Industrial Revolution Class

8/13/2019 Industrial Revolution Class

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INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION


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Definition

The Industrial Revolution consisted inchanges in economy , society and culture,perhaps the most important changes inHuman History.

These changes first took place in Englandafter 1750 and then spread to Europe.


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AgriculturalRevolution

Demographic

revolution.

Changes of

mentality

FACTORS OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION


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It consisted in :

Improvement of agricultural methods: Crop rotationinstead of a fallow year. This method was called Norfolk

four-course system. Invention of new machines which helped improve labor

like the horse-pulled hoe or the Seed Drill.

New plants for feeding the cattle.

Enclosures- the bigger landowners enclosetheir landinstead of the open field system in order to improve theyield.

Agricultural Revolution


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Norfolk four-coursesystem

Method of agricultural organizationestablished in Norfolk county,England, and in several countriesbefore the end of 17thcentury; itwas characterized by an emphasison fodder crops by absence of afarllow year.


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Consequences of the AgriculturalRevolution

Landowners earn more money and they invest in

industry and in the stock market The stock of labor moves workers from lands to industry

Increased food production

Better fed populationPeople are healthierand more resistant to

diseases


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Demographic Revolution

It consisted in :

- decrease of death

rates- high birth rates

dThanks to:

- Disappearance ofepidemics

- Invention of vaccines

- Improved Hygiene

Consequences:

Increase of hand-

workers Increase of

consumers.

Increase ofdemand forproducts and food


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Demographic Revolution


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New mentality, new ideas

Economic Liberalism- started in ScottishUniversities with Adam Smith. According to

Economic Liberalism workwasconsidered a positive value. Protestantismencouraged hard work.

Universities start scientific studies, veryimportant for the new inventions inagriculture and Industry.


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Economic Liberalism

Its an economic philosophy that promotesThe Laissez faire, laissez passer

EconomicFreedom

Social andPolitical

freedom toguaranteeFree market

Supply andDemand

Economicmodel of price

determinationin a market

No governmentintervention

In economy,government

interventionjustin justice andsecurity


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Phases in Industrial Revolution

First Industrial Revolution: From 1750onwards.

Second Industrial Revolution: From 1870onwards.


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First Industrial RevolutionGreat Britain- 2nd half 18th CenturyWest Europe- first half 19th Century

Before Industrial Revolution

Workshops

Craftsmen that makehandiwork

No fixed working hours

Human or animal workforce

The craftsman makes thewhole product, from beginning

to end Sources of energy: wind,

water, men, animals

After Industrial Revolution.

Factories

Workers who use machines tomake a product

Long, fixed working hours

Machines

Assembly-line work

New source of energy: coal


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Great Britain, craddle of IndustrialRevolution

Great Britain had better conditions than other countries:

Growing population.

Agricultural advances

A big market and capital for investment thanks to the ColonialEmpire. Possibility to obtain cheap cotton.

Universities which promoted scientific studies

Abundant raw materials like coal, copper, and iron

Invention of the Steam Engine


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The most important industries were:

Textile Industry

Iron and Steel industry

The leading industries in the FirstIndustrial Revolution


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Steam Engine, by James Watt, 1763The most important invention of the Industrial Revolution because itcaused many other developments to happen. The steam enginewas used for extraction of coal, cotton mills, steam ships, trains,steam tractors


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Textile Industry

It was located in Lancashire.Cotton was brought fromIndia and Egypt and then it was converted into clothes

in the mills (factories) The first invention was The Flying Shuttle,1733, (on the

right) by John Kay, but many other inventions, like theSpinnig Jenny, accelerated cotton production

Spinning Jenny


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The Steel Industry

It uses coal as an energy source

It produces iron and steel , used to producemachines, trains, ships, railways

The Steel industry used the Steam Engine.


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Transportation Revolution

The Steam Engine was applied to transportationand it sparked a revolution in this area:

The Steamboat was invented in 1807 by Fulton.

In 1847 it was possible to cross the AtlanticOcean in 15 days


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Transportation Revolution

Because of the Suez Canal the trip from London toIndia became 40% shorter

On the right , one of the first steamboats


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Transportation Revolution: The Train

The Steam Engine was applied to the trainlocomotive, invented by Stephenson in 1814

1830- First railway from Manchester to Liverpool. Consequences: trips were shorter,safer and cheaper

and it was possible to transport more products andpeople could travel greater distances. It meant morelabour for industry and bigger cities.

A lot of products from far places were brought bytrain.

The train stimulated the Steel Industry. The train spread through all Europe in the following

years.


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The Train locomotive


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Consequences of TransportationRevolution

Bigger Markets

Specialization of world economy: countries which

have Industry and countries which sell rawmaterials Diet became better and as a result, death rates

decreased Migrations Growth in active population.


