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ENY-469
Insect Management for Potatoes1
S. E. Webb2
1. This document is ENY-469 (IG155), one of a series of the Entomology & Nematology Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Published: November 2001. Revised: March 2010. For more publications related to horticulture/agriculture, please visit the EDIS Website at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/.
2. S. E. Webb, associate professor, Entomology and Nematology Department, Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32611-0640.
The use of trade names in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information. UF/IFAS does not guarantee or warranty the products named, and references to them in this publication does not signify our approval to the exclusion of other products of suitable composition. All chemicals should be used in accordance with directions on the manufacturer's label. Use pesticides safely. Read and follow directions on the manufacturer's label.
The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) is an Equal Opportunity Institution authorized to provide research, educational information and other services only to individuals and institutions that function with non-discrimination with respect to race, creed, color, religion, age, disability, sex, sexual orientation, marital status, national origin, political opinions or affiliations. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension Service, University of Florida, IFAS, Florida A. & M. University Cooperative Extension Program, and Boards of County Commissioners Cooperating. MillieFerrer-Chancy, Interim Dean
Chewing insects can cause serious yield and quality losses in potatoes by feeding on the leaves, stems or tubers. Sucking insects can cause direct losses from feeding and indirect losses by transmitting viral diseases. The most important of these insects are described below. A table at the end of the chapter lists insecticides currently registered for potatoes.
Colorado Potato Beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata
Description
Adult beetles have 10 lengthwise black stripes on yellow-orange wing covers and are approximately 3/8 to 1/2 inch long. They are stout and strongly convex in shape. The yellow-orange spindle-shaped eggs are laid in clusters of 10 to 30 on the undersides of leaves. They are very similar to ladybird beetle eggs but are larger. The larvae are humpbacked, red to orange, and have two rows of black spots on each side of their soft bodies.
Figure 1. Colorado potato beetle.
Biology
The major food plant of the Colorado potato beetle is potato. Other crop hosts include tomato and eggplant. Wild hosts found in Florida include horsenettle, groundcherry, and tropical soda apple. Horsenettle is found mainly in North Central and North Florida, which is also where the beetle is
Insect Management for Potatoes 2
generally found. Tropical soda apple is found throughout the state, but it is not clear if the distribution of CPB has changed following the introduction of this invasive weed. Adults overwinter in fields where they developed as larvae or in uncultivated areas adjacent to fields. They can also overwinter in wooded areas. Only a small proportion of a population leaves its field of origin by flying. Each adult female can produce about 450 eggs. Larvae, which pass through 4 instars, are generally found near the top of the plant and they seldom move far from the plant on which they hatch unless all the leaves are eaten. About two-thirds of all feeding by larvae occurs in the fourth or last instar. When the larvae have completed their development they enter an inactive pupal stage in the soil. After 5 to 7 days, adults emerge and begin to feed on the potato plants. Under ideal conditions, the life cycle can be completed in three weeks. Potato beetles are unaffected by high concentrations of toxic glycoalkaloids, the naturally occurring bitter compounds in potatoes. The efficient detoxification system of the beetle may also play a part in detoxifying insecticides and in the development of insecticide resistance.
Damage
The Colorado potato beetle is a significant problem only in North Florida production regions. High numbers of late instar larvae can defoliate plants. Yield loss is greatest if heavy damage occurs during tuber formation. Bacterial ring rot and potato spindle tuber disease, which are easily spread by mechanical means, can also be transmitted by Colorado potato beetle.
Table 1. Management options for Colorado potato beetle.
Management Option
Recommendation
Scouting/ Thresholds
A dynamic treatment threshold developed at Ohio State University has worked well in research trials in Hastings, FL. Examine at least 15 plants (or 15 one-foot sections of row after plants have grown together). Count all the small and large larvae and adults. Divide the number of small larvae in half and add the number of large larvae and adults per plant. If the average per plant is more than 1-2 before or at first bloom, treatment is needed. Up to 3 per plant can be tolerated at peak bloom, and 6 per plant at the end of bloom.
Notes More damage can be tolerated before and after tuber formation.
Cultural Practices
Crop rotation is essential and effective for delaying and reducing the initial infestation. Fields should be at least several hundred yards from areas previously infested with beetles.
Natural Enemies
Lady beetles, predacious stinkbugs, parasitic flies, and fungi can help reduce populations. Conserve by limiting applications of broad-spectrum insecticides.
Resistant Varieties
Genetically engineered to contain Bt toxin genes
Wireworms, Melanotus communis, Conoderus spp.
Description
Wireworms are the larvae of the click beetle. They are shiny, slender, hard-bodied and yellow to brown. Adults are large brown beetles that make a clicking sound when they try to right themselves after being turned over.
Biology
Depending on species and soil temperature, wireworm larvae can take from 1 to 5 years to develop. Corn wireworm (Melanotus communis),
Insect Management for Potatoes 3
Figure 2. Wireworm larva and adult.
common in Florida, may complete its development in 2 to 3 years in South Florida. Most flight activity occurs in May and June. Females lay eggs in cracks or crevices or burrow into the soil. Larvae tend to move deeper as soil temperatures become hotter and move closer to the soil surface when it is cooler. If temperatures drop further, larvae will again move deeper into the soil. Other wireworms found in Florida (Conoderus spp.) can complete their development in a year or less, resulting in up to three generations per year in South Florida. These species tend to stay close to the soil surface.
Damage
The adult wireworms do not attack potatoes. However, the larvae ("wireworms") feed on potato seed pieces and developing tubers. Wounds to seed pieces allow disease organisms, such as fungi and bacteria, to enter. The greatest damage occurs when larvae tunnel into developing tubers, reducing their quality and value. Damaged tubers are often malformed.
Table 2. Management options for wireworms.
Management Option
Recommendation
Scouting/ Threshold
Determine population density 4 to 5 weeks before planting. Baits are the easiest method. Small amounts of corn, oats, or wheat can be enclosed in a mesh bag and buried 4 to 6 inches deep in 4 or 5 sites per acre for two to three weeks. If soil is below 45 to 50 F, covering the baited area with a clear plastic sheet will help warm it and increase wireworm activity. One wireworm per bait station justifies treatment with a soil insecticide.
