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GuideforPrimaryCareInitiatinganticoagulationforstrokepreventioninnon-valvularAtrial
Fibrillation
Approved:September2018Reviewdate:September2021
Authors
JagjotKaurChahalHighlySpecialistHaematologyPharmacist,BartsHealthNHSTrustLiseDurandPharmacist,BartsHealthNHSTrustSotirisAntoniouConsultantPharmacistforCardiovascularMedicine,BartsHealthNHSTrustDrKhalidSajaConsultantHaematologist,ColchesterHospitalUniversityNHSFoundationTrustDrMarkEarley ConsultantCardiologist,BartsHealthNHSTrustDrPeterMacCallumSeniorLecturerinHaematology,BartsandTheLondonSchoolofMedicineandDentistry,QueenMaryUniversityofLondonHonoraryConsultantHaematology,BartsHealthNHSTrust.JohnRobsonReaderandGP,BartsandtheLondonSchoolofMedicineandDentistry,QMULDrShabanaAliGPPrincipalSouthdeneSurgery/GPwSICardiologyClinicalDirectorRedbridgeCCGDrHarjitSinghGPPrincipalGranvilleMedicalCentre/GPwSICardiologyClinicalDirectorRedbridgeCCGPreetiSudUCLPartnersPartners:
Thisguidedetailsthestepsrequiredtoassessapatientwithatrialfibrillation(AF)andthedifferentaspectstoconsiderbeforeinitiatinganticoagulationforstrokeprevention.Figure1summarisesthepatientpathwayandthecontentofthisguide.Steps1to6detailthedifferentstagesinvolvedwhenapatientisdiagnosedwithAF,followedbystep7withadditionalinformationonhowtofurtherreducetheriskofstrokebyaddressingothercardiovascularriskfactors.Figure1:PatientPathway
PerioperativemanagementofNOACtherapy
AFDiagnosis
Anticoagulationinitiation
Monitoring&followup
Confirmatrialfibrillationdiagnosis
Assessriskofstrokeandbleeding
Initialclinicalevaluation
Startananticoagulant
NOAC Warfarin
Followup OngoingINRchecks
Anticoagulationclinicinitiation
Patientcounselling
1
2
3
4
5
68
Optimisetherapyfor
bloodpressure,lipid
control
7
1. ConfirmAtrialFibrillationDiagnosis
Screening:30secondpulsecheckAllpatientsover65shouldhavetheirpulseroutinelycheckedevery5years
andannuallyiftheyhaveamajorlongtermconditionwithincreasedCVDrisk
ifirregularpulse*
Diagnosis:12leadECGIdentifythenatureoftheirregularpulseincludingAF
IfparoxysmalAFissuspected,a24hourambulatoryECGmonitorshouldbeused.
*AmobileECGdevicesuchastheAlivecorKardiacanbeusedtocheckapulseorcheckamanuallydetectedpulseirregularity.Ifanabnormalityisconfirmedthepatientwillstillrequirea12ledECG.MoreinformationonhowtouseAlivecorKardiacanbeaccessedon:https://www.alivecor.com/
2. ClinicalEvaluation
Atrialfibrillationisthemostcommoncardiacarrhythmiawithaprevalenceof1-2%inEngland.Prevalenceincreaseswithageandisuncommonunder65yearsbutbytheageof85yearsitincreasesto1in8peopleandisamajorcauseofstroke.
• AFmaybeasymptomatic,butwhensymptomatic,patientsmaypresentwith:
o Palpitationso Dizziness/syncopeo Fatigueo Faintingo Breathlessness/dyspnoea
• InvestigatefactorstriggeringAF;suchasinfection,alcohol,caffeine,exercise,familyhistory,
thyroiddiseaseorassociatedcardiovasculardisease.
• Orderanechocardiogramifyoususpectheartfailure,structuralheartdisease,valvularheartdisease.
• Orderthefollowingbaselinebloodtests:
o Fullbloodcounto Clottingscreen(includingINR)o Liverfunctiontestso Ureaandelectrolyteso Thyroidfunctiontests(toexcludeanyunderlyingthyroiddiseasewhichmaybe
causingpalpitations)
TIP:DosingofNOACsisbasedonCrClusingCockroftandGaultEquation;
NOTeGFR.
