Industrial Revolution

Economic Development

(the process by which material conditions of a country’s people are

improved. Occurs through the diffusion of knowledge and technology.)

Industrial Revolution

• The development of the secondary sector of the economy.

• Improves the standard of living, only as it diffuses (expansion, hierarchical, usually)

• Varies across time and space with resulting economic inequities

Wealth of the World

1500

1900

1960

1990

• “Preindustrial World” – Industries did exist before the Ind. Rev. (e.g.

carpenters, textiles, silver,…) – Cottage industries– The inventions/new technology and available

natural resources are the stimulus for industrialization.

• 18th Century marked by inventions– The inventions took time and money– Marked by a flow of capital due to colonies and

global trade

Steam engine

Spinning jenny

Rocket (train)

Power loom

Transportation• England – 1st to

industrialize– Groundbreaking

transportation• 1825 - 1st railway • 1819 – 1st steam ship to

cross Atlantic

• Goods + skills + machines + transportation = Industrial leader

• Developed canal system too!

Diffuse to Mainland – by early 1800s

• Same location principles apply– Proximity to

coal– Connection via

a water port• Why does

location matter?– Variable costs– Friction of

distance

Major Industrial Centers before 1850

• Major Areas– Western & Central Europe– Eastern North America– Russia & the Ukraine– Eastern Asia

Western and

Central Europe

North America: Rivals to Europe

– DTM – as move into stage 2, population increases and rural agricultural labor moves to urban jobs

– New York – great relative location, major break-of-bulk (e.g. ship-to-rail) port

– N. Am. benefited from nat. resources, trans. networks, capital, and labor

– Most of the rest of the world lagged far behind (exceptions: Ukraine, Australia,…)

Major Manufacturing Regions of Russia

Major Manufacturing Regions of East

Asia

Industrial Regions

• Be ready to explain social and economic differences at a variety of scales.

• Social = change from rural to urban, changes in family sizes, changes in role of women, changes in living quarters

• Economic = changes in standard of living, changes in overall GDP, changes in economic sector, growth of urban areas, infrastructure

how to measure development (the

process by which material conditions of a country’s people are improved. Occurs through the diffusion of knowledge and technology.)

• HDI (human development index) and • GINI (income inequality) and • GII (Gender Inequality Index) • = indicators that can help explain differences of

development at a variety of scales• (other areas to also consider include

reproductive health, GEM – gender empowerment measurement, participation of women in labor-market participation)

GII (Gender Inequality Index) 2013

By global region• Arab states .54• East Asia .33• Europe .31• Latin America .41• South Asia .539• Sub Saharan .578

• http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/table-4-gender-inequality-index

Measures gender inequalities in three important aspects of human development—– reproductive health measured by

• maternal mortality ratio and • adolescent birth rates;

– empowerment, measured by • proportion of parliamentary seats

occupied by females and • proportion of adult females and

males aged 25 years and older with at least some secondary education; and

– economic status expressed as • labor market participation and • measured by labor force

participation rate of female and male populations aged 15 years and older.

GII

GINI Coefficient

• Named for Corrado Gini, an Italian sociologist • Gini coefficient is a measure of statistical

dispersion intended to represent the income distribution of a nation's residents, and is the most commonly used measure of inequality.

• A measure of zero = equal income• A measure of 1 would mean one person had

all of the income, the rest with none

GINI Coefficient

Country HDI GINI GII Global Region

Egypt 110 30.8 0.58 Arab Region

China 91 73 0.20 East Asia

Norway 1 25.8 0.068 Europe

Brazil 79 54.7 0.44 Latin America

India 135 33.9 0.56 South Asia

Mozambique 146 45.7 0.657 Sub-Saharan

USA 5 40.8 0.26 Anglo-Am

•https://www.google.com/#q=gini+index

Western EuropeWestern Europe

• HDI: 0.93HDI: 0.93

• GII: 0.31 • Norway HDI 1 GII: 25.8 (.068)

• strong tradition of economic growth and development.

• Relied on colonization & imperialism for raw materials

• United Kingdom

• Rhine-Ruhr Valley

• Mid-Rhine

• Northern Italy

Industrial RegionsIndustrial Regions

United KingdomUnited Kingdom

• Industrial Revolution originated within the United Kingdom.

