INDIRECT COSTSCACFPApril 12, 2012Brandon D. KnoxKeith Churchill

Overview Section 307(a) of The Healthy, Hunger

Free Kids Act of 2010 (the Act), Public Law 111-296, requires FNS to provide guidance on program rules pertaining to indirect costs in the CACFP

This presentation will provide a general overview on the indirect cost guidance issued by FNS on July 8, 2011

Why is understanding indirect costs and applying them correctly important? To safeguard limited federal funds

The funds in CACFP must only be used to pay for expenses that are necessary and reasonable to provide quality meals

Indirect Costs in a Reimbursement Program

Overview Before we discuss direct and indirect costs,

it will be helpful to briefly summarize how reimbursement works in the CACFP

This section will provide information on how the CACFP reimbursed monies for providing meals to Program participants (i.e., buying food, preparing meals, serving meals, etc.)

Other Federal programs In many other federal programs,

program operators bill the Federal awarding agency for program costs for reimbursement

In the case of CACFP? Institutions receive certain monies (rate of

reimbursement) for each meal served

This is not free money, strings are attached: Meals must conform to program regulations Institutions must adhere to Department-wide

and program-specific regulations (i.e., Federal cost principles, procurement regulations, etc.)

General Overview of Direct & Indirect Costs

Complementary costs Total program costs generally

include direct and indirect costs

Total Program Cost = Direct Cost + Indirect Cost

This is why direct costs must be included when discussing indirect costs

Direct costs Direct costs are incurred specifically for

a program or other cost objective, and can be readily identified to a particular objective

Examples of direct costs include: Food, Wages and salaries of the staff Supplies specifically used for the CACFP

Direct Costs, contd. 2 CFR Part 225 describes direct costs as,

“those that can be identified specifically with a particular final cost objective”

Costs that cannot be exclusively attributable to the CACFP should generally be treated as indirect costs

Direct Costs, contd. A good question to help understand

“identified specifically” is -- Who benefitted from having incurred the cost (i.e., just CACFP)?

Indirect Costs Indirect costs are incurred for the benefit of

multiple programs, functions, or other cost objectives and therefore cannot be identified readily and specifically with a particular program or other cost objective

They typically support administrative overhead functions: Fringe benefits, Accounting, Payroll, Purchasing, Facilities management, Utilities, etc

Indirect Costs, contd. 2 CFR Part 225 describes indirect costs as

those: “(a) incurred for a common or joint purpose benefiting more than one cost objective, and (b) not readily assignable to the cost objectives specifically benefitted, without effort disproportionate to the results achieved”

Costs that can be allocated to multiple programs or other cost objectives are always an indirect cost

Examples of typical costsDirect Costs Indirect CostsWages and salaries of CACFP staff

Payroll services

Cost of purchased food Human resourcesFood service supplies Workers’ compensationMedia/promotional materials relating to CACFP

Procurement

Capital expenditures relating to CACFP

Gas

ElectricitySewerWaterTrashBoard member office

How are indirect costs assigned? Allocation -- mathematical exercise used

to assign indirect costs to particular programs and other cost objectives, such that each program or other cost objective bears a portion of the indirect costs that is of equal value to the benefit received from such costs

What does this mean?

How are indirect costs assigned, contd. Allocation is a method to assign to

theCACFP their fair share of indirect costs (i.e., portion of utility bills in kitchen and cafeteria)

This methodology normally entails applying a calculated indirect cost rate to a direct cost base (more on this later)

Federal Cost Principles Apply to Indirect Costs

What are the Federal cost principles? Government-wide principles for

determining allowable costs under contracts, grants, and other agreements with the various entities that operate Federal programs

2 CFR Part 225 (OMB Circular A-87) applies to State, local, or Indian Tribal governments

2 CFR Part 230 (OMB Circular A-122) applies to nonprofits

Why are they important? In order to be chargeable (i.e., billable)

to a Federal program, a cost (whether a direct or indirect cost) must be allowable

The OMB guidance provides general definitions regarding the applicability and allowability of different types of costs

Structure of 2 CFR 225 (A-87) Appendix A provides a list of criteria

for allowable costs (more general in nature)

Appendix B classifies certain costs in three categories: allowable, allowable with prior SA approval, or unallowable

What does this mean? Appendix B must be read in conjunction

with Appendix A in order to determine whether a cost is allowable

Reading Appendix B with Appendix A Appendix B conveys two key points:

Even if Appendix B of 2 CFR Part 225 classifies a cost as allowable, that cost item must still satisfy the Appendix A criteria and conform to any program-specific limitations in order to be allowable

Reading Appendix B with Appendix A, contd.