3. AssessingRiskofStrokeandBleeding
AFpatientsarefivetimesmorelikelytodevelopastrokeincomparisontosomeonewithnormalheartrhythm.UsetheCHA2DS2-VAScscoretoriskassessallthefollowingtypesofAFwhichmayrequireanticoagulation,theriskfactorsarelistedintable1:1
- Paroxysmal- Persistent- Permanent- Atrialflutter- Acontinuingriskofarrhythmiarecurrenceaftercardioversionbacktosinusrhythm
Table1:CHA2DS2-VAScscore2Riskfactors Definition Score
Congestiveheartfailure
Thepresenceofsignsandsymptomsofeitherrightorleftventricularfailureorboth,confirmedbynon-invasiveorinvasivemeasurementsdemonstratingobjectiveevidenceofcardiacdysfunction.Leftventricularejectionfraction<40%.
1
Hypertension Arestingbloodpressure>140mmHgsystolicand/or>90mmHgdiastoliconatleast2occasionsOrcurrentantihypertensivepharmacologictreatment
1
Age>75 2Diabetesmellitus Fastingplasmaglucoselevel>7.0mmol/L(126mg/dL)
Ortreatmentwithoralhypoglycaemicagentand/orinsulin1
Stroke/TIA/Thromboembolism
2
Vasculardisease Priormyocardialinfarction,anginapectoris,percutaneouscoronaryinterventionorcoronaryarterybypasssurgery.Presenceof:intermittentclaudication,previoussurgeryorpercutaneousinterventionontheabdominalaortaorthelowerextremityvessels,abdominalorthoracicsurgery,arterialandvenousthrombosis.
1
Age65-74 1Sexfemale 1
Maximumscore 9Patientsshouldbemadeawareoftheirrisksofstrokewhichisrepresentedintable2andwhatmeasurecanpreventthis.
QOFindicator:CHA2DS2-VAScscorecalculation
Table2:Whatisthepatients’riskofstroke?
CHA2DS2-VAScscore Adjustedstrokerate(%/year)
0 -1 1.3%2 2.2%3 3.2%4 4.0%5 6.7%6 9.8%7 9.6%8 6.7%9 15.2%
AnticoagulationshouldbeofferedtopatientsbasedontheirCHA2DS2-VAScscoreasoutlinedinfigure2.Figure2:CHA2DS2-VAScscoredeterminestheneedforanticoagulation
ParoxysmalAFandfluttershouldbetreatedinthesamewayaspermanentorpersistentAFwithconsiderationofanticoagulationinmalesifCHA2DS2-VAScscoreis1.MalesandfemaleswithaCHA2DS2-VAScscoreof2oraboveshouldbeofferedanticoagulation(unlessthereisacontraindication).BleedingandothercontraindicationsIfthereisahistoryofgastro-intestinalbleeding,intracerebralbleeding,clottingabnormalityordruginteraction,anticoagulationshouldbediscussedwithahaematologist.TheHASBLEDscoreassessestheriskofbleedinginpeoplewhoarestartingorestablishedonanticoagulationaslistedintable3.Thisscoreisnotusedtoidentifypeoplecontraindicatedforanticoagulation;howeveritmayhighlightfactorsthatcanbemodifiedtoreducetheriskofbleeding.
TIP:CautionisadvisedforpeoplewithHASBLEDscoreof>3andmayrequirefrequentmonitoring
butdoesnotindicateacontraindicationtoanticoagulation.