Notes To determine if a sidedress treatment of insecticide is needed after planting, dig seed pieces at random throughout the field as shoots emerge to check for wireworm damage.
Natural Enemies
Not well known, do not seem to be important. A fungus and a parasitic wasp have been reported.
Site Selection If possible, avoid areas with a history of wireworm problems.
Cultural Practices
Avoid planting potatoes in areas that have been in cereals or grasses. In South Florida, delaying the planting of sorghum-sudangrass cover crops until July (well after harvest of winter potatoes) helps keep wireworm populations low.
Leafminers
Description and Biology
The adult is a small fly, approximately 1/8 inch long, with a black head, yellow between the eyes, a black thorax and a tube-like “ovipositor” at the end of the abdomen used to puncture the upper leaf surface for egg laying. The white, oval egg is inserted in the leaf tissue, but many punctures (called stipples) are used by the adult for feeding and do not contain eggs. The larva, a yellow maggot with black, sickle-shaped mouth hooks, feeds between the upper and lower leaf surface for approximately seven days,
Insect Management for Potatoes 4
leaving a serpentine mine containing a string of black frass (fecal matter). The mature larva exits from the mine and falls to the ground where it molts to a pupa within a golden brown, barrel-shaped, and ribbed puparium from which the adult emerges in seven to 14 days. Generation time is 15 to 28 days depending upon temperature.
Figure 3. Vegetable leafminer.
Damage
Leafminer damage is only foliar, caused by serpentine mines carved in leaves by feeding leafminer larvae. Heavy damage can reduce photosynthesis and cause leaf desiccation and abscission.
Table 3. Management options for leafminers.
Management Options
Recommendation
Scouting/ Threshold
Sampling can be done at the same time that plants are examined for Colorado potato beetle. No thresholds have been determined for leafminers on potatoes, however.
Note(s) Insecticides applied for leafminer control should target small larvae for best results.
Natural Enemies
A number of parasitic wasps attack vegetable and serpentine leafminers in Florida and may provide high levels of mortality, especially late in the season. Therefore, insecticides with low or no toxicity to leafminer parasites should be selected for controlling leafminers and other pests.
Flea Beetle, Epitrix hirtipennis, others
Description
Tobacco flea beetle (Figure 4) is a fairly typical flea beetle pest of potatoes in Florida. Adults are very small, 1/12 to 1/20 of an inch long. They are reddish-yellow with a brown abdomen and a brown patch crossing the wing covers. Eggs are elongate and slightly pointed at one end. They change from white to lemon yellow as they get close to hatching. Larvae are whitish except for their yellow or yellow-brown heads and reach a length of 1/6 of an inch long.
Figure 4. Tobacco flea beetle.
Biology
Tobacco flea beetle feeds on tobacco, potato, tomato, eggplant and other plants in the family Solanaceae. In Florida, at least 4 generations a year can develop. Beetles overwinter as adults under plant debris. If the weather is warm enough, they may remain active all winter. Eggs are laid in the soil near the base of the host plant, in clusters of 5 or 6. Overwintering females can produce up to 200 eggs with later generations producing about 100 eggs per female. Larvae develop through three instars and feed mainly on fine roots near the soil surface. They pupate near the soil surface also. Adults feed on leaves.
Insect Management for Potatoes 5
Damage
The adult beetle eats small holes partly or completely through the leaves, resulting in the formation of many small "shot holes" in the leaves. Seedlings are most vulnerable to severe damage. Feeding wounds may serve as a point of entry for pathogens.
Table 4. Management options for flea beetles.
Management Options
Recommendation
Scouting/ Threshold
Adults can be monitored with yellow sticky traps or by sweeping, but no thresholds for treatment have been developed.
Note(s) Systemic insecticides are useful for protecting seedlings in areas where flea beetles are a consistent problem.
Natural Enemies
General predators such as big-eyed bug, a parasitoid wasp, and a nematode, Howardula dominicki
Cultural Practices
No effective methods available.
Leafhopper, Empoasca fabae and close relatives
Description
The adult potato leafhopper (Figure 5) is pale green with a row of white spots just behind its head. It has a slender body form and is about 1/8 to 1/7 inch long. Eggs are transparent to pale yellow and are inserted into the veins and petioles of leaves. Young nymphs are very small (about 1/25 inch). Wing pads develop from the third through fifth instars.
Figure 5. Leafhopper.
Biology
The adult potato leafhopper overwinters in Gulf Coast States, including Florida, and disperses northward. In Florida, it can complete six generations a year. It feeds on many wild and cultivated plants, but potato is a particularly good host plant. Females can produce 200 to 300 eggs. These hatch in from 7 to 20 days depending on temperature. The average developmental time for nymphs is about 15 days.
Adults can live from one to two months. Leafhoppers seem to have few effective natural enemies.
Damage
Leafhopper damage (hopper burn) late in the season is often confused with maturity of the plants (damaged leaves first turn brown along the margins but remaining foliage is often green). The adults and nymphs attack the underside of the leaves and suck the sap. They secrete a toxin into the plant as they feed. This causes the leaves to curl, yellow, and exhibit hopper burn symptoms. Plants may be stunted and yields reduced.
Aphids, Myzus persicae and Macrosiphum euphorbiae
Description
Aphids are small, soft-bodied insects that reproduce rapidly and feed on plant sap. In Florida, green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) (Figure 6) is the most common aphid on potatoes, but potato aphid (Macrosiphum euphorbiae) (Figure 7) can also be found. Aphids occur in both winged and wingless forms. The mature wingless form of green peach aphid is egg-shaped, the tubercles at the base of the antennae are prominent and point inward, and the cornicles, tube-like structures on the back of the aphid, are long and unevenly swollen. They can range in color from light green to pink to almost
Insect Management for Potatoes 6
translucent. Potato aphid is larger and more elongated with longer, straight cornicles and can be green, yellow, or pink. The pink form is common in the Hastings area. Its antennal tubercles point outward.
Figure 6. Wingless green peach aphid.
Figure 7. Potato aphid.
Biology
In Florida, aphids can reproduce without mating all year, as long as host plants are available. They give birth to nymphs rather than laying eggs and their offspring can be producing nymphs of their own in 7 to 10 days depending on temperature. High populations can develop very quickly as plants get crowded. Winged forms develop and fly to new host plants. Aphids have many natural enemies, both general predators such as lacewing and ladybeetle larvae, and more specific parasitoid wasps. Fungi can kill large numbers of aphids in a short period of time.
