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8/3/2019 Information Systems - Copy
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In ormation Systems
Prepared By: Gurpreet Singh
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Data Vs Information
DATAProcessingDATA Information
INPUT Processing OUTPUT
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Refers to details, facts about
any event.Disorganized &
Refers to only those events
which concerned with entity.Properly arranged, classified
Differences
.
In raw form.
Cant be understood or used
by users.
Does not depend upon
information.
.
In finished form.
Understood & used by the
users.
Based upon & derived from
data.Prepared By: Gurpreet Singh
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Data, Information, and KnowledgeData: Raw Facts.
Information: Collection of facts organized in such a way that they have value beyond the facts themselves.
Knowledge: Awareness and Understanding of a set of information and ways that information can be made useful to support a specific task or
reach a decision.
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Data, Information, and KnowledgeTypes of Data:
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Defining and Organizing Relationships Among Data
Creates Information.
Data, Information, and Knowledge
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The Process of Transforming Data into Information.
Data, Information, and Knowledge
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Action Vs No-action
Recurring Vs Non-recurring
Internal Vs External
Classification of Information
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Action: E.g. No Stock report calling a Purchase Action
No-action: E.g. Stock Ledger showing Store Transactions
Recurrin : E. . Monthl Sales Re ort.
Classification of Information
Non-recurring: E.g. Financial Analysis, Market Research Study.
Internal: E.g. Internal Sources of Org.
External: E.g. External Sources of Org. i.e. Government Reports, Industry Survey.
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Organization & Information
TOP MGT
EXTERNAL LOW
MIDDLE MGT
OPERATIONAL MGT
SOURCE OFINFORMATION
INTERNAL
STRUCTUREDINFORMATION
HIGH
ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE
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COI-In Terms Of ApplicationPlanning Information
Control Information
Knowledge Information
Organizational Information
Database Information
Functional/Operational Information
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Planning Inf.: E.g. Time or Design Standards.
Control Inf.: E.g. Reporting the status of an activity.
Knowledge Inf.: E.g. Knowledge base.
COI-In Terms Of Application
rgan zat ona n .: E.g. Used by all in org.Database Inf.: E.g. Multiple use information.
Functional/Operational Inf.: E.g. Information used in operations of a business.
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Why Information System Are ImportantInformation System Resources & Technologies
An End User PerspectiveAn Enterprise Perspective
A Global Societ Pers ective
People
Data
Software
Networks
Hardware
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Information QualityTimelines
Accuracy
Relevance
Adequacy Completeness
Explicitness
Exception-based
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Information QualityTimelines: Information must reach recipient at right time.
Accuracy: Information free from mistakes and errors.
Relevance: Relevant to users, may be for one not for others.
Adequacy: Information sufficient in quantity.Completeness: Information should be complete.
Explicitness: Information which doesnt require further analysis.
Exception-based: Only particular information to be used by manager.To the point.
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Utilities Of InformationForm Utility: Form (type) should match with user requirements.
Time Utility: Information available when needed.
Place Utility: More value of information if it can be accessed or delivered
easily.Possession Utility: Person who had the information influences its value.
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Information SystemA set of interrelated components that collect, manipulate, and
disseminate data and information, and provide feedback to
meet an objective.
Examples: ATMs, Airline Reservation Systems, CourseReservation Systems etc.
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Characteristics Of Information System1. Management Oriented/Directed
2. Business Driven/Justified
3. Integrated
.
5. Heavy Planning Element
6. Subsystem Concept
7. Flexibility & Ease Of Use8. Data Base
9. Distributed Systems
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1. Management Oriented/Directed: IS for all in organization.
2. Business Driven/Justified: Must be linked to business plan of org.
3. Integrated: Integration of IS Subsystems.
Characteristics Of Information System
4. ommon a a ows: ecause o ntegrat on common ata ows.
5. Heavy Planning Element: IS doesnt come overnight, 3-5 years.
6. Subsystem Concept: No. of departments = Subsystems.
7. Flexibility & Ease Of Use: For future modification & easy to use.8. Data Base: It is the central objective.
9. Distributed Systems: E.g. Banking System.
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Levels Of ManagementRobert B. Anthony in 1965 described 3 Levels Of Business
Activities Carried Out In Operating An Organization :
Top Management
(Strategic Planning)Middle Management
(Management Control)
Operational Management(Operational Control)
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Management Levels
StrategicPlanning
Top Mgt.
Policies Plans Budgets Procedures
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Operational Control
ManagementControl Middle Management
Schedules Measurements
Goods Services Performance
Revenue Cost Profit
Operating Management
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Fundamental Role of ISSupport of strategic competitive advantage.
