Index of namesassets.cambridge.org/97805215/40636/index/9780521540636... · 2006. 11. 24. · LaForest, Marty 139 Langacker,RonaldW.5,7,14,29,70,93,115 Lange, Deborah 22, 23 Lass,

Index of names

Aarts, Bas 16, 27, 150, 151, 152Adamson, Sylvia 136, 158Aertsen, Henk 118, 157Aijmer, Karin 22, 23, 67, 137, 139Akimoto, Minoji 52, 122, 130, 131Algeo, John 67, 130, 131Allen, Andrew S. 53Allen, Cynthia L. 58, 116Andersen, Henning 27, 77Anderson, Stephen R. 33, 35, 51, 54, 139, 153Anttila, Raimo 21, 39, 40, 43, 53, 56, 60, 83,

100, 131Arnovick, Leslie K. 98Aronoff, Mark 16, 35, 39Aston, Guy 75

Baayen, R. Harald 17, 18, 134, 135, 136Baker, Philip 160Barcelona, Antonio 106Bauer, Laurie 16, 17, 21, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40,

45, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, 55, 56, 132Benveniste, Emile 29, 49Bergs, Alexander 9, 95, 159Berman, Ruth A. 19Beths, Frank 22, 75Bhat, D.N. S. 13, 132Biber, Douglas 48, 64, 66, 126, 157Bierwisch, Manfred 10Blakemore, Diane 11, 158Blank, Andreas 17, 21, 34, 37, 40, 41, 42, 43,

46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 53, 55, 56, 57, 63,155, 156

Blom, Corrien 129Bloomfield, Leonard 9Boersma, Paul 4Bolinger, Dwight 3

Booij, Geert 129, 149Bresnan, Joan 4Brinton, Laurel J. ix, 20, 23, 29, 32, 59, 66, 67,

76, 105, 123, 124, 125, 130, 137, 138, 151,152

Brugmann, Karl 24Bruyn, Adrienne 27Burnard, Lou 75Burridge, Kate 77Bussmann, Hadumod 17, 20, 32, 43, 45, 56,

91, 92Bybee, Joan L. 4, 5, 8, 10, 17, 24, 27, 28,

29, 30, 35, 59, 67, 68, 71, 72, 86,87, 93, 100, 105, 108, 109, 148, 149, 153,155

Campbell, Alistair 134Campbell, Lyle 7, 22, 25, 58, 59, 107, 147, 151Cannon, Garland 134Childs, G. Tucker 34Chomsky, Noam 3, 4, 9Cinque, Guglielmo 133Claridge, Claudia 66, 122, 124, 127, 130Clark, Brady Z. 8Clark, Eve V. 39, 46, 55Clark, Herbert H. 39, 46, 55Claudi, Ulrike 24, 28, 53, 71, 72, 74, 105, 106Clyne, Michael G. 158Comrie, Bernard 115, 124Conrad, Susan 48, 64, 126Corbett, Greville 35Cowie, Anthony Paul 122Cowie, Claire ix, 51, 64, 87Croft, William 3, 4, 8, 13, 14, 94Cuenca, Maria-Josep 158Culicover, Peter W. 4

185

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Dahl, Osten 155Dalton-Puffer, Christiane 35, 63, 114, 136,

149Darnell, Michael 3, 8Dasher, Richard B. 70, 72, 106, 109, 137, 139,

153DeGraff, Michel 160de Groot, Sarah 75Denison, David 16, 37, 114, 116, 117, 124,

126, 127, 128, 150, 152, 159Detges, Ulrich 107Diewald 82, 84Dingare, Shipra 4Dixon, Robert M. 13, 14Donner, Morton 135Dowty, David R. 10Doyle, Aidan 59Dressler, Wolfgang U. 35Dryer, Matthew 154

Eckert, Penelope 78Enfield, N. J. 26, 106Enger, Hans-Olaf 86, 87Erman, Britt 139Ernst, Thomas 133Evans, Nicholas 21, 26, 147

Ferguson, Charles A. 8Fillmore, Charles J. 5, 10, 55Finegan, Edward 48, 64, 126, 157Fischer, Olga 25Fitzmaurice, Susan 159Fleischman, Suzanne 24, 35Fodor, Jerrold J. 10Fraser, Bruce 67

Gabelentz, Georg von der 24Gelderen, Elly van 39, 43, 75Giacalone Ramat, Anna 39, 49, 63, 80, 83Gildea, Spike 147Givon, Talmy 24, 26, 53, 69, 71, 75, 77, 80,

157Goldberg, Adele 5Gorlach, Manfred 39, 159Greenbaum, Sidney 34, 64, 122Greenberg, Joseph H. 8, 53, 80Gruber, Jeffrey S. 10Guilbert, Louis 36Guldemann, Tom 147

Hagege, Claude 48, 68Haiman, John 47, 69Hale, Mark 3Hancock, Ian F. 160Harris, Alice C. 7, 107, 151Haspelmath, Martin 3, 5, 8, 10, 18, 22, 25, 28,

35, 36, 37, 39, 59, 69, 70, 72, 74, 75, 78, 81,85, 87, 102, 104, 107, 144, 145, 148, 150

Hayes, Bruce 4Heine, Bernd ix, 22, 26, 27, 28, 44, 53, 60, 71,

72, 74, 75, 77, 78, 93, 105, 106, 109, 147,148

Helftoft, Lars 24Herzog, Marvin I. 6, 8, 147, 156Hiltunen, Risto 124Himmelmann, Nikolaus P. 20, 35, 38, 63, 72,

73, 74, 97, 99, 105, 109, 132, 143, 148, 151Hock, Hans Henrich 40, 41, 84Hopper, Paul J. x, ix, 3, 4, 6, 8, 14, 21, 23, 24,

25, 30, 38, 52, 53, 54, 57, 63, 64, 67, 68,71, 75, 80, 83, 87, 97, 99, 107, 108, 138,143, 151, 152, 153

Horn, Laurence R. 20Huddleston, Rodney 34, 37, 39, 51, 56, 60, 66,

112, 113, 120, 123, 125, 126, 128, 130,131, 134

Hunnemeyer, Friederike 28, 53, 71, 72, 74,105, 106

Jackendoff,Ray 4, 10, 11, 16, 17, 19, 91, 93, 134Jakobson, Roman 2Janda, Richard D. 5, 7, 25, 52, 54, 57, 58, 60,

77Jeffers, Robert J. 58, 59Jespersen, Otto 5, 20Johanson, Stig 48, 64, 126Jones, Michael 25Joseph, BrianD. 5, 7, 40, 41, 52, 54, 57, 63, 83,

84Jucker, Andreas H. 137

Kaplan, Robert B. 158Kastovsky, Dieter 16, 17, 35, 56, 69, 74, 95,

133, 134, 153, 154Katz, Jerrold J. 10Kawabata, Tomohiro 119Kay, Paul 5, 55Keller, Rudi 70, 71Kemenade, Ans van 3Kilian-Katz, Christa 147Killie, Kristin 135Kiparsky, Paul 7, 8, 152Klausenburger, Jurgen 57, 58, 60Koch, Harold 76, 155Konig, Ekkehard 29, 73, 93, 105, 117, 118,

119, 148Kortmann, Bernd 73, 93, 117, 118, 119, 148Kotsinas, Ulla-Britt 139Kovekses, Zoltan 28Kroch, Anthony 8, 59Krug, Manfred 67, 75Kuryłowicz, Jerzy 24, 76, 78, 86, 148Kuteva, Tania 28, 109, 148Kyto, Merja 8, 157