Damage
Aphids cause damage by sucking juices from the underside of leaves on the above ground portion of the potato plant. Feeding by potato aphids can cause distortion of young leaves and the dying back of the shoot or stem. Green peach aphid is more common in Florida. Early season infestation is the most damaging and can result in yield loss. Green peach aphid is also an excellent virus vector, transmitting viruses from plant to plant. At this time, potato leafroll virus and potato virus Y, the most important of the aphid-transmitted plant viruses affecting potato, are not common in Florida potato fields. Currently, aphids are managed with systemic insecticides applied at planting.
Caterpillar-type Pests (beet armyworm, fall armyworm, southern
armyworm, cutworms, cabbage looper, etc.)
Larvae of moths can damage and occasionally defoliate potato plants. Two examples are described below.
Cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) (Figure 8), feeds on a variety of crops. The adults (Figure 9) are night-flying moths with brown, mottled forewings marked in the center with a small, silver figure eight. They lay their eggs (small, ridged, round, greenish-white) singly on both upper and lower leaf surfaces. The eggs hatch into larvae that are green with white stripes running the length of their bodies. The caterpillar has three pairs of slender
Insect Management for Potatoes 7
legs near its head and then three pairs of thick prolegs near the end of its body. It moves in a characteristic looping motion, alternately stretching forward and arching its back as it brings the back prolegs close to its front legs. After feeding for two to four weeks, the caterpillar, about 1.25 inches long when fully grown, spins a cocoon and pupates. The adults emerge 10 days to two weeks later. There can be several generations per year depending on climate. They tend to feed on older leaves.
Figure 8. Cabbage looper larva.
Figure 9. Cabbage looper adult male.
Beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Figure 10), also feeds on many crops and weeds. The highly mobile adult moth (Figure 11) has dark forewings with mottled lighter markings and hind wings thinly covered with whitish scales. Each female can lay over 600 eggs, generally in masses of about 100 on the undersides of leaves in the lower plant canopy. Very young caterpillars feed in groups, and then disperse as they grow older (third instar). The dull green caterpillars have wavy, light-colored stripes lengthwise down the back and broader stripes on each side. After feeding from one to three weeks, they construct a cocoon and pupate, emerging as
adults about one week later. Beet armyworm survives the winter in South Florida and can complete many generations a year there. From South Florida, adults migrate into North Florida and other parts of the Southeast.
Figure 10. Beet armyworm larva.
Figure 11. Beet armyworm adult.
Table 5. Management options for caterpillar-type pests.
Management Option
Recommendation
Scouting/ Thresholds
Fields should be monitored for the presence of caterpillars and feeding damage.
Note(s) Many different forms of Bacillus thuringiensis are available that are highly specific for caterpillar pests and will not harm beneficial insects. However, only small caterpillars are highly susceptible.
Insect Management for Potatoes 8
Table 5. Management options for caterpillar-type pests.
Management Option
Recommendation
Natural Enemies
In Florida, cabbage loopers have been found naturally infected with an insect virus and granulate cutworm has been found infected with a protozoan. A virus and fungal pathogens also infect beet armyworm. Parasitoids, both wasps and tachinid flies, attack beet armyworm. A number of small wasps and a tachinid fly parasitize caterpillars or eggs of cabbage looper. Predaceous bugs, wasps, green lacewings, and spiders may consume eggs and small caterpillars.
Inse
ct M
anag
emen
t for
Pot
atoe
s9
Tab
le 6
. Sel
ecte
d in
sect
icid
es a
ppro
ved
for
use
on in
sect
s at
tack
ing
pota
toes
.
Tra
de
Nam
e (C
om
mo
n N
ame)
Rat
e(p
rod
uct
/acr
e)R
EI
(ho
urs
) D
ays
to
Har
vest
In
sect
s
MO
A
Co
de1
No
tes
Act
ara
(thi
amet
hoxa
m)
1.5-
3.0
oz12
14
ap
hids
(hi
gher
rat
e),
Col
orad
o po
tato
bee
tle, f
lea
beet
les,
pot
ato
leaf
hopp
er
4AT
oxic
to b
ees.
Do
not u
se
follo
win
g so
il ap
plic
atio
n of
P
latin
um. M
axim
um 6
oz
/acr
e pe
r se
ason
.
Ad
mir
e P
ro(im
idac
lopr
id)
5.7-
8.7
fl oz
or
asse
ed p
iece
trea
tmen
t: 3.
5-7.
0 fl
oz/1
00 lb
see
d
12
at
pla
ntin
g, s
ee
labe
l for
opt
ions
aphi
ds, C
olor
ado
pota
to
beet
le, f
lea
beet
les,
pot
ato
leaf
hopp
er, w
irew
orm
s (s
eed-
piec
e pr
otec
tion
only
)
4AD
o no
t app
ly m
ore
than
, 0.
31 lb
ai p
er a
cre
per
seas
on. S
eed
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e ra
te is
ba
sed
on s
eedi
ng r
ate
of
2000
lb/a
cre.
Ag
ree
WG
(Bac
illus
thur
ingi
ensi
s su
bspe
cies
aiz
awai
)
1.0-
2.0
lb4
0le
pido
pter
an la
rvae
(c
ater
pilla
r pe
sts)
11A
pply
whe
n la
rvae
are
sm
all
for
best
con
trol
. O
MR
I-lis
ted2.
*A
gri
-Mek
0.1
5 E
C
(aba
mec
tin)
8-16
fl o
z12
14
C
olor
ado
pota
to b
eetle
, Li
riom
yza
leaf
min
ers,
spi
der
mite
s
6N
o m
ore
than
2 s
eque
ntia
l ap
plic
atio
ns. S
ee la
bel f
or
resi
stan
ce m
anag
emen
t.
*A
mb
ush
25W
(p
erm
ethr
in)
3.2-
12.8
oz
12
14
cabb
age
loop
er, C
olor
ado
pota
to b
eetle
, pot
ato
aphi
d,
pota
to fl
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eetle
, pot
ato
leaf
hopp
er, p
otat
o tu
berw
orm
3D
o no
t app
ly m
ore
than
1.6
lb
act
ive
ingr
edie
nt p
er
seas
on (
102.
