Innovative generation: bills of quantities production on ...lbms03.cityu.edu.hk/award/ca2013-001.pdf · production on architectural elements through BIM Environment By ... 2.3.1 AutoCAD

Innovative Generation – Bills of Quantities

production on architectural elements

through BIM Environment

By

Sze Wai Vanessa LI

Submitted in partial fulfillmentof the requirements

for the degree of Bachelor of Science (Honours)

in Surveying

Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering

City University of Hong Kong

March 2012

ii

Abstract

Building information modeling (BIM) is a relatively new technology in the

construction industry and in the quantity surveying field. Other than the numerous

of benefits that building information modeling can bring to the construction industry,

building information modeling provides a platform for easy cost management in the

quantity surveying practice. It is claimed to be able to provide automated

measurement for the quantities of the design works, saving time and efforts required

for quantity surveyors in bills of quantities preparation. This study would focus on

reviewing the degree of proficiency in implementing bills of quantities production via

building information modeling environment. A pilot study was conducted in bills of

quantities preparation for architectural elements. A building information model

showing a typical floor of a residential estate was used in the pilot study. Problems

encountered in the process of bills of quantities preparation were identified and the

associated solutions were suggested. Though it is claimed that automatic quantities

generated in BIM softwares can ease the bills of quantities measurement, result of this

study showed that it does not meet the practitioners’ expectations. A number of

problems have been found in the building information model, particularly in areas of

provision of information, level of details, and meeting the code of measurement

practice. To conclude, recommendations were made in several areas, including the

improvements on the building information models, development of special preamble

specifically for BIM measurement, employing of BIM technicians in quantity

surveying firms, and provision of descriptions in standard phrasing. In considering the

recommendations, it is believed that BIM measurement can save time and efforts

spent in bills of quantities preparation by quantity surveyors. Hence, measurement via

BIM shall be promoted in the quantity surveying field.

iii

Acknowledgements

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my dissertation supervisor, Dr. Daisy

K. L. Yeung, teaching fellow of Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering of

City University of Hong Kong for her valuable guidance and advice throughout the

production of this dissertation.

I would also like to express my sincere thanks to the BIM consultants who give their

precise time and opinions in introducing the BIM softwares, which is crucial in this

study.

Last but not least, I would like to thank those who gave me helpful comments directly

or indirectly, as they provide insights for me in completing this study.

iv

Table of Contents

Declaration .................................................................................................................... i

Abstract ........................................................................................................................ ii

Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................... iii

Table of Contents ........................................................................................................ iv

List of Tables ............................................................................................................. viii

List of Figures ............................................................................................................. ix

Abbreviations .............................................................................................................. xi

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................ 1

1.1 Introduction and Background of the Study .............................................. 1

1.2 Aims and Objectives ................................................................................ 4

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................... 5

2.1 Building Information Modeling ............................................................... 5

2.1.1 Definition ........................................................................................ 5

2.1.2 Origin of BIM ................................................................................. 7

2.1.3 Difference between BIM and CAD ................................................ 9

2.1.4 The interoperability of BIM .......................................................... 11

2.1.5 The applications of BIM ............................................................... 12

2.1.6 Benefits of BIM to the construction industry ............................... 14

2.1.7 Benefits of BIM to the quantity surveying field ........................... 18

2.2 Quantity Surveying Practice in Bills of Quantities Preparation ............. 21

2.2.1 Bills of Quantities.............................................................................. 21

2.2.2 Measurements.................................................................................... 22

2.2.3 Biling ................................................................................................. 24

v

2.3 BIM Software for Bills of Quantities Production .................................. 27

2.3.1 AutoCAD Revit Architecture ....................................................... 27

2.3.2 Exactal’s CostX ............................................................................ 34

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY ............................................................................. 39

3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 39

3.2 Research Framework ..................................................................................... 41

3.2.1 Data collection, viability of conduction pilot study, and confirmation

of BIM .............................................................................................. 42

3.2.2 Analysis for the provision of automated measurement via BIM

environment ...................................................................................... 42

3.2.3 Identification of difficulties encountered and recommendation of

solutions ........................................................................................... 43

3.2.4 Consolidation of findings and recommendation for improvement ... 43

CHAPTER 4: BQ MEASUREMENT USING AUTODESK REVIT

ARCHITECTURE ..................................................................... 44

4.1 BQ measurement directly from BIM automatic quantities .................... 44

4.1.1 Review on the feasibility of using original BIM’s information in

BQ measurement ............................................................................ 45

4.1.2 Problems encountered and the associated solutions ..................... 45

4.1.3 Recommendation for improvement .............................................. 67

4.2 BQ measurement by abstracting dimension and information from BIM

manually ................................................................................................ 69

4.2.1 Dimensions not fitting the standard method of measurement ...... 69

4.2.2 Problems in descriptions ............................................................... 75

vi

4.2.3 Recommendation for improvement .............................................. 77

CHAPTER 5: TRANSFER OF QUANTITIES INTO BILL ITEMS IN AUTODESK

REVIT ARCHITECTURE ................................................................. 79

CHAPTER 6: BQ PRODUCTION USING EXACTAL’S COSTX .......................... 83

6.1 Problems encountered in measurement .................................................. 83

6.1.1 Problems encountered as in measurement using Autodesk Revit

Architecture .................................................................................. 83

6.1.2 Other measurement problem in Exactal’s CostX.......................... 85

6.2 Favorable characteristics of Exactals’s CostX in BQ production .......... 87

6.3 Recommendation for improvement........................................................ 89

CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............................. 90

7.1 Feasibility of BQ measurement using original BIM’s information ....... 90

7.2 Problems encountered in BQ measurement using Autodesk Revit

Architecture ........................................................................................... 91

7.2.1 BQ measurement directly from BIM automatic quantities using

automatically generated schedules ............................................... 91

7.2.2 BQ measurement by abstracting dimensions and information from

BIM manually .............................................................................. 96

7.3 Problems encountered in BQ measurement using Exactal’s CostX ........... 101


Architecture ................................................................................ 101

7.3.2 Other measurement problem in Exactal’s CostX........................ 101

7.4 Recommendations for improvement .................................................... 102

vii

7.4.1 Improvements on the building information models .................... 102

7.4.2 Development of special preamble specifically for BIM

measurement............................................................................... 103

7.4.3 Employment of BIM technicians in quantity surveying firm ..... 103

7.4.4 Provision of descriptions in standard phrasing ........................... 104

REFERENCES ......................................................................................................... 105

APPENDICES

APPENDIX 1: Schedule of finishes used in the building information model

APPENDIX 2: Typical floor plan of the studied building information model

APPENDIX 3: Elevations of the studied building information model

APPENDIX 4: 3D view of the studied building information model

APPENDIX 5: Schedules generated from Autodesk Revit Architecture

APPENDIX 6: Schedule generated from Exactal’s CostX

APPENDIX 7: Schedule generated from manual measurement

APPENDIX 8: Bills of Quantities generated based on BIM software

viii

List of Tables

Page

Table 1 Research Methodology 42

Table 2 Table summarizing the problems and the associated solutions in

BQ measurement directly from BIM automatic quantities

94

Table 3 Table summarizing the problems and the associated solutions in

BQ measurement by abstracting dimensions and information

from BIM

101

ix

List of Figures

Page

Figure 1 Extract of Dimension Paper with columns numbered 23

Figure 2 Application Manual in Autodesk Revit Architecture 28

Figure 3 User interface in Autodesk Revit Architecture 29

Figure 4 Drawing of walls on plan in Autodesk Revit Architecture 30

Figure 5 3D view of the walls drawn in Autodesk Revit Architecture 31

Figure 6 Properties of wall in Autodesk Revit Architecture 31

Figure 7 Creating of schedule in Autodesk Revit Architecture 32

Figure 8 Wall schedule in Autodesk Revit Architecture 33

Figure 9 User interface in Exactal’s CostX 34

Figure 10 Export of BIM to CostX 36

Figure 11 BIM imported to Exactal’s CostX 36

Figure 12 Measured objects shaded in green in Exactal’s CostX 37

Figure 13 Workbook in Exactal’s CostX 38

Figure 14 Edit type button for editing the information in the model 47

Figure 15 Edit button for editing the structure of an element 47

Figure 16 Properties of a wall without incorporating finishes information 48

Figure 17 Properties of a wall with finishes information 48

Figure 18 Materials panel in Autodesk Revit Architecture 50

Figure 19 Applying materials on building elements using Materials as Paint 50

Figure 20 Materials applied on building elements and shaded in green 51

Figure 21 Wall section showing two finishing materials on one side 53

Figure 22 Plan of a staircase showing floor slabs drawn in separate pieces 54

Figure 23 Split face tools in Autodesk Revit Architecture, circled in red 56

x

Figure 24 Different materials applied on a surface 57

Figure 25 Section of skirting drawn in a new family 60

Figure 26 Skirtings inserted into BIM shown in brown colour 60

Figure 27 Ceiling Material Takeoff Schedule with heights not exceeding

3.5m

63

Figure 28 Ceiling Material Takeoff Schedule with heights exceeding 3.5m

but not exceeding 5m

63

Figure 29 Window Material Takeoff with panes area exceeding 0.15 m2 but

not exceeding 4 m2

64

Figure 30 Window Material Takeoff with panes area exceeding 4 m2 64

Figure 31 An extract of plan showing wall dimensions 69

Figure 32 Properties panel and plan for a wall 72

Figure 33 Properties panel and section for skirting 72

Figure 34 Wall sweep schedule showing materials and length of skirting 79

Figure 35 Export of schedule in Autodesk Revit Architecture 80

Figure 36 Txt file exported from Autodesk Revit Architecture 80

Figure 37 Information copied from text file to spreadsheet in Microsoft 81

Figure 38 Modified spreadsheet showing the required information 81

Figure 39 Bills of quantities generated 81

Figure 40 Type Properties Panel of a Wall in Autodesk Revit Architecture 85

Figure 41 Object Properties Panel of a Wall in Exactal’s CostX 86

Figure 42 Workbook in Exactal’s CostX 87

xi

Abbreviations

2D Two-dimensional

3D Three-dimensional

4D Four-dimensional

5D Five-dimensional

nD N-dimensional

BIM Building Information Modeling / Building Information Model

BQ Bills of Quantities

CAD Computer-Aided Design

CIS/2 CIMsteel Integration Standard Version 2

HKBIM Hong Kong Institute of Building Information Modeling

IFC Industry Foundation Class

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1


1.1 Introduction and Background of the Study

Technology has brought immense benefits to the construction field. There is

empirical evidence showing that computer technology applications for

construction professional service are encouraged by the public through their high

expectations for professionalism and improved ethical behaviors (Ho and Ng,

2003). In fact, the use of technology in the construction field can be traced back

to the 1960s where RICS (1961) suggested that the development of computer

systems has a profound influence on quantity surveyors. In a quantity surveyors

general meeting held on the 18th October 1961, RICS (1961) claimed that the use

of technology enables relatively easy bill production and the development of an

industry-wide coded standard library of descriptions.

Until 1980s, the introduction of Computer-Aided Design (CAD) provokes a spark

to the construction industry. CAD becomes an essential tool for the production of

drawings in the construction industry since then. Other than simply serving as a

drawing tool, the implementation of CAD triggers a number of studies on the

downstream applications of CAD drawings, such as automated quantity

measurement (Tse & Wong, 2004). However, limitations on CAD technology

have been found due to its 2D geometry data. Certain building information, such

as finishes and specification would be difficult to be incorporated into the CAD.

To deal with the problems, another line of CAD products, object-based CAD

modeling is introduced. As technology advances, Building Information Modeling

(BIM) was introduced by Autodesk in 2002. To simplify, the concept of BIM is

to build a virtual building before it is actually built, so as to solve problems,


2

simulate and analyze potential impacts (NBIMS and NIBS, 2007). The

introduction of BIM has created a large buzz in the construction industry. BIM

has a wide range of applications and can help in dealing with different types of

matters in different stages of a construction project. A significant number of

studies also show that BIM can bring benefits to construction projects. Therefore,

BIM has been adopted in numbers of projects in recently years.

In recent years, with the introduction of Building Information Modeling, the new

technology is adopted in several projects in Hong Kong. With reference to the

Hong Kong Institute of Building Information Modeling (HKBIM) (2011), the

investigation on BIM has commenced in 2005. Projects in MTR and other private

developments have attempted the implementation of BIM in producing drawings

in recent years (HKBIM, 2011). Other than the private sector, the Hong Kong

Housing Authority (2011) also claimed that BIM has been introduced in its

development of public rental housing projects since 2006, with more than 19

projects adopting BIM technology at various project stages for identifying and

resolving construction and demolition difficulties.

It is apparent that BIM has been implemented in a significant number of

architectural and engineering practices in Hong Kong. However, application of

BIM technology in quantity surveying practice is limited. As suggested by

Olatunji et al (2009), BIM has the potential to revolutionize the quantity

surveying profession. Therefore, investigation of BIM technology on quantity

surveying practice shall be made to reveal the potential of BIM in quantity

surveying practice.


3

The quantity surveying profession provides services on cost advice and cost

planning, contract documentations, and contract administration services. As

suggested by Aziz (2011), traditional quantity surveying is mainly a manual

process, which is very time consuming and prone to human errors. However,

building information modeling can provide a platform for the innovative and

integrated design processes and claimed to be able to provide automated

measurement for the quantities of the design works. In traditional quantity

surveying, the production of bills of quantities, one of the dominant documents in

most construction projects, takes up a significant amount of time of the quantity

surveyor. With the application of automated measurement in BIM, it is believed

that BIM technology can benefit the quantity surveying field in producing the

Bills of Quantities in a quicker and more accurate manner. In this study, a pilot

study is conducted to review the feasibility of using BIM technology on quantity

surveying practice in the production of Bills of Quantities in particular with the

architectural elements measurement. It is believed that the pilot study can

definitely add knowledge to the quantity surveying field. By identifying the

difficulties encountered in applying BIM technology in quantity surveying

practice, appropriate suggestions can be made to make good use of the

technology to its full extent.


4

1.2 Aims and Objectives

In order to gain better knowledge on the application of BIM technology on

quantity surveying practice, a study would be made on the production of Bills of

Quantities, one of the dominant documents in most construction projects

produced by quantity surveyors. Bills of Quantities can be subdivided into

architectural elements and structural elements. To be specific, this study will

focus on the architectural elements only. Though there is a significant amount of

softwares available for the application of BIM, only two softwares that are

recently adopting in Hong Kong, AutoCAD Revit Architecture and Exactal’s

CostX, would be used in this study.

This research aims to conduct as a pilot study in reviewing the production of bills

of quantities on architectural elements through BIM environment. To carry out

the study, the following objectives are formulated.

1) To review the feasibility of BQ measurement on architectural elements

using original information in BIM

2) To identify problems encountered and the associated solutions in bills of

quantities measurement on architectural elements using Autodesk Revit

Architecture

2.1 Bills of quantities measurement directly from BIM automatic

quantities using automatically generated schedules

2.2 Bills of quantities measurement by abstracting dimensions and

information from BIM manually

3) To identify problems encountered and the associated solutions in bills of

quantities measurement on architectural elements using Exactal’s CostX

4) To make recommendation for future trend for BIM development

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

5


The literature review studies BIM in different aspects, the current quantity surveying

practice in the production of Bills of Quantities and the softwares for application of

BIM technology in the production of Bills of Quantities.

2.1 Building Information Modeling

Before using BIM on quantity surveying practice, investigation on Building

Information Modeling would be made, to have a clear and basic understanding of

Building Information Modeling in different aspects. In the following, different

dominant areas of BIM, including definition, its origin, difference between BIM

and CAD, the interoperability of BIM, the applications of BIM and the benefits

of BIM to the construction industry and to the quantity surveying field, would be

analyzed in detail.

2.1.1 Definition

Since the introduction of Building Information Modeling (BIM), there have

been different definitions on BIM. In fact, BIM, the abbreviation, can represent

Building Information Model and Building Information Modeling. The

definitions of the two meanings of BIM would be illustrated below.

Kymell (2008) defines building information model as a virtual representation of

a building, potentially containing all the information required to construct the

building, using computers and software. The term generally refers both to the

model representing the physical characteristics of the project and to all the

information contained in and attached to components of these models. A BIM

may include any of or all the 2D, 3D, 4D (time element – scheduling), 5D (cost


6

information), or nD (energy, sustainability, facilities management, etc.,

information) representations of a project. Kymell’s definition provides an

insight on the information put into the virtual building and suggests that

applying different information in a building information model can produces the

respective kinds of virtual building, from two-dimensional to n-dimensional.

Different from building information modeling, building information modeling is

the process of creating, managing and using of a building information model.

Liu and Akinci (2009) suggested that building information modeling covers the

use of geometry, light analysis, geographic information, spatial relationships,

quantities and properties of building components. Building information

modeling is to demonstrate the entire building life cycle, including the processes

of construction and facility operation. As interpreted by Liu and Akinci,

building information modeling involves a wide range of applications and can be

used in the entire building life cycle.

Based on the above definitions, building information model and building

information modeling has completely different definitions. However, both

building information model and building information modeling can be

abbreviated as BIM. It is noted that when the abbreviation, BIM, is used in a

sentence, the interpretation of the abbreviation ‘BIM’ will depend on the

context whether it means building information model or building information

modeling.


7

2.1.2 Origin of BIM

In fact, some people may refer BIM as virtual building. However, the term,

building information modeling, was introduced by Autodesk in 2002 (Autodesk,

2003). As claimed by Autodesk (2003), this new innovation has changed the

perceptions of the construction industry on how technology can be applied to

building, design, construction, and management. However, it is claimed that

Jerry Laiserin is the person who have popularized the term BIM (Forbes and

Ahmed, 2010). Both Autodesk (2003) and Forbes and Ahmed (2010) believed

that BIM technology origins from the technology of CAD, object-based CAD

and parametric building modeling. Each of them would be introduced in the

following.

CAD, also known as geometry-based CAD, is a technology that has been

widely adopted in the construction field in the past decades. It involves the use

of geometry and layering in drafting construction drawings (Smith, 1989). In

most occasions, 2D plans, elevations and sections are the outcomes of CAD

technology.

For object-based CAD technology, as suggested by Forbes and Ahmed (2010),

it accommodates building designs in 3D geometry in a CAD-based environment.

There is a significant difference in the representation of conventional CAD and

object-based CAD. For instance, different from geometry-based CAD where

walls are represented by the use of 2D geometry, object-based CAD represents

wall in the form of an object with 3D geometry, providing a much clearer

representation of the building design.


8

When compared to CAD technology and object-based CAD technology,

parametric building modeling technology is a more complex technology. As

supported by Ashcraft (2007), parametric building modeling is a system that

based on a large digital database, with building information of the relationship

between building elements. The technology put emphasis on the relationship

between different elements. Parametric modeling technology differs from CAD

technology because parameters are assigned to an object prior to its use

(Murphy et al, 2009). Different building elements are divided into different

categories or families. The parametric object can be edited to revise its

parameters of construction, texture and orientation (CSA, 2005). Parametric

elements would be automatically adjusted based on the relationships

programmed in the database. In other words, due to the relationship between the

elements, a change in a parametric element would lead to changes of other

parametric elements of the same category or family. In fact, Autodesk Revit is a

software that based on parametric building technology.

To supplement, all the three technologies can be evolved into BIM technology.

However, in implementing BIM, these three technologies require different

levels of efforts. For instance, CAD technology requires a comparatively high

level of efforts due to the simplicity of its outcomes. However, among all,

parametric building technology requires the least effort in providing the

requirement for BIM since it is far more sophisticated than CAD and

object-based CAD technology (Forbes and Ahmed, 2010). To be specific, in

this study, building information modeling would refer to the technology based

on parametric building technology, an easier and popular approach to BIM

application.


9

2.1.3 Difference between BIM and CAD

In order to provide a clear picture of what BIM is, a comparison would be

made between BIM, a new technology to the construction industry and CAD,

an existing and widely adopted technology in the field.

The most apparent difference between BIM and CAD is their difference in

showing the whole building design. For the traditional CAD technology,

building elements are represented in plans, elevations and sections with 2D

geometry. In drafting the building design, architects are required to draw an

element twice, for example, once on the plan and once on the elevations

(Weygant, 2011). In other words, the architects are required to draw multiple

times for different representations. However, the virtual models of BIM are

completely different. Building elements are represented in a virtual model with

3D geometry. Besides, 2D plans, elevations and sections are also available.

Architects are only required to draw an element once (Weygant, 2011). For

instance, a window drawn in the virtual model can be automatically shown in

the plans, elevations and sections.

Besides, one of the differences between BIM and CAD is their representation

of building elements. In traditional 2D CAD, building elements are

represented by lines, enclosed spaces and symbols. For example, walls are

represented by rectangles, floor is shown as the space enclosed by wall, and

windows may be represented by lines and symbols ‘W1’. This kind of

representation only shows the location and outline of the building elements,

with limited details. However, building elements are represented in BIM in a

different manner. Instead of simply using lines, enclosed space and symbols,


10

building elements are drawn as a single unit, with all its components and

layers attached to the element. It is suggested by Weygant (2011) that in the

virtual model of BIM, floors, ceilings and roofs are drawn and located at

where they exist, with the adjustments of a specific slope, thickness and type

available. Besides, windows and doors, which are usually represented with

lines and symbols in CAD, can be shown clearly in a graphic representation

with details of components.

It is believed by Weygant (2011) that the main characteristics of BIM is that

all the information related to the project is contained in, or linked to, BIM.

Therefore, the most critical difference between BIM and CAD is the “I” in

BIM, the ability to add information into the 3D virtual model. Kymmell (2008)

refers this ability of BIM as the model intelligence. The information of BIM

can be categorized into physical and non-physical information. Physical

information may refer to information that would affect the physical appearance

of the building model. As suggested by Kymmell (2008), physical information

includes the dimensions, location, quantity and other parametric information

of the building elements. Parametric information refers to the information that

distinguishes a building element from another that is similar in nature

(Kymmel, 2008). For instance, a floor slab may be considered different from

another floor slab with different parameters, such as its dimensions or

finishing materials, etc. Other than physical information, non-physical

information may also be inserted into the virtual model. As suggested by

Weygant (2011), non-physical information may include performance

information (i.e. the industry standards), installation/application information,

sustainability/usage information (e.g. LEED rating), management/maintenance


11

information and other specification information, of the building elements. The

required information incorporated in building information modeling can

facilitate building information modeling application, hence, showing how

powerful building information modeling is.

2.1.4 The interoperability of BIM

In order to fully utilize BIM, the application of BIM in different softwares is

inevitable. However, it is noted that interoperability of BIM is essential when

BIM application in different softwares is required. To deal with the problem,

two main building product data models, the Industry Foundation Classes (IFC)

and CIMsteel Integration Standard Version 2 (CIS/2), are developed.

Referring to Eastman et al. (2008), IFC is used for building planning, design,

construction and management, whereas CIS/2 is used for structural steel

engineering and fabrication. Since this study mainly focus on the architectural

elements of the building works, only IFC would be introduced in the

following.

The Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) was developed, aiming to create a set

of consistent data representations of building information that can be used for

exchange between different software applications (Eastman et al., 2008). It is

believed by Khemlani (2004) that IFC were designed to address all building

information over the whole building lifecycle, from feasibility and planning to

occupancy and operation. As described by Weygant (2011), IFC is a standard

file format, created by International Alliance for Interoperability, for 3D

models that can be compatible with models created by other software and

translated into a uniform file format. In other words, with the application of


12

IFC, the problem of interoperability between different BIM softwares can be

solved. Hence, the application of BIM can be extended, without the hindrance

of non-interoperability.

2.1.5 The applications of BIM

As mentioned, with the development of IFC, the application of BIM can be

extended, without the threat of non-interoperability between different BIM

softwares. To show how powerful BIM can be, some major applications of

BIM would be illustrated in the following. With reference to Kymmell (2008),

the applications of BIM would be grouped into quantitative analysis,

qualitative analysis, as well as sequential analysis. Though BIM is a

considerably new technology to Hong Kong, it is noted that the three types of

BIM application have been adopted in different projects in the territory.

Quantitative analysis refers to the analysis of quantitative information in BIM,

which may include the quantities and cost. As suggested by Kymmell (2008),

quantitative analysis may involve quantity takeoff, construction cost estimate,

cash flow analysis and life cycle cost analysis. The Hong Kong Housing

Authority has brought quantitative analysis of BIM application into real

practice by estimating the soil and rock excavation quantities in the foundation

works in Kwai Chung Area 9H project (Hong Kong Housing Authority, 2011).

As shown, quantitative analysis involves most of the documents and analysis

made by the quantity surveying field. Based on the above, it can be concluded

that the powerful of BIM in its application can definitely bring ease and

benefits to the quantity surveying field. With the required quantity and cost

information inserted into the virtual model, it is theoretically feasible for the


13

application of BIM in the quantity surveying practice. However, this study

would look into the quantity takeoff application of BIM to investigate the

feasibility and the problems encountered.

Other than quantitative analysis, qualitative analysis with the application of

BIM could also show how powerful BIM is. With reference to Kymmell (2008)

and Foundation of the Wall and Ceiling Industry (2009), qualitative analysis

may consist of visualization, coordination and optimization of the construction,

constructability analysis, clash detection, energy analysis, and automated

fabrication of building components. With the application of BIM on

qualitative analysis, many aspects and problems, that may be difficult to

estimate and predict, can be foreseen in advance (Crotty, 2012). In fact, the

Hong Kong Housing Authority has also adopted the qualitative analysis in

several projects to identify and solve construction difficulties, for example,

Kwai Chung Area 9H (Hong Kong Housing Authority, 2011).

Unlike qualitative analysis, sequential analysis may include the study of time,

with the application of 4D BIM. As known by its name, sequential analysis

studies the construction sequence, assembly installation sequence and

demolition sequence (Kymmell, 2008). Sequential analysis has also been used

by the Hong Kong Housing Authority in the So Uk demolition project to

identify and resolve the demolition difficulties (Hong Kong Housing Authority,

2011).

To summarize, BIM is considered very useful and powerful in the sense that it

can be applied to different stage of the construction process. The applications


14

of BIM are also proved successful and beneficial to projects of Hong Kong

Housing Authority.

2.1.6 Benefits of BIM to the construction industry

With the considerable amount of application of BIM in the construction field,

it is apparent that BIM technology can bring benefits to the industry. A

significant amount of studies provide a detailed description on the advantages

of BIM. In the following, some of the major benefits of BIM would be

discussed.

One of the major benefits of the application of BIM is definitely the early

discovery of design errors and omissions (Eastman et al, 2008). With reference

to Latham (1994), design deficiencies are always the one of the major factors

contributing to the problems encountered during construction stage. Design

deficiencies would cause delay the construction and incur extra costs. With the

application of BIM, these design deficiencies can be discovered prior to the

construction through clash detection. The application of BIM on clash

detection helps to identify design errors, hence, preventing the delay and extra

costs caused by design deficiencies. Besides, with the use of 3D virtual model

in BIM, design errors caused by inconsistency in 2D drawings can be

prevented (Eastman et al, 2008). As mentioned, in 2D drawings, architects are

required to draw the same things at least twice, once on the plan and once on

the elevation. This characteristic of drawing 2D draws leads to the possibility

of design inconsistency. Quantity surveyors, recognizing the problem of

design inconsistency, would raise queries to the architects by sending query

sheets. This would in turn lengthen the time required for the quantity


15

surveyors to prepare the contract documents. Hence, design inconsistency

would also delay the tendering stage. However, with the use of 3D BIM,

architects are required to draw an object once only. Thus, the possibility of

design inconsistency would be lowered significantly. Hence, the tendering

stage would not be delayed due to design inconsistency. Therefore, a smooth

construction process can be sustained, without additional costs and time

required due to design errors and omissions, which is definitely one of the

major benefits of using BIM.

Besides, as suggested by Jernigan (2007) and Eastman et al. (2008),

development of virtual models can help in visualization and constructability

review. This is due to one of the major characteristics of BIM, that the

building is constructed virtually before the building is actually constructed on

site. By constructing the building virtually beforehand, visualization and

constructability review can be shown before the building is actually

constructed. In fact, the benefit of visualization and constructability review

can be shown in different construction stages. Through visualization at the

design stage, client can understand design proposals and different design

alternatives easily, without the need for visualizing in their mind the ideas

conveyed by the architect. This would enable an easier understanding of

design proposal of the client, hence, providing better services to the client

(Azhar et al, 2010). Moreover, with the aid of sequential analysis, the

constructability of the building can be assessed since the design is completed

(Eastman et al., 2008). Factors hampering the constructability can be predicted

in advance and the anticipated problems can be resolved prior to construction.

This can be compared to the current construction practice with limited


16

constructability review. Since the building cannot be visualized before

construction, the constructability of the building design cannot be fully

anticipated. Construction problems would usually be encountered in current

construction practice, delaying the construction process. However, with the

constructability reviewed and the potential problems anticipated and tackled, a

smooth construction process can be ensured, without extra time and costs

required due to poor constructability of the building design.

With the development of 3D models, BIM can help architects in developing a

more enhanced and sophisticated design (Boon, 2009). Different from CAD,

BIM can provide accurate details of construction, enabling the development of

a complex and sophisticated design. As mentioned, in current practice using

2D CAD, architects are required to draw a building element twice, once on the

plan and once on the elevation. In representation complicated building

elements with irregular shape, not only architects may find it difficult to

represent accurate details of construction in 2D drawings, they may also have

difficulties in representing the irregular building elements twice, once on the

plan and once on the elevation. Not only difficulties can be found in

representing the sophisticated design, even if the architects can represent the

irregular building elements in 2D drawings, difficulties can also be found in

the understanding the sophisticated design by looking at the 2D drawings.

Hence, representation and understanding of irregular building elements can be

very difficult. However, with the building showing in a 3D model, architects

can easily develop a more sophisticated design and provide an accurate detail

of construction without the need of drawing the irregular elements twice.

Besides, understanding of the design can be simple by visualization. Hence,


17

with the application of BIM, a more enhanced and sophisticated design can be

developed. As mentioned by Grohmann and Tessmann (2008), examples may

include the Beijing Olympic Aquatic Centre with irregular polyhedron space

frame structure and the Mariiinsky Threatre in St Petersburg. Besides, Boon

(2009) also suggested that the building design for the technical performance

can also be enhanced with the application of BIM. As pointed out by Eastman

et al. (2008), the technical performance analysis, for example, energy analysis,

lighting analysis, acoustic analysis, etc., can be made with the application of

BIM. With the technical performance being analyzed before the building is

actually constructed, the technical performance of the building can be assessed

and amended at the design stage. Hence, the building can be ensured to

provide a favorable level of technical performance. To conclude, with BIM

technology, construction design can be enhanced, providing aesthetical,

acoustic and other kinds of comfort to the building users.

Besides, Eastman et al (2008) raised the idea that BIM can help in facilitating

quick reaction to design or site problems. During construction, design and site

problems are inevitable. These problems may delay the construction process.

In limit the consequences of these problems, constructors usually seek for

quick reactions in tackling the problems. However, in some circumstances,

difficulties would be found in identifying a possible solution to tackle the

design or site problems. Nevertheless, quick reaction can be ensured with BIM

application. With BIM technology, any changes to the objects in the design

can be updated easily. Hence, the subsequent consequences would be reflected.

Different from CAD, the use of a BIM system can enable a rapid resolution of

the design or site problems since the modifications can be shared, visualized,


18

estimated and resolved without the use of time-consuming paper transactions

(Eastman et al, 2008). Therefore, the application of BIM can prevent delay

caused due to design and site problems.

Among the significant amount of benefits of BIM, only several major

advantages of BIM application are illustrated above. Yet, there are still many

other benefits in the application of BIM. Nevertheless, based on the above, it

can be concluded that BIM can really bring huge benefits to the construction

industry in different aspects.

2.1.7 Benefits of BIM to the quantity surveying field

As mentioned, BIM does bring a considerable amount of benefits to the

construction. With a study on the application of BIM on the quantity surveying

field, discussions specifically on the advantages of BIM to the quantity

surveying field would be conducted in the following.

The most apparent benefit of BIM to the quantity surveying field is that an

accurate cost estimate can be made during the design stage. At any stage of the

design, quantities can be extracted directly from the virtual model and be used

for cost estimation. Hence, the accuracy of the cost estimate would be in line

with the level of detail of the design. Moreover, the cost estimate can be

automatically updated when there are any changes in the design, increasing the

accuracy of the cost estimate. When the design is completed, accurate cost

estimation can be prepared by extracting the quantities of all the elements in

the design. This is especially apparent in dealing with complex and irregular

shapes where BIM provides a more accurate estimate when compared to


19

current quantity surveying practice (Olatunji et al, 2010). In current quantity

surveying practice, however, the quantities cannot be extracted directly. It

requires certain amount of time for the quantity surveyors to prepare an

estimate. Hence, the accuracy of the estimate cannot be in line with the level

of detail in the design. Therefore, by using the application of BIM, an accurate

estimate can be generated.

Furthermore, the cost implications of a change in design could be shown

accurately and quickly with the use of BIM (Eastman et al, 2008). During the

design stage, there may be alternative design options. Advice is often sought

from the quantity surveyors on the cost implications of these alternative design

options. In current practice, the cost implications may be decided by the

quantity surveyors based on their experience. The cost implications may be a

rough estimate, based on a rough estimate on changes in quantities of building

elements. However, with BIM application, quantity surveyors can be notified

the exact changes in quantity of different elements in alternative design

options by looking at the building information model. Based on the

information, quantity surveyors can then calculate the estimate with reference

to the current market cost of the building elements. Quantity surveyors can

then suggest the cost implications of the change in design. Based on the exact

changes in quantities and current market cost of the building elements,

quantity surveyors can easily provide an accurate and quick estimate on the

cost implications of a change in design. Hence, by using BIM, the cost

implications of alternative design options can be provided in a more accurate

and faster manner by the quantity surveyors.


20

Moreover, the automatic measuring characteristic with the application of BIM

can assist in the quantity surveying practice. Automatic measurement in BIM

can facilitate quantity surveyors in the preparation of cost estimates, bills of

quantities and valuation of variations, etc. In current practice, quantity

surveyors require a significant amount of time in taking-off quantities because

measurement is made manually with rulers. However, with automatic

measurement, quantity surveyors can save a considerable amount of time in

taking-off quantities. Besides, as mentioned by Ashcraft (2007), cost estimates

and bills of quantities can be automatically updated as the model changes. This

is beneficial where variations are inevitable in a project. By using BIM,

quantity surveyors can save time in identifying and measuring the variations

made. To conclude, time can be saved for quantity surveyors in preparing

documents like bills of quantities, valuations of variations and financial

statements.

To sum up, the application of BIM can ease the quantity surveying practice,

providing a more accurate and time-saving approach in dealing with design

changes and documents. Hence, with the benefits of BIM to the quantity

surveying practice, BIM shall be promoted in the field.


21

2.2 Quantity Surveying Practice in Bills of Quantities Preparation

In this study, bills of quantities would be prepared using BIM application. In

order to contrast the differences between current quantity surveying practice and

the use of BIM in preparation of bills of quantities, the current quantity

surveying practice in bills of quantities preparation would be discussed in the

following.

2.2.1 Bills of Quantities

Bill of Quantities (BQ) is a pricing document forming part of the tender

documents. As stated by Turner (1983), the origin of the bill of quantities aims

to avoid the need for tenderers to take off what should be closely similar

quantities in order to apply to them the prices, in forming the really competitive

part of the tenders. In other words, the bills of quantities provide a uniform

basis for tenderers to price on exactly the same information so as to facilitate

easy tender analysis.

The bills of quantities are one of the vital documents prepared by quantity

surveyors. The bill sheet in BQ for measured items should contain columns for

indicating the reference number, description, unit, quantity, unit rate and

amount. In the production of BQ, the quantity surveyors are not responsible for

all of the columns, he shall only provide each measured item with a reference

number, description and its associated unit and quantity.

The traditional method of preparation of a BQ can be split into two main

processes, measurement and billing. Measurement refers to taking off


22

dimensions from drawings. Billing may refer to transferring the measurements

into bill sheet. Each of them would be discussed separately in the following.

2.2.2 Measurements

Measurement is also called taking off. Taking off is measuring from drawings

by ruler, scale ruler or digitizer in accordance with the standard method of

measurement to produce a BQ. As suggested by HKIS (2005), the standard

method of measurement (SMM) aims at providing uniform units of

measurement and standard allowances, etc., and is a definition of principle

rather than an inflexible document. In particular and exceptional cases, the

quantity surveyor may adopt special methods, provided that any deviation from

or qualifications to the SMM shall be stated in the Preambles to the BQ. For

building works in Hong Kong the current available standard rules are detailed in

the Hong Kong Standard Method of Measurement of Building Works – Fourth

Edition (HKSMM4) published by the Hong Kong Institute of Surveyors

(HKIS).

In current quantity surveying practice, quantity surveyors perform

measurements of 2D drawings, including plans, elevations, sections and details.

Besides, in facilitating measurements of certain trays, they are also

supplemented by finishes schedules, ironmongery schedule, window schedule,

door schedule and specifications, which provide information not incorporated in

the 2D drawings. During measurement, quantity surveyors would refer to

different drawings and supplemented information. With poor level of

visualization with 2D drawings, quantity surveyors are required to look at the

plans and elevations at the same time to measure certain elements. With


23

reference to the plans and elevations, quantity surveyors would visualize the

design in their mind and take measurements.

It is noted that measurements may have to be adjusted when tender drawings are

revised. Therefore, measurements shall be recorded clearly for future reference.

For traditional quantity surveying practice, measurements are recorded in

dimension papers. However, measurements are commonly recorded in

spreadsheets or softwares like AtlesPro in current practice.

As mentioned, in traditional quantity surveying practice, dimension papers are

used in recording measurements. An extract of dimension paper is shown in

Figure 1.

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

Figure 1: Extract of Dimension Paper with columns numbered

In fact, dimension paper can be divided into four columns. As suggested by

CEDD (2010), column 1 is called timesing column in which multiplying figures

are entered when there is more than one of the particular item being measured.

Whereas column 2 refers to the dimension column in which the actual

dimensions are recorded. The column 3 is the squaring column in which the

length, area or column obtained by multiplying together the figures in columns


24

1 and 2 is recorded. Column 4 is called the description column in which the

description of each particular item is recorded. Besides, breakdown calculations,

also called waste calculation, and location notes are also recorded in column 4

for easy reference.

It is noted that at the start of measurement, the project name, works and

drawings are recorded on the dimension paper. Besides, take off list is also

provided to act as a checklist as the detailed measurement proceeds to reduce

the risk of omissions.

With the use of computer, measurements can also be recorded in spreadsheets

using Mircosoft Excel or softwares like AtlesPro, which is a usual practice in

current quantity surveying field. In most quantity surveying companies, there

are self-designed format spreadsheets for company use. Quantity surveyors are

required to input the dimensions, units and descriptions into these spreadsheets.

Different from using dimension paper, spreadsheets can be used by setting

formulas to transfer data to reports for presentation.

2.2.3 Biling

Billing is the process of managing taking off quantities with their associated

item descriptions for preparation of BQ (CEDD, 2010). There are four

traditional methods of processing the measurement, including abstracting,

cutting and shuffling, direct billing and computer-aided billing. Each of them

would be illustrated separately in the following.


25

In measurement, there are always repetitions of the same item in different part

of the dimensions. Therefore, there is a need for abstracting. Abstracting is to

collect similar items together and to classify them into the SMM sections and

put them in a suitable sequence in the bill (Lee et al, 2011). In abstracting,

quantity surveyors are required to copy the squared dimensions and descriptions

from the dimension paper onto the abstract paper. The dimensions are then

summed up and transferred to the bill sheet together with its associated

descriptions.

With reference to Lee et al (2011), in the application of cut and shuffle system,

the taking off is done on a cut and shuffle paper instead of dimension paper. The

cut and shuffle paper is a sheet which is divided into three or four slips. When

the measurement is finished, the slips are cut and sorted into bill order. When

there are so many dimensions for an item that two or more slips are required,

the slips with the same descriptions are attached together. The dimensions

would be summed up on the first slip for the item. The first slip is called the

master and is the one from which the bill shall base on. Additional slips for the

same item are called slaves. All slips are slotted in order and handed over

directly for typing and then printing.

Direct billing is to transfer the items directly from the dimension paper to the

bill. This can eliminate the need for abstracting, hence, reducing the time

required. This is suitable when the number of like items is limited and the work

is simple in nature.


26

Owing to the convenience of computerized system, computer-aided billing is

commonly used nowadays. Computer-aided billing can be done by spreadsheets

or softwares. In some quantity surveying firms, a standard library of

descriptions is built up in the system from which quantity surveyors can search

an appropriate description in the software. After the input of all required data,

items sorting, bill format production and bill printing can be performed by the

software. The bills of quantities can then be generated.

To conclude, there are many different ways in the preparation of bills of

quantities in the quantity surveying practice. In spite of the traditional methods,

current quantity surveying practice mainly focuses on the use of computers, like

performing measurements recorded in spreadsheets in Microsoft Excel and other

softwares, and computer-aided billing. Using the computer can provide

convenience in the process of bills of quantities preparation and reduces the time

required. It is shown that time-saving method in the bills of quantities preparation

is favorable in the quantity surveying field. Hence, it is worthwhile to investigate

the application of BIM on bills of quantities preparation, which is considered

time-saving due to its automatic measurement characteristic.


27

2.3 BIM Software for Bills of Quantities Production

In order to investigate the feasibility of the application of BIM in the production

of Bills of Quantities on architectural elements, two softwares that are recently

adopting in Hong Kong, AutoCAD Revit Architecture and Exactal’s CostX,

would be used in this study. In the following, a brief description would be made

to introduce the two softwares.

2.3.1 AutoCAD Revit Architecture

Autodesk Revit Architecture is developed by Autodesk and is one of the

Autodesk’s BIM softwares in the Revit series. The series includes Revit

Architecture, Revit Structure, Revit MEP, etc. Revit was launched by Revit

Technology Corporation in 2000 and was acquired and introduced to the

industry by Autodesk in 2002. It is claimed by Eastman et al (2008) that Revit

Architecture is the most popular software among all other available BIM

softwares and is currently the market leader for the application of BIM in

architectural design. According to Autodesk (2012), Autodesk Revit

Architecture is a software that is built for BIM and is based on parametric

building modeling technology. Revit has a project database that consists of the

representations of all building elements (Forbes and Ahmed, 2010).

In the following, a brief introduction of the software, Autodesk Revit

Architecture, would be made, to show the basic operation of the software.


28

Figure 2: Application Manual in Autodesk Revit Architecture

The application manual can be opened by clicking the Revit logo on the top

left corner. As Shown in Figure 2, there are many functions in the application

manual. These functions are the basic functions in manipulating the project.

For instance, “New” refers to creating a new project while “Open” refers to

opening of existing projects. Users can also save, export, publish and print the

information in the projects. As Shown in Figure 2, Autodesk Revit

Architecture allows a wide variety of exchange files format. BIM can easily

change into CAD formats, DWF / DWFx files, ADSK exchange file,

animations or image files, reports with schedules or room area, gbXML file,


29

and IFC file. The large variety of exchange files formats allows the application

of BIM in different softwares and different aspects effectively.

Figure 3: User interface in Autodesk Revit Architecture

Figure 3 shows the user interface in the Autodesk Revit Architecture. As

shown, the user interface can be separately into different parts, including panel

buttons, tools panel, project browser, drawing area, and view control bar.

Panel buttons contains a set of default tools, namely Home, Insert, Annotate,

Analyze, Structure, Massing & Site, Collaborate, View, Manage, and Modify.

Each of the panel buttons has their own tools panel. Figure 3 shows the tools

panel of Home, which is commonly used in the majority of BIM projects. As

suggested by Autodesk (2012), the project browser is used to show a logical

hierarchy for all the views, schedules, sheets, families, groups, linked Revit

Panel Buttons

Tools Panel

Drawing Area Project

Browser

View Control Bar


30

models, and other parts of the current project. The project browser allows an

easy browsing of the model and information in the project. The drawing area

can be used to display views of the project. This is also the area for drafting

the design during model development. The view control bar allows functions

that affect the current view. These functions include scale, visual level, detail

level, sun path, shadows, rendering dialog, crop view, crop region, locked 3D

view, temporary hide elements, and reveal hidden elements.

Figure 4: Drawing of walls on plan in Autodesk Revit Architecture

To illustrate how the building information model is actually develops in

Autodesk Revit Architecture, walls are drawn. Walls can be drawn by clicking

the Wall button in the Home panel. With wall selected, users can simply draw

the wall on the drawing area with their desired dimensions.


31

Figure 5: 3D view of the walls drawn in Autodesk Revit Architecture

To have a 3D view on the model, users can click on the view panel and select

3D view. A 3D view will then be generated as shown in Figure 5. To have a

full view of the 3D view, users can rotate the 3D model by clicking the scroll

button on the mouse and the Shift key on the keyboard at the same time.

Figure 6: Properties of wall in Autodesk Revit Architecture


32

By clicking on the wall, the properties manual of the wall is shown in Figure 6.

The properties manual allows users to input different kinds of information to

the wall. For example, the family and type of the wall can be amended.

Besides, information likes materials, manufacturer, costs, descriptions, etc. can

also be inputted in the wall type properties manual. However, it is noted that

since it is a parametric model with links between elements of the same types,

information input in the type properties manual of a wall would automatically

inputted in that of the wall of the same type.

Figure 7: Creating of schedule in Autodesk Revit Architecture

With the model developed, quantity surveyors can base on the model to

take-off quantities. In Revit Architecture, with the use of schedules or material

take-off list, quantities can be automatically measured and shown (Demchak et

al, 2008). Elements are divided into different categories and users are required


33

to use schedules or material take-off list of certain category to take-off the

quantity of certain elements. For instance, in taking-off the finishing materials

of walls, one should use a wall material take-off list. A schedule can be created

by right clicking on the Schedules/Quantities of the Project Browser. As

shown in Figure 7, a number of schedules would be provided for choices.

