular to grain 375crushing strength 375density 376dimensions of sawn lumber 378hardmetal tooling for 757ignition temperatures 367machinability 377–378maximum crushing strength 375mechanical properties of 375–376

effect of pressure treatment 376

INDEX 2629

Wood (continued)mechanical property 375modulus of rupture 375patterns 1339–1340screws 1456shear strength parallel to grain 376tensile strength perpendicular to

grain 376tooling for wood and nonmetals 757weight of 371

Wood screws, pilot hole for 1456Woodruff keys 2365Woodruff keyseat cutters 795Word address format, NC 1243–1245Word, NC 1243–1245Work 113, 158–159

formulas 158–159general formulas 162relation to energy 158–159

Work and Energy 158Work hardening factor 2044–2045work to maximum load in bending

wood 375Working depth 2001Working strength of bolts 1489–1491, 1559–

1561stresses 200

for springs 291–297Working stress

shafts, maximum allowable 282Worm gear

effect of cutting diameter on profile and pressure angle 2066

effect of production method on profile and pressure angle 2066

Worm gearing 2064–2066addendum 2065ANSI Standard, fine-pitch 2064–2066center distance 2065effect of cutting method on profile 2066fine-pitch 2064–2066formulas for dimensions 2065hobs for 2064lead angles 2064–2065material for 2067materials for 2066multithread 2066multi-thread worms 2067number of threads or “starts” 2067outside diameter 2065pitch diameter range 2066pitches 2064pitches, standard 2064pressure angle 2066pressure angles 2064proportions 2065ratios 2066single-thread 2066single-thread worms 2067

Worm gearing (continued)tooth form 2066tooth form of worm and wormgear 2066

Worm gearing, hobs 2064Wrapped spring clutches 2332–2333Wrench clearances

for box wrenches 1510for open end wrenches 1511for socket wrenches 1511for spacing of bolts 1510–1511

Wrench openings, ANSI Standard 1510Wrought

copper 566iron

strength 476temperature effect on 478thickness gage for sheet 2502

steel pipe 2504–2505Wurtzite 755–757

YYield

strengthperforated metal 235

Yield point 196for various materials 196heat-treated steels 432–436iron and steel 473, 475–476nonferrous metals 477plastics 583

Yield strength 196, 376, 379, 385aluminum alloys 550–555compressive 196copper alloys 526–542copper-beryllium alloys 566copper-silicon alloys 565Investment casting alloy 381magnesium alloys 560nickel alloys 562–563perforated metal 235plastics 573–574shear 197stainless steel 439steel 430–436, 441titanium alloys 564

Young’s modulus 196spring materials 326–329

ZZero suppression, NC 1245Zero, absolute 2514Zerol bevel gears 1998, 2050–2051Zinc

plating 1451specific gravity 370

Zinc-base alloys, die casting 1342Zone factor 2044–2045