Laberge, Suzanne 160

186 Index of names






Labov, William 6, 8, 78, 147, 156LaForest, Marty 139Langacker, RonaldW. 5, 7, 14, 29, 70, 93, 115Lange, Deborah 22, 23Lass, Roger 80Lazzeroni, Romano 68Lee, Hanjung 4Leech, Geoffrey 10, 34, 47, 48, 64, 122, 126Lehmann, Christian ix, vii, vii, 2, 3, 9, 11, 13,

15, 21, 24, 25, 38, 48, 51, 53, 56, 59, 63,64, 65, 69, 70, 71, 74, 75, 76, 78, 80, 83,84, 85, 97, 100, 103, 105, 109, 138, 142,143, 144, 145

Lessau, Donald A. 32, 48, 53, 58, 147Levin, Beth 10, 19, 112, 113Levinson, Stephen 20Lichtenberk, Frantisek 26Lighfoot, David W. 3, 7, 70Lindquist, Hans 100Lindstrom, Therese 20, 24, 63, 156Lipka, Leonhard 45, 48, 50, 56, 69, 95, 105Luraghi, Silvia 35, 37, 79, 111Lyons, John 10, 48

McArthur, Tom 43, 44McCawley, James D. 10, 19McElhinney, Bonnie 57McKercher, David 15Mackin, Ronald 122Mair, Christian 22, 23, 100, 156Manning, Christopher D. 4Marchand, Hans 37, 125, 129, 134Matsumoto, Yo 59Matthews, P.H. 1, 4, 10, 27, 37, 45, 91Meillet, Antoine 23, 24, 63, 74, 86Michaelis, Laura A. 5Miller, D. Gary 113Milroy, James 7, 8Milroy, Lesley 159Mitchell, Bruce 113, 114, 117Mithun, Marianne 13, 14, 147Moessner, Lilo 157Moore, Colette 137Moravcsik, Edith 3, 8Moreno Cabrera, Juan C. 33, 38, 41, 48, 56,

60, 79, 106, 145Morita, Junya 47Mosse, Ferdinand 114, 160Motsch, Wolfgang 91Muhlhausler, Peter 160Mulac, Anthony 22, 137Mustanoja, Tauno F. 115, 116, 119, 135Myhill, John 59

Napoli, Donna Jo 13Navala, Minna 157Nedjalkov, Igor’ V. 117Neubarth, Friedrich 81

Nevalainen, Terttu 9, 66, 129, 131, 132, 134,135, 136, 148, 149, 156, 158, 159

Nevis, Joel A. 59Newmeyer, Frederick J. 3, 5, 22, 38, 39, 54,

59, 60, 75, 101Nickel, Gerhard 113, 114Noonan, Michael 3Norde, Muriel vii, 39, 58, 59, 76, 77, 78, 85,

144Norrick, Neal R. 57Nowak, Andrzej 4Nunberg, Geoffrey 55, 131Nurmi, Arja 157

O’Connor, Mary Catherine 55O’Dowd, Elizabeth M. 123, 125Olofsson, Arne 119, 120, 157

Paez Urdaneta, Iraset 104Pagliuca, William 8, 10, 24, 27, 28, 30, 59, 68,

71, 72, 86, 87, 105, 108, 109, 148, 149Palander-Collin, Minna 8, 137, 157Palmer, F.R. 16Paradis, Carita 27Pawley, Andrew 47, 55Perez, Aveline 24Perkins, Revere 8, 10, 27, 28, 30, 59, 71, 72, 86,

87, 105, 108, 109, 148, 149Peters, Hans 135, 136Pinker, Steven 11Pinkster, Harm 51Pintzuk, Susan 59Plag, Ingo 16Plank, Frans 26, 35Pollard, Carl 5, 11Pratt, Lynda 159Pullum, Geoffrey K. 34, 37, 39, 51, 56, 60, 66,

112, 113, 120, 123, 125, 126, 128, 130, 131Pustejovsky, James 10Pustet, Regina 14

Quirk, Randolph 34, 37, 39, 43, 44, 45, 46, 64,65, 66, 67, 122, 123, 125, 126, 128, 132,134, 135, 137

Radden, Gunter 28Ramat, Paolo ix, vii, 15, 25, 38, 39, 49, 51, 53,

54, 57, 60, 63, 65, 66, 68, 74, 76, 80, 81,82, 83, 84, 85, 93, 102, 103, 104, 132, 133,135, 144

Rappaport Hovav, Malka 10, 19Raumolin-Brunberg, Helena 157, 158Reh, Mechthild 75, 147Rennison, John 81Renouf, Antoinette 17, 134, 135, 136Rhee, Seongha 147Ricca, Davide 15, 81, 93, 132, 133, 135Rickford, John R. 78

Index of names 187






Rissanen, Matti 8, 52, 119, 134, 135, 136, 157Roberg, Heinz 147Roberts, Ian 23, 24, 25, 70, 107Romaine, Suzanne 22, 23Rosch, Eleanor 16Rosenbach, Anette x, 16, 17, 25, 58Ross, John Robert 150Roussou, Anna 70Rubino, Carl 59Ryder, Mary Ellen 45, 46

Sag, Ivan A. 5, 11, 55, 131Sankoff, Gillian 160Sapir, Edward 12Sasse, Hans-Jurgen 13Saukkonen, Pauli 157Saussure, Ferdinand de 6Schaner-Wolles, Chris 81Schiffrin, Deborah 67Schladt, Mathias 147Schwenter, Scott xSkeat, Walter W. 51, 53Slobin, Dan I. 19, 20Solomon, Julie 160Stein, Dieter 25, 76Stolz, Thomas 147Sun, Chaofen 147Svarvik, Jan 34, 64, 122Swan, Toril 136Sweet, Henry 24Sweetser, Eve E. 21, 29, 108Syder, Frances Hodgetts 47Syea, Anand 160

Taavitsainen, Irma 157Tabor, Whitney 65, 138, 151Talmy, Leonard 10, 14, 19, 28, 92, 155Taylor, John R. 16Tereni, Rossella 100Thomas, Francis-Noel 158

Thompson, Sandra A. 14, 22, 137Timberlake, Alan 7Traugott, Elizabeth Closs ix, ix, ix, 6, 8, 20,

21, 23, 24, 25, 28, 29, 38, 48, 54, 56, 63,64, 65, 66, 67, 70, 71, 72, 77, 87, 97, 99,105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 131, 137, 138,139, 151, 152, 153

Turner, Mark 158

Ullmann, Stephen 40

van der Auwera, Johan vii, 20, 33, 53, 75, 76,82, 83, 102, 103, 104, 132

van der Wurff, Wim 49Viberg, Ake 10Vincent, Diane 139Vincent, Nigel 152Visconti, Jacqueline xVisser, F. Th. 114, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121,

127, 128, 130, 155von der Gabelenz, Karl 70Votre, Sebastiao 139Voyles, Joseph B. 10

Waltereit, Richard 107, 138, 139Warner, Anthony 114, 115Wartburg, Walter von 157Wasow, Thomas 55, 131Weinreich, Uriel 6, 8, 147, 156Wheatley, Kathleen 3Wierzbicka, Anna 10Wilkins, David 21, 26Williams, Edwin 87Wischer, Ilse ix, 48, 56, 67, 68, 77, 82, 84, 140Wright, Susan [Fitzmaurice] 158Wurzel, Wolfgang U. 153