4 oz
).
*A
san
a X
L (
0.66
EC
) (e
sfen
vale
rate
)
2.9-
9.6
fl oz
12
7
beet
arm
ywor
m (
aids
in
cont
rol),
cab
bage
loop
er,
Col
orad
o po
tato
bee
tle,
cucu
mbe
r be
etle
s (a
dults
),
cutw
orm
s, fl
ea b
eetle
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gras
shop
pers
, pot
ato
aphi
d,
pota
to le
afho
pper
, pot
ato
tube
rwor
m, t
arni
shed
pla
nt
bug
3D
o no
t app
ly m
ore
than
0.
35 lb
ai/a
cre
per
seas
on (
7 ap
plic
atio
ns a
t hig
hest
rat
e).
Ass
ail 7
0WP
Ass
ail 3
0SG
(ace
tam
iprid
)
0.6-
1.7
oz1.
5-4.
0 oz
127
aphi
ds, C
olor
ado
pota
to
beet
le, c
ucum
ber
beet
le,
flea
beet
le, l
eafh
oppe
rs
4AD
o no
t mak
e m
ore
than
4
appl
icat
ions
per
sea
son.
Do
not e
xcee
d a
tota
l of 0
.3 lb
ai
per
acre
per
sea
son.
Inse
ct M
anag
emen
t for
Pot
atoe
s10
Tab
le 6
. Sel
ecte
d in
sect
icid
es a
ppro
ved
for
use
on in
sect
s at
tack
ing
pota
toes
.
Tra
de
Nam
e (C
om
mo
n N
ame)
Rat
e(p
rod
uct
/acr
e)R
EI
(ho
urs
) D
ays
to
Har
vest
In
sect
s
MO
A
Co
de1
No
tes
Ava
un
t(in
doxa
carb
)2.
5-6.
0 oz
127
cabb
age
loop
er, C
olor
ado
pota
to b
eetle
22D
o no
t app
ly m
ore
than
24
oz/a
cre
per
crop
.
Aza
-Dir
ect
(aza
dira
chtin
) 1-
2 pt
s, u
p to
3.5
pts
, if
need
ed4
0 ap
hids
, bee
tles,
cat
erpi
llars
, le
afho
pper
s, le
afm
iner
s,
mite
s, s
tink
bugs
, thr
ips,
w
eevi
ls, w
hite
flies
unA
ntife
edan
t, re
pella
nt,
inse
ct g
row
th r
egul
ator
. O
MR
I-lis
ted2.
Aza
tin
XL
(aza
dira
chtin
) 5-
21 fl
oz
40
aphi
ds, b
eetle
s, c
ater
pilla
rs,
leaf
hopp
ers,
leaf
min
ers,
th
rips,
wee
vils
, whi
tefli
es
unA
ntife
edan
t, re
pella
nt,
inse
ct g
row
th r
egul
ator
.
*B
ayth
roid
XL
(bet
a-cy
fluth
rin)
0.8-
2.8
fl oz
12
0
cabb
age
loop
er, C
olor
ado
pota
to b
eetle
, cut
wor
ms,
fle
a be
etle
s, p
otat
o le
afho
pper
, pot
ato
tube
rwor
m, t
arni
shed
pla
nt
bug
3A
llow
at l
east
5 d
ays
betw
een
appl
icat
ions
. A
max
imum
of 1
6.8
oz m
ay b
e ap
plie
d pe
r ac
re p
er s
easo
n.
Bel
ay50
WD
G(c
loth
iani
din)
1.9-
2.8
fl oz
1-1.
5 oz
1214
aphi
ds, C
olor
ado
pota
to
beet
le, f
lea
beet
le,
leaf
hopp
ers
4AS
ee la
bel f
or in
-fur
row
or
side
dre
ss a
pplic
atio
ns.
Bel
eaf
50 S
G(f
loni
cam
id)
2.0-
2.8
oz12
7ap
hids
, pla
nt b
ugs
9CB
egin
app
licat
ions
bef
ore
pest
pop
ulat
ions
rea
ch
dam
agin
g le
vels
. Do
not
appl
y m
ore
than
8.4
oz/
acre
pe
r se
ason
.B
iob
it H
P(B
acill
us th
urin
gien
sis
subs
peci
es k
urst
aki)
0.5-
2.0
lb4
0ca
terp
illar
s (w
ill n
ot c
ontr
ol
larg
e ar
myw
orm
s)11
Tre
at w
hen
larv
ae a
re
youn
g. G
ood
cove
rage
is
esse
ntia
l. C
an b
e us
ed in
th
e gr
eenh
ouse
. O
MR
I-lis
ted2.
Inse
ct M
anag
emen
t for
Pot
atoe
s11
Tab
le 6
. Sel
ecte
d in
sect
icid
es a
ppro
ved
for
use
on in
sect
s at
tack
ing
pota
toes
.
Tra
de
Nam
e (C
om
mo
n N
ame)
Rat
e(p
rod
uct
/acr
e)R
EI
(ho
urs
) D
ays
to
Har
vest
In
sect
s
MO
A
Co
de1
No
tes
Bo
tan
iGar
d 2
2 W
P, E
S(B
eauv
eria
bas
sian
a)W
P:
0.5-
2 lb
/100
gal
ES
:0.
5-2
qt/1
00 g
al
40
aphi
ds, t
hrip
s, w
hite
flies
--M
ay b
e us
ed in
gr
eenh
ouse
s. C
onta
ct
deal
er fo
r re
com
men
datio
ns
if an
adj
uvan
t mus
t be
used
. N
ot c
ompa
tible
in ta
nk m
ix
with
fung
icid
es.
*Bri
gad
e 2
EC
(bife
nthr
in)
*Cap
ture
LF
R
9.6-
19.2
oz
at-p
lant
(so
il);
3.2-
9.6
oz a
t lay
-by
(soi
l);2.
1-6.
4 oz
(fo
liar)
See
labe
l for
rat
es fo
r LF
R.
