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Influence of Tool-Pin Profile on Properties of Friction Stir Processed AA 2014 Under Natural and Flood Cooling
Gagandeep Singh Dhaliwal1* and Pardeep Kumar2 1Research Scholar, Mech.Engg.Section, YCoE, Punjabi University GK Campus, Talwandi Sabo,
Distt.Bathinda, Punjab-151302, India 2Mech.Engg.Section, YCoE, Punjabi University GK Campus, Talwandi Sabo, Distt.Bathinda, Punjab – 151302, India
* corresponding author e-mail: [email protected]
Abstract - Aluminium alloys, possessing good strength to weight ratio, are extensively employed in various fields of technology. Friction stir processing (FSP) is an allied process of friction stir welding (FSW) that is used to transform the material properties. FSP performed on surface can transform the surface properties of certain material and can also transform the mechanical properties, if carried out in bulk of material. Investigations have been carried out by number of researchers to see the influence of FSP parameters and the simultaneous cooling on different properties of different materials. In the present research work, the work was carried out to see the influence of tool-pin profile on the properties of aluminium alloy AA2014, under natural and flood cooling conditions. AA2014 is commonly used in aerospace industry and in defence equipment. AA2014 was friction stir processed with three types of tool-pin profiles and freezing the other process parameters of FSP, on the basis of literature. The processed specimens were characterized with X-ray radiography and microstructure analysis. Micro-hardness and the tensile strength of the processed specimens were also tested. Among the processed specimens, the highest hardness was obtained with square tool-pin profile under flood cooling conditions. The refinement in microstructure has been observed to be the reason of the same. Keywords: Friction stir processing, microstructure, micro-hardness, tool-pin profile, flood cooling.
1. INTRODUCTION Aluminium and aluminium alloys have a wide range of applications, due to its many outstanding attributes including good corrosion and oxidation resistance, high electrical and thermal conductivities, low density, high reflectivity, high ductility and reasonably high strength, and relatively low cost (Pushpanathan et al., 2012; Kapoor et al., 2013;Vagh and Pandya, 2012). Aluminium and its alloys are used commonly in aerospace and transportation industries because of their low density and high strength to weight ratio. Aluminium alloys are generally classif ed as non-weldable because of the poor solidif cation microstructure and porosity in the fusion zone. These factors make the joining of these alloys by conventional welding processes unattractive. Some aluminium alloys can be resistance welded, but the surface preparation is expensive, with surface oxide being a major problem. Friction stir welding (FSW) was invented at The Welding Institute (TWI) of UK in 1991 as a solid-state joining technique and it was initially applied to aluminium alloys. The basic concept of FSW is remarkably simple. Recently friction stir processing (FSP) has come up as a solid state
technique for microstructure modif cation, based on the basic principles of FSW (Misra and Ma, 2005; Pushpanathan et al., 2012; Elangovan and Balasubramanian, 2008). In FSW, a non-consumable rotating tool with a specially designed pin and shoulder is inserted into the abutting edges of plates, to be joined and then traversed along the line of joint, while shoulder touches the plates. Due to stirring action of the tool-pin, the friction heats both the materials at the joint. The two materials in visco-plastic state on solidification give a good welded joint. Thus, a welding joint is produced in solid state by localized heat from the friction between the tool and work piece and plastic deformation of the material. In FSP, the same process is used for modification of the material properties by the process of friction stirring in the single material only. Then the tool is plunged into the material at pre-determined rotational speed and traversed across it, as shown in Fig. 1. The heat is generated by the friction between the tool-pin and work piece. The localized heating softens the material around the pin. The combination of tool rotation and translation cause the movement of material from front to the back of the pin, which results in the processing of the material (Misra and Ma, 2005).
Fig. 1: Schematic representation of FSP principle (Yadav and Bauri, 2012).