• majority of factories in UK survived WWII

• Because of outdated factories of production the UK has steadily been losing its comparative advantage to progressing nations.

Rhine-Ruhr ValleyRhine-Ruhr Valley

• Northwestern Germany, Belgium, France, and the Netherlands– large coal and iron reservoirs leading to a

massive steel, locomotive, machinery, and armament industry

– Creation of a major port due to a river; Rotterdam the largest port in Europe.

Northern ItalyNorthern Italy

• region allowed for cheaper labor as well as hydroelectric power

• Major textile region emerging at the end of the 19th century and early 20th century

Eastern Europe HDI: 0.80Eastern Europe HDI: 0.80

• Russian Fed GINI 40.1 GII 0.30

• Distance Decay – the closer countries are to W. Europe, the better their economy

• Because of a slow transition Russia has been declining gradually across the years in HDI.

Russian IndustryRussian Industry• Central Industrial district – oldest region located around Moscow.

Chosen for its central location and population center.• St. Petersburg Industrial district – major industry of shipbuilding

and sea trading• Volga Industrial district – large natural gas reservoirs with

resources created that can be sent down the Volga river.• Eastern Ukraine – large coal reserves and deposits of iron ore

make this region the largest producer of cheap steel in Eastern Europe.

• Silesia – Poland and Czech Republic industrial section because of large coal deposits regardless of limited resource of iron ore.

• Ural industrial district – mineral rich sector heavily industrialized by the Russians. Remote access means energy resources must be shipped to this sector.

• Kuznetsk industrial district – large deposits of coal and iron leading to major steel productions within the region. Largest development East of the Ural Mountains.

Ecological DisasterEcological Disaster

• Eastern Europe: High levels of Sulfurous Oxide released from industrial centers have led to regions of dangerously high levels of Acid rain and pollution

The Black TriangleThe Black Triangle

• Region in Eastern Europe of severe environmental damage due to over-industrialization

• pH measurements have been as low as 2.4 in this region (normal rain is 5.5)

• By product of the massive amount of industrialization byproduct released from industry within Germany.

Black TriangleBlack Triangle

Conflict between EU and CISConflict between EU and CIS

• CIS near constant state of economic hardship due to the flagging Russian economy

• Member states increasing interest in leaving CIS to apply for membership in the EU (ex. Georgia)

• Russia cannot afford to lose key trading partners which is resulting in strained relations within the CIS.

Japan HDI: 0.94Japan HDI: 0.94• Initially exploited its

– high population and – low cost of production to get a foothold in the global economy.

• In the middle of the 20th century it switched to invest in education and specialized training in order to have a highly specialized workforce

• Investments in Japan focus on research and development with enormous budgets in these areas by both businesses and government aid.

• The emergence of service sectors and high tech industries (quaternary and quinary economic sectors) have transformed the economic landscape

• Think about location, pollution, standard of living for the labor force, education level…

European ModelEuropean Model

• Japan’s rapid industrial development was fueled by its early colonialism in Korea and Northern China (cheap labor)

• With the aid of US foreign investment coupled with preventionist policies for private business, Japan was able to recover from the destruction of World War II.

Japan TodayJapan Today

• Japan has the 4th highest GDP at $5 trillion

• Japan is the leading producers of automobiles within the world.

South Pacific HDI: 0.87South Pacific HDI: 0.87

• Economies are traditionally tied to the United Kingdom but have been increasing involvement with Asian nations.

• Major exporter of food and resources but limited in economic influence due to its periphery location

East Asia HDI: 0.76East Asia HDI: 0.76

• China GINI 73 GII 0.20

• Chinese Economy (3rd in the world in GDP, 1/3 total world economic growth)

• Low wages of Chinese workers has resulted in lower international factory wages.

• China has an enormous demand on resources causing most industrial centers to be on the coast cutting cost of shipping supplies inland.

• China - forgo environmental regulations as well as expanding development within the interior of the country.

