India’s Muslim empiresIndia’s Muslim empires

Islam enters India Islam enters India

•After the Gupta empire fell in After the Gupta empire fell in 550, rival princes battled for 550, rival princes battled for control. control. •Despite the struggles, Indian Despite the struggles, Indian culture flourished.culture flourished.•Trade networks linked India Trade networks linked India to the Middle East, Southeast to the Middle East, Southeast Asia and China.Asia and China.

The Delhi SultanateThe Delhi Sultanate Late 1100’s- Ghur’s Late 1100’s- Ghur’s

sultan-sultan- or Muslim ruler or Muslim ruler, , defeats the Hindu army.defeats the Hindu army.

Made Made DelhiDelhi his capitalhis capital His successors His successors

organized a sultanate, organized a sultanate, or land ruled by a sultanor land ruled by a sultan

The Delhi sultanate, The Delhi sultanate, 1206-1526, marked the 1206-1526, marked the beginning of Muslim beginning of Muslim rule in Northern Indiarule in Northern India

How did the Muslim’s winHow did the Muslim’s win

Muslim mounted Muslim mounted archers had greater archers had greater mobility than the mobility than the Hindu forces on war-Hindu forces on war-elephants.elephants.

Hindu princes Hindu princes wasted resources by wasted resources by fighting each other fighting each other instead of fighting instead of fighting against a common against a common enemy. enemy.

How did the Muslim’s win, How did the Muslim’s win, cont. cont.

A large number of A large number of lower caste Hindu’s lower caste Hindu’s convert to Islam convert to Islam and fight against and fight against Indian Hindu’s. Indian Hindu’s.

It was their only It was their only hope for a better hope for a better life.life.

Muslim Rule Changes Indian Muslim Rule Changes Indian Government and SocietyGovernment and Society

Sultans introduce Sultans introduce Muslim traditions of Muslim traditions of government. government.

Many Muslim’s Many Muslim’s moving to Delhi from moving to Delhi from Baghdad, Persia…Baghdad, Persia…

Persian art and Persian art and architecture with architecture with flourishflourish

The Sultans Lose PowerThe Sultans Lose Power

1398- Tamerlane 1398- Tamerlane invades India. invades India. (descendent to (descendent to Genghis Khan)Genghis Khan)

Thousands of artisans Thousands of artisans enslaved. They are to enslaved. They are to build Tamerlane’s build Tamerlane’s capital at Samarkand. capital at Samarkand.

Northern India is again Northern India is again fragmented into Hindu fragmented into Hindu and Muslim states. and Muslim states.

Buddhism declinesBuddhism declines When the Muslims When the Muslims

took over Northern took over Northern India they destroyed India they destroyed Buddhist Buddhist monasteriesmonasteries

This lead to the This lead to the decline of Buddhism decline of Buddhism in Indiain India

With many Buddhists With many Buddhists gone, now the gone, now the Muslims and Hindus Muslims and Hindus will clash. will clash.

Muslim-Hindu differencesMuslim-Hindu differences

HinduHindu

Ancient religionAncient religion

Many sacred textsMany sacred texts

Prayed before Prayed before statues statues

representing many representing many godsgods

PolytheisticPolytheistic

IslamIslam

Newer faithNewer faith

One single sacred One single sacred texttext

Muslims see statues Muslims see statues as false godsas false gods

MonotheisticMonotheisticInteresting

Blending of culturesBlending of cultures Muslim leaders grow more tolerant of their Muslim leaders grow more tolerant of their

Hindu subjects. Hindu subjects. Hindus were allowed to practice their Hindus were allowed to practice their

religion as long as they paid a poll tax.religion as long as they paid a poll tax. Some Some Rajahs-Rajahs- local Hindu rulers, were left local Hindu rulers, were left

in place.in place. Indian Muslims would absorb elements of Indian Muslims would absorb elements of

the Hindu culture, such as marriage the Hindu culture, such as marriage customs and caste ideas. customs and caste ideas.