1221
cucu
mbe
r be
etle
s, fl
ea
beet
les,
sw
eetp
otat
o w
eevi
l ad
ults
(fo
liar)
, whi
tefr
inge
d be
etle
adu
lts, w
hite
gru
b ad
ults
, w
hite
gru
bs (
lay-
by),
w
irew
orm
adu
lts, w
irew
orm
s (a
t-pl
ant a
nd la
y-by
)
3N
o m
ore
than
2 fo
liar
appl
icat
ions
, at l
east
21
days
apa
rt. D
o no
t app
ly
mor
e th
an 0
.5 lb
act
ive
ingr
edie
nt p
er a
cre
per
seas
on, i
nclu
ding
soi
l ap
plic
atio
ns.
Clin
ch(a
bam
ectin
)1
lb12
0fir
e an
ts6
App
ly w
hen
ants
are
act
ivel
y fo
ragi
ng. A
pply
afte
r de
w o
r ra
infa
ll ha
s dr
ied
for
max
imum
effe
ctiv
enes
s. D
o no
t app
ly if
rai
nfal
l is
antic
ipat
ed w
ithin
4 h
ours
.
Co
rag
en(r
ynax
ypyr
)3.
5-5.
0 fl
oz4
14ca
bbag
e lo
oper
, Col
orad
o po
tato
bee
tle28
Do
not a
pply
mor
e th
an
15.4
fl o
z pe
r ac
re p
er c
rop
per
seas
on. F
olia
r or
ov
erhe
ad s
prin
kler
irrig
atio
n sy
stem
s on
ly.
Cry
max
WD
G(B
acill
us th
urin
gien
sis
subs
peci
es k
urst
aki)
0.5-
2.0
lb4
0ca
terp
illar
s11
Use
hig
h ra
te fo
r ar
myw
orm
s. T
reat
whe
n la
rvae
are
you
ng.
Del
iver
(Bac
illus
thur
ingi
ensi
s su
bspe
cies
kur
stak
i)
0.25
-1.5
lb4
0 ca
terp
illar
s11
Use
hig
her
rate
s fo
r ar
myw
orm
s. O
MR
I-lis
ted2.
Inse
ct M
anag
emen
t for
Pot
atoe
s12
Tab
le 6
. Sel
ecte
d in
sect
icid
es a
ppro
ved
for
use
on in
sect
s at
tack
ing
pota
toes
.
Tra
de
Nam
e (C
om
mo
n N
ame)
Rat
e(p
rod
uct
/acr
e)R
EI
(ho
urs
) D
ays
to
Har
vest
In
sect
s
MO
A
Co
de1
No
tes
Dim
eth
oat
e 4
EC
, (d
imet
hoat
e)
0.5-
1.0
pt48
0 if
mec
hani
cally
ha
rves
ted
aphi
ds, g
rass
hopp
ers,
le
afho
pper
s, le
afm
iner
s 1B
Hig
hly
toxi
c to
bee
s.
DiP
el D
F(B
acill
us th
urin
gien
sis
subs
peci
es k
urst
aki)
0.5-
2.0
lb4
0ca
terp
illar
s11
Tre
at w
hen
larv
ae a
re
youn
g. G
ood
cove
rage
is
esse
ntia
l. O
MR
I-lis
ted2.
En
tru
st(s
pino
sad)
1-3
oz4
7ar
myw
orm
s, C
olor
ado
pota
to b
eetle
, loo
pers
, thr
ips
5D
o no
t app
ly to
con
secu
tive
gene
ratio
ns o
f Col
orad
o po
tato
bee
tle. D
o no
t app
ly
mor
e th
an 4
tim
es/c
rop.
O
MR
I-lis
ted2.
Ext
ing
uis
h
((S
) m
etho
pren
e)
1.0-
1.5
lb4
0
fir
e an
ts
7A
Slo
w-a
ctin
g IG
R (
inse
ct
grow
th r
egul
ator
). B
est
appl
ied
early
spr
ing
and
fall
whe
re c
rop
will
be
grow
n.
Col
onie
s w
ill b
e re
duce
d af
ter
thre
e w
eeks
and
el
imin
ated
afte
r 8
to 1
0 w
eeks
. May
be
appl
ied
by
grou
nd e
quip
men
t or
aeria
lly.
Fu
lfill
(p
ymet
rozi
ne)
2.75
-5.5
oz
12
14
gree
n pe
ach
aphi
d, p
otat
o ap
hid
9BA
pply
whe
n ap
hids
firs
t ap
pear
. Do
not e
xcee
d 11
.0
oz/a
cre/
seas
on.
*Fu
rad
an 4
F, L
FR
(c
arbo
fura
n)
1-2
pts
48
14
Col
orad
o po
tato
bee
tle, f
lea
beet
les,
leaf
hopp
ers
1AS
ee la
bel f
or r
estr
ictio
ns
base
d on
soi
l typ
e an
d w
ater
ta
ble.
Imid
an 7
0 W
(p
hosm
et)
1.3
lb5
days
7
C
olor
ado
pota
to b
eetle
, fle
a be
etle
s, p
otat
o le
afho
pper
1BU
se o
nly
on p
otat
oes
to b
e ha
rves
ted
by m
achi
ne.
Jav
elin
WG
(Bac
illus
thur
ingi
ensi
s su
bspe
cies
kur
stak
i)
0.12
-1.5
lb4
0m
ost c
ater
pilla
rs, b
ut n
ot
Spo
dopt
era
spec
ies
(arm
ywor
ms)
11T
reat
whe
n la
rvae
are
yo
ung.
Tho
roug
h co
vera
ge
is e
ssen
tial.
OM
RI-
liste
d2. K
ryo
cid
e(c
ryol
ite)
10-1
2 lb
120
Col
orad
o po
tato
bee
tle--
App
licat
ion
to e
xpos
ed
tube
rs m
ay r
esul
t in
exce
ss
resi
dues
.
Inse
ct M
anag
emen
t for
Pot
atoe
s13
Tab
le 6
. Sel
ecte
d in
sect
icid
es a
ppro
ved
for
use
on in
sect
s at
tack
ing
pota
toes
.
Tra
de
Nam
e (C
om
mo
n N
ame)
Rat
e(p
rod
uct
/acr
e)R
EI
(ho
urs
) D
ays
to
Har
vest
In
sect
s
MO
A
Co
de1
No
tes
*L
ann
ate
LV
; *S
P
(met
hom
yl)
LV
: 1.