After selecting the schedule to be produced, Revit Architecture provides a

wide range of fields to be inserted into the schedules and material take-off list.

The available fields may include area, length, width, height, family and type,

cost and other information. Besides, Revit Architecture also allows users to

input other user-defined parameters into the schedules and material take-off

list. In preparing a schedule or material take-off list, users may select their

required fields and defined their own parameters. Hence, a schedule can be

produced with the desired information as shown in Figure 8.

Figure 8: Wall schedule in Autodesk Revit Architecture


34

In the production of Bills of Quantities, schedules and material take-off list

developed in Revit Architecture are required to be exported to other softwares.

According to Autodesk (2007), schedules and material take-off list can be

exported through output to Microsoft Excel. Users can then input the data to

generate the Bills of Quantities.

2.3.2 Exactal’s CostX

CostX is a project costing software developed by Exactal and was introduced

in Australia in 2004. Different from Autodesk Revit Architecture, where a

virtual building is developed and quantities are extracted in a single software,

CostX requires the import of drawings so as to facilitate automatic

measurement. With reference to Exactal (2010), CostX has universal

application ranging from hand-drawn sketches, through PDFs and CAD files,

up to full 3D BIM capability.

Figure 9: User interface in Exactal’s CostX

Panel Buttons

Dimension Panel

Drawings Panel

Tools Panel

View Area


35

With reference to Figure 9, the user interface in Exactal’s CostX can be

divided into different areas, including panel buttons, tools panel, drawings

panel, dimension panel, and view area. Since Exactal’s CostX is an estimating

tool, the panel buttons are different from Autodesk Revit Architecture, where

drawing of building elements are allowed. For the panel buttons in CostX, it

includes Home, Drawings, Dimensions, Revisions, and Workbooks. Each of

the panel buttons has their own tools panel. The drawing panel, similar to the

project browser in Autodesk Revit Architecture, shows the drawings inserted

into the project. The dimension panel is to show dimensions whereas the view

area is to show the view of the drawings.

For files developed in Autodesk Revit Architecture, Autodesk (2007) claimed

that the export from Autodesk Revit Architecture can be made through ODBC

connection. ODBC is a standard useful for integrating data-centric applications

like cost estimating with building information modeling (Autodesk, 2007).

This approach typically uses the ODBC database to access the attribute

information in the building model, and then uses exported 2D or 3D CAD files

to access the dimensional data (Autodesk, 2007). To export BIM from

Autodesk Revit Architecture to CostX, exchange files of DWF or DWFx can

be created, which is shown in Figure 10. The building information model can

then be added to Exactal’s CostX by clicking add drawing button. The BIM

imported to Exactal’s CostX can be shown in Figure 11. To have a full view of

the 3D view, users can rotate the 3D model by left-clicking and move the

mouse.


36

Figure 10: Export of BIM to CostX

Figure 11: BIM imported to Exactal’s CostX


37

Automatic measurement in CostX is slightly different from that in Autodesk

Revit Architecture. In Autodesk Revit Architecture, quantities are

automatically extracted by choosing the appropriate schedule and fields.

However, in CostX, quantity surveyors are required to click on the desired

elements for measurement. For instance, in extracting quantities from wall,

one shall click on all the walls that are intended for measurement. To

categorize different types of dimensions, it is also essential to create dimension

groups. Before clicking the building elements for measurement, users are

required to select the dimension group first. There are two types of

measurement, including the vector mode and the object mode. The vector

mode allows users to take-off dimensions from their desired area. Hence,

measurements can be manipulated. Whereas the object mode take-off

dimensions based on the dimension of the whole object, providing a fast and

simple method in measurement. When dimensions are taken-off, the object

would be shaped in green as shown in Figure 12. Hence, users can check the

measured items easily.

Figure 12: Measured objects shaded in green in Exactal’s CostX


38

Besides, in the representation of measurements, CostX shows its differences

from Autodesk Revit Architecture. In CostX, all measurements can be

live-linked into spreadsheet based hierarchical workbooks, or extracted to

Microsoft Excel (Exactal, 2010). These live links between the drawing files

and workbooks enables automatic updating of the workbooks in case of

changes of dimensions in the drawings (Exactal, 2010). In the preparation of

the workbook, the dimensions in the dimension panel can be dragged onto the

workbook to create the live links. An example of the workbook in Exactal’s

CostX can be shown in Figure 13.

In facilitating costing, Exactal (2010) suggested that CostX can be tied to a

costing library to provide instant cost information and re-calculation in case of

changes. For the final output, standard reports such as Bills of Quantities and

cost plans can be generated by clicking the reports button in the tools panel.

Figure 13: Workbook in Exactal’s CostX

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY

39


3.1 Introduction

The research would employ qualitative technique, based on information obtained

from simulation, which focuses on reviewing the feasibility of BQ production

with BIM technology, identifying the difficulties encountered and make

suggestions in encountering the problems. Simulation can be defined as a method

for using computer software to model the operation of “real-world” processes,

systems, or events (Law and Kelton, 1991). It may also be described as virtual

experiments (Carley, 2001).

It is claimed by the Sokolowski and Banks (2009) that applying simulation

modeling in research can help in diagnosing problems and identifying constraints

by understanding the complex system. As suggested by Harrison et al (2007),

though it is not commonly used in research, simulation modeling provides a

powerful methodology for advancing theory and research on complex systems. By

using simulation methodology in this research, it is believed that major problems

can be identified in researching on BIM, the new and complex system, so as to

arrive at some solutions and guidelines in BIM application in BQ production.

In conducting the research, a simulation on the production of bills of quantities on

architectural elements by the two existing BIM softwares, Autodesk Revit

Architecture and Exactal’s CostX, would be made. In the bills of quantities

production, a building information model, developed for current BIM application

in Hong Kong, would be used. A typical floor of a residential estate is shown in

the building information model. With limitations on the building information

model and the scope of work in this research, all the trades cannot be involved in


40

this study. However, some common trades, including wood works, steel and metal

works, plastering and paving, glazing, painting and other sundries, would be

involved. After all, this research aims to serve as a pilot study in reviewing the

production of bills of quantities on architectural elements by BIM application. It is

believed that the involvement of these common trades in the research can provide

a representative picture on BIM application.


41

3.2 Research Framework

In the following, Table 1 provides a full and clear picture of the research methodology.

Table 1: Research Methodology

Data collection (solicitation of Revit architectural plans)

Viability of conducting pilot study

Confirmation of building information model

Simulation by conducting pilot study

Analysis for the proficiency of automated measurement via BIM environment

BQ measurement using

Autodesk Revit Architecture

BQ measurement using

Exactal’s CostX

BQ measurement by abstracting quantities

from BIM manually

a) BQ measurement directly from BIM

automatic quantities

b) BQ measurement by abstracting

dimension & information from BIM

manually

Identify difficulties encountered

and recommend solutions

Identify difficulties encountered

and recommend solutions

Consolidation of findings

Recommendation for improvement


42

3.2.1 Data collection, viability of conduction pilot study, and confirmation of BIM

The study process would commence in data collection, where architectural

plans for this study would be solicited. Through the preliminary study of the

collected architectural plans, the viability of conducting this pilot study would

be examined. With the viability of conducting the pilot study ensured, a

building information model is confirmed to be used in this study for the bills of

quantities production.

3.2.2 Analysis for the provision of automated measurement via BIM environment

The simulation, which would emphasize on reviewing the feasibility of using

original BIM’s information to produce the bills of quantities on architectural

elements, would be made. Analysis would be made on the proficiency of

automated measurement via BIM environment by BQ measurement using the

two BIM softwares, Autodesk Revit Architecture and Exactal’s CostX. For BQ

measurement using Autodesk Revit Architecture, it can be further divided into

BQ measurement directly from BIM automatic quantities and BQ measurement

by abstracting dimension and information from BIM manually. BQ

measurement directly from BIM automatic quantities refers to measurement

using schedules automatically generated in Autodesk Revit Architecture

whereas BQ measurement by abstracting dimension and information from BIM

manually refers to measurement by abstracting the information provided in the

object properties of the elements to be measured. It is expected that different

problems would be encountered in each ways of BQ measurement in Autodesk

Revit Architecture. Therefore, the two ways of BQ measurement would be

analyzed separately to provide problems encountered for each ways of BQ

measurement specifically. Hence, a clear picture of problems encountered can


43

be depicted in BQ measurement using Autodesk Revit Architecture. For BQ

measurement using Exactal’s CostX, automatically generated schedules are not

available. Hence, BQ measurement would be made by abstracting quantities

from BIM manually. Dimension groups for specific items would be created and

the elements to be measured would be clicked on so as to abstract their

quantities.

3.2.3 Identification of difficulties encountered and recommendation of solutions

In the process of bills of quantities production, it is anticipated that difficulties

and problems in the building information model, dimensions and descriptions

would be encountered in different BIM softwares. Problems in the building

information model and descriptions can be referred to the limitations on the

existing building information model and can be identified in the process of BQ

measurement. For problems on dimensions, it refers to the differences in

measurement between using BIM application and current quantity surveying

practice. To identify the differences, measurement using scale ruler based on

SMM4 would be made and compared with the measurements using BIM

application. Based on the knowledge of current quantity surveying practice, this

research would be conducted in a first-person perspective to identify the

problems encountered using original BIM’s information. Suggestions would

then be made in solving the encountered difficulties.

3.2.4 Consolidation of findings and recommendation for improvement

Based on the analysis on BQ production using different BIM softwares,

findings would be consolidated. Recommendation for improvement for BQ

production using BIM application would then be made.

CHAPTER 4: BQ MEASUREMENT USING AUTODESK REVIT ARCHITECTURE

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CHAPTER 4: BQ MEASUREMENT USING AUTODESK REVIT

ARCHITECTURE

As mentioned in previous chapter, the production of bills of quantities involves the

taking-off of quantities and the transfer of quantities into bill items. In this chapter,

emphasis would be put on quantities take-off using Autodesk Revit Architecture.

Some common trades, including wood works, steel and metal works, plastering and

paving, glazing, painting, and other sundries would be involved in the bills of

quantities measurement.

As discussed, quantities take-off using Autodesk Revit Architecture can be divided

into two ways, BQ measurement directly from BIM automatic quantities and BQ

measurement by abstracting dimension and information from BIM manually. BQ

measurement directly from BIM automatic quantities refers to measurement using

schedules automatically generated in Autodesk Revit Architecture whereas BQ

measurement by abstracting dimension and information from BIM manually refers to

measurement by abstracting the information provided in the object properties of the

elements to be measured. In the following, the two ways of quantities take-off using

Autodesk Revit Architecture would be illustrated separately.

4.1 BQ measurement directly from BIM automatic quantities

It is believed that BIM can benefit the quantity surveying industry by its

automatic measurement. To review BQ measurement directly from BIM

automatic quantities, analysis would be made on the feasibility of using original

BIM’s information in BQ measurement on architectural elements. Problems

encountered in the process of BQ measurement would be illustrated and the


45

associated solutions would be suggested. Recommendations for improvement

would also be made.

4.1.1 Review on the feasibility of using original BIM’s information in BQ

measurement

To start with the BQ measurement, it is essential to study the building

information model. During the studying process, it is realized that the

building information model, which should be a typical model used for BIM

application in Hong Kong, has limited information for BQ measurement,

making it not feasible in BQ measurement. Essential information for

measurements of architectural elements like finishing materials is not shown

in the model. Besides, finishes schedule, which shall be incorporated in

current practice, is not provided in the building information model. Since BQ

measurement directly from BIM automatic quantities is based on the

information incorporated in the building information model, the lack of such

essential information implies that automatic quantities for these essential

items cannot be generated. Therefore, trades including plastering and paving,

and painting cannot be measured with the original BIM’s information. These

two trades constitute a large portion of the bills of quantities for architectural

elements only. Hence, it can be concluded that it is not feasible in using the

original BIM’s information to produce the bills of quantities for architectural

elements.

4.1.2 Problems encountered and the associated solutions

In order to simulate the measurement of BQ in BIM application, some

common information and elements are incorporated into the model. For


46

instance, information like finishing materials is inserted into the model.

Besides, elements like skirting are also inserted into the model to identify the

common difficulties in BQ preparation using BIM application. In the process

of BQ measurement, problems are identified and solutions are suggested.

The model is then re-modified based on the problems and solutions so as to

facilitate BQ measurement.

In the processes of BQ measurement directly from BIM automatic quantities,

several significant problems were encountered. These problems can be

categorized into inadequate information, not fitting for measurement criteria,

and insufficient level of details. In dealing with these problems, solutions are

suggested to be done either by the architect during model preparation or by

the quantity surveyors before BQ preparation.

1) Inadequate information in building information model

As stated, the majority of building information models in Hong Kong is not

designed for quantity surveying purposes, therefore, it is apparent that these

models lack the information required for the BQ measurement. This

problem is also applicable in the building information model used in this

study. The studied model is fit for visualization purpose as all the basic

building elements in the design are incorporated in the building information

model. However, these building elements lack detail information for

measurement purpose. For instance, finishing materials, which are stated in

a separate finishes schedule in current practice, are not specified in the

model. This kind of information is essential in measurement with BIM

applications in satisfying the major characteristics of automatic


47

measurement in BIM, elements and information to be measured must be

incorporated in the model. Otherwise, without finishing materials and

ironmongery incorporated in BIM, two major trades, plastering and paving

and ironmongery, cannot be measured with BIM application.

In BQ measurement directly from BIM automatic quantities, elements and

information to be measured must be incorporated in the building

information model so as to facilitate the software to automatically generate

measurements in schedules. In tackling the problem, suggestions are made

for lack of information like finishing materials.

For information like finishing materials, the incorporation of this kind of

information can be done in two ways, either by the architect during the

model preparation or by the quantity surveyors before BQ measurement.

For information in feed by the architects, architects shall input the data by

editing each of the building elements. For instance, architects shall press the

edit type button in the properties manual of the elements, which is circled in

red in Figure 14. A type properties manual would then emerge and the edit

button for editing the structure of an element, which is circled in red in

Figure 15, shall be pressed. Architects shall then insert layers of finishes

into the building elements in the edit assembly manual of the elements.

Examples of finishes information incorporation into the model can be

shown in Figure 16, showing the assembly type manual before

incorporating finishes information and Figure 17, showing the assembly

type manual after incorporating finishes information. As shown in Figure

17, two layers of finishes are inserted onto the wall. The section in Figure


48

17 also shows the sections of the wall with finishing information

incorporated.

Figure 14: Edit type button for editing the information in the model

Figure 15: Edit button for editing the structure of an element


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Figure 16. Properties of a wall without incorporating finishes information

Figure 17. Properties of a wall with finishes information


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As illustrated, incorporation finishes information by the architect during

model preparation is feasible. However, this method is not recommended

because inserting layers of finishes into the building elements would

increase the thickness of the building elements, hence, altering the

measurements of the building elements. Besides, if the architect is required

to incorporate this kind of information into the model, it would increase the

architect’s burden. Therefore, in feed information by architects during

model preparation is not recommended.

However, in case quantity surveyors are responsible for the incorporation of

information like finishing materials, architects may issue the finishes

schedule as current practice and quantity surveyors apply finishes on the

building elements. Before applying materials on the building elements, it is

essential to create the materials by click the materials button in the Manage

panel, as shown in Figure 18. In the creation of the materials, information

like model, manufacturer, cost, etc. can be inserted. Besides, the color of

shading can be selected for easy identification. After creating the required

materials, quantity surveyors can apply finishes on the building elements by

using the Material as Paint tools. By clicking the building elements, the

Material as Paint tool would be shown in the tools panel, which is circled in

red in Figure 19. The materials can then be selected and applied on the

building element’s surface. When materials are applied on the building

element, it would be shaded in the color selected during the materials

creation. Example of measured building element shaded in green can be

shown in Figure 20. It is noted that there may be several layers of materials

applied on the building elements. However, the Materials as Paint tool can


51

only apply a layer of finishes on the building elements. To deal with the

problem, it is suggested that in creating the materials, all the layers should

be considered. For instance, a material should be created representing

spatterdash, plastering and painting all together.

Figure 18: Materials panel in Autodesk Revit Architecture

Figure 19: Applying materials on building elements using Materials as Paint


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Figure 20: Materials applied on building elements and shaded in green

Apparently, this would be a more practical solution without increasing the

architect’s burden. Moreover, the in feed of this kind of information is

mainly for measurement purpose. Hence, it is believed that quantity

surveyors, who are more familiar to the measurement rules, shall be

responsible for the in feed of information, so as to ensure that the

information input coincides with the measurement rules. However, it is

important to ensure that quantity surveyors have the required basic

knowledge on Autodesk Revit Architecture in applying materials on the

building elements. Since Autodesk Revit Architecture may be a

sophisticated software when compared to other softwares in current

quantity surveying practice, significant time may be required for training of

quantity surveyors for BIM software. Therefore, instead of requiring all the


53

quantity surveyors to have an in-depth knowledge in BIM software so as to

facilitate the incorporation of information into the model, it is also advised

that BIM technicians specifically responsible for the in feed of information

into BIM shall be provided in quantity surveying firms.

However, in inserting of finishing materials onto the surface of the building

element, it should be aware of the overlapping of building elements because

no materials shall be applied to the overlapping area. Besides, it is common

that a building element may have different finishing materials. For instance,

walls may have their lower part finished in dados and the upper part

finished in emulsion painting. Also, in the event of suspended ceiling, it is

common practice that the portion of wall enclosed by the suspended ceiling

would not have finishing materials. As mentioned, the current practice

would not incorporate finishing materials in the model. However, in case

that BIM is applied in production of bills of quantities, this problem can

never be neglected.

To deal with the problem of overlapping of building elements and building

elements, like walls, with different finishing materials on a surface, there

are two ways in dealing with the problem. The problem can either be solved

by the architects during the model preparation or by the quantity surveyors

before BQ measurement.

In the occasion that architects incorporate building materials in the wall

properties, which would increase the thickness of the wall as mentioned,

architects are required to have a different way in drawing the walls. The


54

architects are required to split the walls into regions in the edit assembly

manual. As shown in Figure 21, the wall is split into two regions showing

two different finishing materials on one side. The lower part with ceramic

wall tiles is shown in the green portion and the upper part with emulsion

painting is shown in the pink portion. Preparing models in such a way can

facilitate both visualization and automatic measurement in BIM application.

Figure 21. Wall section showing two finishing materials on one side

However, in using this method, it is noted that only walls with different

finishing materials can be represented by splitting into regions. This method

is not applicable to other building elements like floor slabs and ceilings, in

showing different finishing materials on a surface. Examples for different

finishing materials on a floor surface may include the use of non-slip tactile

as the finishing materials on the landing of staircase. The non-slip tactile


55

does not cover the whole landing area. Instead, they only constitute a small

portion of the landing area, leading to different finishing materials in

different regions of an element. Another example may refer to the presence

of built-in furniture where finishing materials are not applied underneath.

Such a use of different materials in different portions of an element cannot

be presented in BIM using split regions. However, representing such a

difference in materials is to draw the floor slab in separate pieces according

to their finishing materials. Figure 22 shows the plan of the staircase in the

studied model. The floor slab is drawn in three pieces, one shown in dark

blue with ceramic floor tile finishing and two shown in green with non-slip

tactile finishing.

Figure 22. Plan of a staircase showing floor slabs drawn in separate pieces

Dividing the floor slabs in different pieces can facilitate automatic

measurement in quantity surveying practice with BIM application.

However, it would increase the effort required by the architect in preparing

the model. It is also impractical in dividing the floor slabs into separate


56

pieces which is contradict to the actual construction. Therefore, even this

method is feasible, it is not recommended.

Instead, the problem of overlapping of building elements and building

elements with different finishing materials on a surface is suggested to be

solved by quantity surveyors, who are more familiar to the measurement

rules. As mentioned, it is suggested that architects deliver the finishes

schedule to the quantity surveyors, and the BIM technicians in quantity

surveying firm apply the finishing materials on the building elements in the

building information model. Therefore, it is reasonable that the BIM

technicians in quantity surveying firm are also responsible to deal with the

problem of overlapping of building elements and building elements with

different materials.

In the occasion that the building element is covered by only one kind of

finishing materials, BIM technicians in quantity surveying firm should

apply the materials by using the Materials as Paint tool. However, when the

building element has two or more kinds of materials on a surface, BIM

technicians in quantity surveying firm shall use the split face tool, circled in

red in Figure 23.


57

Figure 23: Split face tools in Autodesk Revit Architecture, circled in red

By using the split face tool, the surface of the building elements can be split

into portions. Then, quantity surveyors can apply different materials on the

portions. Hence, the problem of a surface with two or more materials can be

solved. Example of different materials applied on a surface can be shown in

Figure 24, with the lower part with ceramic wall tiles, as shown in the

yellow portion and the upper part with emulsion painting, as shown in the

orange portion. Automatic measurement can then be made according to the

materials on the surface of the building element.


58

Figure 24: Different materials applied on a surface.

2) Insufficient level of details in building information model

As mentioned, the majority of building information models in Hong Kong

is not designed for quantity surveying purposes, therefore, it is apparent that

these models lack the details required for BQ measurement. In the process

of BQ measurement directly from BIM automatic quantities, examples of

insufficient level of details, hampering the process of automatic

measurement, has been found. These examples include the lack of minor

elements and the lack of skirting in the building information model. They

would be discussed separately in the following.

a) Lack of minor elements in the building information model

With a 3D model as a whole, it may sometimes be difficult for the

architects to incorporate all the building elements in the model. Some


59

minor elements that require measurements are absence in the building

information model. Examples of these minor elements involve

ironmongery, nosing tiles of staircase, dividing strips and expansion

joints, etc.

In current practice, to specify these details, architects would provide

supplementary schedules and detail drawings. For instance, instead of

putting these minor elements into the drawings, ironmongery schedule

is delivered to quantity surveyors for ironmongery measurement. For

other minor elements like nosing tiles of the staircase, dividing strips

and expansion joints, they would be shown in the detail drawings in the

current practice. By referring to these detail drawings and schedules,

quantity surveyors can easily measure these minor objects.

However, in BIM automatic measurement, the practice should be totally

different. It is the characteristics of automatic measurement that all the

elements to be measured must be incorporated into the building

information model. The lack of these minor elements in the building

information model would imply that these minor elements cannot be

automatically measured.

To cope with the problem, it is advised that architects shall incorporate

these minor elements into the models during model preparation. Instead

of providing ironmongery schedule and detail drawings in current

practice, architects shall incorporate these minor elements in the model


60

so as to facilitate quantity surveyors in automatic measurement using

Autodesk Revit Architecture.

b) Lack of skirting in the building information model

In current CAD practice, skirting is not presented in the drawings.

Instead, architects specify different skirting finishes in the finishing

schedule. With the information required, quantity surveyors can base on

the finishing schedule to measure the skirting finishes by measuring the

perimeter of the room, with deductions of door width. However, due to

the current practice of architects in preparing drawings, building

information models often lack the presence of skirting. Hence, skirting

cannot be automatically measured.