32ARME Vol.3 No.2 July - December 2014
FtmuBispoarppTzt(sf2Swrfksthmcirioswc
TaLdoSarardtsdT
Friction stir proto change themicrostructure used (PushpaBalasubramaniis in-volume Fsubstrate materprocessing of soverlap ratio isalteration of respectively (Kprofiles also pproperties in FThe microstruczone can also tool design, FS(Pushpanathan study the influfriction stir pr2014 in both fStir Processingwith three differound). Frictionflood cooling keeping othespecimens havtesting and mhave also beemicro-hardnesscondition withimages of threfinement, whimprovement inobserved to besquare tool, uwith the procconditions.
2. E
The substratealuminium alloLudhiana in dimensions of of substrate mSpectrometer aand Sewing required for FSany temperaturrequired numdimensions 10the procured ssoftware was udesign, the Table 1.
ocessing is done mechanical in which diff
anathanet et ian, 2008). TheSP that meansrial and the secsurface of mats very importanmicrostructure
Kurt et al., 201plays a major FSP (Elangovancture and mech
be accuratelySP parameters
et al., 2012). Tuence of tool-processed (in-vflood and naturg was performerent tool-pin pn stir processinconditions w
er parametersve been chara
microstructure tn evaluated. As has been o
h square tool-phe processed hich seems ton micro-hardne more in caseunder flood cocessing done
EXPERIMEN
e material choy2014, was prplate shape 600mm × 50m
material is detavailable at thMachine part
SP were preparre rise to caus
mbers of samp00 mm × 50mmsubstrate materused for designselected tool
ne on a single properties b
ferent tool-pinal., 2012;
e FSP is done i processing ofcond is surfaceterial up to a snt factor for the and mecha11). Effect of drole in modif
n and Balasubrhanical proper
y controlled byand active hea
The present wopin profile on volume FSP) aral cooling con
med on verticaprofiles (squarng was done u
with each tools constant. acterized withtesting. The tA significant
observed undepin profile. Th
specimens do be the causess. The tensile of specimensooling conditio
with other t
NTAL PROCE
hosen in therocured from thhaving thickn
mm. The chemtermined with he R and D Cts, Ludhiana. red by wire EDse microstructuples of 6mm tm were cut byrial in plate sning the tools dimensions
sheet of materby changing tn profiles can
Elangovan ain two ways, o
f full thickness e FSP that measmall depth. The evaluation aanical propertdifferent tool-pfying the surfaramanian, 200ties of processy optimizing tating and cooliork is focussedthe properties aluminium allnditions. Frictial milling cenre, hexagonal aunder natural al-pin profile, The process
h micro-hardneensile propertimprovement
er flood coolihe microstructudepict the grase of significale strength is als processed won, as compartools or cooli
EDURE
e present stuhe local markeness 6mm, wmical composit
the help of Centre for Bicy
The specimDM so as to avural changes. Tthickness, havy wire EDM frhape. Auto CAs for FSP. In
are presented
rial the be
and one
of ans The and ties pin ace 8). sed the ing
d to of
loy ion
ntre and and by
sed ess ties
in ing ure ain ant lso
with red ing
udy, et of with tion the
ycle mens void The ving rom AD the
d in
ShouldTool-pdiametsquareTool-p
CNC mand DLudhiain Fig.tools re
Before necessaproper importaspecimAuto Chaving fixture Sewingmachinmillingwas emspecimIn pesethree hexagounder 45mm/The psuspensmachinetchingetchingetched was emicroscprocessof micrresult aused to
TABL
Tool Para
der diameter pin diameter fter of circle cir
e or hexagonal topin length
machine was u Centre for
ana. The drawin 2.A hexagon
espectively wer
Fig. 2 D
starting macary to hold themachining of
ant role in the men into the fixCAD software
dimensions 1was manufactu
g Machine pne. Friction stg machineby umpolyed for
men at the reseaent study, the vdifferent type
onal and rounflood and na
/min and speedolishing was sion to obtain
ne. To contrast g of polished sg reagent. The
with this Kelexamined uncope (RMM-7sed specimens.ro-hardness of and discussion.o measure the h
LE 1 TOOL DIME
ameter
for round tool rcumscribed aboool-pin profiles
used to manufBicycle and ngs of tools manal ( ), square employed fo
Drawing of differen
hining on anye job firmly of the work pieFSP for secureture cavity. Thfor friction st00mm × 50mured at R and
parts, Ludhianir processing
using speciallypreparing the
arch and develoverticle millinges of tool-pind. Friction St
atural cooling d 1400 r.p.m.