Support of business operations.
Support of managerial decision making.
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Support of
Fundamental Role of IS
Strateg c A vantage
Support of ManagerialDecision making
Support of Business Operations
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Globalization
Globalization
Technology
c en o aMarket
o a us ness& Alliances
e wor e o aCorporation
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IT Initiative Process Changed Business Benefit
Individual Laptop System Sales Call Increased Sales
Business Process Reengineering
Work Group Product Database ProductDistributionGreater Customer
SatisfactionBusiness
UnitProduct Mgt.
SystemMarketing ChannelCommunications
Improved CompetitivePosition
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Competitive AdvantageCompetitive Advantage = Using IT for Globalization
and BPR
It includes:Cost Strategies
Differentiation Strategies
Innovation Strategies
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Control Of System Performance
Components of an Information System
Network Resources
Communications Media & Network Support
Input of DataResources
Processing DataInto Information
Output of Information
Products
Storage of Data Resources
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People Resources:End Users
IS SpecialistHardware Resources:Computer SystemsComputer Peripherals
Components of an Information System
Software SystemApplication SoftwareProcedures
Data Resources:Data Bases
Knowledge BasesNetwork Resources:Communication MediaNetwork Support
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People Resources:End Users: E.g. Accountants, Salesperson, Customers, Clerks etc.
IS Specialist: E.g. System Analyst, Programmers, Computer Operators etc.Hardware Resources:Computer Systems:Computer Peripherals:
Components of an Information System
Software System: E.g. Operating System.Application Software: E.g. Sales Analysis Program, Word Processing etc.Procedures: E.g. Operating Instructions for using a Software Package.
Data Resources:Data Bases: E.g. That hold Processed and Organized data.
Knowledge Bases: E.g. That holds Knowledge in a variety of forms.Network Resources:Communication Media: E.g. Twisted Pair Wire, Fiber Optics, Microwave etcNetwork Support: E.g. Modems, Internet Access Package etc.
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Major Types of Systems in OrganizationKind of Information
Systems StrategicLevel
Seniors
Managers
Groups Served
Level
KnowledgeLevel
OperationalLevel
Managers
Knowledge & Data Workers
OperationalManagement
Functional Areas Sales & ManufacturingMarketing
Finance Accounting Human Resources
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Different Kinds Of SystemsOperational-Level Systems
Knowledge-Level Systems
Management-Level Systems
Strategic-Level Systems
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Different Kinds Of SystemsOperational-Level Systems:
This system supports Operational manager by keeping track of theelementary activities and transactions of the organization, such as sales,
, .
E.g. ATM machine, System that track the no. of hours worked each day
by employees on a factory floor.
Knowledge-Level SystemsThe purpose of KLS is to help the business from integrate new
knowledge into the business.
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Different Kinds Of SystemsManagement-Level Systems:
These system serve monitoring, controlling, decision making andadministrative activities of middle manager.
operations.
Strategic-Level Systems:These systems help senior management tackle and address strategic
issues and long term trends.
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An Example:The sales functional generally has a sales system on
the operational level to record daily sales figures andto process orders.
A knowledge level system designs promotionaldisplays for the firms products.A management level system tracks monthly salesfigures by sales territory and reports on territories where sales exceed or fall below the benchmark.
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ESS - Executive Support Systems
DSS - Decision Support Systems
MIS - Management Information Systems
Six Major Types of Information Systems
KWS - Knowledge Work SystemsOffice Systems
TPS - Transaction Processing Systems
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Characteristics of Information Processing Systems
Types ofSystem Information Inputs Processing
InformationOutputs Users
ESS Aggregate data, External,InternalGraphics, Simulations,Interactive
Projections, responsesto Queries Senior Managers
DSS
Low-Volume Data ormassive databasesoptimized for data
Interactive,Simulations,
Special reports,Decision analysis, Professional Staff
analysis, analytic models
& data analysis tools
analysis
Responses to queries
MISSummary TransactionData, High-volume data,Simple Models
Routine Reports,Simple Models, LowLevel Analysis
Summary & ExceptionReports Middle Managers
KWSDesign Specifications,Knowledge Base
Modeling Simulations Model Graphs Professional TechnicalStaff
Office System Documents, SchedulesDocumentmanagement,SchedulingCommunication
Documents Schedules,Mails Clerical Workers
TPS Transaction Events Sorting, Listing,Merging, Updating
Detailed Reports, Lists,
Summaries
Operations personnel,
supervisors
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