Ziegeler, Debra 22, 38, 78Zirmunskij, V.M. 48Zwicky, Arnold 58, 59

188 Index of names






Index of subjects

ablaut 153abruptness 6, 22, 27, 68, 76, 83, 85, 88, 95absolute 79, 117–119, 146, 157acquisition 69, 70, 94, 156acronym 42, 47, 76, 143, 158actualization 147, 159actuation 7, 147, 156adjective, category status of 12–15, 107, 114

derivation of 17, 115, 117, 149participial 111, 115–117, 145, 148, 157, 159universality of 13–14see also participle

adjunct, free 115, 117, 117–119, 146, 157adoption, as community norm 47

into the inventory 90, 96, 99, 101, 142, 144into the lexicon 18, 20, 33, 74, 89–90, 131, 143

adposition 13adverb, category status of 14, 15, 34, 40, 49,

132–133, 146, 151formation of 132–136of degree 111, 120–121, 133, 136, 146of manner 17, 114, 133, 134–136, 135prototypical 93, 133, 135

adverbial, see adverbaffix 10, 63, 92, 93, 98, 143, 146, 148, 149; see

also derivation and inflectionanalogy 7, 41, 52, 119, 154analyzability 67, 84, 94, 96, 103, 109antilexicalization 102, 102–103, 104, 148; see

also delexicalizationantigrammaticalization 85, 102, 103–104, 148;

see also degrammaticalizationargument position 73aspect, see verb, aspectualautonomy 22, 27, 57–60, 63, 65, 74, 104, 142,

145

auxiliary verb, see verb, auxiliary

back formation 41, 44, 103, 129, 143,145, 148

bleaching 3–5, 29, 30, 68, 70, 72, 83, 99, 142,145

blending 41, 143bonding, see fusionborrowing 19, 35, 43, 96, 98, 103, 108, 154,

159, 160; see also verb, borrowedbridging context 21, 26, 71, 100, 106, 108, 124,

127

calque, see loan translationcanonization, see institutionalizationcategory, linguistic 6, 7, 16, 104, 107–108, 109,

126, 142, 146, 148, 149, 150–153, 160; seealso class and decategorialization

chain shift 6change, approaches to 5–9, 142morphological 52, 63, 67, 84, 96, 103, 107,

138, 154morphosyntactic 101of class membership 36, 149paradigmatic 54phonological 12, 34, 38, 43, 51, 54, 67,

96, 97, 99–100, 105, 108, 138, 153, 154,155

semantic 21, 28–29, 37, 40, 72, 74, 83, 96,98, 105–106, 108, 138, 143, 147,153–156, 160

semasiological 155syntactic 45–46, 48, 51, 52, 53, 53–54, 56,

57, 65, 68, 73, 83, 96, 98, 107, 118, 123,152

syntagmatic, see change, syntactic

189






change, approaches to (cont.)typological 20, 59, 109see also bleaching; constraints, on change;

decategorialization;demorphologization; demotivation;fusion; gradualness;grammaticalization; lexicalization;morphologization; phonogenesis;phonologization; recategorization;semanticization; syntacticization;unidirectionality

clarity 69–70class, closed 13, 14, 36, 38, 40, 91, 132, 146, 152conceptual 12, 29form 33, 45, 132, 150, 159functional 12, 13, 14, 38–39, 99, 101, 146major 13, 14, 25, 91, 94, 101, 132, 133, 138,

143, 152, 153; see also class, openminor 13, 14, 25, 101, 132, 133, 138, 143; see

also class, closed and class, functionalobligatory 35–36, 84, 91open 13, 14, 36, 37–38, 40, 92, 132, 146, 147,

152word, characterized 12; see also category,

linguisticcline 64, 85, 86, 92–93, 94, 101, 136, 148–149, 151as schema 77

clipping 40, 41, 53, 60, 74, 76, 80, 85, 98, 104,107, 143, 145

cliticization 57–58, 93, 104, 145; see alsoword, function

coalescence 27, 47, 63–67, 72, 81, 83, 97, 100,101, 105, 143, 144, 144–145, 151, 154,160; see also change, morphological;change, phonological; fusion

cognitive capacity, language as 3, 4, 7, 28cognitive structure, see conceptual structurecohesion 107; see also fusioncoinage 43, 143comment clause 67, 137; see also

parenthetical, epistemiccommunication 71language as 4, 8

communicative situation 7; see also need,communicative

community, of speakers 6, 8, 26, 45–47, 77,95, 158–159

componentiality, semantic 9, 47, 56, 68compositionality, lexical 10, 22, 32, 101, 142,

144, 146gain in 57–60, 102, 145loss of 47–56, 69, 97, 98, 101, 131, 142, 145semantic 103, 105

compound 35, 43, 56, 63, 86, 96, 97, 98, 129,133, 146

phrasal 38compounding 21, 33, 34, 41, 46, 47, 48, 50–51,

54, 82, 107, 134, 143, 145, 160

concept, holistic construal of 9conceptual structure 4, 14, 18, 69, 91, 101,

142, 148concretion 38, 106–107condensation 138conjunction 23, 39, 117–122, 142, 148constraints, on change 5, 6, 10, 17, 20, 39, 147,

147–150, 150–151construal, analytic, see analyzabilityconstruction 23, 23–25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 34, 39,

48, 52–53, 56, 66, 70, 74, 77, 81, 91, 95,96, 99–100, 114, 115, 121, 131–132, 145,146, 150–151, 155, 158, 159

raising 29contact, language; 159–160; see also

borrowing; loan translationcontext 9, 17, 21, 23, 26, 37, 44, 72, 72–74, 85,

94–95, 96, 99–100, 106–107, 109, 121,124, 148, 154, 159; see also bridgingcontext; expansion

continua 32, 71, 92, 142, 151; see also clineconventionalization, see institutionalizationconverb, characterization 117; see

conjunction; preposition, participialconversion 21, 25, 33–34, 37, 37–40, 38, 44,

49, 50, 68, 76, 81, 85, 96, 97, 98, 107,112–113, 120, 129, 143, 145

corpora, computerized 8, 68, 75, 124, 125,130, 135, 156, 156–157

cross-linguistic factors, see typology

decategorialization 22, 25, 65, 67, 101,131–132, 138, 140, 142, 145, 146, 150, 152

decliticization 57, 58–60, 104, 143degrammaticalization 31, 38, 52–54, 58,

68–69, 75, 76–78, 78–86, 97, 103–104,141, 142, 143, 144

delexicalization 76, 82, 102, 145delocutivity 49demorphologization 40, 52–54, 58, 80, 103,

144demotivation 21, 47, 50, 54–57, 68–69, 83,

105, 139–140, 143, 145, 146derivation 12, 17, 21, 24, 33, 35, 35–37, 57, 60,

63, 68, 69, 78–79, 82, 85, 86–87, 92, 93,97, 112, 113, 114, 115, 132, 133, 134,134–136, 143, 144, 146, 148–150, 152,153

grammatical 35–37, 149semantic/lexical 35, 92, 149zero 37, 38, 134, 134–135, 136

desemanticization 67, 138design feature, of language 16desyntacticization 48discourse marker 23, 67, 136–140, 137, 138,