carried out mirror like surthe different p
specimens waspolished speciller’s etching der inverted 7) for obtainin The microstruall types of sp. Micro-hardnehardness of spe
ENSIONS Dimens
(mm)
18/
out 6
5.7
facture the tooSewing Mach
anufactured arare ( ), and or FSP.
nt FSP tools.
y machine, aon the work taece. So fixture and proper mhe fixture was tir processing
mm× 6mm. ThD Centre for B
na using CNwas done on
y designed fixte friction stir opment centre,g machine wasn profiles vitir Processing
conditions h
with aluminrface finish onphases of micrs done with thimens were subreagent. Each
optical meng the microstructure images aecimens are pr
ess tester (Mituecimens.. It wa
ion )
ls at the R hine parts, e presented round ( )
a fixture is able for the re plays an mounting of modeled in of samples
he designed Bicycle and
NC milling n a verticle ture, which
processed , Ludhiana. s used with iz. square,
was done aving feed
na powder n polishing ostructure,
he Keller’s bsequently
specimen etallurgical ructures of and graphs resented in utoyo) was s done at a
Influence of Tool-Pin Profile on Properties of Friction Stir Processed AA 2014 Under Natural and Flood Cooling
33 ARME Vol.3 No.2 July - December 2014
lppptsta(
3Mbb
a
b
c
a
b
c
load of 0.5 kperformed unprocessed tensiproduced from testing as per specimens wertest was perforat Baba Farid (Punjab).
3.R
3.1 Macro anaMacro analysisbeen studied. Tbeen presented
a)
b)
c)
Fig. 3 Macrogrcooling conditi
a)
b)
c)
Fig. 4 Macrographcondition with d
kg for 10 secder dry and ile specimens othe processed ASTM E8M
re prepared usinrmed on a HECollege of En
RESULTS AN
alysis of frictios of all frictioThe macrograpd in Fig. 3 and 4
raphs of specimenion with different
hexagonal too
hs of specimens prdifferent tool-pin pr
tool, (c)
conds. Tensileflood coolin
of standard sizmaterial to be -04 standard. ng wire EDM
EICO universalngg. and Techn
ND DISCUSSI
n stir processeon stir processephs of specimen4.
s processed with Ftool-pin profiles (a
ol, (c) round tool.
rocessed with FSProfiles (a) square round tool.
e test was alng. Friction se and shape wetested for tensThe tensile t
machine. Tensl testing machinology, Bathin
ION
ed specimens ed specimens ns after FSP h
FSP under natural a) square tool, (b)
P under flood coolitool, (b) hexagona
lso stir ere sile test sile ine nda
has have
ing al
Lookinthe macclean ain Fig.without 3.2 MicMicro-hAA201the effewas anrespect 3.2.1 EfThe surboth dprofilessummacoolingvalue opin prowith roof the tsignific5 and 6
Fig. 5 E
Fig. 6 E
ng at the surfaccrographs that
and no obvious.3 and 4. Thet any voids/hol
cro-hardness ahardness of to
14 processed wect of tool-pin nalysed and ditively.
Effect of Tool-prface micro-ha
dry and flood s such as Sarized respectivg conditions. Iof Micro-hardnofile. The Miound tool-pin pthree used toolcant improvem6 than that of b
Effect of tool-pin p
Effect of tool-pin pr
81.6
0102030405060708090
Micr
o-ha
rdne
ss(H
v)
122
020406080
100120140
Micr
o-ha
rdne
ss (H
v)
ce obtained aftop surface of
s defects coulderefore, FSP les on its surfa
analysis op surface of thwith FSP was m
profile and coiscussed in fol
pin Profile on Mardness values
cooling by uSquare, Hexagvely for naturaIn both the caness has been ocro-hardness o
profile is obserl-pin profiles. T
ment after FSP iase metal.
profiles on the miccondition.
rofile on the Microcooling.