Appendix B’s silence regarding a cost item does not mean that a cost item is either allowable or unallowable (remember, Appendix B doesn’t mention every type of cost). Institutions must make such determinations by studying Appendix B’s treatment of similar or related cost items

Next, let’s discuss the general criteria in Appendix A to 2 CFR Part 225

General criteria for allowable costs? Necessary; Reasonable; Allocable; Legal under State and local law; Conforms with Federal law, regulation, and grant terms; Consistently treated as direct or indirect; Determined in accordance with Generally Accepted

Accounting Principles (GAAP);

Not included as a cost or matching contribution of any other grant (except where allowed by Federal regulations);

Net of applicable credits; and, Adequately documented

Necessary? A cost is necessary if the CACFP’s

authorizing statutory provisions, resulting program regulations or applicable FNS policy establish that the institution cannot be operated without incurring the cost

e.g., an Institution cannot be operated without incurring the cost of food

Reasonable? A cost is reasonable if, in its nature and

amount, it does not exceed that which would be incurred by a prudent person under the circumstances prevailing at the time the decision was made to incur the cost

The prudent person standard requires each person to behave as a reasonable person would under the same or similar circumstances

Criteria to help determine necessary & reasonable costs? What are the particular objectives of the

CACFP? How does the cost contribute to achieving an

objective of the CACFP? Is the cost recognized as ordinary and

necessary for the operation of the CACFP? Could the CACFP be carried out without

incurring this cost? Would a prudent person find the cost to be

reasonable under the circumstances?

Criteria, contd. Would a taxpayer deem the cost to be

reasonable in light of CACFP objectives? Is this cost charged at a fair rate, or do

alternatives exist that may be more cost effective?

Does the cost deviate significantly from the established practices of the institution which may unjustifiably increase costs borne by the nonprofit food service account?

Could the institution defend this purchase to the SA, the media, auditors, etc.?

Allocable? A cost must be assigned to the

program(s), functions, activities or other cost objectives that benefited from having incurred that cost

Each cost objective, program, etc. must be charged its fair share of the cost (cost allocation is the process of achieving this) 

Allocable, contd. Example:

The salary of an employee whose duties consist solely of preparing and serving meals is 100-percent allocable to the CACFP, and is therefore treated as a direct cost

By contrast, a Director of a local boys and girls club administering the CACFP salary benefits all programs, functions, and activities of that institution; the portion that benefits the CACFP can be determined only through a mathematical allocation process which is the reason it is an indirect cost

Allocable, contd. A cost allocable to a particular Federal

award or other cost objective may not be charged (i.e., billed) to other Federal awards to overcome fund deficiencies, to avoid restrictions imposed by regulations or terms of the Federal awards, or for other reasons In simpler terms, CACFP can’t be billed a higher

share of utility costs just because another program who shares the utility cost doesn’t have the funds

Because such action would assign the cost to a cost objective that did not benefit from it

Treated consistently? An institution must conduct transactions

using Federal program funds in the same way that it conducts transactions with its own non-Federal funds

A cost item must be treated consistently as direct or indirect in all activities of the CACFP unless legislation, regulations, or guidance from an awarding agency dictates otherwise

Treated consistently, contd. A cost may not be assigned to a Federal

award as a direct cost if that same cost, incurred for the same purpose, in similar circumstances, has been allocated to other Federal awards as an indirect cost

Developing & Applying Indirect Cost Rate

Multiple programs An Institution can participate in many

Federal programs (not just the CACFP) and needs to allocate indirect costs to all of these programs!

The Solution Federal cost principles provide a uniform

method of allocating shared costs to grants from each of its Federal awarding agencies

A single Federal agency, referred to as the cognizant agency, speaks for all the Federal awarding agencies in negotiating across-the-board allocation methodology with the program operator

Indirect cost rate proposal The cognizant agency generally distributes an

“indirect cost rate proposal (ICRP)” form to its institutions and uses the data collected to develop each institution’s indirect cost rate

ICRP is a schedule documenting the formulation of the institution’s indirect cost rate and direct cost base -- it is the institution’s request for the establishment of an indirect cost methodology

Indirect cost rate agreement Once the cognizant agency approves the

ICRP, the end result is an indirect cost rate agreement between the cognizant agency and the institution

