Instructional Focus Document Notes Grade 8/Social Studies UNIT: 11 TITLE: Sectionalism and Civil War Part 1: Sectionalism

Instructional Focus Instructional Focus Document NotesDocument NotesGrade 8/Social Grade 8/Social

StudiesStudiesUNIT: 11 TITLE: UNIT: 11 TITLE: Sectionalism and Civil WarSectionalism and Civil War

Part 1: SectionalismPart 1: Sectionalism

Three Sectional LeadersThree Sectional Leaders

While conflict between political While conflict between political parties declined, disputes between parties declined, disputes between different sections of the nation different sections of the nation sharpened.sharpened.

In Congress, three men would play In Congress, three men would play major roles in politics for the next 30 major roles in politics for the next 30 years. Each of the three represented years. Each of the three represented one of the three different regions of one of the three different regions of the countrythe country

John C. Calhoun spoke for John C. Calhoun spoke for the Souththe South

He supported the War He supported the War of 1812of 1812

He was a firm defender He was a firm defender of Slavery. of Slavery. Like many Like many Southerners he saw Southerners he saw slavery as necessary slavery as necessary for labor, and therefore for labor, and therefore an economic issuean economic issue

He opposed any policy He opposed any policy that would strengthen that would strengthen the federal governmentthe federal government

He claimed that state He claimed that state governments should governments should have the right to reject have the right to reject federal lawsfederal laws

Daniel Webster spoke for Daniel Webster spoke for the Norththe North

He opposed the He opposed the War of 1812War of 1812

Wanted the federal Wanted the federal government to government to take a larger role take a larger role in building the in building the nation’s economynation’s economy

He opposed He opposed slavery and slavery and thought it was evilthought it was evil

Henry Clay spoke for the Henry Clay spoke for the WestWest

Was the leader of Was the leader of the War hawks and the War hawks and therefore supported therefore supported the War of 1812the War of 1812

Favored a more Favored a more active role for the active role for the federal government federal government in promoting the in promoting the country’s growthcountry’s growth

SectionalismSectionalism

The country had become divided The country had become divided with Sectionalism. with Sectionalism.

Sectionalism is loyalty to One’s State Sectionalism is loyalty to One’s State or local region, rather than to the or local region, rather than to the nation.nation.

Sectionalism had led to early conflict Sectionalism had led to early conflict in the United States with the issue of in the United States with the issue of States Rights and the Nullification States Rights and the Nullification Crisis. Crisis.

Missouri CompromiseMissouri Compromise

Both the North and the South had a Both the North and the South had a balance in Congress with 11 free states balance in Congress with 11 free states and 11 slave statesand 11 slave states

Missouri wanted to be admitted into the Missouri wanted to be admitted into the United States as a slave state which United States as a slave state which would upset the balancewould upset the balance

Henry Clay suggested admitting Henry Clay suggested admitting Missouri as slave state, but at the same Missouri as slave state, but at the same time, admit the territory of Maine as a time, admit the territory of Maine as a free statefree state


This would keep the This would keep the balance in Congressbalance in Congress and it became known and it became known as the Missouri as the Missouri CompromiseCompromise

Congress drew a line Congress drew a line across Missouri’s across Missouri’s southern border and southern border and prohibited slavery prohibited slavery above the borderabove the border


Slavery in the TerritoriesSlavery in the Territories

Northerners did not want slavery to Northerners did not want slavery to extend into any of the western extend into any of the western territories and tried to get the Wilmot territories and tried to get the Wilmot Proviso passed through Congress which Proviso passed through Congress which would have banned slavery in all the would have banned slavery in all the territories, but it did not pass the territories, but it did not pass the Senate Senate

Bother Northerners and Southerners Bother Northerners and Southerners argued over the issue of slavery in the argued over the issue of slavery in the westwest

Slavery in the TerritoriesSlavery in the Territories

Some moderates suggested extending Some moderates suggested extending the Missouri Compromise line all the the Missouri Compromise line all the way to the Pacific Oceanway to the Pacific Ocean

Others suggested that people living in Others suggested that people living in the territories could vote for themselves the territories could vote for themselves whether or not to allow slaverywhether or not to allow slavery

A new political party called the Free Soil A new political party called the Free Soil party was formed to keep slavery out of party was formed to keep slavery out of the Westthe West

California California

When California applied for statehood, When California applied for statehood, there were 15 slave states and 15 free there were 15 slave states and 15 free states.states.