143, 146, 160discreteness 15, 142divergence 152

190 Index of subjects






downgrading 78, 97

economy 69–70ellipsis 37, 38, 40–41, 79, 106, 143exaptation 80expansion, context 72–73, 87, 99

host-class 72–73, 100, 109, 132semantic-pragmatic 73syntactic 73of type frequency 121

expressiveness 71extravagance 69, 70–71

folk etymology 83, 103, 144, 145, 148form, idiosyncratic 4–5, 17, 50, 78, 79, 94, 97,

136, 149, 152form, frozen, see fossilizationfossilization 6, 47, 48, 53, 55, 64, 67, 68, 80, 97,

102, 105, 126, 130, 131, 136, 142, 146,158; see also univerbation

fixedness, see fossilizationfreezing, see fossilizationfrequency 4, 8, 16, 17, 21, 22, 29, 69, 70, 132,

145token 17, 30, 100, 109, 135type 17, 29, 109, 121, 135, 142, 144, 149

functional class, see class, functionalfunctional shift, see conversionfunctional theories, see theories of linguistics,

functionalfusion 22, 24, 27, 47–57, 58, 63–67, 68, 69, 72,

81, 83, 85, 86–87, 93, 97, 98, 99–100, 101,105, 107, 128, 131, 136, 138, 139–140,142, 143, 144, 146, 151

future, expression of 7, 12, 24, 26, 29, 30, 65,77

gap, lexical 36, 45generality, typological 28, 108, 109, 142, 145generalization, semantic 77, 108, 109generative theories, see theories of linguistics,

generativegenitive, clitic 57–58, 59, 82genre 156–159, 157goal-orientation 71gradability 27, 67, 114, 133gradience 15–16, 18, 27, 36, 91, 95, 125, 127,

128, 142, 150–153intersective 150–152subsective 150–151

gradualness 7, 12, 18, 22, 26, 68, 83, 85, 95, 97,98, 100, 104, 105, 136, 142, 144, 144–145,150–151

gram 10, 87grammar, theories of 3–5; see also theories of

linguisticsgrammaticality 12, 93, 99, 101, 102, 104, 125,

144

cline of, see clinegrammaticalization,definitions and characterizations of 2, 22,

23–24, 28, 68, 71, 73, 74, 76, 77,99–100, 138–140, 145

diachronic 23–30primary 77secondary 77synchronic 22–23

grammaticization, see grammaticalization

hapax legomenon 45, 136head, functional 23lexical 23

hybridity 151, 152hypercorrection 77hyperonym 68

iconicity 69, 78–79, 82ideophone 34idiom, definitions of 55idiomaticization 21, 46, 47, 54–57, 69, 83, 97,

98, 100, 121, 123, 127, 128, 131, 142, 143,145, 155, 159, 160

idiosyncrasy, see form, idiosyncratic;meaning, idiosyncratic

i-mutation, see umlautindeterminacy 26, 27, 71, 95, 127, 135, 151,

152inferences, invited 106, 125, 138inflection 6, 16, 17, 24, 27, 35–37, 38, 41, 53,

57–58, 60, 70, 79, 85, 86–87, 93, 100, 113,115, 121, 132, 134, 134–136, 144, 145,146, 148–150, 153–154

zero 93, 99, 105initialism 42, 143innovation 18, 45, 46, 70, 94, 95instantaneous change, see abruptnessinstitutionalization 21, 45–47, 67, 95, 101,

142, 143, 144, 154inventory 9, 11, 21, 42, 48, 74, 90, 91, 94, 96,

99, 101, 140, 143, 144of adverbs 15of phonemes 54of verbs 19see also adoption, into the inventory;

lexicon‘‘invisible hand’’ effects 70irregularity 108, 109

language faculty 4, 9layering 143learnability, see acquisitionlexeme, defined 10, 32complex 10, 20, 21, 35, 50–52, 54, 95, 143

lexical item, defined 9–10, 11, 91, 94, 96, 99holistic access to 9, 83

lexicality, cline of, see cline

Index of subjects 191






lexicalization, as coding 43, 45, 57definitions and characterizations of 2, 10,

17, 18, 32–34, 38, 53, 56, 57, 61, 64–65,68, 69, 73, 74, 76, 78, 80, 83, 95–99,127, 141–146

diachronic 20–21, 148lexicotelic 33, 142morphological 52phrasal 65, 66synchronic 18–20, 155syntactic 51syntacticogenetic 33, 142

lexicon, definitions and characterizations of 4,4–5, 9–11, 48, 54, 144; see also inventory

loan translation (calque) 43, 119; see alsoborrowing

locality, of change 22, 27, 150

maxims, conversational 71meaning, abstract 11, 12, 14, 29, 74, 97, 105,

125, 135conceptual, see meaning, contentconcrete 11, 12, 21, 28, 29, 74, 80, 84, 98,

100, 112, 117, 125, 135, 138; see alsoconcretion

content 21, 29, 38, 91–97, 98, 101, 105, 108,144, 153; see also bleaching

idiosyncratic 19, 33, 38, 97, 105indexical 11, 91, 98, 100, 108non-referential 14, 91referential 33, 38, 68, 91, 99, 107

mechanism, of change 107metalinguistic citation 38, 39, 44, 94, 103, 143metaphorization 28, 105–107, 124, 127, 142,

145metonymization 28, 38, 40, 60, 105–107, 112,

124, 142, 145mirror image, see reversalmorpheme, bound 53, 149; see also grammorphology 5, 17, 53, 57, 91, 133, 141, 148;

see also derivation and inflectionmorphologization 51, 54, 102, 153motivation, for change 16, 69–70, 72, 95

narrowing, semantic 74, 143need, communicative 43, 45, 57, 69, 71negation, in word formation 20neologism 45, 60, 134, 136, 143noncompositionality 55nonce formation 45–46, 128, 143noun, category status of 12, 13–14, 101

obligatoriness 80; see also class, obligatoryopacity 83, 153

paradigmatization 100parenthetical, epistemic 22, 137, 138; see also

comment clause

participle, present, syntactic uses of 36, 39, 53,79, 111–122

past, syntactic uses of 111;see also adjective, participial; preposition,

participialparticle, adverbial 123–125, 127, 128, 129,

146, 155parts of speech, see class, wordperception, by hearers 72, 83periphrastic expression 59, 70, 74, 114, 125,

154petrification 47, 53; see also fossilizationphonetics, reduced 64, 68, 108phonogenesis 52–54, 57, 67, 73, 80, 83, 85, 96,

98, 105, 143, 145, 160phonologization 54, 67, 80, 85, 87, 96, 98, 105,

143, 153, 155portmanteau word, see blendingpossessive, see genitivepostgrammaticalization 139pragmatic marker 67pragmaticalization 67, 139, 146predicate, composite 66, 130–132, 143, 146prefix, inseparable 82, 129, 154preposition, category status of 15, 49, 151,

152complex 64, 64–65, 125, 143participial 93, 116, 117–122, 146, 158sources of 26, 39, 93;see also verb, prepositional

process, defined 5production, by speakers 69, 72, 74, 82, 101productivity 4, 16–18, 34, 49, 63, 66, 72, 87,