6 77.53 7
Tool-pin p
2.5
98.739
Tool-pin p
fter FSP, it is cf processed spd be identifiedproduced cleace.
he specimens measured. In thooling on micrllowing two s
Micro-hardneof processed musing differengonal and Ral cooling andases of FSP, thobtained for sqof specimens rved to be minThe hardness ein all cases sho
cro-hardness in FS
o-hardness in FSP
75.64 73.93
profile
91.2274.93
profile Bas
e B
ase
clear from ecimens is
d as shown an surface
of material his section, ro-hardness subsections,
ess material in nt tool-pin Round are d for flood he highest quare tool-processed
nimum, out exhibited a own in Fig.
SP underdry
under flood
Gagandeep Singh Dhaliwal and Pardeep Kumar
34ARME Vol.3 No.2 July - December 2014
Taoabitaa(pTmpottpv(pr( 3TwHripchd
The increase iand dislocatioobserved that aluminium diebar-graphs in improvement itool-in profile and flood cooaluminium allo(Elangovan anplays an imporThe primary fmetal and movproperties enhobserved that terms of Micrthat of other topulsating actiovertical flat (2008) also oproduced 80 pur.p.m. There is(Hexagonal and
3.2.2 Effect of The graphical rwith cooling Hexagonal andrespectively. Iimproved the profiles. This mcoolant. The chardness of mdecrease in gra
Fig. 7 Effect of c
020406080
100120140
Micr
o-ha
rdne
sss (
Hv)
Squar
in hardness is on interaction.hardness incre
e casting alloyFig.5 and
in the micro-hain both the co
oling conditiooys through a
nd Balasubramrtant role in enfunction of toove the same b
hancement. In square tool-pi
ro-hardness imool-pin profileon experiencedsurface. Elanobserved that ulses/s, when ts no such puld round) pin pr
f cooling on therepresentation for individua
d Round) are sIt has been omicro-hardnesmay be due tocooling action material consiain size.
cooling on the mic
81.6
Tool-pin
re(Dry) Sq
attributed to . Nakata et eases in frictio
y due to grain 6 clearly in
ardness is moronditions of FSn. As observ
a lot of reseamanian, 2008), nhancement ofol-pin is to stibehind it to ha
this work alin profile gav
mprovement ths because of hd in the stirri
ngovan and Bthe square
tool rotated at lsating action rofiles.
e micro-hardnof variation o
al tool-pin pshown in givenobserved that ss substantiallyo the cooling a
during FSP pderably; this
cro-hardness in FS
122.5
n profile
quare(Flood co
grain refinemeal. (2006) al
on stir processrefinement. T
ndicate that tre in case squaSP under natu
ved for differearch done earl
tool-pin proff micro-hardneir the plasticizave good surfalso, it has bee best results
hrough FSP thhigher number ing zone dueBalasubramanitool-pin profa speed of 12in case of oth
ness f micro-hardne
profiles (Squan Fig. 7, 8 andthe cooling h
y for all tool-paction of floodprocess increas
is related to
SP with square tool
oling)
ent lso sed The the are
ural ent lier file ess. zed ace een
in han
of to
ian file 200 her
ess are, d 9 has pin ded sed a
l.
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 1
An inpropertthat inmicro-hto hexa
Micr
ohar
dnes
s(Hv
)M
icro-
hard
ness
(Hv)
Micr
oha
rdne
ss(H
v)
Effect of cooling
Effect of cooling
0 Relative effect odry/flood coo
ncreased hardties of the ma
FSP under flhardness in caagonal and roun
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Micr
ohar
dnes
s(Hv
)
7
0
20
40
60
80
100
Micr
oha
rdne
ss(H
v)
Round(D
81.6
1
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Micr
o-ha
rdne
ss(H
v)
Dry FS
on the Micro-hardTool.
on the micro-hard
of cooling on the moling for different
dness is impaterial. Figure lood cooling, se of square tond tool.