California wanted to be admitted as a free California wanted to be admitted as a free state and this would upset the balancestate and this would upset the balance

CaliforniaCalifornia

Southerners feared that if California Southerners feared that if California were to enter the United States as a were to enter the United States as a free state, then all of the western free state, then all of the western territories would be admitted as free territories would be admitted as free states and the South would be states and the South would be hopelessly outnumbered in Congresshopelessly outnumbered in Congress

Some extremists even hinted that Some extremists even hinted that the South should consider secession the South should consider secession as an optionas an option

The Great Compromiser The Great Compromiser Henry Clay had been Henry Clay had been

nicknamed the Great nicknamed the Great Compromiser for Compromiser for working out numerous working out numerous compromises to keep compromises to keep the North and the South the North and the South happyhappy

Clay wanted to find a Clay wanted to find a permanent solution or permanent solution or he feared the Nation he feared the Nation could be torn apartcould be torn apart

Henry Clay helped Henry Clay helped reduce sectional conflict reduce sectional conflict through legislationthrough legislation

Clay vs. CalhounClay vs. Calhoun

John C Calhoun John C Calhoun refused to refused to compromise on any compromise on any issue.issue.

He insisted that He insisted that slavery be allowed in slavery be allowed in the West and the West and furthermore, runaway furthermore, runaway slaves that had slaves that had escaped to the North escaped to the North should be returnedshould be returned

Compromise of 1850Compromise of 1850

Henry Clay came Henry Clay came up with the up with the Compromise of Compromise of 1850, but he had 1850, but he had become ill and become ill and Stephen Douglas Stephen Douglas of Illinois helped of Illinois helped push it through push it through CongressCongress


The Compromise of 1850 had 5 partsThe Compromise of 1850 had 5 parts 1. California would be admitted as a free state1. California would be admitted as a free state 2. The rest of the western territories would use 2. The rest of the western territories would use

popular sovereignty and decide for themselves popular sovereignty and decide for themselves whether to have slaverywhether to have slavery

3. The slave trade was outlawed in Washington 3. The slave trade was outlawed in Washington D.C.D.C.

4. A strict fugitive slave law would be enforced4. A strict fugitive slave law would be enforced 5. A border dispute between Texas and New 5. A border dispute between Texas and New

Mexico was settledMexico was settled


Fugitive Slave ActFugitive Slave Act

The Fugitive Slave The Fugitive Slave Act part of the Act part of the Compromise Compromise required that all required that all runaway slaves runaway slaves who had escaped who had escaped to the North would to the North would be returned to be returned to slavery in the slavery in the SouthSouth

Uncle Tom’s CabinUncle Tom’s Cabin

In 1852, Harriet In 1852, Harriet Beecher Stowe, a Beecher Stowe, a woman from New woman from New England wrote the England wrote the novel novel Uncle Tom’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin Cabin which told which told the story of a the story of a slave’s brutal slave’s brutal treatment at the treatment at the hands of a slave hands of a slave ownerowner

Uncle Tom’s CabinUncle Tom’s Cabin The book was The book was

extremely popular in extremely popular in the North and helped the North and helped to boost the to boost the Abolitionist Abolitionist MovementMovement

Southerners felt the Southerners felt the book was unfair book was unfair propagandapropaganda

The book increased The book increased tension between tension between Northerners and Northerners and SouthernersSoutherners

Kansas-Nebraska ActKansas-Nebraska Act

Stephen Douglas introduced a bill that Stephen Douglas introduced a bill that would divide the Kansas-Nebraska would divide the Kansas-Nebraska territory into two territories : Kansas and territory into two territories : Kansas and NebraskaNebraska