91, 92, 97, 98, 100, 101, 104, 109, 112,115, 129, 131, 134, 134–136, 140, 142,144, 145–146, 149, 153, 155, 159

semi- 35, 92progressive 72, 113–115, 116, 121, 158, 159;

see also participleprototype 14, 15, 25; see also adverb,

prototypicalprototypicality 79, 150–151

quantifier 20

reanalysis 7, 23, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69, 95, 107,115, 120, 127, 138, 146, 151, 160

recategorization 7, 23, 25, 35, 36, 39, 80, 92,116, 152

reconstruction 76, 147reformulation marker 158register 157regrammaticalization 53regularity 11, 18renewal 72, 74–76retraction, see revival, of grammatical formrevalorization, see metalinguistic citationreversal 102–104, 144, 145

192 Index of subjects






of grammaticalization 76–78, 82, 85,103–104, 144

of lexicalization 102–103revival, of grammatical form 74–76, 143routinization 47, 54, 70, 101, 136, 142root, defined 19, 34root creation, see coinage

semanticization 21, 29, 57, 100, 132simplicity, see economystem, defined 10, 34; see also word formation,

stem basedstorage 91stress 13, 27, 38, 40, 51, 60, 123, 126, 154speaker–hearer role in change 26, 69, 70, 94,

95, 102, 106, 156; see alsocommunication; perception, by hearers;production, by speakers

style 156–158subjectification 29, 108, 138, 142, 145switch context 27syntacticization 57–60

text type 157–159theories of linguistics, functional 3, 3–5, 8,

8–9, 30generative 3–5, 7, 8, 13, 15, 29, 70, 101usage-based 3, 8, 14, 16, 17, 22see also grammar, theories of

transcategorization 25, 39transition problem 7, 147typology 8, 14, 19, 22, 28, 132–133

satellite framing language 19–20, 155verb framing language 19–20, 155see also change, typological

umlaut (i-mutation) 48–49, 54, 153unidirectionality 25, 69–74, 74–76, 85, 97, 99,

101, 102, 105, 105–106, 143, 145, 147,148, 150

unification, see fusionuniverbation 27, 54, 68, 72, 73, 74; see also

fusion

Universal Grammar 4, 15, 133Universalssemantic 3, 10, 14syntactic 13

usualization 47upgrading 38–39, 78, 80usage, see theories of linguistics, usage-based

variation 4, 6, 30, 95, 131verb, auxiliary 6, 7, 13, 15, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30,

57, 114, 151, 155aspectual 86, 112, 114, 121, 124, 124–125,

127, 129, 130, 131–132, 146, 152, 155borrowed 115, 120, 155, 159category status of 12, 13–14complex, see predicate, compositelight 130–132, 146modal 20, 28, 151, 152, 155multi-word, see verb, phrasal; verb,

prepositionalof motion 7, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30

conflated with Manner 19, 155conflated with Path 19, 155

of perception 10, 115, 139of possession 25, 28phrasal 10, 49, 64, 65, 122, 123, 123–125,

127–132, 146, 154prepositional 64, 122, 123, 124, 126–132,

146, 154psych(ological) 112–113, 115–117, 121,

145, 159telic, see verb, aspectual

word, defined 10, 33, 45class, see class, wordcomplex, see lexeme, complexform 10function 68, 93, 100

word formation 17, 21, 33–40, 65, 66, 68, 82,91, 91–92, 95–96, 97, 98, 106, 117, 121,132, 134, 141, 143, 153–155, 160

stem based 153–154word based 154

Index of subjects 193






Index of words and forms

Arabic

al koh’l 53al qadi 53al qubba 98

Beach-la-Mar

hariap 160tasol 160

Danish

sand 52

Dutch

aanval 130bijval 130doorleven 129genval 130schaats 42vallen 130

English

a- (OE) 124-able 52about 52, 125abusing 158according 120accuse of 128action 42actually 134(-)ade 60, 64, 68, 80, 81, 85admire 113advocate 35ærn (OE) 97ætwitan (OE) 53after 120, 126after all 137, 146

against 53, 126-age 35agelic (OE) 49ago 93agree with 94ahead of 64-aholic/-oholic 103ahwæþer (OE) 49AIDS 42airport 41alcohol 53alcoholic 103alderman 100, 105all 20, 52alone 52along 123AM 42a.m. 42amplitude modulation 42amplification 42among 65amuse 112, 113an (OE) 99anchorage 35andiron 84ang (OE) 103angnægl (OE) 103anon (ME) 137anyway 137apart from 92apparatus 42appendicitis 60apron 7aristocracy 60around 125, 126ASAP 47

194






as far as/insofar as 93, 137as it seems 137ask for 113aslitan onweg (OE) 124as you know 137askance 44asparagus 84as soon as 64at 108, 126Atlantic 42attempt to 152attercoppe (OE) 50auto 42awake 54away 123, 124, 125baby-sit 89baby-sitter 89back- 129back 124backache 47back door 47backfire 129back form 129backstab 129bailiffwic (ME) 97bailiwick 97, 98bandwagon-jumper on 45bar 93barn 97, 98, 107basket full 64bathe 130bataille (ME) 130be- 17, 124, 125, 131be 72, 78, 114, 115, 121, 122, 142, 152, 155be able to 23beaver away 125be coming to 29bedevil 131beech 156beechnut 155befriend 17be going to 7, 17, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 68, 71,

72, 75, 93, 100, 106, 107, 151, 160being 117, 119belief 38believe 38bere (OE) 97be sidan (OE) 52, 65beside(s) 29, 52, 65, 137betwuxalegednys (OE) 43bi(-) 60binary 41biodegradable 89biography 41bi-sexual 60bit 41bitter (N) 37blab 43

blackbird 62blackboard 34, 74blackmail 56black market 97, 108blatant 41blind (OE) 133blindlice (OE) 133blog 41boatswain 90bosun 90, 96bot (ME) 90both . . . and 74bottle (V) 39boy 12boysen- 51bræc (OE) 153bread-and-butter 98break 23breakage 35break and enter 47break up 125breathcatchingly 136breathing 42brecþa (OE) 153brecan (OE) 153bright 135brightly 135bring 11bring back 124bring up 124broadcasting 42broc (OE) 153broken 111bronchitis 60brown 47bug 113buggered up 160bullet hole 55bureaucracy 60burger 60, 81, 103bus 40, 60, 80, 85, 90business 42butte (OE) 50butterfly 56by 125, 126by and by 160cable television 89calendar (N) 37calendar (V) 37can 28, 155canary 41carpet (V) 34, 39carry on 125cast doubt on 131catch up 125celebrate 1celebrating 1chairperson 35

Index of words and forms 195






championship 35, 52chaste (ME) 135chatter away 125cheat of 122cheeseburger 103chocoholic 103chortle 44clamber 19clear the decks 55cleverly 136cloven 53, 80cobweb 50collision 120come 14, 128come across 126, 129come back 124come between 128come down 124, 177come through 122come up 124commercial 41communism 60compact disk player 43completely 133concerning 39, 111, 120, 146, 152consequently 133considering 119considerynge (ME) 119cook (V) 37, 39coolth 17corner in time 28, 30count as 123cran- 51crease (N) 74creep 19, 155crybaby 47cup (V) 39cupboard 34, 56cupful 64curry favor with 131cut 17cut down 125cut off 124cut out 122-d (preterite) 4, 11, 12, 36, 90daily (N) 37damask 41dare (to) 75, 145, 152, 155day 51, 63-day 51deal with 126deaw (OE) 50, 98decade 120defer to 65deficiency 42deft 151deftly 151deliberacioun (ME) 130

deman (OE) 153denim 41depending on 64deplore 113depth 17derailment 17descend 19designer 16desk 94desktop 94detecting 42dictionary 42digit 48dirt 86dirty 86disco 89discotheque 89disturbing 145dive 36divine 36divinity 36do 66, 75, 93, 99, 131, 146do a study 66, 130docudrama 41documentary 41dog 11, 92-dom 51, 63, 64, 85, 97dom (OE) 51, 63, 85, 97, 153don (OE) 130do the laundry 66down- 129down (Adj) 40down (Adv) 38, 40, 124, 125down (N) 40down (V) 38down a drink 38, 40downer 38downgrade 129download 129downsize 129drama 41dream 36drench 80, 96, 98, 153drink 80, 98, 153drink up 125drive-in 40drive-in theatre 40drop a brick 55drop a hint 55drowning 120during 39, 73, 80, 111, 112, 117, 119, 120dust (V) 39dwindle 44dyed-in-the-wool 49-e (OE) 133, 134each 49eald (OE) 100eare (OE) 50