CHA2DS2-VAScscore
NoAnticoagulanttreatmentrequired
ConsiderAnticoagulationEducatepatientsonrisks
OfferAnticoagulationEducatepatientsonrisks
0ifmaleor1iffemale 1ifmale≥2inanypatient
Table3:HAS-BLEDscore2
Riskfactors Definition ScoreHypertension Uncontrolled,if>160mmHgsystolic 1Abnormalliverfunction
Cirrhosisorbilirubin>2xnormalAST/ALT/ALP>3xnormal
1
Abnormalrenalfunction
Dialysis,transplant,Cr>200µmol/L 1
Stroke Previoushistory,particularlylacunar 1Bleeding Bleedinghistoryorpredisposition(anaemia) 1LabileINRs (Patientsonwarfarin)Therapeutictimeinrange<60% 1Elderly Age>65 1Drugs AntiplateletagentsorNSAIDs 1Alcohol Alcoholuse>8units/week 1
Maximumscore 9
4. StartanAnticoagulantDonotofferantiplatelet(i.e.aspirin)monotherapyforstrokepreventionastheriskreductionofstrokeisinsignificantandthebleedingprofileiscomparabletothatofanticoagulants.3Referthefollowinggroupsofpatientstoananticoagulationclinicforinitiation(alsorefertotable1):
- Aged<18years- Renalimpairment(creatinineclearance<30ml/minute)- Uncontrolledseverehypertension>160mmHgsystolic- Thoseonchemotherapyformalignanttumours- Pregnancy- Liverfailure- Gastrointestinalbleedofsignificance- Organbiopsywithinthelast4weeks- Unexplainedanaemia- Alcoholdependence- Livercirrhosis- Mechanicalheartvalve- Valvularheartdisease- Previousintracerebralhaemorrhage- Antiplatelettherapywhichcannotbestopped- Aknownhereditaryoracquiredbleedingdisordere.g.Haemophilia- Patientweightabove120kg- Recentacutecoronarysyndromerequiringadualantiplatelettherapy- Warfarininitiation;unlesstheprimarycareorganisationissetuplocallytoinitiatethis
QOFindicator:CHA2DS2-VAScscore>2&onanticoagulationtherapy
Educatethepatientonthedifferentanticoagulantagentsavailable;vitaminKantagonistssuchaswarfarinortheNOACssuchasapixaban,dabigatran,edoxabanandrivaroxaban.Discusstheoptionswiththepatientandbasethechoiceontheirclinicalfeaturesandpreferences.Usethetable4,5andfigure3toassistinthisjointdecisionmakingprocess.Table4:DifferencesofwarfarinandNOACs Warfarin NOACOngoingMonitoring INR Renalfunction,LFT,FBCDosing Variable ConstantdoseInteractions Dietary&Medicines MedicinesBleedingprofile Higherriskofintracranial
haemorrhageHigherriskofgastrointestinalhaemorrhage
Table5:DifferencesbetweentheNOACs
Apixaban Dabigratran Edoxaban RivaroxabanDosing Twicedaily Twicedaily Oncedaily OncedailyDosetteBox Suitable NOTsuitable Suitable SuitableIntakewithfood No No No MandatoryLactoseintolerance NOTsuitable NOTsuitable Suitable NOTsuitableAntidote None available None NoneAvoidwhenCrCloflessthan
15ml/min 30ml/min 15ml/min 15ml/min
Extremebodyweights:Specialistconsultation
<50kgOr>120kg
TIP:DosesanddoseadjustmentsforNOACsaredifferentforpatientstreatedforother
indicationssuchasvenousthromboembolism.NOACdosesforAFarelistsinfigure4.