Kansas-Nebraska ActKansas-Nebraska Act

Stephen Douglas Stephen Douglas proposed that proposed that Popular Sovereignty Popular Sovereignty be used to decide be used to decide the slavery issuethe slavery issue

Both pro-slavery and Both pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces anti-slavery forces flooded the Kansas flooded the Kansas territory with territory with settlers hoping to settlers hoping to cast their votecast their vote

Bleeding KansasBleeding Kansas

Both elected their Both elected their own governments and own governments and violence soon eruptedviolence soon erupted

Kansas Became Kansas Became known as “Bleeding known as “Bleeding Kansas” as armed Kansas” as armed gangs from both gangs from both camps clashed in camps clashed in numerous attacks numerous attacks across the Kansas across the Kansas territoryterritory

Bleeding KansasBleeding Kansas

John Brown led a gang of abolitionists. He John Brown led a gang of abolitionists. He said it was God’s will that he punish all said it was God’s will that he punish all slave holders. He murdered several pro-slave holders. He murdered several pro-slavery people resulting in retaliations slavery people resulting in retaliations and more violenceand more violence

Dred Scott vs. SanfordDred Scott vs. Sanford Dred Scott was enslaved Dred Scott was enslaved

to a slave owner who to a slave owner who had moved to the free had moved to the free territory of Wisconsinterritory of Wisconsin

After they moved back After they moved back to Missouri, Scott’s to Missouri, Scott’s owner had died. owner had died. Lawyers for Scott Lawyers for Scott argued that since Scott argued that since Scott had lived in the free had lived in the free territory, for several territory, for several years, he should be years, he should be legally freelegally free

Dred Scott vs. SanfordDred Scott vs. Sanford In the case of Dred Scott In the case of Dred Scott

vs. Sanford, the U.S. vs. Sanford, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled Supreme Court ruled that since Scott was a that since Scott was a slave (property) and slave (property) and therefore not a citizen, therefore not a citizen, he could not file a casehe could not file a case

The Court further ruled The Court further ruled that Congress did not that Congress did not have the power to have the power to outlaw slavery in any of outlaw slavery in any of the territoriesthe territories

Congress responded by Congress responded by saying slavery should saying slavery should not exist anywhere in not exist anywhere in the United Statesthe United States

The Republican Party The Republican Party EmergesEmerges

In 1854 in Michigan, In 1854 in Michigan, a group of Free a group of Free Soilers, Whigs, and Soilers, Whigs, and former Democrats former Democrats met to form a new met to form a new political party that political party that would take a stronger would take a stronger stance against the stance against the spread of slaveryspread of slavery

They formed the They formed the Republican PartyRepublican Party

Lincoln/Douglas DebatesLincoln/Douglas Debates

Abraham Lincoln ran Abraham Lincoln ran on the new on the new Republican ticket for Republican ticket for the office seat of the office seat of Senator from IllinoisSenator from Illinois

Running for re-Running for re-election for the same election for the same seat on the seat on the Democrat ticket was Democrat ticket was Stephen DouglasStephen Douglas


Lincoln challenged Lincoln challenged the very popular the very popular Stephen Douglas to Stephen Douglas to a series of debates a series of debates to be held across to be held across the state of Illinoisthe state of Illinois

People and People and Newspapers from Newspapers from all over came to all over came to these public these public debatesdebates


Lincoln argued that slavery should not be Lincoln argued that slavery should not be allowed at all in the Western territoriesallowed at all in the Western territories

Douglas said that the issue of slavery in the Douglas said that the issue of slavery in the Western territories should be decided by Western territories should be decided by Popular Sovereignty Popular Sovereignty

Lincoln/Douglas DebatesLincoln/Douglas Debates Stephen Douglas Stephen Douglas

barely won his re-barely won his re-electionelection

Lincoln, however, Lincoln, however, became well known became well known across the country across the country because he was very because he was very good at speaking to good at speaking to large groups of large groups of people and he people and he delivered many delivered many memorable speechesmemorable speeches

John Brown’s raid at John Brown’s raid at Harpers FerryHarpers Ferry

The radical abolitionist The radical abolitionist John Brown plotted to John Brown plotted to raid a federal arsenal in raid a federal arsenal in Harpers Ferry Virginia Harpers Ferry Virginia for weapons to be used for weapons to be used in a slave revolt that he in a slave revolt that he would leadwould lead

Brown managed to Brown managed to capture the arsenal, but capture the arsenal, but he himself was later he himself was later captured by the federal captured by the federal armyarmy

John Brown’s TrialJohn Brown’s Trial

The trial of John The trial of John Brown became a Brown became a media event.media event.