196 Index of words and forms






earth 17earthquake 30earthy 17earwig 50easier said than done 55eat 11, 51, 52eat up 125, 155eating-habit-wise 45economy 60edible 51, 52efene (OE) 133either 36, 49either . . . or 64elder 53, 54, 80, 83, 85electrically powered engines 46electrification 46eleven 52emcee (MC) 42emission 42emote 41emotion 41-en 114, 152-ende (OE) 113, 114, 115, 121, 122endiron 84English 42enter 19, 155entertain 112entertaining 112, 117entertainingly 112enthuse 41enthusiasm 41-er 17, 35, 36Erasmus 42estimate 41etiquette 41European community 42even 11, 133, 136ex(-) 60, 104exactly 132exceedingly 120except 93except for 64excepting 119, 120exclusively 133excuse me 47ex-husband 37exit 19experiment 120extremely 133ex-wife 60face up to 65, 122failing 93, 118, 119fall down 122fall out 124fan 40fanatic 40faran (OE) 113far-gone 78

fascinate 112fascinating 1, 111, 112fascism 60-fashion 134feel for 92Fenshui 40fiend 53fill 154film 41filmography 41filth 52find out 124finish 78fishburger 103fishwife 56float 19floatingflu 40fly to 128following 119, 120, 158foot 10, 11, 53, 54for- (OE) 124for 39, 126force (ME) 130forecastle 34foremostforesetnys (OE) 43forget-me-not 38, 74, 106, 107forlorn 53, 96forth 124, 128forð(-) (OE) 123, 124, 125for the nones (ME) 137fortunately 15, 17fot (OE) 154frankly 132, 133, 134, 136, 139frequent (Adj) 38frequent (V) 38fridge 40friend 53friendly 134, 136from 126front door 73frown on 122-ful 92full (OE/PDE) 153, 154fun 16, 98, 107funnest 16furh (OE) 96furlong 96fyllan (OE) 153gainsay 129gar (OE) 47garlic 47gate 81gate-crasher 62ge- (OE) 124geard (OE) 51gebrecness (OE)







(ge)bryce (OE) 153gelee (ME) 103get at 122getacnung (OE) 43get it together 89get through 126ginnen (ME) 152give 66, 130, 131, 146give an answer 66, 131give a response 130give a sigh 66given 111give up 66glide 19gloomth 17go 24, 28, 78, 108go away 124go back 124god (OE) 43, 50God be with you 50, 98God forbid 137go down 124godspell (OE) 43God woot 137gonna/ be gonna 7, 24, 28, 152good 134goodbye 50, 98google (V) 17, 155googol 44gospel 43, 50, 56gossip 50go to 75go to school 47gotta 90, 152go up 124government 17go with 128granola 44granted 111green 135greenhouse 94greenth 17grind down 122growan (OE) 113grow up 23guess 41guestimate 41gulp 43guma (OE) 154habban (OE) 130hab ne-hab (OE) 49had (OE) 54, 63, 72, 98hæbbende 114hælend (OE) 114hafta 90, 108, 152halibut 50halig (OE) 50Halig Gast (OE) 43

ham 103hamburger 60, 81, 103hammer (V) 39handgeweorc (OE) 52, 98handicap 49, 98hand in cap 49, 98handiron 84handiwork 52, 98handle 126hang 103hang across 19hangnail 103hap (ME) 81hardly 133hark’ee 137hark ye 137hastow (ME) 59hate 113have 28, 66, 114, 130, 131, 146, 155have a bath 130have a cold 131have a cry 66have a dance 130have a fancy for 131have a look 66have a try 130have a warm-up 131have a wish 131have got to 90have it in for 92have to 16, 75, 90, 108he 12headache 47hear 10helicopter 41heliport 41her 58herstory 103highly 136hijacker 41himself 64his 58hiss 43history 103hit 14hit the mark 105hlaf (OE) 50, 51, 68hobbit 44hobnob 49hold 128hold against 122, 128hold out 125holiday 1, 57holy day 57Holy Ghost 43, 56home 16, 150homestead 68, 81honestly 137, 139







(-)hood 46, 54, 60, 63, 64, 72, 98hopeful 64, 92house 16, 51, 73, 90, 150hu (OE) 114huntsman 53hurry up 160hus (OE) 51, 54, 90husband 51hussy 54, 90IBM 42I believe 112ID 42idea 21identification 42i.e. 158if (Conj) 38, 82if (N) 38, 68, 82ifs, ands, and buts 38, 39if you please 137, 146-ig (OE) 103I guess 137, 138I’m afraid 137I mean 64, 67, 137immune 42import (N) 38import (V) 38important 42impossible 20I’m sorry 67, 137in 125in- (OE) 124in case of 64including 119indeed 137in fact 93, 132, 137inflating 117influenza 40infomercial 41, 151information 41in front of 68-ing 1, 75, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 118,

120, 121, 122, 145, 152innit 67in order that 64in other words 158in (the) place of 65inspector 56in spite of 65instead 81, 137instead of 65, 81, 90, 100in stede of (ME) 65international 42in’t it 67into 86, 126into the cave 19I pray thee 137I pray you 137Irangate 81

I reckon 137irk 113I say 137I see that 21is it not 67(-)ism 35, 57, 60, 74, 76, 80, 85, 90, 98, 104isn’t 33I suppose 137it 11I thank you 137I think 22, 67, 137, 138, 139, 146, 160(-)itis 60it seems 67-ity 36-ive 49jell 103jelly 103jeans 41je ne sais quoi 99jogger 35just 15, 132, 133, 135keep 75keep on 75key 16kick (N) 74kill 19killing 120kind of 151knife 14know 7, 30, 115, 117knowing 117, 121Kodak 44lærend (OE) 114lammas 50lang (OE) 96laser 42lay 67, 85, 87, 153lay claim to 131lay down 124laze 41lazy 41’ld 57leac (OE) 47leave no stone unturned 55legally 133lemonade 60, 81let in on 122let’s 99let us 99libban (OE) 113(-)lic (OE) 133, 149(-)lice (OE) 63, 133, 149lie 153lift up 124light 42like 7, 23, 116like (V) 115listen (to) 10