77.53
Tool-pin p
Hexagonal(DrHexagonal(Fl
75.64
Tool -pin pr
Dry) Roun
6 77.53
122.5
98
Tool-pin pr
SP FSP
dness in FSP with H
dness in FSP with r
micro-hardness in Ftool-pin profiles.
proved the m10 clearly de
the improvemool is more as
98.73
profile
ry)ood cooling)
91.22
rofile
nd(Flood coolin
3 75.64
8.73 91.
rofile
with coolant
Hexagonal
round tool.
FSP under
mechanical emonstrate
ment in the compared
ng)
22
Influence of Tool-Pin Profile on Properties of Friction Stir Processed AA 2014 Under Natural and Flood Cooling
35 ARME Vol.3 No.2 July - December 2014
3Mfcocs 3MIcodmscldFsb(fttdhigtoT
3.3 MicrostrucMicrostructureform surface fcooling condition the microscooling has besubsections res
3.3.1 Effect MicrostructureIn microstructucooling are aoptical microsdetails. Fig. microstructure square, hexagocooling respeclarge grains distribution of Fig.11. The sursuch as square,brighter than t(2013) observefriction stir protool have signithe processed deformation phomogeneous, improve the mgrain refinemethis can be attrobservations mTable 2 and 3.
F
TABLE 2 MIC
Tool-pin p
Squar
Hexago
Roun
cture Analysis images of spe
for all tool-pinions were captstructure of deen analysed aspectively.
of Tool-pine ure analysis, s
analysed at mscope to reve12 and 13 of processed
onal and rounctively. The pa
of non-unifof coarse secondrfaces of specim, hexagonal andthe parent meted same result ocessing, rotatificant effects surface. The m
processes is tofine grain siz
mechanical proent, precipitateributed to acce
made from the m
Fig. 11 Microstruc
CROSTRUCTURCOND
profile
re Fine
onal Densstruc
nd Hom
ecimens of AAn profiles, undtured. In this sdifferent tool-pand discussed i
Profile in
specimens undmagnification (
eal quality opresents the
surfaces carriend pin profilearent material orm size, wid phase particmens under alld round after ptal. The Ramaand also discu
tional and tranon the grain
main purpose oo produce the and distribut
operties.FSP ise breakup simelerated diffusimicrostructure
cture of base mater
RE OBSERVATIODITION
Observat
recrystallized gr
se recrystallture
mogeneous grain
2
A0214 after FSer dry and floection, the effepin profiles ain following tw
FSP on t
der dry and flo(20X) using tf microstructu
typical opticed out employie with dry/flo
is composed ith non-unifocles as shown l tool-pin profiprocessing appeanjaneyulu et ussed that durinslation speed size evolution of several plas
he material wte precipitates
s effective in tmultaneously aion kinetics. T
e are presented
rial.
ON UNDER DRY
tion
rain structure
ized grain
structure
0µm
SP, ood fect and wo
the
ood the ure cal ing ood
of rm in
les ear al.
ing of in
stic with
to the and The d in
TABL
To
The effrictioncooling
LE 3 MICROSTRUC
ool-pin profile
Square
Hexagonal
Round
ffects of tool-n stir processg conditions are
UCTURE OBSEROOLING CONDI
O
Fine andequiaxed structure Medium gr
More hostructure
-pin profile oned specimense shown in Fig
(a)
(b)
RVATION UNDERITION
Observation
d more unrecrystallized
ain structure
omogeneous
n the microsts under dry g. 12 and 13 res
20µ
20µ
R FLOOD
niform, grain
grain
tructure of and flood spectively.