TIP:PatientsthataresuppliedwarfarinorNOACsfromtheiranticoagulationclinicorpharmacyratherthanGP,shouldbecoded
annuallyasfollows:- ‘Anticoagulationprescribedbythirdparty’;- Recordwarfarinonprescribingsystemsoitwillappearon
summarycarerecordbutnotissued
ForNOACs;prescribeonemonthsupplyandendorsetheprescriptionwith‘NMS’.Thisnewmedicinesservice(NMS)endorsementwillindicatethecommunitypharmacytosupportthepatientseducationonthenewlyprescribedanticoagulant,specificallysupportingadherence.Thisserviceallowsthepatienttobeinvitedontwooccasionswithinthefirstmonthsforinitiationtodiscussanypharmaceuticalissueswiththepharmacist.Thereafter,on-goingsupportforthepatientcanbeconductedannuallyviathemedicineusereviewservice.Potentialfordrug-druginteractionswithNOACsStrong inhibitors of CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein or inducers of CYP3A4 can have significantinteractionswithNOACs,whichshouldeitherbeavoidedoradoseadjustmentfortheNOACmayberequired.RefertoSummaryofProductCharacteristics(SPC)forfurtherinformation.BelowisalistofcommoninteractionswithNOACs:StronginhibitorsofP�glycoproteinandCYP3A4(Avoidconcurrentuse)- Azoleantifungals(e.g.,itraconazole,ketoconazole,posaconazole,andvoriconazole)- HIVproteaseinhibitors(e.g.,darunavirfosamprenavir,indinavir,lopinavirnelfinavir,ritonavir,
andsaquinavir)
StronginducersofP�glycoprotein(Avoidconcurrentuse)- Carbamazepine- Phenobarbital- Phenytoin- Rifampin- St.John’sWortInhibitorsofP�glycoproteinand/orCYP3A4(usewithcaution)-Amiodarone-Diltiazem,Verapamil-Ticagrelor-Azithromycin,erythromycin,clarithromycin-Tamoxifen-Grapefruit(fruitorjuice)
Figure4:DosingofNOACsforAtrialFibrillation(AF)
<15ml/min
Not recommended
Patienthasrisk factorforstroke
EstimateCrCl
15–49ml/min*
15mgod
≥50ml/min
20mgod
Rivaroxaban
2.5mgbid 2.5mgbid 5mgbid
Apixaban Patienthasriskfactorforstroke
EstimateCrCl <15ml/min 15–29
ml/min ≥30ml/min
Checkage Checkweight
Checkserum creatinine
≥80years ≤60kg ≥133µmol/l
If≥2features
if≤1features
Notrecommended
Edoxaban Patienthasrisk factorforstroke
EstimateCrCl
<15ml/min
15–50ml/min >50ml/min
Not recommended 30mgod
30mgod 30mgod
60mgod
≤60kg PotentP-gp inhibitors
1.RivaroxabanSmPC;2.ApixabanSmPC;3.DabigatranSmPC;4.EdoxabanSmPC
Patienthasriskfactorforstroke EstimateCrCl
<30ml/min 30–50ml/min >50ml/min
Age >80years Age <75years Age 75–80years Age >80years
Contraindicated
Low thromboembolic riskandhigh bleedingrisk
110mg bid 110mg bid
150mg bid
150mg bid
110mg bid
150mg bid
110mg bid
Dabigatran
Age≥75yearsorhighrisk
ofbleeding
5. Patientcounselling
Useacounsellingchecklisttogothroughallthekeypointswiththepatientbeforestartinganticoagulation(seeappendix1asanexample).Tosupportpatienteducation,patientinformationbookletsonNOACsareavailablefromthemanufactures,thecontactsarelistedintable6.
Table6:ContactdetailsfororderingpatienteducationmaterialforNOACsNOAC Manufactureswebsites Contactforbookletordering
(Medicinesinformationdepartment)Apixaban https://www.eliquis.co.uk/ 01895523740Dabigatran https://www.pradaxa.co.uk/ 01344742579Edoxaban http://www.lixiana.co.uk/ 01753482771Rivaroxaban http://www.xarelto-info.co.uk/ 01635563000
Signpostingpatientsformoreinformationonatrialfibrillation
ArrhythmiaAlliance:http://www.heartrhythmalliance.org/aa/ukAtrialFibrillationassociation:http://www.heartrhythmalliance.org/afa/uk
6. Followup
6.1 Warfarin
RegularmonitoringofINRinananticoagulationclinicwillbecarriedout,atleastevery12weekswhenwarfarinisstabilised.Ifpooranticoagulationcontrolcannotbeimproved,therisksandbenefitsofalternativestrokepreventionstrategiesshouldbereassessedanddiscussedwiththepatient.Pooranticoagulationisdefinedas:
- 2INRvalueshigherthan5or1INRvaluehigherthan8withinthepast6months- 2INRvalueslessthan1.5withinthepast6months- Timeintherapeuticrange(TTR*)lessthan65%
*TTR:TimeinTherapeuticRangecalculatedwithavalidatedmethodofmeasurementsuchastheRosendaalmethod.