5-3.
0 pt
SP
: 0.
5-1.
0 lb
48
6
aphi
ds, b
eet a
rmyw
orm
, fal
l ar
myw
orm
, fle
a be
etle
s,
leaf
hopp
ers,
loop
ers,
pot
ato
tube
rwor
m, v
arie
gate
d cu
twor
m
1AD
o no
t mak
e m
ore
than
10
appl
icat
ions
per
cro
p or
ap
ply
mor
e th
an 1
5 pt
(LV
) or
5 lb
(S
P)
per
acre
per
cr
op.
Mal
ath
ion
8F
(m
alat
hion
) 1-
3 pt
12
0
aphi
ds, f
alse
chi
nch
bugs
, gr
assh
oppe
rs, m
ealy
bugs
, le
afho
pper
s
1B
*M
oca
p 1
5 G
, *E
C(e
thop
rop)
S
ee la
bels
48
pr
epla
nt o
r at
pl
antin
g sy
mph
ylan
s, w
irew
orm
s 1B
*M
on
ito
r 4
EC
(m
etha
mid
opho
s)
1.5-
2 pt
s4
days
14
ap
hids
, arm
ywor
ms,
ca
bbag
e lo
oper
, Col
orad
o po
tato
bee
tle, c
utw
orm
s,
flea
beet
les,
Lyg
us b
ug,
pota
to le
afho
pper
, pot
ato
tube
rwor
m
1B
Mo
ven
to(s
piro
tetr
amat
)4.
0-5.
0 fl
oz24
7ap
hids
, psy
llids
, whi
tefli
es23
Max
imum
of 1
0 fl
oz/a
cre
per
seas
on.
M-P
ede
49%
EC
S
oap,
inse
ctic
idal
1-2%
V/V
12
0
aphi
ds, C
olor
ado
pota
to
beet
le, l
eafh
oppe
rs, p
lant
bu
gs, t
hrip
s, w
hite
flies
, m
ites
--O
MR
I-lis
ted2.
*M
ust
ang
(zet
a-cy
perm
ethr
in)
1.4-
4.3
oz12
1ca
bbag
e lo
oper
, cuc
umbe
r be
etle
s, c
utw
orm
s, fl
ea
beet
les,
gra
ssho
pper
s,
leaf
hopp
ers,
tarn
ishe
d pl
ant
bug,
veg
etab
le w
eevi
l, w
hite
frin
ged
beet
le (
adul
t),
yello
wst
riped
arm
ywor
m;
aids
in c
ontr
ol o
f aph
ids
and
beet
arm
ywor
m
3A
max
imum
of 0
.3 lb
ai/a
cre
per
seas
on m
ay b
e ap
plie
d.
Ob
ero
n 2
SC
(spi
rom
esife
n)8-
16 fl
oz
127
pota
to p
sylli
d, tw
ospo
tted
spid
er m
ite, w
hite
flies
23M
axim
um a
mou
nt p
er c
rop:
32
.0 fl
oz/
acre
. M
axim
um
appl
icat
ions
: 2.
Inse
ct M
anag
emen
t for
Pot
atoe
s14
Tab
le 6
. Sel
ecte
d in
sect
icid
es a
ppro
ved
for
use
on in
sect
s at
tack
ing
pota
toes
.
Tra
de
Nam
e (C
om
mo
n N
ame)
Rat
e(p
rod
uct
/acr
e)R
EI
(ho
urs
) D
ays
to
Har
vest
In
sect
s
MO
A
Co
de1
No
tes
*P
enn
cap
-M
(met
hyl p
arat
hion
) 2-
6 pt
12 d
ays
5
C
olor
ado
pota
to b
eetle
, cu
twor
ms,
flea
bee
tles,
gr
assh
oppe
rs, p
otat
o le
afho
pper
, tar
nish
ed p
lant
bu
g
1BD
o no
t app
ly m
ore
than
24
pt p
er a
cre
per
year
.
Pla
tin
um
Pla
tin
um
75S
G(t
hiam
etho
xam
)
5-8
fl oz
1.66
-2.6
7 oz
12ap
plie
d at
pl
antin
g or
at
plan
t em
erge
nce
aphi
ds, C
olor
ado
pota
to
beet
les,
flea
bee
tles,
pot
ato
leaf
hopp
ers,
wire
wor
ms
(see
d-pi
ece
only
)
4AF
or m
any
crop
s th
at a
re n
ot
on th
e la
bel,
a 12
0-da
y pl
ant-
back
inte
rval
mus
t be
obse
rved
. To
man
age
resi
stan
ce, a
void
usi
ng
Act
ara
or P
rova
do in
co
njun
ctio
n w
ith P
latin
um.
*P
ou
nce
25
WP
(p
erm
ethr
in)
6.4-
12.8
oz
12
14
aphi
ds, a
ster
leaf
hopp
er,
beet
arm
ywor
m, c
abba
ge
loop
er, C
olor
ado
pota
to
beet
le, c
utw
orm
s, fl
ea
beet
les,
leaf
hopp
ers,
pot
ato
tube
rwor
m, t
arni
shed
pla
nt
bug
3D
o no
t app
ly m
ore
than
0.8
lb
ai/a
cre
per
seas
on.
Pro
vad
o 1
.6 F
(im
idac
lopr
id)
3.8
oz12
7
ap
hids
, Col
orad
o po
tato
be
etle
, fle
a be
etle
s,
leaf
hopp
ers
4AD
o no
t use
if o
ther
4A
in
sect
icid
es h
ave
been
use
d at
pla
ntin
g.
Pyr
ellin
EC
(p
yret
hrin
+ r
oten
one)
1-
2 pt
12
12
hou
rs
aphi
ds, C
olor
ado
pota
to
beet
le, c
ucum
ber
beet
les,
fle
a be
etle
s, le
afho
pper
s,
leaf
min
ers,
loop
ers,
Lyg
us
bugs
, mite
s, p
lant
bug
s,
stin
k bu
gs, t
hrip
s, v
eget
able
w
eevi
l, w
hite
flies
3, 2
1
Rad
ian
t(s
pine
tora
m)
6-8
fl oz
47
arm
ywor
ms,
Col
orad
o po
tato
bee
tle, L
iriom
yza
leaf
min
ers,
loop
ers,
thrip
s
5N
o m
ore
than
4 a
pplic
atio
ns
per
year
.