µm
µm
Gagandeep Singh Dhaliwal and Pardeep Kumar
36ARME Vol.3 No.2 July - December 2014
(c)
Fig. 12 Microstructure images of AA2014 processed under dry condition with different tool-pin profiles (a) square (b) hexagonal and (c) round.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig.13 Microstructure images of AA2014 processed with FSP under flood cooling condition with different tool-pin profiles (a) square (b) hexagonal
and (c) round. From the analysis of microstructure images, it can be inferred that the microstructure can be controlled by changing the tool-pin profile and formation of defects free friction stir processed surface is also a function of tool-pin profile. From the above investigation, the processed region of specimens, show a fine recrystallized grain structure due to heavy plastic deformation, which is due to dynamic recrystallization due to thermo mechanical processing by the square tools. It can also be seen that sample processed by square tool-pin profile has finer equiaxed grain structure relative to sample processed by the other pin profiles as shown in Fig. 12(a) and Fig. 13(a). These results are in conformance with Elangovan and Balasubramanian (2008) in the case of aluminium alloy. The grain refinement is attributed to the higher number of pulsating action experienced in the stirring zone of square pin profile as compared to that in other tool-pin profiles. 3.3.2 Effect of Cooling on the Microstructure The FSP process under the cooling conditions changed the coarse and inhomogeneous microstructure of specimen to a fine and uniform microstructure. The cooling process decreases grain size and increased its uniform distribution. Reduction of the process temperature with cooling system and lowering the total time of cooling process results more uniform and similar grain size microstructure. The similar result was observed by Darras and Kishta (2006) in submerged friction stir processing of AZ31.Nia et al., (2013) also observed that cooling process decreased grain size and increased its uniform distribution. So that FSP under flood cooling have a fine and equiaxed grain structure than that of FSP dry conditions as shown in Fig. 14, 15 and 16 respectively.
20µm
20µm20µm
20µm
Influence of Tool-Pin Profile on Properties of Friction Stir Processed AA 2014 Under Natural and Flood Cooling
37 ARME Vol.3 No.2 July - December 2014
(a) (b)
Fig. 14 Microstructure images of AA2014 processed with FSP with square tool-pin profile, under (a) natural cooling, (b) flood cooling.
(a) (b)
Fig. 15 Microstructure images of AA2014 processed with FSP with hexagonal tool-pin profile, under (a) natural cooling, (b) flood cooling
(a) (b)
Fig. 16 Microstructure images of AA2014 processed with FSP with round tool-pin profile, under (a) natural cooling, (b) flood cooling.
20µm 20µm
20µm20µm
Gagandeep Singh Dhaliwal and Pardeep Kumar
38ARME Vol.3 No.2 July - December 2014
3Tpttspkwtpcd 3TsbIcfFhibbd
3.4 Tensile streTensile propeprocessed withto improve thetool-pin lengthslightly lesser processed. In tkept slightly swas done to stithe bulk propproperties. In tcooling on tediscussed in fo
3.4.1 Effect of The Longitudinstrength, percebeen evaluatedIt can be notecylindrical toolfor FSP with squahexagonal tointermediate bboth cases. Thebe obtained deformation.
Fig. 17 Effect of t
0
50
100
150
200
250
Tens
ile st
reng
th (M
Pa)
ength Analysisrties of spec
h FSP were dee surface prop
h is increased sthan the thic
the present wshorter than thir the bulk of mperties in adthis section, theensile propertllowing two su
f Tool-pin Profnal tensile propentage elongatid and their resued that tensile l is the lowest
are tool, the saol, mean te
between the sqe highest tensiby increases
tool-pin profile on and flood coo
219217
Tool-
FSP wit
s cimens of mascribed.FSP isperties of certsuch that it beckness of the ork, the lengthhe thickness omaterial and chdition to effee effect of toolties has beenubsections, resp
file on the Tenperties such asion of the FSP
ults are shown istrength valuamong six. On
ame is the Higensile strengtquare and cylle strength fors the volum
the tensile strengtoling condition.
217208
pin profile
th coolant
aterial AA201s generally dontain material. ecomes equal o
material beinh of tool-pin
of workpiece. heck its effect ofect on surfacl-pin profile an
n analysed anpectively.
sile Strength ultimate tensi
P specimen havin fig.17 and 1
ue for FSP witn the other han
ghest. In case oth values arlindrical tool ir square tool ca
me of materi
th in FSP under dr
211200
Dry FSP
14 ne If or ng is It
on ce nd nd
le ve 8. th nd
of re in an al
ry
Fig.18
Becauround,througanalysregionsquaredeformeffect the spobservthe spexhibispecimirrespecondit(squareffect the samstrengeffect Murugprocesand tasignifi 3.4.2. It can procesthe lowhand, pin prPercencompafor allmecharegistetool-pdiffere
Elon
gatio
n(%
)
Effect of tool-pin
use of changin, there is a sigh friction andsis has been can of all the spee tool-pin promation, due to provides high
pecimens procved from the Fipecimens proited superior mens processective of FSP tion). It has alsre, hexagonal,on tensile stre
me that the FSgth and ductili
on tensile pgan (2010), ssed using hexapered octagonicantly.