To deal with the problem, it is advised that architects shall incorporate

skirting into the model with supplementary information like the height

and finishing materials of the skirting. In Autodesk Revit Architecture,

different from other elements like walls which have their own families,

skirting is not treated as an independent family. In other words, there is

no such an element called “skirting” in the software. Instead, skirting

can be represented by wall sweeps. Architects are required to create a

new family before putting the skirting into the model. Example of a

section of skirting created in a new family is shown in Figure 25. After

creating the skirting, the family can be loaded into the project file of the

building information model. The designed skirting can then be added

into the model in the form of wall sweeps. Figure 26 shows an example


61

of skirting, which are colored in brown, being incorporated into the

building information model.

Figure 25: Section of skirting drawn in a new family

Figure 26. Skirtings inserted into BIM shown in brown colour


62

With skirting and its materials information inserted into the model,

quantity surveyors can simply measure the skirting and their finishing

materials using the wall sweep schedule. Hence, time required for

skirting measurement can be significantly reduced. However, it is

noted that the incorporation of skirting shall be made prior to the

application of finishing materials to the walls to prevent overlap of wall

finishing materials and skirting.

3) Not fitting for measurement criteria

In normal circumstances, measurements should comply with the guidelines

stipulated in the standard method of measurement (SMM). It is applicable

in current quantity surveying practice where manual measurement is made

by quantity surveyors. However, the development of building information

models does not aim at fulfilling the requirements in SMM, causing

problems in measurement.

In the process of BQ measurement directly from BIM automatic quantities,

problems have been found in measurement in stages and void measurement

in fitting for the measurement criteria for in the standard method of

measurement.

a) Problems in measurement in stages

For painting to ceilings, SMM provides several measurement rules that

need to be followed in painting measurement. For example, for

painting to ceilings and beams, when the ceiling is greater than 3.5m


63

from the floor, the measurement shall be divided into stages of 1.5m

height. In other words, measurement for painting is required to be

divided into stages of height not exceeding 3.5m, height exceeding

3.5m but not exceeding 5m, and so on.

However, in automatic measurement, quantities would not be

automatically divided into stages in the model so as to facilitate

automatic measurement in quantity surveying practice. Therefore, the

measurement of painting automatically generated in the schedule does

not fit the measurement criteria in the standard method of

measurement.

In fact, quantity surveyors have two ways in dealing with the problem,

either by setting the materials before BQ measurement or filtering the

schedule after BQ measurement. The methods would be illustrated in

the following.

For setting the materials before BQ measurement, different materials

can be set in the materials panel, specifying with their heights. For

instance, a material can be created specifically for height not exceeding

3.5m and another material can be created specifically for height

exceeding 3.5m but not exceeding 5m. However, such kind of

arrangement may easily cause confusion. Thus, it is not recommended.

To deal with the problem, filtering of the schedule is suggested to be

done by the quantity surveyors after the schedule is created. Quantity


64

surveyors can sort the ceiling material takeoff schedule by floor height

and finishing materials. Besides, quantity surveyors may choose to use

the filter function of the schedule to filter quantities of a specific range

of floor heights. Through sorting or filtering, quantity surveyors can

group the quantities into different stages. Example can be shown in

Figure 27 and Figure 28. Then, the sorted and filtered schedule can be

exported to the Microsoft Excel for bills of quantities preparation.

Hence, the guidelines stated in SMM can be complied. This method is

advised because quantity surveyors are more familiar to the SMM and

can sort the quantities at ease.

Figure 27: Ceiling Material Takeoff Schedule with heights not exceeding 3.5m

Figure 28: Ceiling Material Takeoff Schedule with heights

exceeding 3.5m but not exceeding 5m


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Similar to painting to ceilings, the measurement of glazing should also

be divided into stages of panes area not exceeding 0.15m2, panes area

exceeding 0.15 m2 but not exceeding 4 m

2, and panes area exceeding

4m2. However, these stages are not automatically divided in BIM

application. Similar to the solution for ceiling finishes, quantity

surveyors are advised to sort the window material takeoff schedule by

area and materials. On the other hand, quantity surveyors may choose

to filter quantities of a specific range of area in the schedule. Examples

can be shown in Figure 29 and Figure 30.

Figure 29: Window Material Takeoff with panes area

exceeding 0.15 m2 but not exceeding 4 m

2

Figure 30: Window Material Takeoff with panes area exceeding 4 m2


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Besides, the standard method of measurement also specifies that

measurement for sloping ceilings as well as curved surface shall be

made separately. In current BIM development, architects tend to group

all the ceilings together, without dividing them into ceilings and

sloping ceilings, as well as flat surface and curved surface. However, in

facilitating measurement in BIM application, it is essential for quantity

surveyors to identify and specify their differences separately.

b) Void measurement

In the current quantity surveying practice, where measurement is based

on the standard method of measurement, no deduction is made for voids

not exceeding 0.5 m2, nor voids not exceeding 300mm wide. Though

this kind of practice does not enable the representation of a genuine

picture of the design, not deducting these small voids in measurement

can make measurement less complicated. Moreover, such a practice is

supported by the belief that the formation of these small voids also

incurs costs and the costs can be reflected by the area of these voids.

However, for measurement in BIM application, it is a completely

different picture. As mentioned, the automatic measurement in BIM

measures the actual dimensions as shown in the model. No matter how

large or small the void is, the void area would be deducted. Thus, these

small voids, which are measured in current quantity surveying practice,

are deducted. There is a conflict between the measurement with BIM

application and current quantity surveying practice.


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In dealing with the conflict, it is suggested that such deviation or

qualifications to the SMM shall be stated in the special preambles of the

bills of quantities when BIM application is used. With the actual area

measured, genuine quantities would be provided in the bills of

quantities, providing a true picture of the design.

4.1.3 Recommendation for improvement

In consolidating the above findings, recommendations for improvement

would be made in facilitating BQ measurement directly from BIM automatic

quantities. It can be concluded that the problems encountered in the process

of BQ measurement directly from BIM automatic quantities are mainly due

to the problems in the building information model. Since the current building

information model is not developed for the purpose of quantity surveying

measurement, problems of inadequate information, insufficient level of

details, and not fitting for measurement criteria evolved.

For the recommendation for improvement, improvement on the building

information model is suggested. The building information model shall be

developed more measurement-orientated by the architect. In feed of required

information and improvement on the level of details shall be made.

Information required shall be incorporated into the building information

model. Besides, the level of details can be improved by providing minor

elements like ironmongery, skirting, dividing strips, and expansion joints, etc.

By incorporating all the required information and elements in the building

information model, it is believed that BQ measurement directly from BIM

automatic quantities could be done at ease.


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Besides, for quantity surveying field, BIM technicians are recommended to

be provided in quantity surveying firms to in feed some information like

finishing materials into the building information model. BIM technicians can

also provide advice and deal with problems in BIM projects. Training shall

also be provided for quantity surveyors to have a preliminary knowledge on

BIM. It is believed that basic knowledge on BIM can facilitate quantity

surveyors in BIM automatic measurement.

Other than the problems due to the building information model, problems

also arose in fitting for the measurement criteria of current measurement

practice. For example, different from current quantity surveying practice

where voids are deducted according to its dimensions, all the voids are

deemed to be deducted in BIM practice. Besides, since the material as paint

tool only affords the input of one kind of finishing material on a surface of an

element, a material in BIM is required to represent several layers of materials

to be applied on the surface. In these cases, the preparation of special

preambles can be made. In fact, the development of a preamble specifically

for BIM measurement is recommended such that the advantage of BIM can

be taken and justifiable qualifications to the standard method of measurement

can be made in future BIM measurement practice.


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4.2 BQ measurement by abstracting dimension and information from BIM

manually

In Autodesk Revit Architecture, other than measurement directly from BIM

automatic quantities using the schedules, measurement can also be done by

abstracting dimension and information from BIM manually. This method is

similar to the current practice where finishes are measured based on the area of the

building elements. However, owing to the characteristics of BIM, problems arose.

To review BQ measurement by abstracting dimension and information from BIM

manually, problems encountered in the process of BQ measurement by abstracting

dimension and information from BIM manually would be illustrated. Other than

the inherent problems of the model itself, which are illustrated in the previous

section, problems associated with dimensions and descriptions also arise in BQ

measurement by abstracting dimension and information from BIM manually.

In the following, problems associated with dimensions and descriptions would be

discussed and the associated solutions would also be suggested.

Recommendations for improvement would also be made.

4.2.1 Dimensions not fitting the standard method of measurement

In the process of measurement by abstracting dimension from BIM manually,

problems of dimensions not fitting the standard method of measurement are

found. Problems have arisen in the length of wall and the overlapping of

skirting and other building elements.


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a) Interpretation of length of wall different from QS practice

It is realized that the wall dimension in BIM application is slightly different

from that in manual measurements. In BIM, the length of the wall is

measured including half of the thickness of its adjoining walls. Example

can be shown in Figure 31, an extract of a plan showing the wall

dimensions. As shown in the wall properties on the left hand side, the

length of the wall measured in BIM is 1555mm. Such a dimension can be

used in calculating the girth of the wall. However, this dimension is

inappropriate in the measurement of wall finishes.

Figure 31.An extract of plan showing wall dimensions

As mentioned, the length of 1555mm is not applicable in wall finishes

measurement. In current quantity surveying practice, wall finishes is

calculated by the actual surface area of the finishes. As applied to the case

in Figure 31, the length used for the calculation of wall finishes facing the

living/dining room side shall be 1670mm, which comprises the length of

wall in BIM measurement (i.e. 1555mm) and half of the thickness of its


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adjoining walls (i.e. 58mm and 58mm). For the length used for the

calculation of wall finishes facing the bathroom side, the dimension of

1440mm shall be used. It can also be calculated by the length of BIM in

measurement (i.e. 1555mm) minus half of the thickness of its adjoining

walls (i.e. 58mm and 58mm).

This problem in the dimension of wall is a critical problem in the

measurement using BIM application, when measurements are based on the

object properties instead of using the material as paint tool. It is also noted

that settings for changes in the definition of wall length is not provided.

Hence, in BIM application in BQ measurement, when dimensions are

abstracted directly from BIM manually, quantity surveyors are suggested to

set their own formulas in the schedule to arrive at their desired result. For

instance, in measuring wall finishes, quantity surveyors shall compare the

dimension shown in the schedule with the plan. Adjustments shall be made

in the schedule by either adding or deducting half of the thickness of the

adjoining walls to the length of wall automatically measured in the BIM

software.

Despite of the fact that solution to the wall dimension problem is available,

it is impractical to adjust every dimension in the schedule. Therefore, BQ

measurement by abstracting dimension and information from BIM

manually is not recommended. Instead, BQ measurement directly from

BIM automatic quantities using the material as paint tool is highly

recommended and the problem would not exist because measurements are

based on the material surface area.


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b) Inaccurate measurement due to overlapping of wall and skirting

As stated in the previous section, skirting is not incorporated into most of

the models in current BIM development. Method is suggested to insert

skirting into the model. However, in BQ measurement by abstracting

dimension and information from BIM manually, dimensions are abstracted

from the wall properties. In other words, the wall dimension is abstracted

without deducting the area covered by skirting. It implies that the wall

finishes would be wrongly-measured if no deduction for the area covered

by the skirting is made.

In current quantity surveying measurement practice, the height of wall

finishes is calculated by the height of the wall minus the height of the

skirting. The height of the wall finishes is then multiplied by the length of

the wall to arrive at the area of wall finishes.

To enable the quantities in the BIM schedule align with the quantities in the

current quantity surveying practice, it is advised for the quantity surveyors

to make sure that deductions for the area covered by skirting shall be made

in the calculation of wall finishes. To illustrate the transformation of the

dimension to fit for the quantity surveying practice, the wall facing the

living/dining room in Figure 32 would be taken as an example. As

mentioned in the previous section, the length of the wall should be 1670mm.

The height of the wall is 2700mm, as shown in Figure 32 whereas the

height of the skirting is 110mm, as shown in Figure 33.


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Figure 32: Properties panel and plan for a wall

Figure 33: Properties panel and section for skirting


74

Same as the current surveying practice, the area of wall finishes can be

calculated by the height of the wall minus the height of the skirting. The

height of the wall finishes is then multiplied by the length of the wall to

arrive at the area of wall finishes. Refer back to the example, the area of

wall finishes should be calculated by the height of the wall, i.e. 2700mm,

minus the height of the skirting, 110mm, which equals to 2590mm. The

height of the wall finishes, i.e. 2590mm, is then multiplied by the length of

the wall, i.e. 1670mm, which comes up with the wall finishes area of

4.33m2.

The wall finishes area of 4.33m2 is different from the area shown in the

properties panel in Figure 32, i.e. 4.199 m2. The difference is due to the

different in interpretation of length of wall in BIM and in quantity

surveying practice, and the measurement of the overlapping area of wall

and skirting.

Based on the above illustration, in BQ measurement by abstracting

dimension and information from BIM manually, the practice in the

calculation of wall finishes is the same as the current quantity surveying

practice. This is due to the fact that the dimension of wall in BIM does not

fit for the measurement practice.

c) Inaccurate measurement due to overlapping of building elements

Similar to wall with skirting, problem in dimensions is also encountered

when there are overlaps between building elements. For example, when

beam is joined to walls in BIM. In BIM, beam and wall are treated as


75

independent objects. When beam is joined to walls, the portion of wall

finishing materials joined to the beam will not be automatically deducted.

Hence, the wall finishing materials would be over-measured. This problem

is similar to that when skirting is designed. Thus, a similar solution is

suggested to tackle the problem.

In the process of BQ measurement by abstracting dimension and

information from BIM manually, quantity surveyors shall be aware of this

problem. Similar to the solution of walls with skirting, quantity surveyors

should identify and deduct the overlapping areas. Hence, no finishing

materials would be applied to the overlapping areas. Therefore, the problem

can be solved.

This method requires the careful consideration of the quantity surveyors

because checking whether there are overlaps between building elements

would be difficult. This may easily prone to errors in the measurement.

4.2.2 Problems in descriptions

Other than the dimensions, quantity surveyors are also required to provide

description of items in the bills of quantities. In current practice, architects

would provide quantity surveyors with specifications and information on the

items. Based on the specification and information, quantity surveyors would

write descriptions according to the guidelines set in the standard method of

measurement. However, problems are found in the descriptions of BIM.


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a) Descriptions not complying to the SMM

In BIM, all the specification and information should be incorporated in

the model. Description would be generated based on the information

given by the architect in the building information model. These

descriptions may not fit the current quantity surveying practice in

following the guidelines set in the standard method of measurement,

which causes problems in BQ production.

In dealing with the problem, quantity surveyors shall not use the

descriptions generated in the schedule. During BQ preparation, they

shall write their own descriptions following the SMM in the bills of

quantities and transfer the quantities from the schedule to the bills of

quantities.

b) Lack of description

As mentioned, in current practice, architects would provide quantity

surveyors with specifications and information on the items for the

writing of description. Therefore, based on the current practice,

architects do not provide the required specifications and information in

the model for description writing. For example, in the railing

information, the number of capped ends is not provided. Besides,

sufficient information is not given on the materials of door and window

frame, door panel, glass panel, etc. Besides, there is also a lack of

description for generic models like furniture and fittings. Without these

specifications and information, quantity surveyors can only have

limited information on the family and types of the building elements on


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hand. Hence, descriptions cannot be written complying with the

requirements stipulated in the Standard Method of Measurement.

In dealing with the problem of lack of description, it is advised that

architects shall provide the specifications and information on the items

as the current practice. Besides, they may also insert the required

information into the model. Hence, based on the information provided

either in the specifications or in the model, quantity surveyors could

write an appropriate description according to the Standard Method of

Measurement.

4.2.3 Recommendation for improvement

In consolidating the above findings, recommendations for improvement would

be made in facilitating BQ measurement by abstracting dimension and

information from BIM manually. Recommendations would be made to deal

with the problems in dimensions and the problems in descriptions.

For problems in dimensions, the solutions discussed above may be

impracticable and cannot take the advantage of time-saving measurement in

BIM. Therefore, a preamble specifically for BIM measurement is

recommended. To prevent the complicated transformation of dimensions in

BIM into dimensions fit for current quantity surveying practice, qualifications

to the standard method of measurement can be put into the preamble

specifically for BIM measurement. For instance, the length of the wall can be

defined as the interpretation in BIM, the length of the wall including half of

the thickness of its adjoining walls. Preparing a preamble specifically for BIM


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is a more time-saving approach. Hence, it is recommended for future BIM

measurement at ease.

For problems in descriptions, the current way in dealing with the problem is to

input the descriptions directly in the bills of quantities. However, for future

development of BIM, it is recommended that in feed of descriptions for

measurement purpose is available in BIM softwares. For instance, there are

softwares available in the current market, like Altespro, that allow standard

phrasing of descriptions so as to facilitate BQ production. Hence, it is

recommended that softwares can also be developed for allowing such kind of

standard phrasing of descriptions in BIM. Instead of inputting all the

descriptions by quantity surveyors, time can be saved in description writing by

choosing the appropriate descriptions among the standard phrasing.

CHAPTER 5: TRANSFER OF QUANTITIES INTO BILL ITEMS IN AUTODESK REVIT

ARCHITECTURE

79

CHAPTER 5: TRANSFER OF QUANTITIES INTO BILL ITEMS

IN AUTODESK REVIT ARCHITECTURE

After measurement of the architectural elements, the quantities shall be transferred

into the bills of quantities. In the following, the process of transferring quantities into

bill items using Autodesk Revit Architecture would be illustrated.

As mentioned in previous chapter, BQ measurements can be done in two ways, either

directly generated from BIM automatic quantities with the use of schedules or by

abstracting dimension and information from BIM manually. For BQ measurement by

abstracting dimension and information from BIM manually, the dimension and

information shall be recorded in spreadsheets and transferred to the bills of quantities,

like the current quantity surveying practice.

However, for BQ measurements directly generated from BIM automatic quantities,

the transfer of quantities into bill items would be different and would be illustrated in

the following.

With the model developed suitable for BQ preparation, schedules are generated.

Selected with the appropriate fields for providing information for measurement, nine

schedules are generated, including:

1) ceiling material takeoff schedule, with information on ceiling finishes

2) door material takeoff schedule, with information on door

3) floor material takeoff schedule, with information on floor finishes

4) generic model material takeoff schedule, with information on furniture

and fittings, and beam


ARCHITECTURE

80

5) railing schedule, with information on railing

6) stairs material takeoff schedule, with information on staircase

7) wall material takeoff schedule, with information on wall finishes

8) wall sweep schedule, with information on skirting

9) window material takeoff schedule, with information on door

The appropriate information is provided in the schedule by selecting the appropriate

fields to be inserted in the schedule. An example of the wall sweep schedule showing

the materials and length of the skirting can be found in Figure 34.

Figure 34: Wall sweep schedule showing materials and length of skirting

The schedule is then exported to a txt document by forming the schedule reports in

the Application Manual. This can be shown in Figure 35 and Figure 36.


ARCHITECTURE

81

Figure 35: Export of schedule in Autodesk Revit Architecture

Figure 36: Txt file exported from Autodesk Revit Architecture

The information in the text file is then copied onto the spreadsheet in Microsoft Excel,

as shown in Figure 37. Information in the spreadsheets is modified, which is shown in


ARCHITECTURE

82

Figure 38. The total quantities, together with descriptions, of each item are then

transferred to the bills of quantities in Microsoft Excel, in Figure 39.

Figure 37: Information copied from text file to spreadsheet in Microsoft

Figure 38: Modified spreadsheet showing the required information

Figure 39: Bills of quantities generated

CHAPTER 6: BQ PRODUCTION USING EXACTAL’S COSTX

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Different from Autodesk Revit Architecture, Exactal’s CostX is a cost estimating

software from BIM. CostX provides a certain degree of flexibility in measurement.

Besides, different from Autodesk Revit Architecture, CostX shows its advantage in

providing worksheets, like the spreadsheets in Microsoft Excel, for the record of

descriptions and quantities. The worksheets can then be automatically generated into

bills of quantities.

To review BQ measurement using Exactal’s CostX, the problems encountered in

measurement using the software would be discussed. Besides, the characteristics of

CostX that favors BQ production would also be discussed. Recommendation for

improvements would then be illustrated.

6.1 Problems encountered in measurement

In the process of measurement using Exactal’s CostX, different problems have

been encountered. These problems encountered in measurement using Exactal’s

CostX can be divided into problems encountered as in measurement using

Autodesk Revit Architecture and other inherent problems in Exactal’s CostX.


Architecture

Since the building information model developed in Autodesk Revit

Architecture would be transferred into Exactal’s CostX for measurement, the

inherent problems in the building information model would also be reflected in

the process of measurement using Exactal’s CostX. For instance, problems

encountered in BQ measurement directly from BIM automatic quantities and


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problems in BQ measurement by abstracting dimension and information from

BIM would also be encountered.

1) Problems encountered in BQ measurement directly from BIM

automatic quantities

For problems encountered in BQ measurement directly from BIM

automatic quantities, problems including inadequate information, not fitting

for measurement criteria, and insufficient level of details are encountered.

Since Exactal’s CostX is a project costing software, modification of the

building information model cannot be done in CostX. Instead, these

problems shall be solved in the Autodesk Revit Architecture before

transferring BIM into CostX. Besides, for measurement in CostX, quantity

surveyors should be supplemented with documents like finishing schedules.

Based on the information provided, quantity surveyors can click on the

model to measure the quantities and write the descriptions, similar to the

current quantity surveying practice.

2) Problems encountered in BQ measurement by abstracting dimension

and information from BIM

For problems in BQ measurement by abstracting dimension and

information from BIM, problems including dimensions not fitting the

standard method of measurement and problems in descriptions are

encountered. In CostX, measurements can be done in vector mode or object

mode. By using object mode, quantity surveyors can simply click on the

object to abstract its dimensions from the building information model.

However, there would be problems of dimensions not fitting the standard


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method of measurement. For example, interpretation of length of wall is

different from current quantity surveying practice. Besides, the overlapping

areas between elements would also be measured. Therefore, object mode is

not recommended in architectural elements measurement. Instead, vector

mode is recommended in measurement of architectural elements. In using

vector mode, quantity surveyors are free to measure the length of different

reference points. The idea is similar to the current quantity surveyors where

scale rulers are used in measurement. However, this is not a time-saving

approach in BIM measurement.

6.1.2 Other measurement problem in Exactal’s CostX

Other than the problem encountered in measurement using Autodesk Revit

Architecture, the problem in description is also found in Exactal’s CostX.

Different from Autodesk Revit Architecture, where a vast amount of

information can be shown in the model, CostX shows its limitations on the

information provided in object properties. In Autodesk Revit Architecture,

information likes family, type, manufacturer, cost and materials can be shown

in the type properties panel of each building components. An example is

shown in Figure 40. Based on the information, quantity surveyors can

understand each component in detail and prepare the descriptions.