Southeast Asia HDI: 0.58Southeast Asia HDI: 0.58

• Climate does not allow for traditional cultivation which has forced countries to be exporters of industrial goods

• Initially achieved high levels of development but due to corruption within the government foreign investment has decreased.

• The governments are now trying to draw investment back to the state at cost to its citizens

Southeast Asia HDI: .58

• Outsourcing of industry from MDCs to LDCs in SE Asia is also transforming the economic landscape

• Think loss of farmland, increased pollution, movement of labor and housing, infrastructure needed, types of buildings

• Vietnam 35.6 GII 0.32

Slide 36 India/China sector…slide 37 South Asia

• (The Grameen Bank in Bangladesh gives microloans to small businesses, including female owned, to improve economic development.

• Government initiatives at all levels also affect economic development (for example: birth control, education for girls, microloans, etc)

• GII - South Asia .539India 33.9 GII 0.56

South Asia HDI: 0.58South Asia HDI: 0.58

• Has high level of mineral resources but is hindered by its enormous population

• Produces a large supply of agricultural goods that usually lead to surplus; issues is these good are reliant on seasonal rains.

• India is a booming service economy. Telephone calling services have become a large part of the economy.

Middle East HDI: 0.68Middle East HDI: 0.68

• Egypt GINI 30.8 GII 0.58

• only region in the world that enjoys trade surplus due to increased oil reserves

• struggles to balance economic development with cultural/religious beliefs

IranIran

Middle East cont.Middle East cont.

• Alternative Human Development Index– Helps to explain how the Middle East lags in

HDI– Operates on three principles of the region

• Lack of Political Freedom• Low levels of education and literacy rates• Lack of opportunities for women

Anglo-America HDI: 0.94Anglo-America HDI: 0.94

• Anglo-America is highly developed and endowed with uniform religion and language.

• This region contains large amounts of mineral supplies as well as being underdeveloped for Agriculture

• It provides much of the specialized labor in the global community and has adapted from a secondary economic system to a tertiary economic system.

CanadaCanada

• Canada is primarily a resource exporting country

• There is limited manufacturing and aside from Primary the economy is largely focused in the Tertiary sector of the economy

• Most of the industry that does exist occurs close to the border with the United States

Canadian ShieldCanadian Shield• This is one of the richest mineral deposits

in the world

VMS: volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits contain gold

Prophyry: contains copper

SEDEX: source of lead, zinc, barite

MVT: lead and zinc

IOCG: iron oxide, copper, gold

Slide 40: Anglo America

• US GINI 40.8 GII 0.26

• Quaternary and quinary economic sectors affecting the economic landscape

• For example: Silicone Valley, Research Triangle Park, Wake Forest Innovation Quarter

United StatesUnited States

• The development of United States industry was delayed because of their dependence on the United Kingdom

• By 1860 the United States was the second largest industrial power in the world behind the United Kingdom

• It was not until the later part of the 19th Century that American industry started to use the steel making process

• Relied on Imperialism for markets

Latin America: HDI: 0.80Latin America: HDI: 0.80

• Brazil GINI 54.7 GII 0.44• Majority of the population is concentrated in

urban centers.• Mexico is greatly aided in industrialization by its

proximity to the United States. • The interior of South America remains

undeveloped and has been increasing in deforestation for lumber and agriculture.

• Central America lags behind in development because of an inequity in land distribution by wealthy plantation owners.

Sub-Saharan Africa HDI: 0.51Sub-Saharan Africa HDI: 0.51

• This is a heavily rich region in resources • Faces issues with its enormous percent of

population living in poverty. • Does not have the agricultural means to support

the largest growing population in the world.• Faces internal issues due to previous colonial

status.• Lack ability to ship goods from the country.

and 53 (Sub-Saharan Africa HDI)

• Why has this area not industrialized as rapidly as Europe, Anglo America, East Asia…?