Urdu- new language (blended Persian, Urdu- new language (blended Persian, Hindi and Arabic) Hindi and Arabic)

SikhismSikhism- new religion in N. - new religion in N. IndiaIndia

Blending of Islamic Blending of Islamic and Hindu beliefsand Hindu beliefs

Nanak, preached Nanak, preached the “unity of God, the “unity of God, the brotherhood of the brotherhood of man, the rejection man, the rejection of caste, and the of caste, and the futility of idol futility of idol worship.”worship.”

Sikhs would later Sikhs would later become a military become a military force.force.

Mughal IndiaMughal India

In 526In 526 Babur-Babur- whowho claimed to be a claimed to be a descendent of descendent of Genghis Khan and Genghis Khan and Tamerlane.Tamerlane.

Leader of Turkish Leader of Turkish and Mongol armies and Mongol armies that poured into that poured into India.India.

Babur founds the Mughal Babur founds the Mughal DynastyDynasty

In little time, Babur In little time, Babur gets rid of the Delhi gets rid of the Delhi sultanate and sets up sultanate and sets up the the Mughal Mughal dynastydynasty..

Ruled from 1526-Ruled from 1526-1857.1857.

Mughal is Persian for Mughal is Persian for Mongul Mongul

Akbar the GreatAkbar the Great

Chief builder of the Chief builder of the Mughal empire is Mughal empire is Babur’s grandson, Babur’s grandson, Akbar.Akbar.

Akbar created a Akbar created a strong central strong central government.government.

AkbarAkbar He was a Muslim He was a Muslim

that won support that won support from the Hindus from the Hindus because of his because of his policy of toleration. policy of toleration.

Opened government Opened government jobs to Hindus of all jobs to Hindus of all castes. castes.

Hindu princes were Hindu princes were partners in ruling partners in ruling the empire.the empire.

Akbar would marry Akbar would marry a Hindu princess. a Hindu princess.

More on AkbarMore on Akbar

Could not read or write. Could not read or write. Consulted leaders of many religions. Consulted leaders of many religions. Wanted religious harmony and Wanted religious harmony and

tolerationtoleration Wants all to accept India’s diversity Wants all to accept India’s diversity Modernized the armyModernized the army Introduced land reformsIntroduced land reforms

Akbar’s successorsAkbar’s successors Jahangir- Akbar’s Jahangir- Akbar’s

son, would be a son, would be a weaker leader than weaker leader than his father. his father.

Let his wife, Let his wife, Nur Nur JahanJahan, run the , run the government. government.

She was an able She was an able leader and the most leader and the most powerful woman in powerful woman in Indian history until Indian history until the 20the 20thth century. century.

Shah Jahan-Shah Jahan- Akbar’s Akbar’s grandsongrandson

Highpoint of Indian literature and art Highpoint of Indian literature and art comes under Jahancomes under Jahan

Married to Mumtaz MahalMarried to Mumtaz Mahal She died at age 39 after having 14 She died at age 39 after having 14

children. children. Builds a tomb for her, Builds a tomb for her, Taj MahalTaj Mahal

Taj MahalTaj Mahal

Designed by a Persian architectDesigned by a Persian architect Domes and minarets reflected in clear blue Domes and minarets reflected in clear blue

reflecting pools. reflecting pools. Verses from the Quran adorn the inside walls. Verses from the Quran adorn the inside walls. The greatest monument of the Mughal empire.The greatest monument of the Mughal empire.

More on the Taj MahalMore on the Taj Mahal

Shah Jahan planned to build a twin Shah Jahan planned to build a twin structure as a tomb for himself.structure as a tomb for himself.

But before he could, his son seized But before he could, his son seized the throne.the throne.

Shah Jahan was kept imprisoned until Shah Jahan was kept imprisoned until his death. his death.