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Figure 40: Type Properties Panel of a Wall in Autodesk Revit Architecture

However, being a BIM software made for costing, CostX fails to cater for

detail information. In CostX, there is a lack in sufficient information to enable

quantity surveyors understand the components. As shown in Figure 41, the

object properties panel of a wall only provides information on the family and

type of the object. Hence, with insufficient information, it would be difficult

for quantity surveyors to measure different items and write descriptions. For

example, quantity surveyors cannot measure the quantities of finishing

materials by simply using the information in CostX because materials of each

object are not indicated.


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Figure 41: Object Properties Panel of a Wall in Exactal’s CostX

Therefore, in measurement using Exactal’s CostX, similar to the current

practice, specifications and schedules shall be provided to quantity surveyors

for measurement. Hence, the measurement process in using Exactal’s CostX is

similar to that in the current quantity surveyors practice.

6.2 Favorable characteristics of Exactals’s CostX in BQ production

Different from Autodesk Revit Architecture, measurement in CostX is not

automatically generated. Instead, it is required to select the objects to be

measured by clicking the objects. The measured quantities will be shown in

different dimension groups. In CostX, workbook is used to show the

measured quantities. To show the measured quantities in the workbook, it is

required to drag the measured quantities from the dimension group panel to


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the workbook. The workbook is similar to the spreadsheets in Microsoft

Excel, which provides flexibility for quantity surveyors in presenting the

measured quantities. Example of the workbook can be shown in Figure 42.

After all the required quantities are measured, the total quantities, together

with descriptions, of each item are then transferred to the bills of quantities in

Microsoft Excel.

Figure 42: Workbook in Exactal’s CostX

Different from Autodesk Revit Architecture, where billing is not applicable,

Exactal’s CostX provides a more mature billing practice. In Autodesk Revit

Architecture, the quantities and descriptions are required to be transferred to

the spreadsheets in Microsoft Excel for billing and BQ production. However,

the whole BQ production process, the measurement and billing process, can

be done in Exactal’s CostX. Measurements made can be transferred into the

workbooks in Exactal’s CostX. Based on the workbooks, bills of quantities


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can be automatically generated in in-house formats. There is no need for

transferring of information into other softwares. The one-stop BQ production

available is definitely a favorable characteristic for Exactal’s CostX in BQ

production via BIM environment.

6.3 Recommendation for improvement

Based on the problems identified in BQ production using Exactal’s CostX,

recommendation for improvement would be suggested. As mentioned, there are

limitations on the information available in Exactal’s CostX, which hampers the

development of descriptions. Therefore, it is recommended that more information

should be available in Exactal’s CostX to be shown in the building information

model. References can be made to the information provided in Autodesk Revit

Architecture.

Besides, in Exactal’s CostX, quantity surveyors are required to in feed

descriptions in the workbooks to suit the standard method of measurement. It is

recommended that standard phrasing for descriptions can be developed in the

software, such that quantity surveyors can choose from the descriptions in the

standard phrasing in writing descriptions. This could be a time-saving approach

in writing descriptions, hence saving time in BQ preparation.

CHAPTER7: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

90

CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

In this study, bills of quantities are produced using the two BIM softwares, Autodesk

Revit Architecture and Exactal’s CostX. The process of BQ production is divided into

BQ production using Autodesk Revit Architecture and BQ production using Exactal’s

CostX. The BQ measurement in Autodesk Revit Architecture is also sub-divided into

BQ measurement directly from BIM automatic quantities using automatically

generated schedules and BQ measurement by abstracting dimension and information

from BIM manually. In the following, the feasibility of BQ measurement using

original BIM’s information would be reviewed. Problems encountered in the process

of BQ measurement and the associated solutions would be summarized.

Recommendations for improvements would also be made.

7.1 Feasibility of BQ measurement using original BIM’s information

In the studying process of the building information model, it is realized that the

building information model, which should be a typical model used for BIM

application in Hong Kong, has limited information for BQ measurement, making

it not feasible in BQ measurement. Essential information for measurements of

architectural elements like finishing materials is not shown in the model. Since

BQ measurement directly from BIM automatic quantities is based on the

information incorporated in the building information model, the lack of such

essential information implies that automatic quantities for these essential items

cannot be generated. Therefore, it can be concluded that it is not feasible in using

the original BIM’s information to produce the bills of quantities for architectural

elements.


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7.2 Problems encountered in BQ measurement using Autodesk Revit

Architecture

In the process of BQ measurement using Autodesk Revit Architecture, problems

have been encountered in both BQ measurement directly from BIM automatic

quantities using automatically generated schedules and BQ measurement by

abstracting dimension and information from BIM manually. The problems

encountered and their associate solutions would be summarized in the following.

7.2.1 BQ measurement directly from BIM automatic quantities using

automatically generated schedules

In the processes of BQ measurement directly from BIM automatic quantities,

several significant problems were encountered. These problems can be

categorized into inadequate information, not fitting for measurement criteria,

and insufficient level of details. In dealing with these problems, the

associated solutions are suggested.

1) Inadequate information

In the process of BQ measurement, it is realized that the quality of the

building information model by the architect in the building information

model are crucial factors affecting the feasibility of the BQ measurement

in BIM application. Take the studied model as an example, the model

lacks information required for quantity surveying practice. For instance,

finishing materials are not incorporated in the building information

model. In the existing BIM software provisions, elements and

information to be automatically measured must be incorporated in the

model. Therefore, to facilitate quantity surveyors in measurement via


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BIM environment, it is suggested that information like finishing

materials shall be input using material as paint and split face functions in

the software by the quantity surveyors before BQ measurement.

2) Insufficient level of details

As mentioned, the quality of the building information model is a crucial

factor in BQ measurement. Hence, insufficient level of details would

hamper the process of BQ measurement. In the process of BQ

measurement directly from BIM automatic quantities, the lack of skirting

and other minor elements, like ironmongery and expansion joints, is

shown in the building information model. Since it is the provision of

BIM software that elements and information to be measured must be

incorporated into the model, it is essential for the provision of skirting

and other minor elements in BIM. To deal with the problem, inputting of

skirting and other minor elements into the building information model is

suggested.

3) Fitness for bills of quantities measurement purpose

In the process of BQ measurement directly from BIM automatic

quantities, problems have been identified for not fitting the measurement

criteria in the standard method of measurement. For instance, problems

have been identified in the measurement of painting, measurement of

glass panels, and void measurement.

a) Measurement of painting

For measurement of painting, it is the current quantity surveying

practice that measurement should be divided into stages of height not


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exceeding 3.5m, height exceeding 3.5m but not exceeding 5m, height

exceeding 5m but not exceeding 6.5m, and so on. However, in

current BIM provisions, measurements would not be divided into

stages automatically. Hence, the measurement of painting does not

fitting the measurement criteria stipulated in the standard method of

measurement. In tackling the problem, measures are suggested to be

made by quantity surveyors after BQ measurement. During BQ

preparation, quantity surveyors are required to filter the schedule for

measurement for painting of different stages of height, by using the

filter functions in the schedule.

b) Measurement of glass panels

Similar to the measurement of painting, the measurement of glass

panels also does not fit the requirements of current measurement

practice. As provided in the standard method of measurement,

measurement of glass panels shall be divided into stages of panes

area not exceeding 0.15m2, panes area exceeding 0.15 m

2 but not

exceeding 4 m2, and panes area exceeding 4 m

2. Again, the current

BIM software provision does not allow automatic division of

measurement into stages. Therefore, similar to the solutions in

measurement of painting, adjustments to be schedules are suggested

to be made by quantity surveyors after BQ measurement. During BQ

preparation, quantity surveyors are required to filter the schedule for

measurement for glass panel of different stages of area, by using the

filter functions in the schedule.


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c) Void measurement

Void measurement is also one of the problems identified for not

fitting the measurement criteria. In existing BIM software provisions,

deductions of voids would be made in measurement, disregarding

their areas and dimensions. However, in current quantity surveying

practice, not all the voids are deemed to be deducted from

measurements. It is stated in the standard method of measurement

that no deduction shall be made for voids not exceeding 0.5m 2 in

area, or voids not exceeding 300mm wide. Practical solutions in

adjusting the measurement would be difficult. Therefore, the

preparation of special preamble is suggested to address the

qualification to the standard method of measurement, that deduction

of all voids is made, disregarding their areas and dimensions.

To conclude, in BQ measurement directly from BIM automatic quantities,

there are several problems hindering the process of measurement. These

problems could be summarized in Table 2 below.


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Table 2: Table summarizing the problems and the associated solutions in BQ measurement directly from BIM automatic quantities

Types of Problem

Problem Identified Existing BIM Software

Provisions

Requirement of QS Measurement Suit QS Measurement

By Architect in Model

Preparation

By QS

Before BQ Meas’t

By QS

During BQ

Meas’t

By QS

After BQ Meas’t

Special Preamble

(1) Inadequate

information

Lack of finishing

materials

Elements and information to

be automatically measured

must be incorporated

Provision of finishing materials in

BIM

Input information using

material as paint and

split face functions

(2) Insufficient

level of details

Lack of minor

elements

Elements and information to



Provision of minor elements in BIM Input minor elements into

the model

Lack of skirting Elements and information to



Provision of skirting in BIM Input skirting into the

model

(3) Not fitting for

measurement

criteria

Measurement of

painting not fitting

SMM

Measurements would not be

divided into stages

automatically

Measurement should be divided into

stages of height < 3.5m, 3.5m - 5m,

5m – 6.5m, and so on.

Filtering the schedule for

measurement for painting of

different stages of height

Measurement of

glass panel not

fitting SMM

Measurements would not be

divided into stages

automatically

Measurement should also be divided

into stages of panes area <0.15m2,

0.15 m2 - 4 m2, and > 4m2.

Filtering the schedule for

measurement for glass panel

of different stages of area

Void measurement Deduction of voids

disregarding their areas and

dimensions

No deduction is made for voids < 0.5

m2, nor voids < 300mm wide

Deduction of all

voids disregarding

their areas and

dimensions


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7.2.2 BQ measurement by abstracting dimensions and information from BIM

manually

In the processes of BQ measurement by abstracting dimensions and

information from BIM manually, several significant problems were

encountered. These problems can be categorized into dimensions not fitting

the standard method of measurement and problems in descriptions. In

dealing with these problems, the associated solutions are suggested.

1) Dimensions not fitting the standard method of measurement

In the process of BQ measurement by abstracting dimensions and

information from BIM manually, problems have been identified

dimensions not fitting the standard method of. For instance, problems

have been identified in the interpretation of length of wall different from

quantity surveying practice, inaccurate measurement due to overlapping

of walls and skirting, and inaccurate measurement due to overlapping of

elements.

a) Interpretation of length of wall different from quantity surveying

practice

In the process of BQ measurement, it is realized that the

interpretation of length of wall in existing BIM software provisions

is different from that in the current quantity surveying practice. In the

existing BIM software provisions, the length of wall include half of

the thickness of its adjoining walls, which is contradicted to the

current measurement criteria. In current quantity surveying practice,

the length of wall would refer to the length of the wall surface.


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Therefore, the actual surface of the wall would be wrongly measured

in BIM. In dealing with the problem, the direct solution is to require

the quantity surveyors to adjust the measurements during BQ

measurement. For instance, addition or deduction of half of the

thickness of the adjoining walls to the length of wall shall be made.

However, this solution is impractical and is prone to confusion and

errors in BQ measurement of wall surfaces.

b) Inaccurate measurement due to overlapping of wall and skirting

Overlapping of walls and skirting is also one of the major factors that

lead to inaccurate measurement. In current BIM software provisions,

skirting is placed directly on the wall surface. Hence, no automatic

deduction for the overlapping area between wall and skirting is made.

However, in measuring the actual wall finishes area, the overlapping

area between wall and skirting shall be deducted to fit the

measurement criteria stated in the standard method of measurement.

Therefore, during BQ measurement, quantity surveyors are suggested

to make adjustments on the measurements by deducting the

overlapping area between wall and skirting, such that the actual wall

finishing area can be calculated.

c) Inaccurate measurement due to overlapping of elements

Similar to the overlapping of wall and skirting, overlapping of other

elements can also induce inaccurate measurement. As mentioned, the

overlapping area between elements is deemed to be deducted.

However, no automatic deduction for the overlapping area between


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elements would be made in current BIM software provisions.

Therefore, same as the solution for overlapping area between wall

and skirting, quantity surveyors shall adjust the measurements by

deducting the overlapping area between elements, so as to arrive at

an appropriate measurement that fits for the current measurement

criteria stipulated in the standard method of measurement.

2) Problems in descriptions

Other than dimensions, quantity surveyors are required to input item

descriptions in the bills of quantities. In the process of BQ measurement

by abstracting dimension and information from BIM manually, not only

problems in dimension are identified, problems in descriptions are also

encountered. The problems in descriptions include descriptions not

complying with the standard method of measurement, and the lack of

descriptions in the building information model.

a) Descriptions not complying with criteria in standard method of

measurement

In current BIM practice, the development of building information

model is not intended for quantity surveying measurement purpose,

where the requirement of descriptions would be stated in the standard

method of measurement. Therefore, the descriptions of elements

shown in the building information model may not comply with the

criteria in the standard method of measurement. In BQ measurement

via BIM environment, description is generated based on the

information given by the architect in the model. The information


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incorporated by the architect in the model is mainly for identification

purpose, instead for measurement purpose. Therefore, it is apparent

that the descriptions provided in the model would not comply with

the criteria in SMM. It implies that quantity surveyors are required to

write the descriptions following the SMM by themselves.

b) Lack of descriptions

As mentioned, some essential information such as finishing materials

is not provided by the architect in the building information model.

With no information provided in BIM, the existing BIM software

provisions would not be able to generate descriptions. In current

practice, architects would supplement the building information

model with specifications and schedules. Therefore, based on the

supplemented specifications and schedules, quantity surveyors are

required to write the descriptions following the SMM by themselves.

To conclude, in BQ measurement by abstracting dimensions and descriptions

from BIM manually, there are several problems affecting the process of

measurement. These problems are summarized in Table 3 below.


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Table 3: Table summarizing the problems and the associated solutions in BQ measurement by abstracting dimensions and information from BIM

Types of Problem Problem Identified Existing BIM Software Provisions Requirement of QS

Measurement

Suit QS Measurement

By Architect During

Model Preparation

By QS

Before BQ Meas’t

By QS

During BQ Meas’t

By QS

After BQ Meas’t

Special

Preamble

(1) Dimensions

not fitting

SMM

Interpretation of length

of wall different from

QS practice

Length of wall include half of the

thickness of its adjoining walls

Length of wall refers to

the length of the wall

surface

Addition or deduction of half

of the thickness of the

adjoining walls to the length of

wall

Inaccurate

measurement due to

overlapping of wall and

skirting

No automatic deduction for

overlapping area between wall

and skirting

Deduction for

overlapping area

between wall and

skirting

Deduction for overlapping area

between wall and skirting

Inaccurate

measurement due to

overlapping of

elements

No automatic deduction for

overlapping area between

elements

Deduction for

overlapping area

between elements

Deduction for overlapping area

between elements

(2) Problems in

descriptions

Descriptions not

complying with criteria

in SMM

Description generated based on

the information given by the

architect in the model

Descriptions following

SMM

Writing of descriptions

following SMM

Lack of descriptions Description generated based on

the information given by the

architect in the model

Descriptions following

SMM

Writing of descriptions

following SMM


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7.3 Problems encountered in BQ measurement using Exactal’s CostX

In the process of BQ measurement using Exactal’s CostX, problems have been

encountered. The problems encountered and their associate solutions would be

summarized in the following.


Architecture

Since the building information model developed in Autodesk Revit

Architecture would be transferred into Exactal’s CostX for measurement,

the inherent problems in the building information model would also be

reflected in the process of measurement using Exactal’s CostX. For

instance, problems encountered in BQ measurement directly from BIM

automatic quantities and problems in BQ measurement by abstracting

dimension and information from BIM would also be encountered.

7.3.2 Other measurement problem in Exactal’s CostX

Other than the problem encountered in measurement using Autodesk Revit

Architecture, problem in description is also found in CostX. Being a BIM

software made for costing, CostX fails to cater for detail information. In

CostX, there is a lack in sufficient information to enable quantity surveyors

understand the components. Only information on the family and type of the

object is provided in CostX. Hence, with insufficient information, it would

be difficult for quantity surveyors to measure different items and write

descriptions. Therefore, similar to the current practice, specifications and

schedules shall be provided to quantity surveyors for measurement.


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7.4 Recommendations for improvement

With the consolidation of the above findings, recommendations for improvement

would be made in facilitating BQ measurement via BIM environment.

7.4.1 Improvements on the building information models

It is apparent that the problems encountered in the process of BQ

measurement directly from BIM automatic quantities are mainly due to the

problems in the building information model. Since the current building

information model is not developed for the purpose of quantity surveying

measurement, problems of inadequate information, insufficient level of

details, and not fitting for measurement criteria evolved. In facilitating BQ

measurement via BIM environment, essential information for measurement

shall be incorporated in the model. Improvements shall be made to deal

with the inherent problems in the building information models, which

include problems of inadequate information, insufficient level of details,

and not fitting for measurement criteria. The building information model

shall be developed more measurement-orientated by the architect. For

instance, information like finishing materials and minor elements like

ironmongery and expansion joints shall be incorporated in the building

information model so as to facilitate BQ measurement via BIM

environment. By incorporating all the required information and elements in

the building information model, it is believed that BQ measurement via

BIM environment could be done at ease.


103

7.4.2 Development of special preamble specifically for BIM measurement

Other than the problems induced by the building information model,

problems also arose in fitting for the measurement criteria of current

measurement practice. For example, different from current quantity

surveying practice where voids are deducted according to its dimensions,

all the voids are deemed to be deducted in BIM practice. Besides, since the

material as paint tool only affords the input of one kind of finishing

material on a surface of an element, a material in BIM is required to

represent several layers of materials to be applied on the surface. In these

cases, the preparation of special preambles can be made. In fact, the

development of a preamble specifically for BIM measurement is

recommended such that the advantage of BIM can be taken and justifiable

qualifications to the standard method of measurement can be made in future

BIM measurement practice. Preparing a preamble specifically for BIM is a

more time-saving approach in dealing with certain problems. Hence, it is

recommended for future BIM measurement at ease.

7.4.3 Employment of BIM technicians in quantity surveying firm

For the quantity surveying field, BIM technicians are recommended to be

employed in quantity surveying firms to in feed some information like

finishing materials into the building information model. BIM technicians

can also provide advice and deal with problems in BIM projects. Training

shall also be provided for quantity surveyors to have a preliminary

knowledge on BIM. It is believed that basic knowledge on BIM can

facilitate quantity surveyors in BIM automatic measurement.


104

7.4.4 Provision of descriptions in standard phrasing

For problems in descriptions, the current way in dealing with the problem is

to input the descriptions directly in the bills of quantities. However, for

future development of BIM, it is recommended that in feed of descriptions

for measurement purpose is available in BIM softwares. For instance, there

are softwares available in the current market, like Altespro, that allow

standard phrasing of descriptions so as to facilitate BQ production. Hence,

it is recommended that softwares can also be developed for allowing such

kind of standard phrasing of descriptions in BIM. Instead of inputting all

the descriptions by quantity surveyors, time can be saved in description

writing by choosing the appropriate descriptions among the standard

phrasing. Hence, time can be saved for quantity surveyors in BQ

preparation.

To sum up, it can be concluded that preparation of bills of quantities in BIM

application is in fact feasible. However, there are many potential problems in

measurement via BIM environment. Therefore, there is a need for in-depth studies in

measurement with BIM application. Yet, the automatic measurement characteristic of

BIM application is a comparative advantage in applying BIM in quantity surveying

practice. With a shorter period of time, quantity surveyors can measure the required

quantities. Hence time can be saved in bills of quantities preparation. Thus, quantity

surveyors can spend more time on preparation other documents. With the advantage

of BIM application in the quantity surveying field, BIM shall be promoted in the

quantity surveying field.

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APPENDICES

APPENDIX 1: Schedule of finishes used in the building information model

APPENDIX 2: Typical floor plan of the studied building information model

APPENDIX 3: Elevations of the studied building information model

APPENDIX 4: 3D view of the studied building information model

APPENDIX 5: Schedules generated from Autodesk Revit Architecture

APPENDIX 6: Schedule generated from Exactal’s CostX

APPENDIX 7: Schedule generated from manual measurement

APPENDIX 8: Bills of Quantities generated based on BIM software

APPENDIX 1:

Schedule of finishes used

in the building information model

LOCATION FLOOR SKIRTING WALL CEILING

LIVING/DINING

ROOM

500 x 500 x 10mm

THK. CARPET

TILES ON 40mm

THK. CEMENT

SAND SCREED

100mm HIGH

12mm THK.

HARDWOOD

SYNTHETIC

PAINT FINISH

ON 10mm

THK. CEMENT

SAND

PLASTER

15mm THK.

INTERNAL

WALL

PLASTER ON

ANTI-FUNGI

EMULSION

PAINT

10mm THK.

INTERNAL

CEILING PLASTER

ON ANTI-FUNGI

EMULSION PAINT

BATHROOM

200 x 200 x 10mm

FULLY VITRIFIED

CERAMIC FLOOR

TILES ON 15mm

THK.

WATERPROOF

CEMENT SAND

SCREED

-

25mm THK.

INTERNAL

WALL

PLASTER ON

ANTI-FUNGI

EMULSION

PAINT

10mm THK.

INTERNAL

CEILING PLASTER

ON ANTI-FUNGI

EMULSION PAINT

CORRIDOR

100 X 100 X 15mm

THK. ARTIFICIAL

GRANITE TILE ON

10mm THK.

CEMENT SAND

SCREED

-

25mm THK.

INTERNAL

WALL

PLASTER ON

POLYURETHA

NE SPRAYED

TEXTURED

PAINT

10mm THK.

INTERNAL

CEILING PLASTER

ON ANTI-FUNGI

EMULSION PAINT

KITCHEN

200 x 200 x 10mm

FULLY VITRIFIED

CERAMIC FLOOR

TILES ON 15mm

THK.

WATERPROOF

CEMENT SAND

SCREED

-

25mm THK.

INTERNAL

WALL

PLASTER ON

ANTI-FUNGI

EMULSION

PAINT

10mm THK.

INTERNAL

CEILING PLASTER

ON ANTI-FUNGI

EMULSION PAINT

SCHEDULE OF FINISHES

LOCATION FLOOR SKIRTING WALL CEILING

STAIRCASE

100 X 100 X 15mm

THK. ARTIFICIAL

GRANITE TILE ON

10mm THK.

CEMENT SAND

SCREED

-

20mm THK.

INTERNAL

WALL

PLASTER ON

POLYURETHA

NE SPRAYED

TEXTURED

PAINT

10mm THK.

INTERNAL

CEILING PLASTER

ON ANTI-FUNGI

EMULSION PAINT

PUMP ROOM

50mm THK.

CEMENT SAND

SCREED WITH

HARDENING

AGENT

-

15mm THK.

INTERNAL

WALL

PLASTER ON

ANTI-FUNGI

EMULSION

PAINT

10mm THK.

INTERNAL

CEILING PLASTER

ON ANTI-FUNGI

EMULSION PAINT

EXTERNAL - -

15mm THK.