Key info from indirect cost rate: Current and approved indirect cost rate

(established for a specific fiscal year); and Corresponding direct cost base

Why is this information important? Institutions need the information in the

indirect cost rate agreement and need to understand it correctly

Institutions shouldn’t just be given the indirect cost rate in percentage form! This is not enough. Institutions needs 2 key pieces of information, indirect cost rate and corresponding direct cost base, because each is useless without the other!!! Indirect cost rate can only be applied to

items in the direct cost base

Determining Direct & Indirect Costs

Overview We touched upon this in earlier slides,

but now will go into depth on determining direct and indirect costs

Also, this section will provide some specific examples of cost

Overview, contd. The treatment of a cost as direct or

indirect is almost always driven by its treatment in the institution’s accounting system 

Overview, contd. The institution is required to treat each

item of cost in a consistent manner as a direct or indirect cost in accordance with the Federal cost principles

A cost may be assigned to the institution as a direct cost only if that cost item under the same circumstances has not been charged to other programs or cost objectives as an indirect cost

Questions to help determine if a cost is direct or indirect Does the cost benefit multiple programs or

other cost objectives, or solely the CACFP? Does the cost have a direct relationship to

the CACFP? What guidance do the Federal cost

principles provide for this cost? How are similar costs treated in other cost

objectives of the institution ? How has this cost been treated historically

by the institution?

Examples of Cost Remember, we provided examples

earlier, but those examples focused on determining allowable costs

The next few examples focus on determining if the cost was properly assigned as a direct or indirect cost

Custodial expenses Generally includes the costs of cleaning the

entire institution

Some institutions charge custodial expenses directly: Institution’s document the hours that custodians

work cleaning food service areas through a time reporting system

Time reporting system provides the exact hours a custodian cleans the food service area and the rest of the institution

The institution then charges the custodial expenses for cleaning the school food service area as a direct expense

Custodial expenses, contd. Some institutions charge custodial expenses

indirectly by including them in the indirect cost pool if a methodology or process for determining this item’s direct relation to the food service operations is not available

Note: Custodial expenses may be charged as a direct or indirect cost, as long as it is treated consistently in all activities of the institution. An institution may not charge custodial expenses as a direct cost to the institution (e.g., through a time reporting system) and as an indirect cost for other programs

Post-retirement healthcare benefits Indirect cost methodology applied to an

Institution may call for allocating the cost of providing health-care benefits for retired employees on the basis of numbers of employees

This may not be fair if CACFP staff is atypical of the Institutuion general workforce

Post-retirement healthcare benefits, contd. Result maybe overcharging the CACFP if

part-time employees, who are not eligible for post-retirement health-care benefits, comprise a disproportionate share of the CACFP staff

The amount charged to the CACFP for post-employment health-care costs would then be unreasonable based on the benefit the CACFP received from this cost item

Post-retirement healthcare benefits, contd. Possible remedies:

Changing the allocation basis for this cost item from “number of employees” to “number of full-time employees” 

Shifting the Institutuions overall indirect cost methodology to the multiple allocation base method

How to avoid incorrect indirect cost charges? Errors can occur for a variety of reasons:

Mathematical error User assessment

Stewards of the CACFP account must be provided the necessary tools to verify and validate costs when necessary

Institutions needs the necessary tools Compare the approved indirect cost rate

proposal (ICRP) and the approved indirect cost rate agreement

Institutions need the necessary tools, contd. If the approved indirect cost rate and direct

cost base are used, the institution should compute the amount of indirect costs chargeable to the food service and compare this result with the actual amount of indirect costs billed to the CACFP to ensure no mathematical errors have occurred

For example, if you hire a contractor to build you a deck, it makes sense to review the original estimate she gave you with the actual invoice!

Review ICRP/indirect cost rate agreement Be alert to following areas during review:

Use of an unapproved rate or methodology; The allowability of the indirect costs included in the

indirect cost pool; The inclusion of the same cost in both the indirect

cost pool and direct cost base; Treating a cost inconsistently (i.e., in some cases the

cost is direct and in others the same cost is indirect); Using undocumented costs in the indirect cost pool

or direct cost base; The composition of the direct cost base (i.e., is the

base stable and consistent); and, The mathematical accuracy of the computation of

the indirect cost rate

Review recent audits Institutions should review recent audits

to determine if problems have been identified prior indirect cost rate calculations

Error found? Steps an Institution should take if

indirect costs charged to the CACFP account result from mathematical error or user assessment: The appropriate officials at both the cognizant

agency and the State agency should be notified and the ICRP and indirect cost methodology corrected as soon as possible;

If there is a disagreement between the Institution and the appropriate officials, the SA or RO should be contacted to discuss the issue; and

Error found, contd. The Institution should not pay for any costs

resulting from the mathematical error or user assessment until the issue has been appropriately remedied

Note: The SA should seek FNS’ guidance, if needed, by contacting the appropriate FNS Regional Office

Questions?