Ms. Susan M. PojerMs. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NYHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

Modified by: Modified by:

Pamela HammondPamela Hammond

Brantley County HS Brantley County HS Nahunta, GANahunta, GA

India under British Rule

“Jewel in the crown”

Early European Control• Mughal Empire allows

European to establish trading posts in India (Port, 1498 others follow)

• East India Companies are formed (joint stock companies) by Br, Fr, Du

• 1600s Br. Bombay, Calcutta, Madras

• Mughal Empire collapsing in 1707

• Invasions by Iran further weaken

• Europeans see a lack of leadership move in to take advantage….

• Br and Fr Seven Years War (1756-1763) Fr loses most of its ports in India

• Br. EIC, under leadership of Robert Clive, win battles against Fr and seizes their ports (1856)

British East India Company • India was ruled not by Britain but

by a corporation• Trade not colonization was main

goal• Colonization developed over time

to control trade in raw materials….

• Employed Indians to serve in the army to protect company interests SEPOYS

• British rule over growing parts of India referred to as Raj (reign)

• Introduce “westernization, Anglicization, and modernization

• Supports “traditions”…shows favoritism toward some to gain favor and loyalty

1804 coin1804 coin

1719 coin1719 coin

India: 18c-early 19cIndia: 18c-early 19c India: 18c-early 19cIndia: 18c-early 19c

British East India British East India Company AgentsCompany Agents

Main export from India to Britain

Sepoy MutinyRevolution of 1857

• Sepoys concerned about EIC taking over so much land

• New cartridges introduced to soldiers for their guns…“bite the bullet”… coated with animal fat (Hindus afraid was beef, Muslims pork)

• EIC handle situation badly… jail those that refused to obey orders…Sepoys attack Delhi and spread rebellion north and central India

• EIC put down rebellion within a year Br. gov takes over rule of colony

• Damage done…nationalism rises

The Sepoy Mutiny: The Sepoy Mutiny: 18571857

Execution of Execution of Sepoys:Sepoys:

“The Devil’s Wind”“The Devil’s Wind”

Areas of the Sepoy Areas of the Sepoy Mutiny, Mutiny,

18571857

1877:1877: Queen Victoria Queen Victoria Becomes Becomes “Empress of “Empress of

India”India”

Queen Victoria in Queen Victoria in India India

Queen Victoria:Queen Victoria: Receiving the Crown of Receiving the Crown of

IndiaIndia

Positive effects of British Rule• Br build India’s infrastructure…3rd

largest railroad network in world• canals, telegraph lines, dams, bridges• improve public health—sanitation,

sewers (cholera)• Education expands

Bengal Medical Service, 1860Bengal Medical Service, 1860

Darjeeling Railroad, Darjeeling Railroad, 1880s1880s

Negative effects of British Rule

• Br. held most of the political and economic power…Indians locked out of Indian Civil Service

• India not allowed to manufacture own goods…could only supply raw materials

• had to buy Br. manufactured goods

• Emphasis on cash crops (tea, indigo, coffee, cotton, jute, opium) reduced land planted with food crops---famine

• Racism against Indians and their religious affiliations (Hindu, Muslim)

Indian Nationalism Grows• Rammohun Roy (1772-

1833) “Father of Indian Nationalism” promotes Pan-Indian Nationalism – sees need to modernize and

westernize…reforms some traditions

– sati, female infanticide, education (men and women).

• INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS formed in 1885– run by educated middle class

angered over discrimination– Called for shift in expenditures

from military to alleviate poverty

the Indian National the Indian National CongressCongress 1885 1885 The Indian National The Indian National

CongressCongress was founded in Bombay. was founded in Bombay.

swarajswaraj “independence.” “independence.” ** the goal of the movement. the goal of the movement.

the Muslim Leaguethe Muslim League

1905 1905 partition of Bengal based on partition of Bengal based on religions and languages. religions and languages.

1906 1906 creation of the Muslim creation of the Muslim League.League.

Britain’s Eastern Empire• Outside of India, Br was able to

take control over – Burma (1784) for rice and

timber – Singapore (1824) aid in trade

with China (control straits)…• Demands of IR and advances in

technological revolution encourage colonization and makes traveling great distances much easier and faster.

• Plantations demand workers– slavery abolished – indentured servants recruited

• ship’s passage paid in return for 5-7 years work;

• paid small wage…Indians, Africans, and some Chinese take Br up on offer

Australia and New Zealand

• James Cook explores and claims between 1769 & 1778• Better ships (clipper) make travel easier• Encounter hunter gatherers in Australia and

fishermen/farmers in New Zealand• Br sees Australia as an outlet for overcrowded prisons…first

settlers were 736 convicts…ill equipped and ignorant about farming, building….practically failed

• Treated Aborigines must like Amerinds treated in Americas diseases killed off, mistreatment, pushed off land (did not get rights until 20th century)

• Gold discovered in Australia in 1851---rush of immigrants—sheep herding, and industry grew in region

• New Zealand good waters for sealing and whaling….almost wiped out species

• Br. encouraged self-gov following Canadian model (1867)…feared independence movements like in US…1901 Australia become a federation w/n Br. Commonwealth, 1907 New Zealand becomes a self-gov dominion.

• Both areas first to grant women the right to vote (1894)

The Sun never set on the British Empire