• Microloans are also an important development on a local scale, especially for women

• GII Sub Saharan .578• Mozambique GINI 45.7 GII 0.657

EcotourismEcotourism• 1. Go to Eduweb web site, http://www.eduweb.com/amazon.html. This site is based on field

research•  into indigenous ecotourism in the Ecuadorian Amazon. It is designed to illustrate some basic•  physical and human geography of the Amazon as well as the risks and benefits of ecotourism•  as a development strategy. • 2. Follow the link Try it! under Ecotourism Simulation Game• 3. Follow the directions to participate in the game. Make note of your decisions (and why you•    made them) as you play the game. You will need this information to complete this assignment.• 4. Answer the following questions:• How did your version of the game end? • Was ecotourism under your direction successful? Why or why not (your opinion)? • What decisions did you make concerning implementing ecotourism that you would now change? • Would you do things differently if you had a chance? What may have caused you to change your

mind about some things?

Ecotourism

• A strategy for countries to help protect their cultural and natural landscapes (the environment) and to generate jobs.

• This is more sustainable and less degrading to the environment.

• Often used by LDCs.

Major Industrial CentersMajor Industrial Centers

• The two largest countries in industry are Brazil and Mexico

• These countries used protectionist policies in order to prevent foreign industries from interfering with development

• Most of these companies are located as close as possible to the major population centers.

The path to NAFTAThe path to NAFTA

• Because of protectionist policies the companies in Latin America tended to be highly inefficient

• When financial crisis hit during the 1970s these countries had to open up for outside industries.

• For Mexico the only option was to work directly with the United States

The path to NAFTA

• Globalization has led to an increase in international trade and growing interdependence

• Has brought an international division of labor• Has led to changes in the power of economic

blocs and possible extra difficulties for governments of LCDs (often have less power than the TNC – transnational corporations – and international and/or supranational organizations such as NAFTA and the EU)

North American Free Trade North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)Agreement (NAFTA)

• This free trade agreement signed in 1994 opened the borders between the US, Canada, and Mexico

• Without trade restrictions there was a sharp increase in the amount of industrial jobs relocating to Mexico

• Maquiladora – plants located along the US-Mexico border that are taking advantage of cheap labor as well as proximity to the market

Problems with NAFTAProblems with NAFTA

• Deindustrialization within the United States

• With the United States’ enormous agricultural production Mexican farmers are unable to make a living

(Problems with NAFTA)

• International division of labor – manufacturing has shifted to newly industrialized countries which has also resulted in a significant relocation of the workforce globally and the development of special economic zones

Energy

• How to address the resource depletion and environmental degradation consequences of the industrial revolution:

• Problems are natural resource depletion (oil, coal)

• Mass consumption by MDCs• Pollution• Climate change consequences (think

Bangladesh and flooding, …)• Sustainable development• For example: sustainable energy sources,

energy efficient buildings/machines, etc

Energy & Technology• The combination of energy sources and technology greatly impacts the timing and

place of industrialization. The growth of mechanized production, which is usually thought of the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, is strongly linked to the textile industry in Lancashire, Northwest England. Mechanical looms could be established only in places with a sufficient energy supply that was close to sources of early venture capital. Similarly, the Industrial Revolution in North America also took place initially in rural areas with adequate energy supplies (waterfalls), technology, raw materials, capital, and access to domestic markets.

Technology and energy are essential to industrialization. Geography focuses on the place or spatial context of this relationship. It is interesting to show students how the relationship between industrialization and urban location changes. The first industrial establishments were rural, the mass production factories of the early 1900s were urban-based, and the expansion of tertiary and some quaternary activities is closely associated with the growth of suburban areas (e.g. shopping malls, edge cities).

• AP Central

• http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/standard/geography/international_issues/energy/revision/1/

Energy: What has changed?

• The world around us has changed significantly over the past 20 years. Technology has become one of the main drivers of economic and social development. The rapid advancement of Information Technology (IT) all over the world has transformed not only the way we think, but also the way we act. All aspects of human life have been affected by IT and the Internet, in particular. Needless to say that practically all technologies run on electricity and therefore the share of electricity is increasing rapidly, faster than Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES)

Coal

Oil

• …plays an important role in the global energy balance, accounted for 32% of energy consumption in 2010. This proportion has changed very little in the last 20 years (the figure was 37% in 1990), despite the fact that the total amount of energy consumed worldwide has increased by more than 50% over the same period. This trend has been driven primarily in the last decade by emerging countries. At regular points throughout these two decades, questions have been raised about the growing scarcity of fossil fuel resources and the imminent inevitability of peak oil.