EXTERNAL

WALL

RENDERING

ON EPOXY

PAINT

-

SCHEDULE OF FINISHES (CONT'D)

Finishes Ref. No.Finishes Ref. No.Finishes Ref. No.Finishes Ref. No. MaterialsMaterialsMaterialsMaterials

Floor Finishes

F1 500 x 500 x 10mm THK. CARPET TILES ON 40mm THK. CEMENT SAND SCREED

F2 200 x 200 x 10mm FULLY VITRIFIED CERAMIC FLOOR TILES ON 15mm THK. WATERPROOF CEMENT SAND SCREED

F3 100 X 100 X 15mm THK. ARTIFICIAL GRANITE TILE ON 10mm THK. CEMENT SAND SCREED

F4 100 X 100 X 15mm THK. ARTIFICIAL GRANITE TILE ON 10mm THK. CEMENT SAND SCREED ON LANDING

F5 100 X 100 X 15mm THK. ARTIFICIAL GRANITE TILE ON 10mm THK. CEMENT SAND SCREED ON RISER

F6 100 X 100 X 15mm THK. ARTIFICIAL GRANITE TILE ON 10mm THK. CEMENT SAND SCREED ON TREAD

F7 50mm THK. CEMENT SAND SCREED WITH HARDENING AGENT

Skirting Finishes

S1 100mm HIGH 12mm THK. HARDWOOD SYNTHETIC PAINT FINISH ON 10mm THK. CEMENT SAND PLASTER

Wall Finishes

W1 15mm THK. INTERNAL WALL PLASTER ON ANTI-FUNGI EMULSION PAINT

W2 25mm THK. INTERNAL WALL PLASTER ON ANTI-FUNGI EMULSION PAINT

W3 25mm THK. INTERNAL WALL PLASTER ON POLYURETHANE SPRAYED TEXTURED PAINT

W4 20mm THK. INTERNAL WALL PLASTER ON POLYURETHANE SPRAYED TEXTURED PAINT

W5 15mm THK. EXTERNAL WALL RENDERING ON EPOXY PAINT

Ceiling Finishes

C1 10mm THK. INTERNAL CEILING PLASTER ON ANTI-FUNGI EMULSION PAINT

Others

SP1 Spatterdash

Summary of FinishesSummary of FinishesSummary of FinishesSummary of Finishes

APPENDIX 2:

Typical floor plan of the studied

building information model

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Elevations of the studied

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APPENDIX 4:

3D view of the studied building information model

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APPENDIX 5:

Schedules generated from

Autodesk Revit Architecture

Material: NameMaterial: NameMaterial: NameMaterial: Name LevelLevelLevelLevel Height Offset From LevelHeight Offset From LevelHeight Offset From LevelHeight Offset From Level Material: AreaMaterial: AreaMaterial: AreaMaterial: Area UnitUnitUnitUnit

C1 & SP1C1 & SP1C1 & SP1C1 & SP1

C1 & SP1 F2 2700 2.23 M2

C1 & SP1 F2 2700 2.04 M2

C1 & SP1 F2 2700 11.44 M2

C1 & SP1 F2 2700 2.23 M2

C1 & SP1 F2 2700 32.69 M2

C1 & SP1 F2 2700 9.34 M2

C1 & SP1 F2 2700 3.4 M2

C1 & SP1 F2 2700 3.4 M2

C1 & SP1 F2 2700 35.66 M2

C1 & SP1 F2 2700 17.47 M2

C1 & SP1C1 & SP1C1 & SP1C1 & SP1 119.9119.9119.9119.9 M2M2M2M2

Ceiling Material Takeoff ScheduleCeiling Material Takeoff ScheduleCeiling Material Takeoff ScheduleCeiling Material Takeoff Schedule

10mm THK. INTERNAL CEILING PLASTER ON ANTI-FUNGI EMULSION PAINT & 10mm THK. INTERNAL CEILING PLASTER ON ANTI-FUNGI EMULSION PAINT & 10mm THK. INTERNAL CEILING PLASTER ON ANTI-FUNGI EMULSION PAINT & 10mm THK. INTERNAL CEILING PLASTER ON ANTI-FUNGI EMULSION PAINT &

SPATTERDASHSPATTERDASHSPATTERDASHSPATTERDASH

Material: NameMaterial: NameMaterial: NameMaterial: Name LevelLevelLevelLevel Height Offset From LevelHeight Offset From LevelHeight Offset From LevelHeight Offset From Level Material: AreaMaterial: AreaMaterial: AreaMaterial: Area UnitUnitUnitUnit

F1F1F1F1

500 x 500 x 10mm THK. CARPET TILES ON 40mm THK. CEMENT SAND SCREED500 x 500 x 10mm THK. CARPET TILES ON 40mm THK. CEMENT SAND SCREED500 x 500 x 10mm THK. CARPET TILES ON 40mm THK. CEMENT SAND SCREED500 x 500 x 10mm THK. CARPET TILES ON 40mm THK. CEMENT SAND SCREED

F1 F2 225 72.09 M2

F1F1F1F1 72.0972.0972.0972.09 M2M2M2M2

F2F2F2F2

F2 F2 225 21.04 M2

F2F2F2F2 21.0421.0421.0421.04 M2M2M2M2

F3F3F3F3

F3 F2 225 17.47 M2

F3F3F3F3 17.4717.4717.4717.47 M2M2M2M2

F7F7F7F7

50mm THK. CEMENT SAND SCREED WITH HARDENING AGENT50mm THK. CEMENT SAND SCREED WITH HARDENING AGENT50mm THK. CEMENT SAND SCREED WITH HARDENING AGENT50mm THK. CEMENT SAND SCREED WITH HARDENING AGENT

F7 F2 225 2.99 M2

F7F7F7F7 2.992.992.992.99 M2M2M2M2

Floor Material Takeoff ScheduleFloor Material Takeoff ScheduleFloor Material Takeoff ScheduleFloor Material Takeoff Schedule

200 x 200 x 10mm FULLY VITRIFIED CERAMIC FLOOR TILES ON 15mm THK. 200 x 200 x 10mm FULLY VITRIFIED CERAMIC FLOOR TILES ON 15mm THK. 200 x 200 x 10mm FULLY VITRIFIED CERAMIC FLOOR TILES ON 15mm THK. 200 x 200 x 10mm FULLY VITRIFIED CERAMIC FLOOR TILES ON 15mm THK.

WATERPROOF CEMENT SAND SCREED WATERPROOF CEMENT SAND SCREED WATERPROOF CEMENT SAND SCREED WATERPROOF CEMENT SAND SCREED

100 X 100 X 15mm THK. ARTIFICIAL GRANITE TILE ON 10mm THK. CEMENT SAND 100 X 100 X 15mm THK. ARTIFICIAL GRANITE TILE ON 10mm THK. CEMENT SAND 100 X 100 X 15mm THK. ARTIFICIAL GRANITE TILE ON 10mm THK. CEMENT SAND 100 X 100 X 15mm THK. ARTIFICIAL GRANITE TILE ON 10mm THK. CEMENT SAND

SCREEDSCREEDSCREEDSCREED

Material: NameMaterial: NameMaterial: NameMaterial: Name Material: AreaMaterial: AreaMaterial: AreaMaterial: Area UnitUnitUnitUnit

W1 & SP1W1 & SP1W1 & SP1W1 & SP1

W1 & SP1 11.56 M2

W1 & SP1 4.48 M2

W1 & SP1 1.65 M2

W1 & SP1 2.29 M2

W1 & SP1 0.39 M2

W1 & SP1 2.6 M2

W1 & SP1 2.63 M2

W1 & SP1 23.74 M2

W1 & SP1 4.75 M2

W1 & SP1 1.77 M2

W1 & SP1 2.29 M2

W1 & SP1 0.39 M2

W1 & SP1 1.64 M2

W1 & SP1 0.22 M2

W1 & SP1 2.63 M2

W1 & SP1 12.43 M2

W1 & SP1 13.69 M2

W1 & SP1 7.39 M2

W1 & SP1 2.6 M2

W1 & SP1 1.95 M2

W1 & SP1 2.71 M2

W1 & SP1 9.45 M2

W1 & SP1 4.69 M2

W1 & SP1 5.02 M2

W1 & SP1 6.66 M2

W1 & SP1 2.57 M2

W1 & SP1 2.46 M2

W1 & SP1 1.62 M2

W1 & SP1 5.13 M2

W1 & SP1 5.67 M2

W1 & SP1 1.15 M2

W1 & SP1 5.31 M2

W1 & SP1 16.74 M2

W1 & SP1 2.58 M2

W1 & SP1 5.46 M2

W1 & SP1 1.39 M2

W1 & SP1 4.25 M2

W1 & SP1 9.46 M2

Wall Material Takeoff ScheduleWall Material Takeoff ScheduleWall Material Takeoff ScheduleWall Material Takeoff Schedule

15mm THK. INTERNAL WALL PLASTER ON ANTI-FUNGI EMULSION 15mm THK. INTERNAL WALL PLASTER ON ANTI-FUNGI EMULSION 15mm THK. INTERNAL WALL PLASTER ON ANTI-FUNGI EMULSION 15mm THK. INTERNAL WALL PLASTER ON ANTI-FUNGI EMULSION

PAINT & SPATTERDASHPAINT & SPATTERDASHPAINT & SPATTERDASHPAINT & SPATTERDASH

Material: NameMaterial: NameMaterial: NameMaterial: Name Material: AreaMaterial: AreaMaterial: AreaMaterial: Area

W1 & SP1 (Cont'd)W1 & SP1 (Cont'd)W1 & SP1 (Cont'd)W1 & SP1 (Cont'd)

W1 & SP1 2.19 M2

W1 & SP1 1.95 M2

W1 & SP1W1 & SP1W1 & SP1W1 & SP1 197.55197.55197.55197.55 M2M2M2M2

W2 & SP1W2 & SP1W2 & SP1W2 & SP1

W2 & SP1 4.43 M2

W2 & SP1 2.54 M2

W2 & SP1 2.54 M2

W2 & SP1 4.2 M2

W2 & SP1 8.65 M2

W2 & SP1 8.65 M2

W2 & SP1 5.24 M2

W2 & SP1 5 M2

W2 & SP1 1.85 M2

W2 & SP1 3.36 M2

W2 & SP1 5.81 M2

W2 & SP1 5.24 M2

W2 & SP1 5.47 M2

W2 & SP1 3.55 M2

W2 & SP1 2.12 M2

W2 & SP1 4.46 M2

W2 & SP1 5.4 M2

W2 & SP1 5.54 M2

W2 & SP1 1.68 M2

W2 & SP1 2.36 M2

W2 & SP1 1.68 M2

W2 & SP1 2.36 M2

W2 & SP1 2.92 M2

W2 & SP1 8.1 M2

W2 & SP1 3.55 M2

W2 & SP1 8.1 M2

W2 & SP1 2.92 M2

W2 & SP1 3.55 M2


Wall Material Takeoff Schedule (Cont'd)Wall Material Takeoff Schedule (Cont'd)Wall Material Takeoff Schedule (Cont'd)Wall Material Takeoff Schedule (Cont'd)






W3 & SP1W3 & SP1W3 & SP1W3 & SP1

W3 & SP1 5.8 M2

W3 & SP1 1.15 M2

W3 & SP1 5.54 M2

W3 & SP1 2.66 M2

W3 & SP1 1.89 M2

W3 & SP1 5.5 M2

W3 & SP1 2.19 M2

W3 & SP1 1.32 M2

W3 & SP1 6.34 M2

W3 & SP1 5.53 M2

W3 & SP1 2.66 M2

W3 & SP1 4.1 M2

W3 & SP1 4.91 M2

W3 & SP1 4.91 M2

W3 & SP1 3.64 M2

W3 & SP1: 15W3 & SP1: 15W3 & SP1: 15W3 & SP1: 15 58.1758.1758.1758.17 M2M2M2M2

W4 & SP1W4 & SP1W4 & SP1W4 & SP1

W4 & SP1 16.54 M2

W4 & SP1 4.12 M2

W4 & SP1 5.5 M2

W4 & SP1 7.43 M2

W4 & SP1 2.36 M2

W4 & SP1 7.43 M2

W4 & SP1 16.54 M2

W4 & SP1: W4 & SP1: W4 & SP1: W4 & SP1: 59.9259.9259.9259.92 M2M2M2M2

W5 & SP1W5 & SP1W5 & SP1W5 & SP1

15mm THK. EXTERNAL WALL RENDERING ON EPOXY PAINT & SPATTERDASH15mm THK. EXTERNAL WALL RENDERING ON EPOXY PAINT & SPATTERDASH15mm THK. EXTERNAL WALL RENDERING ON EPOXY PAINT & SPATTERDASH15mm THK. EXTERNAL WALL RENDERING ON EPOXY PAINT & SPATTERDASH

W5 & SP1 0.54 M2

W5 & SP1 2.88 M2

W5 & SP1 3.32 M2

W5 & SP1 4.12 M2

W5 & SP1 3.46 M2

W5 & SP1 5.4 M2

W5 & SP1 3.71 M2

W5 & SP1 7.58 M2


25mm THK. INTERNAL WALL PLASTER ON POLYURETHANE 25mm THK. INTERNAL WALL PLASTER ON POLYURETHANE 25mm THK. INTERNAL WALL PLASTER ON POLYURETHANE 25mm THK. INTERNAL WALL PLASTER ON POLYURETHANE

SPRAYED TEXTURED PAINT & SPATTERDASHSPRAYED TEXTURED PAINT & SPATTERDASHSPRAYED TEXTURED PAINT & SPATTERDASHSPRAYED TEXTURED PAINT & SPATTERDASH

20mm THK. INTERNAL WALL PLASTER ON POLYURETHANE 20mm THK. INTERNAL WALL PLASTER ON POLYURETHANE 20mm THK. INTERNAL WALL PLASTER ON POLYURETHANE 20mm THK. INTERNAL WALL PLASTER ON POLYURETHANE

SPRAYED TEXTURED PAINT & SPATTERDASHSPRAYED TEXTURED PAINT & SPATTERDASHSPRAYED TEXTURED PAINT & SPATTERDASHSPRAYED TEXTURED PAINT & SPATTERDASH


W5 & SP1 (Cont'd)W5 & SP1 (Cont'd)W5 & SP1 (Cont'd)W5 & SP1 (Cont'd)

15mm THK. EXTERNAL WALL RENDERING ON EPOXY PAINT & SPATTERDASH15mm THK. EXTERNAL WALL RENDERING ON EPOXY PAINT & SPATTERDASH15mm THK. EXTERNAL WALL RENDERING ON EPOXY PAINT & SPATTERDASH15mm THK. EXTERNAL WALL RENDERING ON EPOXY PAINT & SPATTERDASH

W5 & SP1 15.13 M2

W5 & SP1 2.33 M2

W5 & SP1 2.44 M2

W5 & SP1 2.17 M2

W5 & SP1 1.85 M2

W5 & SP1 2.33 M2

W5 & SP1 15.18 M2

W5 & SP1 2.44 M2

W5 & SP1 2.17 M2

W5 & SP1 2.31 M2

W5 & SP1 4.45 M2

W5 & SP1 4.1 M2

W5 & SP1 11.06 M2

W5 & SP1 3.35 M2

W5 & SP1 2.92 M2

W5 & SP1 5.15 M2

W5 & SP1 3.55 M2

W5 & SP1 10.48 M2

W5 & SP1 2.88 M2

W5 & SP1 2.92 M2

W5 & SP1 5.15 M2

W5 & SP1 3.55 M2

W5 & SP1 3.64 M2



MaterialMaterialMaterialMaterial LengthLengthLengthLength UnitUnitUnitUnit

S1S1S1S1

S1 760 MM

S1 1290 MM

S1 7780 MM

S1 5430 MM

S1 315 MM

S1 4010 MM

S1 21970 MM

S1 26235 MM

S1 2435 MM

S1: 9S1: 9S1: 9S1: 9 70225702257022570225 MMMMMMMM

100mm HIGH 12mm THK. HARDWOOD SYNTHETIC PAINT FINISH 100mm HIGH 12mm THK. HARDWOOD SYNTHETIC PAINT FINISH 100mm HIGH 12mm THK. HARDWOOD SYNTHETIC PAINT FINISH 100mm HIGH 12mm THK. HARDWOOD SYNTHETIC PAINT FINISH

ON 10mm THK. CEMENT SAND PLASTERON 10mm THK. CEMENT SAND PLASTERON 10mm THK. CEMENT SAND PLASTERON 10mm THK. CEMENT SAND PLASTER

Wall Sweep ScheduleWall Sweep ScheduleWall Sweep ScheduleWall Sweep Schedule

Material: NameMaterial: NameMaterial: NameMaterial: Name Base LevelBase LevelBase LevelBase Level Top LevelTop LevelTop LevelTop Level Actual Number of RiserActual Number of RiserActual Number of RiserActual Number of Riser Actual Riser HeightActual Riser HeightActual Riser HeightActual Riser Height Minimum Tread DepthMinimum Tread DepthMinimum Tread DepthMinimum Tread Depth WidthWidthWidthWidth Material: AreaMaterial: AreaMaterial: AreaMaterial: Area UnitUnitUnitUnit

F4F4F4F4

100 X 100 X 15mm THK. ARTIFICIAL GRANITE TILE ON 10mm THK. CEMENT SAND SCREED ON LANDING100 X 100 X 15mm THK. ARTIFICIAL GRANITE TILE ON 10mm THK. CEMENT SAND SCREED ON LANDING100 X 100 X 15mm THK. ARTIFICIAL GRANITE TILE ON 10mm THK. CEMENT SAND SCREED ON LANDING100 X 100 X 15mm THK. ARTIFICIAL GRANITE TILE ON 10mm THK. CEMENT SAND SCREED ON LANDING

F4 F2 F3 15 155 225 1200 9.71 M2

F4: 1F4: 1F4: 1F4: 1 9.719.719.719.71 M2M2M2M2

F5F5F5F5

100 X 100 X 15mm THK. ARTIFICIAL GRANITE TILE ON 10mm THK. CEMENT SAND SCREED ON RISER100 X 100 X 15mm THK. ARTIFICIAL GRANITE TILE ON 10mm THK. CEMENT SAND SCREED ON RISER100 X 100 X 15mm THK. ARTIFICIAL GRANITE TILE ON 10mm THK. CEMENT SAND SCREED ON RISER100 X 100 X 15mm THK. ARTIFICIAL GRANITE TILE ON 10mm THK. CEMENT SAND SCREED ON RISER

F5 F2 F3 15 155 225 1200 2.78 M2

F5: 1F5: 1F5: 1F5: 1 2.782.782.782.78 M2M2M2M2

F6F6F6F6

100 X 100 X 15mm THK. ARTIFICIAL GRANITE TILE ON 10mm THK. CEMENT SAND SCREED ON TREAD100 X 100 X 15mm THK. ARTIFICIAL GRANITE TILE ON 10mm THK. CEMENT SAND SCREED ON TREAD100 X 100 X 15mm THK. ARTIFICIAL GRANITE TILE ON 10mm THK. CEMENT SAND SCREED ON TREAD100 X 100 X 15mm THK. ARTIFICIAL GRANITE TILE ON 10mm THK. CEMENT SAND SCREED ON TREAD

F6 F2 F3 15 155 225 1200 3.78 M2

F6: 1F6: 1F6: 1F6: 1 3.783.783.783.78 M2M2M2M2

Stairs Material TakeoffStairs Material TakeoffStairs Material TakeoffStairs Material Takeoff

Family and TypeFamily and TypeFamily and TypeFamily and Type LengthLengthLengthLength UnitUnitUnitUnit

Railing: 1100mm 4497 MM

4497449744974497 MMMMMMMM

Railings; tubing; 75mm nominal boreRailings; tubing; 75mm nominal boreRailings; tubing; 75mm nominal boreRailings; tubing; 75mm nominal bore

Railing: Mounted Pipe Handrail 900mmV 9171 MM

9171917191719171 MMMMMMMM

Railing Schedule

Handrails; tubing; 40mm nominal boreHandrails; tubing; 40mm nominal boreHandrails; tubing; 40mm nominal boreHandrails; tubing; 40mm nominal bore

Family and TypeFamily and TypeFamily and TypeFamily and Type LevelLevelLevelLevel HeightHeightHeightHeight ThicknessThicknessThicknessThickness WidthWidthWidthWidth CountCountCountCount

Single leaf flush door:800W x2100HSingle leaf flush door:800W x2100HSingle leaf flush door:800W x2100HSingle leaf flush door:800W x2100H

Single leaf flush door:800W x2100H F2 2100 40 800 1

1111



1111




2222

Single leaf flush door: 900W x2100HSingle leaf flush door: 900W x2100HSingle leaf flush door: 900W x2100HSingle leaf flush door: 900W x2100H

Single leaf flush door: 900W x2100H F2 2100 40 900 1


Single leaf flush door: 900W x2100H F2 2100 40 900 1


4444






4444




2222

Door ScheduleDoor ScheduleDoor ScheduleDoor Schedule

Material: NameMaterial: NameMaterial: NameMaterial: Name Family and TypeFamily and TypeFamily and TypeFamily and Type LevelLevelLevelLevel ThicknessThicknessThicknessThickness CountCountCountCount

Door frames; fixing with expanding anchor bolts and galvanized steel plate holdfast; pelletingDoor frames; fixing with expanding anchor bolts and galvanized steel plate holdfast; pelletingDoor frames; fixing with expanding anchor bolts and galvanized steel plate holdfast; pelletingDoor frames; fixing with expanding anchor bolts and galvanized steel plate holdfast; pelleting

65 x 115mm; rebated head and jambs; to suit doors 800

x 2100 high overall; 25 x 100 sawn hardwood groundsSinger leaf flush door: 800W x2100H F2 40 1

1111

65 x 130mm; rebated head and jambs; to suit doors 850 x

2100 high overall; 25 x 100 sawn hardwood groundsSinger leaf flush door: 850W x2100H F2 40 1

1111





2222









65 x 130mm; rebated head and jambs; to suit doors 900 x 2100 high overall; 25 x 100 sawn hardwood grounds65 x 130mm; rebated head and jambs; to suit doors 900 x 2100 high overall; 25 x 100 sawn hardwood grounds65 x 130mm; rebated head and jambs; to suit doors 900 x 2100 high overall; 25 x 100 sawn hardwood grounds65 x 130mm; rebated head and jambs; to suit doors 900 x 2100 high overall; 25 x 100 sawn hardwood grounds

Door Material Takeoff Schedule (Door frame)Door Material Takeoff Schedule (Door frame)Door Material Takeoff Schedule (Door frame)Door Material Takeoff Schedule (Door frame)




Material: NameMaterial: NameMaterial: NameMaterial: Name Family and TypeFamily and TypeFamily and TypeFamily and Type LevelLevelLevelLevel ThicknessThicknessThicknessThickness CountCountCountCount

Door frames; fixing with expanding anchor bolts and galvanized steel plate holdfast; pelletingDoor frames; fixing with expanding anchor bolts and galvanized steel plate holdfast; pelletingDoor frames; fixing with expanding anchor bolts and galvanized steel plate holdfast; pelletingDoor frames; fixing with expanding anchor bolts and galvanized steel plate holdfast; pelleting