6.2 NOAC
Aonemonthfollow-upafterNOACinitiationisrecommendedtoreviewaslistedintable7.Table7:ChecklistforAnticoagulationFollow-upChecklistfollow-up Interval Comments
1. Adherence 1monththenateachvisit
Instructpatienttobringremainingmedication:assessthenumberofmisseddoses,noteandcalculateaverageadherence
Re-educateonimportanceofstrictintakeschedule
Informaboutadherenceaidsandsupport(specialboxes,smartphoneapplications,referraltoMedicineUseReview)
2. Thromboembolism 1monththenateachvisit
Systemiccirculation(TIA,stroke,peripheral)
Pulmonarycirculation
3. Bleeding 1monththenateachvisit
“nuisance”bleeding,bleedingwithimpactonqualityoflife:preventivemeasurespossible?(PPI,haemorrhoidectomy,etc.)
Motivatepatienttodiligentlycontinueanticoagulation
4. Sideeffects 1monththenateachvisit
AssessrelationwithNOACanddiscusswithpatientstodecidecontinuation(throughmotivation),changewithanotheranticoagulantdrugortemporarycessation(withbridging).
5. Co-medication 1monththenateachvisit
Reviewpossibleinteraction(prescriptiondrugs,over-the-counterdrugsespeciallyNSAIDsandaspirin,herbalproducts)
6. Bloodsampling
Yearly6-monthlyx-monthly
Haemoglobin,renalandliverfunctions
Generalpopulationif>75-80years(especiallyifonapixabanordabigatran)ifimpairedrenalfunctionCrCl<60ml/min:recheckinterval(x)=CrCl/10
TIP:Thefrequencyoftestingrenalfunctionisdeterminedbybaselinerenalbloodusingthefollowingequation:
Creatinineclearance(CockroftandGaultEquation)=Xmonths10(TheCockroftandGaultequationisavailableonthe‘NOACtemplate’onEMISsystems)
7. Optimisetherapyforbloodpressurelipidcontrol
Strokeandheartattackpreventioncanbeoptimisedbyaddressingcardiovascularriskfactorssuchashighbloodpressure,serumcholesterol,obesityandsmokingwithheart-healthylifestylechangesandmedicines.AlmostallpatientswithAFhaveQRiskCVDrisk>10%andatorvastatin20mgforprimarypreventionandatorvastatin40mg(or80mg)forsecondarypreventionareadvised.
7.1Hypertension
HypertensionisastrokeriskfactorinAF;uncontrolledhighbloodpressureincreasestheriskofstrokeandbleedingeventsandmayleadtorecurrentAF.Hypertensionshouldbecontrolledto<140/90mmHg(orlowerifassociatedrelevantco-morbiddiabetes,strokeorCKD).Hence,bloodpressurehastobecheckedregularlyandtreatedappropriatelyaccordingtocurrentNICEGuidelinesCG127andCG180.
7.2Obesityandsmoking
ObesityincreasestheriskforAFwithaprogressiveincreaseaccordingtobodymassindex(BMI).Adoptinganintegratedapproach,considerraisingawarenessofservicesamonghealthandsocialcareprofessionalstosupportyourpatientwiththeirlifestyleweightmanagement.Smokersshouldbesupportedtostopsmoking.RefertoNICEGuidelinesCG434andCG1815toadviselifestylemodifications.
8. PerioperativemanagementofNOACtherapy6
Warfarin Dabigatran
Rivaroxaban
Apixaban Edoxaban
OACusewithnoclinicallyimportantbleedingrisk Dentalprocedures—outpatientdental
surgery(includingextractions)canusually
beundertakenwithouttemporarily
stoppingorreducingthedoseof
warfarin.ItisrecommendedthattheINR
ischecked72hoursbeforedental
surgery.Theriskofsignificantbleedingin
peoplewithastableINRwithintherange
of2to4isverysmall,buttheriskof
thrombosismaybeincreasediforal
anticoagulantsaretemporarily
discontinued
Surgery—ingeneral,warfarinisusually
stopped5daysbeforeplannedsurgery,
andoncetheperson'sinternational
normalisedratio(INR)islessthan1.5
surgerycangoahead.Warfarinisusually
resumedatthenormaldoseonthe
eveningofsurgeryorthenextdayif
haemostasisisadequate.