Inse
ct M
anag
emen
t for
Pot
atoe
s15
Tab
le 6
. Sel
ecte
d in
sect
icid
es a
ppro
ved
for
use
on in
sect
s at
tack
ing
pota
toes
.
Tra
de
Nam
e (C
om
mo
n N
ame)
Rat
e(p
rod
uct
/acr
e)R
EI
(ho
urs
) D
ays
to
Har
vest
In
sect
s
MO
A
Co
de1
No
tes
*Reg
ent
4SC
(fip
roni
l)3.
2 fl
oz0
90w
irew
orm
sS
uppl
emen
tal l
abel
. M
any
plan
t-ba
ck r
estr
ictio
ns. O
ne
in-f
urro
w a
pplic
atio
n at
tim
e of
pla
ntin
g on
ly. M
ust b
e in
corp
orat
ed a
nd c
over
ed
with
soi
l.
Req
uie
m(e
xtra
ct o
f Che
nopo
dium
am
bros
ioid
es)
2-3
qt4
0gr
een
peac
h ap
hid
unT
reat
whe
n th
resh
old
reac
hed.
Rim
on
0.8
3EC
(nov
alur
on)
9-12
fl o
z12
14ar
myw
orm
s, C
olor
ado
pota
to b
eetle
, loo
pers
, oth
er
folia
ge fe
edin
g ca
terp
illar
s,
pota
to tu
berw
orm
, whi
tefli
es
(sup
pres
sion
)
15D
o no
t app
ly m
ore
than
24
oz p
er a
cre
per
seas
on.
Lim
ited
to 2
app
licat
ions
.
Sev
in X
LR
, 4 F
; 80
S
(car
bary
l) X
LR
, 4F
: 0.
5-2.
0 qt
80S
: 0.
63-2
.5 lb
12
7
Col
orad
o po
tato
bee
tle, c
orn
earw
orm
, cut
wor
ms,
fall
arm
ywor
m, f
lea
beet
les,
le
afho
pper
s, s
tink
bugs
, ta
rnis
hed
plan
t bug
1AD
o no
t app
ly m
ore
than
a
tota
l of 6
qt (
4F, X
LR)
or 7
.5
lb (
80S
).
Sp
inT
or
2 S
C
(spi
nosa
d)
3.2-
9.6
fl oz
4
7
arm
ywor
ms,
Col
orad
o po
tato
bee
tle, l
eafm
iner
s (L
iriom
yza
spp.
), lo
oper
s,
thrip
s
5D
o no
t app
ly to
con
secu
tive
gene
ratio
ns o
f Col
orad
o po
tato
bee
tle, o
r m
ake
mor
e th
an 2
app
licat
ions
per
si
ngle
gen
erat
ion.
Su
n S
pra
y 98
.8%
,JM
S S
tyle
t-O
il, o
ther
s (o
il, in
sect
icid
al)
3-6
qt/1
00 g
al (
JMS
)4
0
le
afho
pper
s, le
afm
iner
s,
thrip
s, w
hite
flies
, mite
s --
See
labe
l for
tank
mix
ca
utio
ns. O
rgan
ic S
tyle
t-O
il is
OM
RI-
liste
d2.
*Tel
on
e C
-35
(dic
hlor
opro
pene
+
chlo
ropi
crin
)
See
labe
l5
days
-
See
labe
l
prep
lant
sym
phyl
ans,
wire
wor
ms
--
See
sup
plem
enta
l lab
el fo
r ad
ditio
nal u
se r
estr
ictio
ns
for
cert
ain
coun
ties.
*Tel
on
e II
(dic
hlor
opro
pene
)
Inse
ct M
anag
emen
t for
Pot
atoe
s16
Tab
le 6
. Sel
ecte
d in
sect
icid
es a
ppro
ved
for
use
on in
sect
s at
tack
ing
pota
toes
.
Tra
de
Nam
e (C
om
mo
n N
ame)
Rat
e(p
rod
uct
/acr
e)R
EI
(ho
urs
) D
ays
to
Har
vest
In
sect
s
MO
A
Co
de1
No
tes
*Tem
ik 1
5 G
(a
ldic
arb)
14-2
0 lb
48
A
t pla
ntin
g ap
hids
, Col
orad
o po
tato
be
etle
, fle
a be
etle
s,
leaf
hopp
ers
1AD
o no
t app
ly a
fter
plan
ting.
S
ee la
bel f
or o
ther
re
stric
tions
.
*Th
imet
20
G
(pho
rate
)
See
labe
l - v
arie
s w
ith s
oil
type
and
tim
e of
app
licat
ion.
48
90
aphi
ds, C
olor
ado
pota
to
beet
le, f
lea
beet
les
(larv
ae),
le
afho
pper
s, le
afm
iner
s,
wire
wor
ms
1BO
ne a
pplic
atio
n pe
r se
ason
.
*T
hio
nex
3 E
C
*Th
ion
ex 5
0W
(end
osul
fan)
0.66
-1.3
3 qt
481
aphi
ds, a
rmyw
orm
s,
Col
orad
o po
tato
bee
tle,
fals
e ch
inch
bug
s, fl
ea
beet
les,
leaf
hopp
ers,
pla
nt
bugs
, pot
ato
tube
rwor
m,
stin
k bu
gs, t
hree
pot
ato
beet
le, w
hite
flies
2N
o m
ore
than
4 a
pplic
atio
ns
per
year
. Do
not e
xcee
d 2
lb
ai/a
cre
per
year
.
Tri
gar
d(c
yrom
azin
e)2.
66-5
.32
oz12
7C
olor
ado
pota
to b
eetle
la
rvae
, lea
fmin
ers
17M
ost e
ffect
ive
for
cont
rol o
f 1st
and
2nd
inst
ar la
rvae
.T
rilo
gy
(ext
ract
of n
eem
oil)
0.5-
2.0%
V/V
40
aphi
ds, m
ites,
sup
pres
sion
of
thrip
s an
d w
hite
flies
unA
pply
mor
ning
or
even
ing
to
redu
ce p
oten
tial f
or le
af
burn
. Tox
ic to
bee
s ex
pose
d to
dire
ct tr
eatm
ent.