4444

65 x 130mm; rebated head and jambs; to suit doors

1045 x 2100 high overall; 25 x 100 sawn hardwood

grounds

Single leaf flush door: 1045W x2100H F2 40 1

65 x 130mm; rebated head and jambs; to suit doors

1045 x 2100 high overall; 25 x 100 sawn hardwood

grounds

Single leaf flush door: 1045W x2100H F2 40 1

2222



Door Material Takeoff Schedule (Door frame) (Cont'd)Door Material Takeoff Schedule (Door frame) (Cont'd)Door Material Takeoff Schedule (Door frame) (Cont'd)Door Material Takeoff Schedule (Door frame) (Cont'd)

Type MarkType MarkType MarkType Mark Family and TypeFamily and TypeFamily and TypeFamily and Type Material: NameMaterial: NameMaterial: NameMaterial: Name LevelLevelLevelLevel HeightHeightHeightHeight ThicknessThicknessThicknessThickness CountCountCountCount

Singer Leaf Flush Door: 850W x2100HSinger Leaf Flush Door: 850W x2100HSinger Leaf Flush Door: 850W x2100HSinger Leaf Flush Door: 850W x2100H

D26 Singer Leaf Flush Door: 850W x2100H Door Panel F2 2100 40 1

Singer Leaf Flush Door: 850W x2100HSinger Leaf Flush Door: 850W x2100HSinger Leaf Flush Door: 850W x2100HSinger Leaf Flush Door: 850W x2100H 1111








D22 Singer Leaf Flush Doorr: 900W x2100H Door Panel F2 2100 40 1













Door Material Takeoff Schedule (Door Panel)Door Material Takeoff Schedule (Door Panel)Door Material Takeoff Schedule (Door Panel)Door Material Takeoff Schedule (Door Panel)

Family and TypeFamily and TypeFamily and TypeFamily and Type LevelLevelLevelLevel Sill HeightSill HeightSill HeightSill Height Head HeightHead HeightHead HeightHead Height HeightHeightHeightHeight WidthWidthWidthWidth CountCountCountCount

WIN1: 1950x1775mmWIN1: 1950x1775mmWIN1: 1950x1775mmWIN1: 1950x1775mm

WIN1: 1950x1775mm F2 650 2425 1775 1950 1

WIN1: 1950x1775mm F2 650 2425 1775 1950 1

WIN1: 1950x1775mmWIN1: 1950x1775mmWIN1: 1950x1775mmWIN1: 1950x1775mm 2222


WIN2: 445x1370mm F2 1280 2650 1370 445 1

WIN2: 445x1370mm F2 1280 2650 1370 445 1

WIN2: 445x1370mm F2 770 2140 1370 445 1

WIN2: 445x1370mm F2 770 2140 1370 445 1



WIN2: 500x1370mm F2 1280 2650 1370 500 1

WIN2: 500x1370mm F2 1280 2650 1370 500 1



WIN3: 1350x1460mm F2 770 2230 1460 1350 1



WIN4: 835x1355mm F2 1080 2435 1355 835 1

WIN4: 835x1355mm F2 1080 2435 1355 835 1



WIN4: 835x1580mm F2 730 2310 1580 835 1

WIN4: 835x1580mm F2 730 2310 1580 835 1



WIN6: 1750x1500mm F2 1000 2500 1500 1750 1


WIN7: 1820x1775mm 2WIN7: 1820x1775mm 2WIN7: 1820x1775mm 2WIN7: 1820x1775mm 2

WIN7: 1820x1775mm 2 F2 650 2425 1775 1820 1

WIN7: 1820x1775mm 2 F2 650 2425 1775 1820 1

WIN7: 1820x1775mm 2WIN7: 1820x1775mm 2WIN7: 1820x1775mm 2WIN7: 1820x1775mm 2 2222


WIN7: 1950x1775mm 2 F2 650 2425 1775 1950 1


Window ScheduleWindow ScheduleWindow ScheduleWindow Schedule

Family and TypeFamily and TypeFamily and TypeFamily and Type LevelLevelLevelLevel Sill HeightSill HeightSill HeightSill Height Head HeightHead HeightHead HeightHead Height HeightHeightHeightHeight WidthWidthWidthWidth CountCountCountCount


WIN7: 2050x1775mm 2 F2 650 2425 1775 2050 1

WIN7: 2050x1775mm 2 F2 650 2425 1775 2050 1


Window ScheduleWindow ScheduleWindow ScheduleWindow Schedule

Family and TypeFamily and TypeFamily and TypeFamily and Type Material: NameMaterial: NameMaterial: NameMaterial: Name LevelLevelLevelLevelHead Head Head Head

HeightHeightHeightHeightSill HeightSill HeightSill HeightSill Height HeightHeightHeightHeight WidthWidthWidthWidth Material: AreaMaterial: AreaMaterial: AreaMaterial: Area UnitUnitUnitUnit

CLEAR FLOAT GLASSCLEAR FLOAT GLASSCLEAR FLOAT GLASSCLEAR FLOAT GLASS

panes 0.15 - 4.00 m2panes 0.15 - 4.00 m2panes 0.15 - 4.00 m2panes 0.15 - 4.00 m2

WIN2: 445x1370mm

6mm thick ; to metal with metal beads or mouldings

and approved proprietary brand non-setting

compound

F2 2650 1280 1370 445 1.1 M2

WIN2: 445x1370mm



compound

F2 2650 1280 1370 445 1.1 M2

WIN2: 445x1370mm



compound

F2 2140 770 1370 445 1.1 M2

WIN2: 445x1370mm



compound

F2 2140 770 1370 445 1.1 M2

WIN2: 500x1370mm



compound

F2 2650 1280 1370 500 1.25 M2

WIN2: 500x1370mm



compound

F2 2650 1280 1370 500 1.25 M2

WIN4: 835x1355mm



compound

F2 2435 1080 1355 835 2.17 M2

WIN4: 835x1355mm



compound

F2 2435 1080 1355 835 2.17 M2

WIN4: 835x1580mm



compound

F2 2310 730 1580 835 2.54 M2

WIN4: 835x1580mm



compound

F2 2310 730 1580 835 2.54 M2

WIN3: 1350x1460mm



compound

F2 2230 770 1460 1350 3.81 M2

panes 0.15 - 4.00 m2panes 0.15 - 4.00 m2panes 0.15 - 4.00 m2panes 0.15 - 4.00 m2 20.1320.1320.1320.13 M2M2M2M2

panes exceeding 4.00m2panes exceeding 4.00m2panes exceeding 4.00m2panes exceeding 4.00m2

WIN7: 1820x1775mm 2



compound

F2 2425 650 1775 1820 4.37 M2

WIN7: 1820x1775mm 2



compound

F2 2425 650 1775 1820 4.37 M2

WIN1: 1950x1775mm



compound

F2 2425 650 1775 1950 4.65 M2

WIN1: 1950x1775mm



compound

F2 2425 650 1775 1950 4.65 M2

WIN7: 1950x1775mm 2



compound

F2 2425 650 1775 1950 4.65 M2

WIN7: 2050x1775mm 2



compound

F2 2425 650 1775 2050 4.87 M2

panes exceeding 4.00m2panes exceeding 4.00m2panes exceeding 4.00m2panes exceeding 4.00m2

WIN7: 2050x1775mm 2



compound

F2 2425 650 1775 2050 4.87 M2

WIN6: 1750x1500mm



compound

F2 2500 1000 1500 1750 5.35 M2

panes exceeding 4.00m2panes exceeding 4.00m2panes exceeding 4.00m2panes exceeding 4.00m2 37.7837.7837.7837.78 M2M2M2M2

Window Material Takeoff Schedule (Glazing)Window Material Takeoff Schedule (Glazing)Window Material Takeoff Schedule (Glazing)Window Material Takeoff Schedule (Glazing)

Family and TypeFamily and TypeFamily and TypeFamily and Type Material: NameMaterial: NameMaterial: NameMaterial: Name LevelLevelLevelLevel Head HeightHead HeightHead HeightHead Height Sill HeightSill HeightSill HeightSill Height HeightHeightHeightHeight WidthWidthWidthWidth CountCountCountCount


WIN1: 1950x1775mm 1950 x 1775 mm high overall; 2 side hung opening lights F2 2425 650 1775 1950 1




















Window Material Takeoff Schedule (Steel and Metal Works)Window Material Takeoff Schedule (Steel and Metal Works)Window Material Takeoff Schedule (Steel and Metal Works)Window Material Takeoff Schedule (Steel and Metal Works)

Family and TypeFamily and TypeFamily and TypeFamily and Type Material: NameMaterial: NameMaterial: NameMaterial: Name LevelLevelLevelLevel Head HeightHead HeightHead HeightHead Height Sill HeightSill HeightSill HeightSill Height HeightHeightHeightHeight WidthWidthWidthWidth CountCountCountCount


WIN4: 835x1580mm F2 2310 730 1580 835 1







WIN7: 1820x1775mm 2 1820 x 1775 mm high overall; 2 side hung opening lights F2 2425 650 1775 1820 1










Window Material Takeoff Schedule (Steel and Metal Works) (Cont'd)Window Material Takeoff Schedule (Steel and Metal Works) (Cont'd)Window Material Takeoff Schedule (Steel and Metal Works) (Cont'd)Window Material Takeoff Schedule (Steel and Metal Works) (Cont'd)

Family and TypeFamily and TypeFamily and TypeFamily and Type LevelLevelLevelLevel CountCountCountCount

Cooking Bench_1b: 1/2PCooking Bench_1b: 1/2PCooking Bench_1b: 1/2PCooking Bench_1b: 1/2P

Cooking Bench_1b: 1/2P F2 1

Cooking Bench_1b: 1/2P F2 1

Cooking Bench_1b: 1/2PCooking Bench_1b: 1/2PCooking Bench_1b: 1/2PCooking Bench_1b: 1/2P 2222

Cooking Bench_1p: 1/2PCooking Bench_1p: 1/2PCooking Bench_1p: 1/2PCooking Bench_1p: 1/2P

Cooking Bench_1p: 1/2P F2 1

Cooking Bench_1p: 1/2P F2 1

Cooking Bench_1p: 1/2PCooking Bench_1p: 1/2PCooking Bench_1p: 1/2PCooking Bench_1p: 1/2P 2222

Laundry Rack 1B2B: Laundry Rack 1B2BLaundry Rack 1B2B: Laundry Rack 1B2BLaundry Rack 1B2B: Laundry Rack 1B2BLaundry Rack 1B2B: Laundry Rack 1B2B

Laundry Rack 1B2B: Laundry Rack 1B2B F2 1

Laundry Rack 1B2B: Laundry Rack 1B2B F2 1

Laundry Rack 1B2B: Laundry Rack 1B2BLaundry Rack 1B2B: Laundry Rack 1B2BLaundry Rack 1B2B: Laundry Rack 1B2BLaundry Rack 1B2B: Laundry Rack 1B2B 2222

Non-slip Tactile: 300 x 300 x 8mm thick non-slip cermaic tactile Non-slip Tactile: 300 x 300 x 8mm thick non-slip cermaic tactile Non-slip Tactile: 300 x 300 x 8mm thick non-slip cermaic tactile Non-slip Tactile: 300 x 300 x 8mm thick non-slip cermaic tactile

on 17mm thick cement / sand screedon 17mm thick cement / sand screedon 17mm thick cement / sand screedon 17mm thick cement / sand screed

Non-slip Tactile: 300 x 300 x 8mm thick non-slip cermaic tactile

on 17mm thick cement / sand screedF2 1





Non-slip Tactile: 300 x 300 x 8mm thick non-slip cermaic tactile Non-slip Tactile: 300 x 300 x 8mm thick non-slip cermaic tactile Non-slip Tactile: 300 x 300 x 8mm thick non-slip cermaic tactile Non-slip Tactile: 300 x 300 x 8mm thick non-slip cermaic tactile

on 17mm thick cement / sand screedon 17mm thick cement / sand screedon 17mm thick cement / sand screedon 17mm thick cement / sand screed3333

Sink Unit and Tap: 1/2PSink Unit and Tap: 1/2PSink Unit and Tap: 1/2PSink Unit and Tap: 1/2P

Sink Unit and Tap: 1/2P F2 1




Sink Unit and Tap: 1/2PSink Unit and Tap: 1/2PSink Unit and Tap: 1/2PSink Unit and Tap: 1/2P 4444

Water Heater: Water HeaterWater Heater: Water HeaterWater Heater: Water HeaterWater Heater: Water Heater

Water Heater: Water Heater F2 1




Water Heater: Water HeaterWater Heater: Water HeaterWater Heater: Water HeaterWater Heater: Water Heater 4444

Generic Model Material Takeoff ScheduleGeneric Model Material Takeoff ScheduleGeneric Model Material Takeoff ScheduleGeneric Model Material Takeoff Schedule

Family and TypeFamily and TypeFamily and TypeFamily and Type LevelLevelLevelLevel CountCountCountCount

Bath Tub: 800x800mmBath Tub: 800x800mmBath Tub: 800x800mmBath Tub: 800x800mm

Bath Tub: 800x800mm F2 1


Bath Tub: 800x800mmBath Tub: 800x800mmBath Tub: 800x800mmBath Tub: 800x800mm 2222

Bath Tub: 850x890mmBath Tub: 850x890mmBath Tub: 850x890mmBath Tub: 850x890mm



Bath Tub: 850x890mmBath Tub: 850x890mmBath Tub: 850x890mmBath Tub: 850x890mm 2222

Sink: 520 x 410mmSink: 520 x 410mmSink: 520 x 410mmSink: 520 x 410mm

Sink: 520 x 410mm F2 1

Sink: 520 x 410mm F2 1

Sink: 520 x 410mm F2 1

Sink: 520 x 410mm F2 1

Sink: 520 x 410mmSink: 520 x 410mmSink: 520 x 410mmSink: 520 x 410mm 4444

Water Closet: Water ClosetWater Closet: Water ClosetWater Closet: Water ClosetWater Closet: Water Closet

Water Closet: Water Closet F2 1




Water Closet: Water ClosetWater Closet: Water ClosetWater Closet: Water ClosetWater Closet: Water Closet 4444

Plumbing Fixture SchedulePlumbing Fixture SchedulePlumbing Fixture SchedulePlumbing Fixture Schedule

APPENDIX 6:

Schedule generated from Exactal’s CostX

Elemental Summary

Code Description % BC Cost/m2 Quantity Unit Rate SubTotal Factor Total

Project: Default ProjectBuilding: Building 1

Details: estimate

Ceiling finishesC1 &SP1 10mm THK. INTERNALCEILING PLASTER ONANTI-FUNGI EMULSIONPAINT & SPATTERDASH

120 M2

Floor finishesF1 500 x 500 x 10mm THK.CARPET TILES ON 40mmTHK. CEMENT SANDSCREED

72 M2

F2 200 x 200 x 10mm FULLYVITRIFIED CERAMIC FLOORTILES ON 15mm THK.WATERPROOF CEMENTSAND SCREED

21 M2

F3 100 X 100 X 15mm THK.ARTIFICIAL GRANITE TILEON 10mm THK. CEMENTSAND SCREED

17 M2

F4 100 X 100 X 15mm THK.ARTIFICIAL GRANITE TILEON 10mm THK. CEMENTSAND SCREED ON LANDING

10 M2

F5 100 X 100 X 15mm THK.ARTIFICIAL GRANITE TILEON 10mm THK. CEMENTSAND SCREED ON RISER

3 M2

F6 100 X 100 X 15mm THK.ARTIFICIAL GRANITE TILEON 10mm THK. CEMENTSAND SCREED ON TREAD

4 M2

F7 50mm THK. CEMENT SANDSCREED WITH HARDENINGAGENT3 M2

Wall finishesW1 &SP1 15mm THK. INTERNAL WALLPLASTER ON ANTI-FUNGIEMULSION PAINT &SPATTERDASH

198 M2

W2 &SP1 25mm THK. INTERNAL WALLPLASTER ON ANTI-FUNGIEMULSION PAINT &SPATTERDASH

120 M2

W3 &SP1 25mm THK. INTERNAL WALLPLASTER ONPOLYURETHANE SPRAYEDTEXTURED PAINT &SPATTERDASH

58 M2

W4&SP1 20mm THK. INTERNAL WALLPLASTER ONPOLYURETHANE SPRAYEDTEXTURED PAINT &SPATTERDASH

60 M2

CostX4/3/2012 14:05:43 EDUCATIONAL VERSION Page 1 of 3

Elemental Summary



Details: estimate

W5 &SP1 15mm THK. EXTERNAL WALLRENDERING ON EPOXYPAINT & SPATTERDASH142 M2

Skirting FinishesS1 100mm HIGH 12mm THK.HARDWOOD SYNTHETICPAINT FINISH ON 10mm THK.CEMENT SAND PLASTER

70 M

RailingsRailings; tubing; 75mm nominalbore 9 M

Handrails; tubing; 40mmnominal bore 4 M

DoorSingle leaf flush door:800Wx2100H 1 NO

Single leaf flush door:850Wx2100H 1 NO


Single leaf flush door: 900Wx2100H 4 NO



WindowWIN1: 1950x1775mm 2 NOWIN2: 445x1370mm 4 NOWIN2: 500x1370mm 2 NOWIN3: 1350x1460mm 1 NOWIN4: 835x1355mm 2 NOWIN4: 835x1580mm 2 NOWIN6: 1750x1500mm 1 NOWIN7: 1820x1775mm 2 2 NOWIN7: 1950x1775mm 2 1 NOWIN7: 2050x1775mm 2 2 NO

Sundries


Elemental Summary



Details: estimate

Bath tub: 800 X 800mm 2 NOBath tub: 850 X 890mm 2 NOSink: 520 X 410mm 4 NOWater closet 4 NOCooking bench: 810 X 500 X655mm 2 NO

Cooking bench: 745 X 500 X655mm 2 NO

Laundry Rack 2 NOSink unit and tap 4 NOWater heater 4 NOGFA: 0.00 m2 100.00 0.00 0


APPENDIX 7:

Schedule generated from manual measurement

SKIRTING CEILING Others

Ite

m

flo

ori

ng

re

f.

skir

tin

g r

ef.

ceil

ing

re

f.

spa

tte

rda

sh r

ef.

Location T W L sub-total

50

0 x

50

0 x

10

mm

TH

K.

CA

RP

ET

TIL

ES

ON

40

mm

TH

K.

CE

ME

NT

SA

ND

SC

RE

ED

20

0 x

20

0 x

10

mm

FU

LLY

VIT

RIF

IED

CE

RA

MIC

FLO

OR

TIL

ES

ON

15

mm

TH

K.

WA

TE

RP

RO

OF

CE

ME

NT

SA

ND

SC

RE

ED

10

0 X

10

0 X

15

mm

TH

K.

AR

TIF

ICIA

L G

RA

NIT

E T

ILE

ON

10

mm

TH

K.

CE

ME

NT

SA

ND

SC

RE

ED

10

0 X

10

0 X

15

mm

TH

K.

AR

TIF

ICIA

L G

RA

NIT

E T

ILE

ON

10

mm

TH

K.

CE

ME

NT

SA

ND

SC

RE

ED

ON

LA

ND

ING

10

0 X

10

0 X

15

mm

TH

K.

AR

TIF

ICIA

L G

RA

NIT

E T

ILE

ON

10

mm

TH

K.

CE

ME

NT

SA

ND

SC

RE

ED

ON

RIS

ER

10

0 X

10

0 X

15

mm

TH

K.

AR

TIF

ICIA

L G

RA

NIT

E T

ILE

ON

10

mm

TH

K.

CE

ME

NT

SA

ND

SC

RE

ED

ON

TR

EA

D

50

mm

TH

K.

CE

ME

NT

SA

ND

SC

RE

ED

WIT

H H

AR

DE

NIN

G A

GE

NT

10

0m

m H

IGH

12

mm

TH

K.

HA

RD

WO

OD

SY

NT

HE

TIC

PA

INT

FIN

ISH

ON

10

mm

TH

K.

CE

ME

NT

SA

ND

PLA

ST

ER

10

mm

TH

K.

INT

ER

NA

L C

EIL

ING

PLA

ST

ER

ON

AN

TI-

FU

NG

I

EM

ULS

ION

PA

INT

Sp

att

erd

ash

F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 S1 C1 SP1

m m m² m2 m2 m m2 m2 m2 m2 m m2 m2

QUANTITY: 72.09 21.04 17.47 9.71 2.78 3.78 2.99 69.98 119.90 119.90

1 C1 SP1 Living Room 29.84 29.84 29.84

C1 SP1 Bathroom 2.85 2.85 2.85

C1 SP1 Staircase 4.68 4.68 4.68

C1 SP1 Living Room 33.86 33.86 33.86

C1 SP1 Pump Room 3.14 3.14 3.14

C1 SP1 Staircase 0.47 0.47 0.47

C1 SP1 Bathroom 2.23 2.23 2.23

C1 SP1 Living Room 9.40 9.40 9.40

C1 SP1 Kitchen 2.04 2.04 2.04

C1 SP1 Corridor 17.47 17.47 17.47

C1 SP1 Kitchen 2.04 2.04 2.04

C1 SP1 Bathroom 2.23 2.23 2.23

C1 SP1 Kitchen 3.40 3.40 3.40

C1 SP1 Kitchen 3.40 3.40 3.40

C1 SP1 Bathroom 2.85 2.85 2.85

2 F1 Living Room 72.09 72.09

F2 Bathroom 2.85 2.85




F2 Kitchen 2.04 2.04




F3 Corridor 17.47 17.47

F4 Staircase 6.35 6.35




F7 Pump Room 2.99 2.99

3 S1 Living Room 9.27 9.27 9.27

FLOORING

Manual Measurements Schedule (Floor, Ceiling and Skirting Finishes)

SKIRTING CEILING Others

Ite

m

flo

ori

ng

re

f.

skir

tin

g r

ef.

ceil

ing

re

f.

spa

tte

rda

sh r

ef.

Location T W L sub-total

50

0 x

50

0 x

10

mm

TH

K.

CA

RP

ET

TIL

ES

ON

40

mm

TH

K.

CE

ME

NT

SA

ND

SC

RE

ED

20

0 x

20

0 x

10

mm

FU

LLY

VIT

RIF

IED

CE

RA

MIC

FLO

OR

TIL

ES

ON

15

mm

TH

K.

WA

TE

RP

RO

OF

CE

ME

NT

SA

ND

SC

RE

ED

10

0 X

10

0 X

15

mm

TH

K.

AR

TIF

ICIA

L G

RA

NIT

E T

ILE

ON

10

mm

TH

K.

CE

ME

NT

SA

ND

SC

RE

ED

10

0 X

10

0 X

15

mm

TH

K.

AR

TIF

ICIA

L G

RA

NIT

E T

ILE

ON

10

mm

TH

K.

CE

ME

NT

SA

ND

SC

RE

ED

ON

LA

ND

ING

10

0 X

10

0 X

15

mm

TH

K.

AR

TIF

ICIA

L G

RA

NIT

E T

ILE

ON

10

mm

TH

K.