Theprocedurecanbeperformedjustbeforethenextdoseofdabigatran,rivaroxabanorapixabanisdue,orapproximately18–24hoursafterthelastdosewastaken
(treatmentshouldberestarted6hourslater).
Fordentalproceduressuchasextractionsoflessthan3teeth,considerprescribingtranexamicacid5%mouthwash;10mLasamouthwashfourtimesadayfor5days
startingonthedayoftheprocedure.
OACuseandundergoingsurgerywithalowbleedingrisk
Dabigatranshouldbestopped24hours
beforetheprocedure.
Ifthepersonhascreatinineclearance50–
80mL/mindabigatranshouldbestopped
36hoursbeforetheintervention
Ifthepersonhascreatinineclearance30–
50mL/mindabigatranshouldbestopped
48hoursbeforetheintervention
Rivaroxabanshouldbestopped24
hoursbeforetheprocedure.
Ifthepersonhasacreatinineclearance
between15–30mL/minrivaroxaban
shouldbestopped36hoursbeforethe
procedure.
Apixabanshouldbestopped24hours
beforetheprocedure.
Ifthepersonhasacreatinine
clearancebetween15–30mL/min,
apixabanshouldbestopped36hours
beforetheprocedure.
Edoxabanshouldbestopped24hours
beforetheprocedure.
OACuseandundergoingsurgerywithahighbleedingrisk
Dabigatranshouldbestopped48hours
beforetheprocedure.
Ifthepersonhascreatinineclearance50–
80mL/mindabigatranshouldbestopped
72hoursbeforetheintervention
Ifthepersonhascreatinineclearance30–
50mL/mindabigatranshouldbestopped
96hoursbeforetheintervention
Rivaroxabanshouldbestopped48
hoursbeforetheprocedure.
Apixabanshouldbestopped48hours
beforetheprocedure.
RestartingOACsaftersurgery
Seelocalguidelines.Treatmentshouldberestartedassoonaspossibleaftertheprocedureorsurgicalinterventionprovidedtheclinicalsituationallowsandadequatehaemostasishasbeenestablishedasdeterminedbythetreatingphysician.OnsetofactionofNOACsismuchfasterthanthatofwarfarin.
NOCLINICALLYIMPORTANTBLEEDINGRISK
DENTALINTERVENTIONSSUCHAS;EXTRACTIONOF1TO3TEETH,
PERIODONTALSURGERY,INCISIONOFABSCESSANDIMPLANT
POSITIONING.CATARACTORGLAUCOMAINTERVENTIONS.�
ENDOSCOPYWITHOUTSURGERY.�MINORSURGERY(E.G.ABSCESSINCISIONANDSMALL
�DERMATOLOGICEXCISIONS).�
SOMEEXAMPLESOFSURGERYWITHLOWBLEEDINGRISKENDOSCOPYWITHBIOPSY.�
PROSTATEORBLADDERBIOPSY.�
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICALSTUDYORRADIOFREQUENCYCATHETERABLATIONFOR
SUPRAVENTRICULARTACHYCARDIA(INCLUDINGLEFT-SIDEDABLATIONVIASINGLE
TRANS-SEPTALPUNCTURE).�
ANGIOGRAPHY.�
PACEMAKERORIMPLANTABLECARDIOVERTERDEFIBRILLATOR�(ICD)IMPLANTATION
(UNLESSCOMPLEXANATOMICALSETTING,E.G.CONGENITALHEARTDISEASE).�
SOMEEXAMPLESOFSURGERYWITHHIGHBLEEDINGRISKCOMPLEXLEFT-SIDEDABLATION(PULMONARYVEINISOLATION;VTABLATION).