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From 1870 onwards there was a newphase in Industrialization lead by Great

Britain but shared with new industrialpowers as the USA, Japan or Germany.

New power sources and industriesappeared as a result.

The 2ndIndustrial Revolution


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Energy sources: electricity

ELECTRICITY

applied to:

All kind of machines

Transports : train,tram

Communications: telephone, telegraph

Urban Lighting.1879 Thomas Edison invented a lightbulb.

After 1900, electric domestic inventions(oven, vacuumcleaner)


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New energy sources: electricity


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Energy sources : oil or petrol

Internal combustion engine, used for cars

Ships and planes( first flight : Wright

brothers in 1903)


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New industries

Steel Industry- Bessemerconverter: the Bessemerprocess was the firstinexpensive industrial

process for mass-productionof steel.

New metals such asaluminium

Chemical Industry- originally

based on synthetic dyes andaspirin, then fertilizers,concrete, plastics,dynamite


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New materials

Concrete, glass and elevatorsmade it possible to buildskyscrapers like this one inChicago.


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New industrial organization

Mass production. To achieve this goal Henry

Ford invented theassembly line which

eliminated unnecesseryhuman motions in theprocess.

The savings from massproduction methodsallowed the price of modelT (on the photo) to declinefrom $786 in 1910 to $360in 1916.


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How to understand what an assembly-line is,watching Modern Timesby Charles Chaplin


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New industrial organization

This is the era of High Capitalism. Companies neededmore capital and they could obtain it by:

the growth of banking and share-holding

Cartel

Formalagreementamongcompeting

firms, thatagree to fixprices,marketingandproduction

Trust

Its abusinessentityformed to

monopolizebusiness

Holding

Its acompany orfirm thatowns other

companies.Its onlypurpose isowningshares ofothercompanies


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New society: a class-based society

The estate-based societydissapeared after theFrench Revolution

With industrialisation newsocial groups appeared:

Industrial bourgeoisie

Industrial proletariat

Characteristics of aclass-based society:dynamic, open, legalequality, based on wealth


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New social groups: the bourgeoisie

With industrialization thepower of bourgeoisieincreased because they werethe main protagonists.Therewere three groups:

- High bourgeoisie- theyowned the Banks and mainIndustries

Middle bourgeoisie- liberalprofessions as lawyers,

doctors, journalists, engineers Low bourgeoisie- small

commerce, employments


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New social groups: proletariat orworking class.

The proletariats sell theirworkforce for a wage.

They work under unhealthyconditions , with no vacations,

miserable wages. Long working hours

Child/women labor wasusually used in factories and

mining.


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Liberty leading the people- Eugene Delacroix

Delacroix illustrated the 1830 Revolution in Paris, the last time thatbourgeoisie and workers fought together. From 1830 onwards theywill fight against each other.


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WORKERSMOVEMENT

Due to the bad conditions in their jobs,workers began to organise themselves in

order to obtain improvements and a morefair system than Capitalism.


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The beginnings ofworkersmovement

Luddism- workers destroyed themachines,because they consider them thecause of their problems. The English

government had to implement strict laws,including the death penalty, in order to stop thismovement.

Trade Unions- group of workers from the sameindustry that demanded better conditions.

Chartism- workers that participate in politicalsociety to obtain better conditions from the

parliament.


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Marxism, Communism andSocialism

In 1848 Marx and Engelswrote The CommunistManifesto.

They wanted a clasesssociety.

Marx believed thatLiberalism was a

dictatorship ofbourgeoisie because thisclass exploited the

proletariat.


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Marx: what did he propose?

Marx thought that History is always a class strugglebetween the dominant class and the dominated class; athis time this meant between the bourgeoisise and

proletariat. The only way to change this society wouldbe a revolution.

The revolution would lead to a socialist society throughthe dictatorship of the proletariat.

The final step would be a classless society or acommunist society with equal opportunities foreverybody.


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Anarchism

The main thinkers were Kropotkin,Bakunin and Proudhon.

Individual freedom, rejection of alltypes of authority, free association

in which society would organisefrom bottom up.

They dont participate in politicallife.

The most radical anarchists usedterrorism and violent methods.

Other groups created unions inorder to improve working

conditions.


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Marxism and Anarchism

against

Capitalismand

bourgeoisiepower

marxism anarquismo


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Communist and Socialists parties

1864, London. Meeting of European and USrepresentatives. They formed The first International,the main leader was Marx but he didnt agree with

Bakunin and the anarchists who were expeled. 1889, Paris, Second International. The marxists were

divided between Communist(they just wanted therevolution and no political participation in parliaments),and Socialists :while they were waiting for the revolutionthey participated in Parliaments and they acheivedmany improvements in working conditions.

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Industrial Revolution Class