Throughout the Throughout the trial, John Brown trial, John Brown carried himself with carried himself with a calm demeanor a calm demeanor and behaved with and behaved with dignity even after dignity even after he was sentenced he was sentenced to deathto death

John Brown’s TrialJohn Brown’s Trial

John Brown quickly John Brown quickly gained many gained many admirers in the admirers in the North and after his North and after his execution, he execution, he became a martyr became a martyr

Part 2: Civil War Part 2: Civil War (1861-1865)(1861-1865)

Lincoln is ElectedLincoln is Elected

Lincoln was chosen Lincoln was chosen by the Republican by the Republican Party to run for Party to run for President in the President in the election of 1860election of 1860

The Democrats The Democrats were split between were split between Northern Northern Democrats and Democrats and Southern Southern DemocratsDemocrats

Lincoln is ElectedLincoln is Elected Stephen Douglas ran Stephen Douglas ran

on the ticket for the on the ticket for the Northern Democrats Northern Democrats while John while John Breckinridge ran on Breckinridge ran on the ticket for the the ticket for the Southern DemocratsSouthern Democrats

Southerners knew Southerners knew that if a Republican that if a Republican won, slavery would be won, slavery would be finished in the Westfinished in the West


Lincoln’s name Lincoln’s name was even kept off was even kept off the ballot in 10 the ballot in 10 Southern statesSouthern states

The Northerners The Northerners outnumbered the outnumbered the Southerners, Southerners, however, and however, and Lincoln won the Lincoln won the PresidencyPresidency


Many Southerners Many Southerners now felt that the now felt that the new President and new President and Congress were Congress were against the against the interests of the interests of the SouthSouth

They felt that an They felt that an abolitionist was abolitionist was now in the White now in the White HouseHouse

SecessionSecession Southern states felt they had no choice left but to Southern states felt they had no choice left but to

secede from the Union. On Dec. 20, 1860, South secede from the Union. On Dec. 20, 1860, South Carolina became the first state to secede. By Carolina became the first state to secede. By February, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Louisiana, February, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Louisiana, Texas, and Mississippi also secededTexas, and Mississippi also seceded

SecessionSecession

Lincoln faced a very dangerous Lincoln faced a very dangerous situation when he took office. situation when he took office. He He warned that no state had the right to warned that no state had the right to leave the Union, calling it illegal.leave the Union, calling it illegal. He He stated that there would be NO civil war, stated that there would be NO civil war, however, unless the South started onehowever, unless the South started one

……..“In YOUR hands my dissatisfied ..“In YOUR hands my dissatisfied fellow countrymen and not in MINE is fellow countrymen and not in MINE is the momentous issue of civil war”……..the momentous issue of civil war”……..

Fort SumterFort Sumter Fort Sumter was a Fort Sumter was a

federal fort located federal fort located within the borders of within the borders of South Carolina.South Carolina.

Since South Carolina Since South Carolina was no longer a part was no longer a part of the United States, of the United States, they felt the fort now they felt the fort now belonged to them.belonged to them.