Effect of Coolbe noted that
ssed under drywest than that elongation forrofiles is thentage elongatiared with that l tool-pin profanical properered a graduain profile. Thience in the me
6.66
11
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Elon
gatio
n (%
)
profiles on the elo
flood cooling
g the surface ignificant diffed material defoarried out in thcimens. Frictioofile caused its higher ecce
h tensile strengcessed with oig. 17 and 18 tcessed with tensile prope
sed with ocooling cond
so been observ round) undeength. Xu et P parameters hty, whereas toproperties. Acthe tensile
xagonal, taperenal tool-pin pro
ling on the Tent tensile strengy conditions inobtained in flor FSP under dr
highest than ion nearly foobtained in flofiles. It is alwrties in the l increase frois observation echanism of he
6.61
1.07
9
Tool pin pro
FSP with
ongation in FSP ung.
area of a squaerence in the
ormation. The the friction stir on Stir Processhigh degree
entricity and itsgth, when compther tool prof
that out of six ssquare tool-perties as comther tool-pin
dition (dry/flooved that tool-per FSP have al., 2013 also
have a great efool-pin profileccording to Vstrength of ed hexagonal,
ofile tools, do n
nsile Strengthgth values for n all tool-pin ood cooling. Onry conditions i
that in floodound to be dooded cooling
ways noteworthlongitudinal
m cylindrical may be attribu
eat generation
5.89
9.67
8
ofile
h coolant D
nder dry and
are tool to heat input tensile test processed
sing by the of plastic s pulsation pared with files. It is specimens,
pin profile mpared to n profile, od cooling pin profiles very little expressed
ffect on the e has little Vijay and specimens octagonal
not change
specimens profiles is n the other in all tool-d cooling. double as condition,
hy that the direction
to square uted to the in various
8.11
ry FSP
Influence of Tool-Pin Profile on Properties of Friction Stir Processed AA 2014 Under Natural and Flood Cooling
39 ARME Vol.3 No.2 July - December 2014
tcs2MtFaped
tool-pin proficomplements tseen that ultim200 to 217 MPMPa in case othere is drasticFSP, as maximagainst nominaprofile. Wen eexhibits highedry/flood cooli
F
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Gagandeep Singh Dhaliwal and Pardeep Kumar
40ARME Vol.3 No.2 July - December 2014
TDLY(pc
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The authors areDevelopment CLudhiana and Yadavindra C(Bathinda), Puprocessing andcarry out this re
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ACKNOWLE
e grateful to thCentre for Bicyalso to Mech
College of Eunjab for extend material testesearch work.
of cooling on the e
EDGEMENT
he Department ycle and sewinhanical EngineEngineering, nding the facilting laboratory
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[1] ASMeCon
[2] ASTesCon
[3] Bal‘Inv
ool-pin profile
od cooling)
ol-pin profile
od cooling) H
ool-pin profile
lood cooling)
onal and (c) round
TM-E3-11.(2011)etallographic Spnshohocken, PA. TM-E8 / E8M. (sting of Metallnshohocken, PA. lamurugan K., Mvestigation on th
11.07
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d tool-pin profiles
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), "Standard Gpecimens", AS
(2013a), " Standalic Materials,"
Mahadevan K. ahe changes effec
)
respectively.
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Guide for PrepSTM Internatio
ard Test Methods ASTM Internati
and Pushpanathancted by the tool
paration of onal, West
for Tension ional, West
n D., 2012, l profile on
Influence of Tool-Pin Profile on Properties of Friction Stir Processed AA 2014 Under Natural and Flood Cooling
41 ARME Vol.3 No.2 July - December 2014
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Gagandeep Singh Dhaliwal and Pardeep Kumar
42ARME Vol.3 No.2 July - December 2014