SPINALOREPIDURALANAESTHESIA.�
LUMBARDIAGNOSTICPUNCTURE.�
THORACICSURGERY.�
ABDOMINALSURGERY.�
MAJORORTHOPAEDICSURGERY.�
LIVERBIOPSY.�
TRANSURETHRALPROSTATERESECTION.�
KIDNEYBIOPSY.�
Anticoagulationcounsellingchecklist
Patientname:………………………………………………………………………. Date:……………………………………
Prescribedtreatment:……………………………………………………………
Commonchecklistforalloralanticoagulants¨ Treatmentindicationandmodeofaction:AF,makesbloodlesssticky,takeslongertoclot
¨ ReasonstoinitiateanOAC:preventionofstrokeandotherthromboembolismevents
¨ Durationoftreatment:dependsontheconditionbeingtreated–AFtreatmentisgenerallylifelong.
¨ Possibleadverseevents(bruising,bleeding)andappropriateactionsaccordingtoseverity:
o Minorbleedswhilstbrushingteethorgums,morebruisingthanusual;quitenormalifnotrecurrent
o Majorbleedsifnosebleedlongerthan10mins,recurrentbleedsinurineorstools;seekhealthprofessional
advices
¨ Useofinformationbookletandalertcard:hastocarryalertcardinallcircumstances
¨ Informallhealthcarestaff:Physicians,Pharmacist,Dentistabouttheanticoagulanttreatment
¨ Newprescribeddrugs/self-prescribeddrugs/over-the-counterdrugswithpotentialfordrug
interactions:avoidNSAIDsandaspirin/preferparacetamol.
¨ Explanationsabouttheprescribeddoseandhowtotakemedicine:aimtotakeatthesametimeeach
day
¨ Hobbiesandleisureactivities:avoidcontactsportsandotherhigherrisksports,asincreasedriskof
bruising/bleeding
¨ Travels:alwaystakeprescriptionandalertcard
¨ Healthcareprofessionalsupport:givenamesandcontactsincaseofadverseevents
SpecifickeypointsforNOACsapixaban,dabigatran,edoxaban,rivaroxaban
¨ Tabletregimen:dose,frequency,rivaroxabanwithfoodtoimproveabsorption
¨ Importanceofadherence:risk(i.e.shorthalf-lifeandlossofefficacyifpoorlycompliant)andreminders(i.e.
specialboxes,smartphoneapps)
¨ Misseddose:aforgottendoseofdabigatranorapixabancanbetakenupuntil6hoursafterthescheduledintake
whereasaforgottendoseofrivaroxabanoredoxabancanbetakenupuntil12hoursafterthescheduledintake
¨ Associatedbloodtestsandfrequency:liverandkidneyfunction(generallyyearlyunlessimpairedrenal
function)
¨ Specificpossiblesideeffects:GIdisruption(dabigatran),itching,bleeding
¨ Normaldietandnointeractionwithalcohol
¨ ProandconscomparedtowarfarinforAF,NOACareaseffectiveaswarfarinforthepreventionofstrokeand
systemicembolism,withasimilarrateofmajorbleeding,butwithalowerriskofintracranialhaemorrhage
¨ Contraception,pregnancy,andhormonereplacementtherapy(ifrelevant):womenshouldnot
becomepregnantnorbreastfeedwhilsttakingNOACs,reliablecontraceptionisrequired
Patienttosignthistoagreehe/sheunderstandsthecontentsofthischecklist.Patient/advocate/representativePrintname:Signature:Date:
Thepatientmustreceiveapatientinformationbookletandpatientalertcard.ThealertcardMUST
befullycompletedandthepatientadvisedtokeepitwithhim/heratalltimes.
Appendix1
1AtrialFibrillation:Management,NICEClinicalguideline[CG180],UpdatedAugust2014
2https://www.chadsvasc.org
3MantJ,HobbsFDR,FletcherK,etal.Warfarinversusaspirinforstrokepreventioninanelderly
communitypopulationwithatrialfibrillation(theBirminghamAtrialFibrillationTreatmentofthe
AgedStudy,BAFTA):arandomisedcontrolledtrial.Lancet2007;370:493–503.
4Obesityprevention,NICEClinicalguideline[CG143],UpdatedMarch2015.
5Cardiovasculardisease:riskassessmentandreduction,includinglipidmodification,NICE
Clinicalguideline[CG181],UpdatedSeptember2016.
6CommonQuestionsandAnswersonthePracticalUseofOralAnticoagulantsinnon-
ValvularAtrialFibrillation,UKMI,October2014.