They demanded that They demanded that Fort Sumter Fort Sumter surrendersurrender

Fort SumterFort Sumter

When Major Robert When Major Robert Anderson refused Anderson refused to surrender Ft. to surrender Ft. Sumter to South Sumter to South Carolina, the Carolina, the confederates fired confederates fired upon the fortupon the fort

These were the These were the first shots of the first shots of the Civil WarCivil War

Differences between the Differences between the North and SouthNorth and South

North=UNIONNorth=UNION 91% Factory production91% Factory production 71% Total population71% Total population 71% Railroads71% Railroads 75% Farmland75% Farmland 4% Cotton production 4% Cotton production 189 million in bank 189 million in bank

depositsdeposits 56 million in gold56 million in gold Large navy and trading Large navy and trading

fleetfleet Poor military leaders Poor military leaders

South=CONFEDERACYSouth=CONFEDERACY 9% Factory production9% Factory production 29% Total population29% Total population 29% Railroads29% Railroads 25% Farmland25% Farmland 96% Cotton production96% Cotton production 47 million in bank 47 million in bank

depositsdeposits 27 million in gold27 million in gold Small navy and trading Small navy and trading

fleetfleet Strong military leadersStrong military leaders

Civil War LeadersCivil War Leaders

Jefferson Davis Jefferson Davis became the became the President of the President of the Confederacy. Confederacy. Davis Davis was widely respected was widely respected as a leader, however, as a leader, however, he often worried he often worried about small matters about small matters and spent much time and spent much time arguing with arguing with advisorsadvisors


Lincoln at first had Lincoln at first had people worrying people worrying about his about his inexperience and inexperience and abilities to be an abilities to be an effective leader, but effective leader, but he very quickly he very quickly proved to be a strong proved to be a strong leader and a good leader and a good war planner. He war planner. He gained the respect of gained the respect of his advisorshis advisors


Lincoln knew that Lincoln knew that the obvious choice the obvious choice for commander of for commander of the Union Army the Union Army was Robert E. Leewas Robert E. Lee

Lee was Lee was considered by considered by many to be the many to be the greatest military greatest military generals evergenerals ever


When Lincoln asked When Lincoln asked Lee to take Lee to take command of the command of the army of the Potomac army of the Potomac (The main army of (The main army of the United States), the United States), Lee declinedLee declined

Lee stated that he Lee stated that he could not go against could not go against his home state of his home state of VirginiaVirginia

Battle of Bull RunBattle of Bull Run

Many Northerners expected a quick Many Northerners expected a quick and easy victory for the Union because and easy victory for the Union because they knew that the Union army greatly they knew that the Union army greatly outnumbered the Confederate armyoutnumbered the Confederate army

Union troops strolled with confidence Union troops strolled with confidence to meet the Confederate army at the to meet the Confederate army at the small stream in Virginia known as Bull small stream in Virginia known as Bull Run Creek. Many northern civilians Run Creek. Many northern civilians accompanied the army hoping to see a accompanied the army hoping to see a great show. great show.

Battle of Bull RunBattle of Bull Run

Commanding the Commanding the Confederate army Confederate army was General was General Thomas JacksonThomas Jackson

At first the sheer At first the sheer number of the number of the Union troops Union troops appearing caused appearing caused the Confederate the Confederate army to panic and army to panic and break upbreak up

Battle of Bull RunBattle of Bull Run Spectators began Spectators began

cheering saying “The cheering saying “The war is already over!”war is already over!”

But Thomas Jackson But Thomas Jackson did not move. He did not move. He stood his ground like stood his ground like a stone wall earning a stone wall earning him the nickname him the nickname Stonewall JacksonStonewall Jackson

The Confederate The Confederate army rallied behind army rallied behind JacksonJackson

Battle of Bull RunBattle of Bull Run A bloody battle ensued and in the end, the Union A bloody battle ensued and in the end, the Union

army panicked and fled the field of battlearmy panicked and fled the field of battle Many spectators who had not been killed also Many spectators who had not been killed also

fled alongside Union soldiersfled alongside Union soldiers

Battle of Bull RunBattle of Bull Run The Battle of Bull Run The Battle of Bull Run

showed that the Civil showed that the Civil War should be taken War should be taken seriouslyseriously

It showed that the It showed that the War would be long, War would be long, costly and it indicated costly and it indicated that there would be that there would be many casualties on many casualties on both sides both both sides both military and civilian military and civilian

Part 3: Civil War Part 3: Civil War (1861-1865)(1861-1865)

Early Years of the WarEarly Years of the War Lincoln placed George Lincoln placed George

McClellan to be Union McClellan to be Union commander after the commander after the disaster at Bull Rundisaster at Bull Run

Because the Union Because the Union had invaded Virginia, had invaded Virginia, Robert E Lee offered Robert E Lee offered his services to the his services to the Confederacy who Confederacy who promptly made him promptly made him commander of the commander of the Confederate armyConfederate army

Early Years of the WarEarly Years of the War

The Union Army continued to meet The Union Army continued to meet defeat after defeat at the hands of defeat after defeat at the hands of the Confederate army.the Confederate army.