live 23lizardly 136’ll 30, 57, 93, 157lock (N) 74log 41logically 132long time no see 55look 138look after 120, 122, 123, 126, 155lookahere 137, 138look at 10look’ee 137, 138, 139look forward to 122look into 122lookit 137look like 126look to . . . for 123look to it 137look up 127look ye/you 137, 138lonely 136lord 51, 68, 81lose 67, 132lose sight of 66, 67, 94, 131, 132love 113lovely 136love-in-a-mist 38lowe (ME) 135lowly (ME) 135lower (Adj) 37lower (V) 37luckily 136lufian (OE) 154-ly 17, 51, 63, 64, 88, 92, 132, 133, 134, 135,136, 146, 149, 152

macian (OE) 130machine 42mægden (OE) 50mæsse (OE) 50magan (OE) 99make 66, 131, 146make a change 66make a clean-up 131make a promise 130make a wish 131make brown 47make red 47make use of 66man 75manage 23mann (OE) 100marketing 89mark you 137master 42masterly 136may 20, 28, 99, 108, 155mayor 53, 80, 98meke (ME) 135

mele (OE) 50, 72, 98membership 35-ment 51mere 139mere (OE) 50mermaid 33, 50methinketh (ME) 137methinks (ME) 67, 137, 140microphone 40miff 113mike 40mildew 50, 72, 98milk (V) 39mincemeat 56mind you 137, 146mine (V) 39mis- 35misdeed 35mistrust 35mobility 42month 120more or less 49morrow 63motan (OE) 90mother-in-law 33, 49, 68, 100much 136mug 39multitudinous 44mushroomburger 103musical theory 47must 16, 20, 28, 90, 93, 108, 109, 155na (OE) 99namely 158napron 7narc 40narcotics agent 40NATO 42naught 57, 99nawiht (OE) 133ne (OE) 57neahgebur (OE) 96near 53, 96, 116necessary 20need (to) 20, 75, 152, 155ne’er 49ne’er-do-well 49neighbor 46, 56, 96neighborhood 60-ness 36, 49, 92, 149net 41netiquette 41never 57new boy 160next 116, 117nill (OE) 49niman (OE) 130no 20nod off 122







nor 57north 17, 42northern 17nostril 97nosþyrel (OE) 97not 94, 120, 133nother 53not all 20not necessary 20notwithstanding 73, 93, 119now 15, 132, 133nutmeat 56nuts-and-bolts 49, 97oblivious 44obviously 132(-)ocracy 60OED 42of- (OE) 124of (OE) 123of 15, 93, 120, 126, 127, 128ofdune/adune (OE) 123, 124ofer- (OE) 124, 125off- 129off (Adv) 38, 123, 124, 125off (V) 38offload 129offset 129off the wall 103old boy 160(-)ology 60, 80on- (OE) 124on 123, 125, 126on an(e) (OE) 137on butan (OE) 52once 53, 99once upon a time 55oncoming 129one 52onely 128, 136on gemang (OE) 65only 132, 135(-)onomy 60on top of 64onwacan (OE) 54onweg/aweg (OE) 123opposite 39or 158orangeade 60, 81orate 42orator 42orchard 51organization 42orientate 42orientation 42other 53ought to 16, 75, 152, 155out 86, 123, 124, 125out- 129

outlook 129out-of-hand 49, 97out-of-pocket 49outplay 129outrank 129outstay 129over 123, 125over- 129overanxious 129overrule 129overstay 129over-the-hill 94overturn 97overwhelm 129Oxford 42painting 151paper (Adj) 37paper (N) 37, 92paper (V) 39pardon 57passand (ME) 121passing 121past 93pay attention to 131PBS 42pea 42pear 155pear tree 155perhaps 81, 100permanent 41permapress 41person 42petrolgate 81pettiness 36petty 36phone 40pickpocketpick up 122pins-and-needles 90piping 111, 120, 121, 146please 57, 115, 137pleasing 116point out 64, 125possible 20poundage 35pray 137pre- 17preceding 93pre-season 17president 42, 73press 41pretty 135prithee (EModE) 137private (Adj) 37private (N) 37pro(-) 98, 104promise 109promyse (ME) 130







pub 40public 42public house 40pushchair 56put (it) to (someone) 72put to 122put up to 122quark 44querele (ME) 130quickly 132radar 42radiation 42radio 42raise an objection 131, 146ranging 42rankle 113rather 53rattlesnake 47reaction 120reading 118really 133, 136rear door 47recently 133recovery 120rectitude 51redden 47refer to 127, 128, 129refrigerator 40regard as 123regarding 119resemble 126revision 103re-vision 103revolt 112, 116revolting 112, 116, 117revoltingly 94-ric 51rice (OE) 51ridan (OE) 154ride 36, 90rigidity 36right 13, 51, 135roll-away 40, 56roll-away bed 40rotten 53rug 39run (N) 37run (V) 10, 12, 23, 36, 37run after 123run away (V) 37run-away/runaway (N) 37run-of-the-mill 54, 96-s (PL ) 42-’s (GEN) 53, 57, 58, 59, 82, 94sad 27samblind (OE) 84sanction 153sandblind 84

savynge (ME) 118saw logs 55say 137say (to me/us) 137scarecrow 51scheme 42science 154science fiction 40, 56scientific 154sci fi 40scuba 42secgan (OE) 113see 10, 21, 23, 36seem 112, 115seek after 120see to 66seldan (OE) 52seldom 52self-contained 42sellan (OE) 130send away for 122sensuous 44set 54, 87, 105, 153, 155set down 124shall 28, 30, 68, 155sherry 42-ship 35shoot the breeze 55shoot up 122shorn 53, 80showcase (N) 25showcase (V) 25show up as 123sib(b) (OE) 50sight 132silly 7since 53sing 17, 153singan (OE) 113singer 17sink (N) 74sit 54, 105, 153, 155sit down 124sit on 128sittan (OE) 113sittynge (ME) 115siððan (OE) 53skate 42skilled man-hours 45skunk 57sky 41skyjacker 41sleep 36sleepy 103sleep in 128slow-growther 45slowly 134softe (ME) 135







so 132socialism 60sociology 60soil 86soiling 86some 20, 25somebody 34songwriter 33, 82sooth 52sorry 57sort of 151sparrow grass 84speak against 74spell (OE) 43, 50spill the beans 55, 92sploopsing 43splosh 43spoilsport 51spring 19spy (N) 74stand 52, 128stand by 128stardom 97starve 57stead 81steadily 133stench 54, 96steorfan (OE) 57stick-to-it-iveness 49stimulated 42stink 54stirring 117stone 16strawberry 94streak 19strike a balance 105student 42-style 134Sunday 120support 113surprise 115, 117surprising 117swa (OE) 114sweetheart 94sweetmeat 56swein (ME) 90swig 52swill 52swim 155swimmer 35swine 52swiðe 114syndrome 42system 42-t 92take 66, 93, 128, 130, 131, 146take a bath 105take a bite 105

take a bribe 146take action 66take a day off 47take a fall 105take a fancy for 131take after 128take a look 105, 130take a nap 105take a seat 66talk a walk 105, 130take away 124take cold 131take for 122take off 124take out on 122take to task 11take up 124tea 37teen 60teenager 60telemarketing 89telephone 40, 89telephone box 45television 42tend 126terribly 136terve (ME) 49text (N) 89text (V) 89-th 17, 59thanks 57, 137thank you 67, 137that 11, 39, 90, 158that is (to say) 158that’s all 160the 13, 17, 90theatre-goer 55theft 92their 58there 39think about 64, 146think of . . . as 123think out 146thou 104three days from now 12through 123, 125ðurh- (OE) 125to- (OE) 124, 125to 75, 90, 99, 120, 126, 155to ‘also’ (OE) 114to dæge (OE) 63today 1, 63top so turvytomorrow 63topsy-turvy 49touch a nerve 55-tow/-tou (ME) 59, 104tow-away (Adj) 37







