CHAPTER 21

Resurgence of Muslim Empires

I. Introduction

After the fall of Baghdad, Islamic power declined considerably

Reemerged with Ottoman Empire in late 14th century Followed by:

Safavid Empire-Afghanistan and Iran Mughal- Northern India

I. Introduction

Focused on conquest Used gunpowder

Cannons and small arms Eventual conquered Constantinople in 1453 AD

(Ottomans)

II. Ottomans

Largest of new Muslim Empires Expanded greatly through conquest

Was founded in 1281Made of Turks who took power as a result of

Mongol and Seljuk Turk power vacuumNamed for OsmanSunni

II. Ottomans

Conquered much of the Byzantine Empire Constantinople fell to Sultan Mehmed II “The

Conqueror” Opened up invasion into Europe as far as Hungary

Used gunpowder considerably Cannons Janissaries- military slaves (educated) that were

skilled in artillery and firearms Became very influential

II. Ottomans

Sultans Effective but later become preoccupied with wealth

and pleasure Bureaucracy led by a grand vizier Became pleasure seeking which led to downfall Problems with succession

II. Ottomans

Constantinople Rebuilt after conquest

Hagia Sophia becomes a Mosque Many public works- aqueducts, hospitals etc. Guilds ran by government agencies

II. Ottomans

Decline Lasted for 600 years Over expanded 17th century major retreating started Corruption in government Sultans isolated in luxury Janissaries started to become more influential

II. Ottomans

Decline continued… Battle of Lepanto 1571

Huge sea battle that all but crushed Ottoman fleet Spanish and Venetians

Slight recovery that saved North Africa Allowed Portuguese to move in on Africa Lost Mediterranean

Inflation Technological stagnation

III. Safavids

Shi’aStarted with religious movement of Sufi Sail

al-Din who tried to reform Turkish IslamKnown as the Red HeadsBecame an empire under Isma’il when he

took Tabriz in 1501 Conquered most of modern day Iran and parts of Iraq

III. Safavids

Isma’il clashed with Ottomans at Chaldiran where his cavalry was slaughtered Solidified Ottoman dominance over Safavids

After Isma’il, period of turmoilAbbas I “The Great”

Used converted Russian slaves for military and control of firearms

European advisors Strengthened military

III. Safavids

Culture Used Persian rather than Turkish Leaders called padishah- king of kings Religion ruled by mullahs

Regulated by government Required to curse 1st 3 caliphs Forced conversion to Shi'ite Islam Public flagellation

Culture was Istafan

III. Safavids

Women Veiled yet wore colorful clothing? Elite women were more greatly secluded Concubines influenced rulers

Trade Constricted market compared to open Ottoman

market Encouraged art and skilled labor

III. Safavids

Decline Secluded leaders 1722 capital sieged and defeated by Afghani nomads

IV. Mughals

Founded by Babur and moved to India in 1526 Kicked out of Afghanistan Made attempts to return to Afghanistan but failed Turned to conquest of India

Greatly conquered Indians (Lodi) Problems after his death

IV. Mughals

Akbar Babur’s grandson (Humayan’s son) Took over at 13 and ruled for 49 years Illiterate yet smart Long term planning

Intermarriage with Hindus Respected Hinduism Got rid of Jizya Din-i-Ilahi

Tried to outlaw sati

IV. Mughals

Akbar’s Social Changes Homeless shelters Remarriage of widows Limited child marriage Women only days at markets

IV. Mughals

Jahangir (1569-1627) and Shah Jahan (1592-1666) Taj Mahal built by Shah Jahan Luxurious living and for both Jahangir and Shah Jahan Highly influenced by spouses Traded textiles with Europeans Patrons of arts

IV. Mughal

Decline Huge military but inept Corrupt bureaucracy Aurangzeb expanded territory but tried to purify Islam

Drained treasury Peasant uprisings

Rebellions of the Marattas (Hindu) and Sikhs (branch of Hinduism)

V. Wrap Up

Muslim empires fell behind EuropeansMuslim Empires decline allowed Europeans

to make economic gains