Natural Gas

• In 2012, for the first time in many years, the growth in global gas demand outstripped that of coal. Despite the current economic difficulties, the world might be looking at the ‘Golden age of gas’, as the global gas market is expected to reach 4 700bcm by 2030. This growth is supported by an increase in gas production potential and expansion of international trade based on a growing number of LNG facilities and high pressure pipelines and will continue for several decades. This average annual growth of 1.4% is slightly higher than anticipated in the IGU commentary provided for the previous edition of the WEC Survey of Energy Resources report published in 2010.

• There are four main categories of unconventional natural gas: shale gas, coalbed methane, • gas from tight sandstones (‘tight gas’) and the least well-known methane hydrates

Hydropower

• …provides a significant amount of energy throughout the world. There has been deployment in more than 100 countries, contributing approximately 15% of the global electricity production.

• The top 5 largest markets for hydropower in terms of capacity are China, Brazil, the United States, Russia, and Canada, with China far exceeding the others at 249GW. Added to these, India, Norway, Japan, France and Turkey complete the top 10 countries in terms of capacity.

Peat

• …is the surface organic layer of a soil, consisting of partially decomposed organic material, derived mostly from plants, that has accumulated under conditions of waterlogging, oxygen deficiency, acidity and nutrient deficiency. In temperate, boreal and sub-arctic regions, where low temperatures (below freezing for long periods during the winter) reduce the rate of decomposition, peat is formed from mosses, herbs, shrubs and small trees (Joosten & Clarke, 2002). In the humid tropics, it is formed from rain forest trees (leaves, branches, trunks and roots) under near constantly high temperature (Page et al., 1999).

Uses of Peat

• Peat has a large number of uses, which may be classified under three headings: Energy (as fuel for electricity/heat generation, and directly as a source of heat for industrial, residential and other purposes) (Figures 6-7 and 6-8 – see page 5);Horticultural and agricultural (e.g. as growing medium, soil improver, cowshed/stable litter, compost ingredient);

• Other (e.g. as a source of organic and chemical products such as activated carbon, resins and waxes, medicinal products such as steroids and antibiotics, and therapeutic applications such as peat baths and preparations).

Biomass

• Today, biomass supplies some 50 EJ globally, which represents 10% of global annual primary energy consumption.

• This is mostly traditional biomass used for cooking and heating

• There is significant potential to expand biomass use by tapping the large volumes of unused residues and wastes. The use of conventional crops for energy use can also be expanded, with careful consideration of land availability and food demand.

Waste-to-Energy

• Waste-to-Energy (WtE) technologies consist of any waste treatment process that creates energy in the form of electricity, heat or transport fuels (e.g. diesel) from a waste source. These technologies can be applied to several types of waste: from the semi-solid (e.g. thickened sludge from effluent treatment plants) to liquid (e.g. domestic sewage) and gaseous (e.g. refinery gases) waste. However, the most common application by far is processing the Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) (Eurostat, 2013). The current most known WtE technology for MSW processing is incineration in a combined heat and power (CHP) plant.

Solar

Thermal Energy

• …of the Earth is immense, but only a fraction of it can be utilised. So far utilisation of this energy has been limited to areas where geological conditions permit a carrier (water in the liquid or vapour phases) to ‘transfer’ the heat from deep hot zones to or near the surface, thus creating geothermal resources

Environmental impact of wind power

• No energy source is free of environmental effects. As the renewable energy sources make use of energy in forms that are diffuse, larger structures, or greater land use, tend to be required and attention may be focused on the visual effects. In the case of wind energy, there is also discussion of the effects of noise and possible disturbance to wildlife - especially birds. It must be remembered, however, that one of the main reasons for developing the renewable sources is an environmental one - to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. Several studies have shown that wind plants ‘repay’ the energy used during construction by about 6 months or less, and so electricity generated after that time realises substantial emission savings. In many cases wind generation displaces coal-fired plant, so 1 kWh of wind saves about 0.8-1 kg of carbon dioxide.

• http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/wind-farms-pt-1-3/1461.html