This was due largely to the fact that This was due largely to the fact that the Confederate army had excellent the Confederate army had excellent military leaders such as Stonewall military leaders such as Stonewall Jackson, James Longstreet, George Jackson, James Longstreet, George Picket, Jeb Stuart and of course Picket, Jeb Stuart and of course Robert E. LeeRobert E. Lee

Confederate GeneralsConfederate Generals

Early Years of the WarEarly Years of the War Union Generals such Union Generals such

as McClellan preferred as McClellan preferred to use caution when to use caution when dealing with the dealing with the Confederate Army. Confederate Army. They wanted to get They wanted to get better trainedbetter trained

Most Union generals Most Union generals were scared of the were scared of the Confederate generals Confederate generals especially Robert E especially Robert E LeeLee

The The VirginiaVirginia and the and the MonitorMonitor

With a superior navy, the Union was With a superior navy, the Union was able to set up a naval blockade of all able to set up a naval blockade of all the Southern ports preventing the the Southern ports preventing the Confederacy from trading with anyone.Confederacy from trading with anyone.

The Confederacy needed a ship that The Confederacy needed a ship that could break through the naval blockadecould break through the naval blockade

Confederates too a Union ironclad Confederates too a Union ironclad named the named the MerrimackMerrimack and renamed it and renamed it the the VirginiaVirginia


Iron plates were Iron plates were fitted all around the fitted all around the ship making it ship making it practically practically impervious to impervious to cannon fire. cannon fire.

It was successful at It was successful at breaking through the breaking through the blockade and tore blockade and tore through traditional through traditional wooden war shipswooden war ships


The Union The Union responded with responded with another ironclad another ironclad ship named the ship named the MonitorMonitor

It rested low in the It rested low in the water and had a water and had a unique rotating unique rotating turret with twin turret with twin cannonscannons


Both ships eventually clashed in battle off Both ships eventually clashed in battle off the coast of Virginiathe coast of Virginia

Neither ship was able to damage the Neither ship was able to damage the otherother

Eventually both ships withdrew from the Eventually both ships withdrew from the battle ending in a drawbattle ending in a draw

This battle proved the effectiveness of the This battle proved the effectiveness of the new metal steam powered war ships and new metal steam powered war ships and it ushered in the age of the ironcladsit ushered in the age of the ironclads


VirginiaVirginia vs. vs. MonitorMonitor

Battles of the Civil WarBattles of the Civil War

The Confederates The Confederates still managed to still managed to defeat the Union defeat the Union forces time and time forces time and time again at many again at many battles including battles including Chancellorsville and Chancellorsville and the worst Union the worst Union defeat of the war: defeat of the war: Fredericksburg. Fredericksburg. Plus many morePlus many more

Battles of the Civil WarBattles of the Civil War Union generals Union generals

were proving to be were proving to be weak leadersweak leaders

Lincoln replaced Lincoln replaced McClellan with McClellan with Ambrose BurnsideAmbrose Burnside

Burnside was Burnside was replaced later by replaced later by Joseph Hooker…Joseph Hooker…who was also later who was also later replacedreplaced


There were a few Union victories such as There were a few Union victories such as the battle of Shiloh and Antietam, but the battle of Shiloh and Antietam, but these victories came at a heavy cost of these victories came at a heavy cost of thousands of livesthousands of lives


The Battle at Antietam was the bloodiest The Battle at Antietam was the bloodiest single day in the Civil War with over single day in the Civil War with over 23,000 casualties in just one day. 23,000 casualties in just one day.