OM
RI-
liste
d2.
Ven
om
Inse
ctic
ide
(din
otef
uran
)fo
liar:
1-1
.5 o
zso
il: 6
.5-7
.5 o
z12
folia
r -
7so
il -
at p
lant
ing
Col
orad
o po
tato
bee
tle, f
lea
beet
le, p
otat
o le
afho
pper
, ps
yllid
4AO
ne s
oil a
pplic
atio
n, e
ither
pr
epla
nt, p
reem
erge
nce,
or
at g
roun
d cr
ack.
Vo
liam
Fle
xi(t
hiam
etho
xam
, ch
lora
ntra
nilip
role
)
4 oz
1214
aphi
ds, b
eet a
rmyw
orm
, ca
bbag
e lo
oper
, Col
orad
o po
tato
bee
tle, f
lea
beet
les,
po
tato
leaf
hopp
er
4A, 2
8N
o m
ore
than
two
appl
icat
ions
.
*V
ydat
e L
(oxa
myl
)
folia
r: 1
-4 p
t48
7ap
hids
, Col
orad
o po
tato
be
etle
, fle
a be
etle
s,
leaf
hopp
ers,
tarn
ishe
d pl
ant
bug
1AN
o m
ore
than
8 fo
liar
ap
plic
atio
ns p
er c
rop.
Inse
ct M
anag
emen
t for
Pot
atoe
s17
Tab
le 6
. Sel
ecte
d in
sect
icid
es a
ppro
ved
for
use
on in
sect
s at
tack
ing
pota
toes
.
Tra
de
Nam
e (C
om
mo
n N
ame)
Rat
e(p
rod
uct
/acr
e)R
EI
(ho
urs
) D
ays
to
Har
vest
In
sect
s
MO
A
Co
de1
No
tes
Xen
tari
DF
(Bac
illus
thur
ingi
ensi
s su
bspe
cies
aiz
awai
)
0.5-
2.0
lb4
0ca
terp
illar
s11
Tre
at w
hen
larv
ae a
re
youn
g. T
horo
ugh
cove
rage
is
ess
entia
l. M
ay b
e us
ed in
th
e gr
eenh
ouse
. Can
be
used
in o
rgan
ic p
rodu
ctio
n.
Th
e p
esti
cid
e in
form
atio
n p
rese
nte
d in
th
is t
able
was
cu
rren
t w
ith
fed
eral
an
d s
tate
reg
ula
tio
ns
at t
he
tim
e o
f re
visi
on
. Th
e u
ser
is r
esp
on
sib
le f
or
det
erm
inin
g
the
inte
nd
ed u
se is
co
nsi
sten
t w
ith
th
e la
bel
of
the
pro
du
ct b
ein
g u
sed
. Use
pes
tici
des
saf
ely.
Rea
d a
nd
fo
llow
lab
el in
stru
ctio
ns.
1M
ode
of A
ctio
n co
des
for
vege
tabl
e pe
st in
sect
icid
es fr
om th
e In
sect
icid
e R
esis
tanc
e A
ctio
n C
omm
ittee
(IR
AC
) M
ode
of A
ctio
n C
lass
ifica
tion
v. 6
.1 A
ugus
t 200
8.
1A. A
cety
l cho
lines
tera
se in
hibi
tors
, Car
bam
ates
(ne
rve
actio
n)1B
. Ace
tyl c
holin
este
rase
inhi
bito
rs, O
rgan
opho
spha
tes
(ner
ve a
ctio
n)2A
. GA
BA
-gat
ed c
hlor
ide
chan
nel a
ntag
onis
ts (
nerv
e ac
tion)
3. S
odiu
m c
hann
el m
odul
ator
s (n
erve
act
ion)
4A. N
icot
inic
ace
tylc
holin
e re
cept
or a
goni
sts
(ner
ve a
ctio
n)5.
Nic
otin
ic a
cety
lcho
line
rece
ptor
allo
ster
ic a
ctiv
ator
s (n
erve
act
ion)
6. C
hlor
ide
chan
nel a
ctiv
ator
s (n
erve
and
mus
cle
actio
n)7A
. Juv
enile
hor
mon
e m
imic
s (g
row
th r
egul
atio
n)7C
. Juv
enile
hor
mon
e m
imic
s (g
row
th r
egul
atio
n)9B
and
9C
. Sel
ectiv
e ho
mop
tera
n fe
edin
g bl
ocke
rs10
. Mite
gro
wth
inhi
bito
rs (
grow
th r
egul
atio
n)11
. Mic
robi
al d
isru
ptor
s of
inse
ct m
idgu
t mem
bran
es12
B. I
nhib
itors
of m
itoch
ondr
ial A
TP
syn
thas
e (e
nerg
y m
etab
olis
m)
15. I
nhib
itors
of c
hitin
bio
synt
hesi
s, ty
pe 0
, lep
idop
tera
n (g
row
th r
egul
atio
n)16
. Inh
ibito
rs o
f chi
tin b
iosy
nthe
sis,
type
1, h
omop
tera
n (g
row
th r
egul
atio
n)17
. Mol
ting
disr
upto
r, d
ipte
ran
(gro
wth
reg
ulat
ion)
18. E
cdys
one
rece
ptor
ago
nist
s (g
row
th r
egul
atio
n)22
. Vol
tage
-dep
ende
nt c
hann
el b
lock
ers
(ner
ve a
ctio
n)23
. Inh
ibito
rs o
f ace
tyl C
o-A
car
boxy
lase
(lip
id s
ynth
esis
, gro
wth
reg
ulat
ion)
28. R
yano
dine
rec
epto
r m
odul
ator
s (n
erve
and
mus
cle
actio
n)un
. Com
poun
ds o
f unk
now
n or
unc
erta
in m
ode
of a
ctio
n
2 OM
RI l
iste
d: L
iste
d by
the
Org
anic
Mat
eria
ls R
evie
w In
stitu
te fo
r us
e in
org
anic
pro
duct
ion.
* R
estr
icte
d U
se O
nly
.