tow away (V) 37townhouse 56treatment 120treaty 42trousersuit 56truly 135turn up 65TV 42twit 53type of 151un- 35, 92, 114, 149unawendlice (OE) 114(un)becoming 116, 117under- 129undercharge 129undercut 129undersign 129understand 129understandingundervalue 129underwater 42uncola 98undo 35unentertainingly 112-ung (OE) 114unhappy 35, 92, 94unicorn 92university 42unlike 116unlyfigendne (OE) 114unnecessarily 132unquiet 56(un)worthy 116up- (OE/PDE) 124, 129up (Adj) 38up (Adv) 38, 76, 86, 96, 123, 124, 125up (V) 38, 68, 76, 97up-and-coming 38up-beat 38update 129upend 129upon 126upper 38, 96, 97uproot 129up the ante 85up train 38ut(-) (OE) 123, 124utter 27utweorpan (OE) 155veep (VP) 42very 13, 42, 112, 115, 120, 132, 135vice 42victory 120videlicet 137video 21VIP 42vis-a-vis 98vision 21

vroom 43walk 11, 36, 130walk over 128wallpaper 34wanna 105, 152want to 75, 105-ward(s) 134warmth 14, 17wash 80wastage 35watch up 127water (V) 39Watergate 81weard (OE) 51, 68web 41, 50weddlac (OE) 84wedlock 84weorpan ut (OE) 125, 155wheelchair 47, 56wherewithal 49whilst 53whilum (OE) 52white man 160Who done it? 74wicga (OE) 50widow’s weeds 56wif (OE) 54, 90wiht (OE) 99will 13, 22, 30, 57, 68, 155will (OE) 49willy-nilly 49wiltow (ME) 59window (N) 90, 98window (V) 90-wise 93, 134with 15, 120, 126withal 49within 62withstand 129witodlice (OE) 136wiþcweþan (OE) 74workaholic 103worthy 117write up 122, 123wunian (OE)wuniende (OE) 113wyrt (OE) 51xerox 89-y 17, 103ye 49yesterday 120y’know 67, 137ymb(e)- 125you know 64, 137young 135young urban professional 89you realize 137you see 137







yuppie 89zap 43zoology 60

Eskimo

iqalussuariariartuqqusaagaluaqaagunnuuq 33

Estonian

(-)ep 57, 59(-)es 104

French

-able 36-age 35, 36-ailler 36ancre 160andier 83-ant 36-asseur 36-ateur 36-atif 36-atrice 36aujour’hui 49cause 72chanterai 24, 27, 62, 77, 100de l’eau 160durant (OFr.) 119-ee 36-ement 36-eur 36-euse 36fac 40faculte 40-isation 36-issage 36je 99la (Quebec French) 139lecteur compact disque 42, 43-ment 17, 51, 63, 64naperon (OFr.)ne 99ne (Quebec French) 139-oir 36-onner 36pease 42pendant 80quoi 99sais 99seigneur 83serge de Nımes 41-tion 36tu 38-ture 36tutoyer 38, 96verrai (MFr.) 135vis-a-vis 98vision 43voleur 37

German

adal-aar (MHG) 51Adler 51Angst 103Ankunft 53Bach 154Bachlein 154Brom- 51demzufolge 49dio hoha gezit (OHG) 74du 38duzen 38einmutig 43Fernseher 43Flucht 53gross 73haidus (OHG) 63Hamburger 103Handekuchen 56-heit (MHG) 63heuer 63, 100heute 63Him- 51hiu jaru (OHG) 63*hiu tagu (OHG) 63Hochzeit 74im Wald 36interessieren an/fur 72Langeweile 49laut 36nervos 154Nervositat 154pfeifende 36rot 154roten 154schon 54sconi (OHG) 54Sicht 53Sonnenschein 50Uni 40Universitat 40wahrend 80welle 77werfen 154Werfer 154wotte (Pennsylvania German) 77,78, 104

Wurf 73, 154Wurfel 154Zerwurfnis 154zum 82

Gothic

ainlif 52

Greek

anti- 85euangelion 43







ge 139hos 59nu(n) 139te 139tele- 49

Graeco-Roman

-articu 35Haitian Creole

dlo 160lank 160

Hittite

ku-is/ku-it 59

Hungarian

-is 59bele (Old Hungarian) 100-o 79vilagba 100vilagbele 100vila (Old Hungarian) 100

Ilokano

-to/-nto 59

Irish

-mid/-muid 59, 86muide 59sinn 59

Iroquoian (Cayuga)

akya:t:e(�no(k 14

Italian

-a 35, 78adesso 49bocca di leone 56durante 79, 80finisco 80forse 49guarda 138, 139-i 35lista di nozze 100lista nozze 100nonsoche 50signore 83terremoto 50

Lahu

la 53

Lapp

-taga 59

Latin

ad ipsum 49animus 43

ante meridiem 42, 43cantabo 24cantare 24, 27, 28,

40, 100de- 85de ex de 64fors sit an 49habeo 19, 24, 27, 28,

77, 100hortus 51-ibus 40, 60, 80id est 158interiectio 43intermittens 79major 98(-)mente 51, 63, 64-nd 113-nt 79obstinate mente 51omn- 40omnibus 40, 80per 81praepositio 43pugnantes 79pugnantium 79que 139quis/quid 59significatio 43-sk- 80Spiritus Sanctus 43terrae motum 50un- 43

Lithuanian

gal 81galbut 81

Maltese

al-kitab/al-kitaab 81il-ktieb 81mataa¿ 81ta’ 81

Mauritian Creole

volor 37

Old Norse

bondi 51bua 51vindauga 98*sik 86

Polish

mo _ze 81mozet’ byt’ 81

Portuguese

ne 139







Proto-Germanic

*fot 54*-ira 100*-iz 54*sat 54*-þi- 52

Proto-Indo-European

*-kwe/-kwo- 59*-sk 80*su 52*weid- 21*-ye/-yo 59

Sanskrit

yas 59

Sardinian

aere 25appo 25

Spanish

abusar de 66alcade 53alcoba 98ante 64ante de (Old Castilian) 64bajo 63baxo de (Old Castilian) 64bigotes 41, 106calmar 79calmante 79corneta 106correveidele 49creer en 66des de (Old Castilian) 64desde 64, 65dicho con otras palabras 158en/con otras palabras 158

entonses 160entro 19es decir 158face a (Old Castilian) 64flotando 19, 27formulado en otrosterminos 158

hacia 64hombre de los bigotes 41intermitente 79-mos 60nomeolvides 106-nos 60o 158parecerse a 66Usted 50Xeres 42

Swedish

bara/ba’ 139fa 23lyckas 23ma 81-s 86

Tok Pisin

atink 160bagarap 160bai 160baimbai 160nuboi 160olboi 160waitman 160

Yoruba

fi 26

Yucatan Mayan

ka 160







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Index of namesassets.cambridge.org/97805215/40636/index/9780521540636... · 2006. 11. 24. · LaForest, Marty 139 Langacker,RonaldW.5,7,14,29,70,93,115 Lange, Deborah 22, 23 Lass,