CE

ME

NT

SA

ND

SC

RE

ED

ON

RIS

ER

10

0 X

10

0 X

15

mm

TH

K.

AR

TIF

ICIA

L G

RA

NIT

E T

ILE

ON

10

mm

TH

K.

CE

ME

NT

SA

ND

SC

RE

ED

ON

TR

EA

D

50

mm

TH

K.

CE

ME

NT

SA

ND

SC

RE

ED

WIT

H H

AR

DE

NIN

G A

GE

NT

10

0m

m H

IGH

12

mm

TH

K.

HA

RD

WO

OD

SY

NT

HE

TIC

PA

INT

FIN

ISH

ON

10

mm

TH

K.

CE

ME

NT

SA

ND

PLA

ST

ER

10

mm

TH

K.

INT

ER

NA

L C

EIL

ING

PLA

ST

ER

ON

AN

TI-

FU

NG

I

EM

ULS

ION

PA

INT

Sp

att

erd

ash

F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 S1 C1 SP1

m m m² m2 m2 m m2 m2 m2 m2 m m2 m2

QUANTITY: 72.09 21.04 17.47 9.71 2.78 3.78 2.99 69.98 119.90 119.90

FLOORING

Manual Measurements Schedule (Floor, Ceiling and Skirting Finishes)

S1 Living Room 0.09 0.09 0.09

S1 Living Room 0.49 0.49 0.49

S1 Living Room 8.20 8.20 8.20

S1 Living Room 14.08 14.08 14.08

S1 Living Room 4.47 4.47 4.47

S1 Living Room 2.04 2.04 2.04

S1 Living Room 6.00 6.00 6.00

S1 Living Room 12.14 12.14 12.14

S1 Living Room 0.26 0.26 0.26

S1 Living Room 1.40 1.40 1.40

S1 Living Room 0.78 0.78 0.78

S1 Living Room 0.74 0.74 0.74

S1 Living Room 0.28 0.28 0.28

S1 Living Room 9.32 9.32 9.32

S1 Living Room 0.09 0.09 0.09

S1 Living Room 0.33 0.33 0.33

Ite

m

wa

ll r

ef.

spa

tte

rda

sh r

ef.

Location

Are

a

T W H sub-total

15

mm

TH

K.

INT

ER

NA

L W

ALL

PLA

ST

ER

ON

AN

TI-

FU

NG

I

EM

ULS

ION

PA

INT

25

mm

TH

K.

INT

ER

NA

L W

ALL

PLA

ST

ER

ON

AN

TI-

FU

NG

I

EM

ULS

ION

PA

INT

25

mm

TH

K.

INT

ER

NA

L W

ALL

PLA

ST

ER

ON

PO

LYU

RE

TH

AN

E

SP

RA

YE

D T

EX

TU

RE

D P

AIN

T

20

mm

TH

K.

INT

ER

NA

L W

ALL

PLA

ST

ER

ON

PO

LYU

RE

TH

AN

E

SP

RA

YE

D T

EX

TU

RE

D P

AIN

T

15

mm

TH

K.

EX

TE

RN

AL

WA

LL

RE

ND

ER

ING

ON

EP

OX

Y P

AIN

T

Sp

att

erd

ash

W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 SP1

m m m² m2 m2 m2 m2 m2 m2

QUANTITY 197.55 120.35 58.08 59.93 142.34 578.25

1 W1 SP1 Living Room 11.56 11.56 11.56

W1 SP1 Living Room 4.48 4.48 4.48

W1 SP1 Living Room 1.65 1.65 1.65

W1 SP1 Living Room 2.29 2.29 2.29

W1 SP1 Living Room 0.39 0.39 0.39

W1 SP1 Living Room 2.60 2.60 2.60

W1 SP1 Living Room 2.63 2.63 2.63

W1 SP1 Living Room 23.74 23.74 23.74

W1 SP1 Living Room 4.75 4.75 4.75

W1 SP1 Living Room 1.77 1.77 1.77

W1 SP1 Living Room 2.29 2.29 2.29

W1 SP1 Living Room 0.39 0.39 0.39

W1 SP1 Living Room 1.64 1.64 1.64

W1 SP1 Living Room 0.22 0.22 0.22

W1 SP1 Living Room 2.63 2.63 2.63

W1 SP1 Pump Room 12.43 12.43 12.43

W1 SP1 Pump Room 13.69 13.69 13.69

W1 SP1 Living Room 7.39 7.39 7.39

W1 SP1 Living Room 2.60 2.60 2.60

W1 SP1 Living Room 1.95 1.95 1.95

W1 SP1 Living Room 2.71 2.71 2.71

W1 SP1 Living Room 9.45 9.45 9.45

W1 SP1 Living Room 4.69 4.69 4.69

W1 SP1 Living Room 5.02 5.02 5.02

W1 SP1 Living Room 6.66 6.66 6.66

W1 SP1 Living Room 2.57 2.57 2.57

W1 SP1 Living Room 2.46 2.46 2.46

W1 SP1 Living Room 1.62 1.62 1.62

W1 SP1 Pump Room 5.13 5.13 5.13

W1 SP1 Pump Room 5.67 5.67 5.67

W1 SP1 Living Room 1.15 1.15 1.15

W1 SP1 Living Room 5.31 5.31 5.31

W1 SP1 Living Room 16.74 16.74 16.74

W1 SP1 Living Room 2.58 2.58 2.58

WALL

Manual Measurements Schedule (Wall Finishes)

Ite

m

wa

ll r

ef.

spa

tte

rda

sh r

ef.

Location

Are

a

T W H sub-total

15

mm

TH

K.

INT

ER

NA

L W

ALL

PLA

ST

ER

ON

AN

TI-

FU

NG

I

EM

ULS

ION

PA

INT

25

mm

TH

K.

INT

ER

NA

L W

ALL

PLA

ST

ER

ON

AN

TI-

FU

NG

I

EM

ULS

ION

PA

INT

25

mm

TH

K.

INT

ER

NA

L W

ALL

PLA

ST

ER

ON

PO

LYU

RE

TH

AN

E

SP

RA

YE

D T

EX

TU

RE

D P

AIN

T

20

mm

TH

K.

INT

ER

NA

L W

ALL

PLA

ST

ER

ON

PO

LYU

RE

TH

AN

E

SP

RA

YE

D T

EX

TU

RE

D P

AIN

T

15

mm

TH

K.

EX

TE

RN

AL

WA

LL

RE

ND

ER

ING

ON

EP

OX

Y P

AIN

T

Sp

att

erd

ash

W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 SP1

m m m² m2 m2 m2 m2 m2 m2

QUANTITY 197.55 120.35 58.08 59.93 142.34 578.25

WALL


W1 SP1 Living Room 5.46 5.46 5.46

W1 SP1 Living Room 1.39 1.39 1.39

W1 SP1 Living Room 4.25 4.25 4.25

W1 SP1 Living Room 9.46 9.46 9.46

W1 SP1 Living Room 2.19 2.19 2.19

W1 SP1 Living Room 1.95 1.95 1.95

2 W2 SP1 Bathroom 4.21 4.21 4.21

W2 SP1 Kitchen 2.54 2.54 2.54

W2 SP1 Kitchen 2.54 2.54 2.54

W2 SP1 Bathroom 4.20 4.20 4.20

W2 SP1 Kitchen 8.65 8.65 8.65

W2 SP1 Kitchen 8.65 8.65 8.65

W2 SP1 Bathroom 5.12 5.12 5.12

W2 SP1 Bathroom 4.89 4.89 4.89

W2 SP1 Kitchen 1.85 1.85 1.85

W2 SP1 Bathroom 3.36 3.36 3.36

W2 SP1 Kitchen 5.81 5.81 5.81

W2 SP1 Bathroom 5.12 5.12 5.12

W2 SP1 Bathroom 5.39 5.39 5.39

W2 SP1 Bathroom 3.55 3.55 3.55

W2 SP1 Kitchen 2.12 2.12 2.12

W2 SP1 Kitchen 4.46 4.46 4.46

W2 SP1 Kitchen 5.40 5.40 5.40

W2 SP1 Kitchen 5.54 5.54 5.54

W2 SP1 Kitchen 1.68 1.68 1.68

W2 SP1 Bathroom 2.36 2.36 2.36

W2 SP1 Kitchen 1.68 1.68 1.68

W2 SP1 Bathroom 2.36 2.36 2.36

W2 SP1 Bathroom 2.87 2.87 2.87

W2 SP1 Bathroom 7.88 7.88 7.88

W2 SP1 Kitchen 3.55 3.55 3.55

W2 SP1 Kitchen 8.10 8.10 8.10

W2 SP1 Bathroom 2.92 2.92 2.92

W2 SP1 Kitchen 3.55 3.55 3.55

Ite

m

wa

ll r

ef.

spa

tte

rda

sh r

ef.

Location

Are

a

T W H sub-total

15

mm

TH

K.

INT

ER

NA

L W

ALL

PLA

ST

ER

ON

AN

TI-

FU

NG

I

EM

ULS

ION

PA

INT

25

mm

TH

K.

INT

ER

NA

L W

ALL

PLA

ST

ER

ON

AN

TI-

FU

NG

I

EM

ULS

ION

PA

INT

25

mm

TH

K.

INT

ER

NA

L W

ALL

PLA

ST

ER

ON

PO

LYU

RE

TH

AN

E

SP

RA

YE

D T

EX

TU

RE

D P

AIN

T

20

mm

TH

K.

INT

ER

NA

L W

ALL

PLA

ST

ER

ON

PO

LYU

RE

TH

AN

E

SP

RA

YE

D T

EX

TU

RE

D P

AIN

T

15

mm

TH

K.

EX

TE

RN

AL

WA

LL

RE

ND

ER

ING

ON

EP

OX

Y P

AIN

T

Sp

att

erd

ash

W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 SP1

m m m² m2 m2 m2 m2 m2 m2

QUANTITY 197.55 120.35 58.08 59.93 142.34 578.25

WALL


3 W3 SP1 Corridor 4.91 4.91 4.91

W3 SP1 Corridor 1.89 1.89 1.89

W3 SP1 Corridor 5.50 5.50 5.50

W3 SP1 Corridor 5.54 5.54 5.54

W3 SP1 Corridor 2.66 2.66 2.66

W3 SP1 Corridor 5.81 5.81 5.81

W3 SP1 Corridor 3.65 3.65 3.65

W3 SP1 Corridor 5.54 5.54 5.54

W3 SP1 Corridor 2.66 2.66 2.66

W3 SP1 Corridor 6.35 6.35 6.35

W3 SP1 Corridor 1.15 1.15 1.15

W3 SP1 Corridor 1.22 1.22 1.22

W3 SP1 Corridor 2.19 2.19 2.19

W3 SP1 Corridor 4.91 4.91 4.91

W3 SP1 Corridor 4.10 4.10 4.10

4 W4 SP1 Staircase 16.54 16.54 16.54

W4 SP1 Staircase 2.36 2.36 2.36

W4 SP1 Staircase 5.50 5.50 5.50

W4 SP1 Staircase 7.43 7.43 7.43

W4 SP1 Staircase 7.43 7.43 7.43

W4 SP1 Staircase 4.13 4.13 4.13

W4 SP1 Staircase 16.54 16.54 16.54

5 W5 SP1 External 15.13 15.13 15.13

W5 SP1 External 1.85 1.85 1.85

W5 SP1 External 5.67 5.67 5.67

W5 SP1 External 3.65 3.65 3.65

W5 SP1 External 4.46 4.46 4.46

W5 SP1 External 2.72 2.72 2.72

W5 SP1 External 15.18 15.18 15.18

W5 SP1 External 2.17 2.17 2.17

W5 SP1 External 2.44 2.44 2.44

W5 SP1 External 2.81 2.81 2.81

Ite

m

wa

ll r

ef.

spa

tte

rda

sh r

ef.

Location

Are

a

T W H sub-total

15

mm

TH

K.

INT

ER

NA

L W

ALL

PLA

ST

ER

ON

AN

TI-

FU

NG

I

EM

ULS

ION

PA

INT

25

mm

TH

K.

INT

ER

NA

L W

ALL

PLA

ST

ER

ON

AN

TI-

FU

NG

I

EM

ULS

ION

PA

INT

25

mm

TH

K.

INT

ER

NA

L W

ALL

PLA

ST

ER

ON

PO

LYU

RE

TH

AN

E

SP

RA

YE

D T

EX

TU

RE

D P

AIN

T

20

mm

TH

K.

INT

ER

NA

L W

ALL

PLA

ST

ER

ON

PO

LYU

RE

TH

AN

E

SP

RA

YE

D T

EX

TU

RE

D P

AIN

T

15

mm

TH

K.

EX

TE

RN

AL

WA

LL

RE

ND

ER

ING

ON

EP

OX

Y P

AIN

T

Sp

att

erd

ash

W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 SP1

m m m² m2 m2 m2 m2 m2 m2

QUANTITY 197.55 120.35 58.08 59.93 142.34 578.25

WALL


W5 SP1 External 3.46 3.46 3.46

W5 SP1 External 4.13 4.13 4.13

W5 SP1 External 4.00 4.00 4.00

W5 SP1 External 2.88 2.88 2.88

W5 SP1 External 5.15 5.15 5.15

W5 SP1 External 11.16 11.16 11.16

W5 SP1 External 2.92 2.92 2.92

W5 SP1 External 3.55 3.55 3.55

W5 SP1 External 4.10 4.10 4.10

W5 SP1 External 11.16 11.16 11.16

W5 SP1 External 3.55 3.55 3.55

W5 SP1 External 2.92 2.92 2.92

W5 SP1 External 5.15 5.15 5.15

W5 SP1 External 3.35 3.35 3.35

W5 SP1 External 3.71 3.71 3.71

W5 SP1 External 7.58 7.58 7.58

W5 SP1 External 2.88 2.88 2.88

W5 SP1 External 2.44 2.44 2.44

W5 SP1 External 2.17 2.17 2.17

Description Quantity Unit

Railings

Railings; tubing; 75mm nominal bore 8.7 M

Handrails; tubing; 40mm nominal bore 4.42 M

Door

Single leaf flush door:800W x2100H 1 NO



Single leaf flush door: 900W x2100H 4 NO



Window

WIN1: 1950x1775mm 2 NO

WIN2: 445x1370mm 4 NO

WIN2: 500x1370mm 2 NO

WIN3: 1350x1460mm 1 NO

WIN4: 835x1355mm 2 NO

WIN4: 835x1580mm 2 NO

WIN6: 1750x1500mm 1 NO

WIN7: 1820x1775mm 2 2 NO

WIN7: 1950x1775mm 2 1 NO

WIN7: 2050x1775mm 2 2 NO

Sundries

Bath tub: 800 X 800mm 2 NO

Bath tub: 850 X 890mm 2 NO

Sink: 520 X 410mm 4 NO

Water closet 4 NO

Cooking bench: 810 X 500 X 655mm 2 NO

Cooking bench: 745 X 500 X 655mm 2 NO

Laundry Rack 2 NO

Sink unit and tap 4 NO

Water heater 4 NO

Manual Measurement Schedule (Sundries)

APPENDIX 8:

Bills of Quantities generated based on

Building Information Modeling software

WOODWORKS

Item Description Qty Unit Rate HK$

BILL NO.1

WOOD WORKS

DOORS, HATCHES, VENTILATORS AND

THE LIKE AND FRAMES AND LININGS

Hardwood

Flush doors; single leaf; swinging; hollow core;

faced both sides with 1.3mm thick laminated

plastic class HG; type I adhesive boned to

class H4 bonded plywood; teak lipping to all

edges

A size 850 x 2100 x 40mm thick; 12 x 22mm 1 NO

beads

B size 890 x 2100 x 40mm thick; 12 x 22mm 2 NO

beads

Flush doors; single leaf; swinging; solid core;

faced both sides with beech veneered class H2

boneded plywood; grooved; teak lipping to all

edges

C size 900 x 2100 x 40mm thick; 12 x 22mm 4 NO

beads

D size 920 x 2100 x 40mm thick; 12 x 22mm 4 NO

beads

Flush doors; single leaf; swinging; solid core;

faced both sides with 1.3mm thick laminated

plastic class HG; type I adhesive boned to

class H4 bonded plywood; teak lipping to all

edges

E size 1045 x 2100 x 40mm thick; 12 x 22mm 2 NO

beads

B1.1/1 To Collection

WOODWORKS


DOORS, HATCHES, VENTILATORS AND

THE LIKE AND FRAMES AND LININGS

(Cont'd)

Hardwood (Cont'd)

Door frames; fixing with expanding anchor

bolts and galvanized steel plate holdfast;

pelleting

A 65 x 115mm; rebated head and jambs; to suit

doors 850 x 2100 high overall; 25 x 100

sawn hardwood grounds 1 NO

B 65 x 130mm; rebated head and jambs; to suit



C 65 x 130mm; rebated head and jambs; to suit



D 65 x 130mm; rebated head and jambs; to suit



E 65 x 130mm; rebated head and jambs; to suit




STEEL AND METAL WORKS


BILL NO. 2


FRAMED WORK, STAIRS, HANDRAILS

AND BALUSTRADES; HOT-ROLLED

STEEL TO BS EN 10025; GALVANISED

Framed tubular handrails ; welded joints ;

to staircase

Handrails

A tubing; 40mm nominal bore 4 M

Extra over 40mm diameter tubular handrails for

B crapped ends 2 NO

Framed tubular rails ; welded joints;

to walls

Railings

C tubing; 75mm nominal bore 9 M

Extra over 75mm diameter tubular railings for

D crapped ends 2 NO




WINDOWS AND GLAZED DOORS

Designing; supplying and fixing windows;

aluminium; bronze anodizzed to BS 3987 ;

framing; water bars, fittings. fixing lugs,

brackets, bolts and ironmongery; glazing beads;

PVC weatherstrip; assembling; jointing, cutting

and pinning lugs; painting backs of frames with

two coats of bituminous paint before fixing;

bedding frames in warerproof cement mortar;

glazing measured separately; as drawing

nr. 0123/12345

Windows

A 1950 x 1775 mm high overall; 2 side hung

opening lights 2 NO

B 445 x 1370 mm high overall; 2 side hung

opening lights 4 NO

C 500 x 1370 mm high overall; 2 side hung

opening lights 2 NO

D 1350 x 1460 mm high overall; 2 side hung

opening lights 1 NO

E 835 x 1355 mm high overall; 2 side hung

opening lights 2 NO

F 835 x 1580 mm high overall; 2 side hung

opening lights 1 NO




WINDOWS AND GLAZED DOORS

Designing; supplying and fixing windows;

aluminium; bronze anodizzed to BS 3987 ;

framing; water bars, fittings. fixing lugs,

brackets, bolts and ironmongery; glazing beads;

PVC weatherstrip; assembling; jointing, cutting

and pinning lugs; painting backs of frames with

two coats of bituminous paint before fixing;

bedding frames in warerproof cement mortar;

glazing measured separately; as drawing

nr. 0123/12345

A 1750 x 1500 mm high overall; 2 side hung

opening lights 1 NO

B 1820 x 1775 mm high overall; 2 side hung

opening lights 2 NO

C 1950 x 1775 mm high overall; 2 side hung

opening lights 1 NO

D 2050 x 1775 mm high overall; 2 side hung

opening lights 2 NO


PLASTERING AND PAVINGS


BILL NO. 3

PLASTERING AND PAVING

INTERNALLY

Spatterdash

All surfaces of concrete

A generally 841 M2

Screeds ; one coat ; cement and sand (1:3) ;

wood floated finish

Floors

B 40mm thick ; to receive carpet tiling 72 M2

C 10mm thick ; to receive artificial granite

tiling 27 M2

Treads and risers

D 10mm thick ; to receive artifical granite tiling 7 M2

Screeds ; one coat ; waterproof cement and

sand (1:3) ; wood floated finish

Floors

E 15mm thick ; to receive fully vitrified

ceramic floor tiling 21 M2

Internal lime plastering ; steel trowelled finish

Ceilings including sides and soffits of beams

F 10mm thick 120 M2

Walls and columns

G 15mm thick 198 M2

H 20mm thick 60 M2

I 25mm thick 179 M2




INTERNALLY (Cont'd)

Internal lime plastering ; steel trowelled

finish (Cont'd)

Skirtings

A 10mm thick 7 M2

Carpet tiles ; 500 X 500 X 10mm thick ; all

colour range

Tiling, laying and fixing with arylic emulsion

adhesive all in accordance with manufacturer's

recommendation

B floors and pavings ; on 5mm thick bedding 72 M2

Fully virtrified ceramic floor tiles ; 200 X 200

X 10mm thick ; all colour range

Tiles ; bedding and jointing in cement and sand

(1:3) bedding to the stated thickness ; pointing

in the coloured cement

C floors and pavings ; on 5mm thick bedding 21 M2

Artificial granite tiles ; 100 X 100 X 15mm

thick ; all colour range




D floors and pavings ; on 5mm thick bedding 27 M2

E treads ; on 5mm thick bedding 4 M2

F risers ; on 5mm thick bedding 3 M2




INTERNALLY (Cont'd)

Non-slip tactile ; 300 X 300 X 8mm thick




A floor and pavings ; on 5mm thick bedding 4 M2

EXTERNALLY

Spatterdash

All surfaces of concrete

B generally 142 M2

Cement Rendering ; steel trowelled finish

Walls and columns

C 15mm thick 142 M2


GLAZING


BILL NO. 4

GLAZING

GENERAL GLAZING (INCLUDING

ACRYLIC AND POLYCARBONATE

SHEETS)

Clear float glass

6mm thick ; to metal with metal beads or

mouldings and approved proprietary brand

non-setting compound

A panes 0.15 - 4.00 m2 20 M2

B panes exceeding 4.00 m2 38 M2


PAINTING


BILL NO. 5

PAINTING

PAINTING

Applying one undercoat and two finishing

coats of anti-fungi emulsion paint ; on

Plastered walls and columns

A over 300mm girth 319 M2

Plastered ceilings and beams

B over 300mm girth 120 M2


coats of polyurethane sprayed textured paint; on

Plastered walls and columns

C over 300mm girth 118 M2


coats of epoxy paint ; on

Rendered walls and columns

D over 300mm girth 142 M2

Applying two coats of hardwood synthetic

paint ; on

skirtings

E over 300mm girth 70 M


SUNDRIES


BILL NO. 6

SUNDRIES

A Bath tub: 800 X 800mm ; as specification 2 NO

B Bath tub: 850 X 890mm ; as specification 2 NO

C Sink: 520 X 410mm ; as specification 4 NO

D Water closet ; as specification 4 NO

E Cooking bench: 810 X 500 X 655mm ;

as specification 2 NO

F Cooking bench: 745 X 500 X 655mm ;

as specification 2 NO

G Laundry Rack ; as specification 2 NO

H Sink unit and tap ; as specification 4 NO

I Water heater ; as specification 4 NO


Documents

Innovative generation: bills of quantities production on ...lbms03.cityu.edu.hk/award/ca2013-001.pdf · production on architectural elements through BIM Environment By ... 2.3.1 AutoCAD