Emancipation Emancipation ProclamationProclamation

In the middle of the war, Lincoln decided In the middle of the war, Lincoln decided to issue the to issue the Emancipation Proclamation Emancipation Proclamation which freed all the slaves in the which freed all the slaves in the Confederate states.Confederate states.

Slaves in the Union states would remain Slaves in the Union states would remain slavesslaves

Although Lincoln felt that slavery was Although Lincoln felt that slavery was wrong, he did not want to anger slave wrong, he did not want to anger slave holding Union states that had remained holding Union states that had remained loyal to the United Statesloyal to the United States

Emancipation Emancipation ProclamationProclamation

Lincoln did not want the Emancipation Lincoln did not want the Emancipation Proclamation to seem like a desperate act, Proclamation to seem like a desperate act, so he waited until the Union had a few big so he waited until the Union had a few big victories before issuing it. (like Antietam)victories before issuing it. (like Antietam)

African American African American ContributionsContributions

Frederick Douglass Frederick Douglass helped persuade the helped persuade the Union to form an Union to form an African American African American regiment. regiment.

The Union army The Union army decided to form an all decided to form an all black regiment called black regiment called the 54th Massachusetts. the 54th Massachusetts. At first they were used At first they were used only as labor, but the only as labor, but the commander, Colonel commander, Colonel Shaw worked to get Shaw worked to get them into battlethem into battle

African American African American ContributionsContributions

The regiment proved The regiment proved their courage in battle their courage in battle and won many and won many engagementsengagements

William Carney, a soldier William Carney, a soldier in the 54th, even won the in the 54th, even won the Congressional Medal of Congressional Medal of Honor.Honor.

On the attack at the On the attack at the Confederate Ft. Wagner, Confederate Ft. Wagner, the 54th led the charge. the 54th led the charge. They lost over half their They lost over half their number, but opened the number, but opened the doors for African doors for African American soldiersAmerican soldiers

Ft. Wagner was never Ft. Wagner was never takentaken

In the South, as the Union army pushed In the South, as the Union army pushed into the South, slaves were liberated and into the South, slaves were liberated and left the plantations to freedomleft the plantations to freedom

Women’s ContributionsWomen’s Contributions Women on both sides Women on both sides

played large roles in played large roles in aiding the war effort. aiding the war effort. As men left for the As men left for the battlefield, Women battlefield, Women took over factories an took over factories an businesses, businesses, plantations, etc.plantations, etc.

On both sides women On both sides women acted as nurses acted as nurses tending to the tending to the wounded and the sickwounded and the sick

Women’s ContributionsWomen’s Contributions

Like in wars from Like in wars from the past, such as the past, such as the Revolution, the Revolution, some women also some women also disguised disguised themselves as men themselves as men so that they could so that they could take part in battlestake part in battles

Battlefield ConditionsBattlefield Conditions On both sides MOST On both sides MOST

soldiers were under soldiers were under the age of 21. Many the age of 21. Many were mere teenagerswere mere teenagers

These young boys These young boys became hardened by became hardened by their experiences, their experiences, sleeping on hard sleeping on hard ground in all weather ground in all weather conditions and learning conditions and learning to face enemy fire and to face enemy fire and stand their groundstand their ground

Battlefield ConditionsBattlefield Conditions


New weaponry made the battlefield even New weaponry made the battlefield even more horrific.more horrific.

Cone shaped bullets replaced musket balls. Cone shaped bullets replaced musket balls. These mini balls, as they were called, were These mini balls, as they were called, were far more accurate and deadlyfar more accurate and deadly


Rifled muskets Rifled muskets fired shots that fired shots that could go much could go much farther and were farther and were much more much more accurateaccurate


Cannon accuracy Cannon accuracy was significantly was significantly improved as well improved as well during the Civil during the Civil War. War.

Explosive shells Explosive shells were more deadly were more deadly and precise than and precise than ever beforeever before


During the Civil During the Civil War, the Gatling War, the Gatling Gun was invented Gun was invented and deployed to and deployed to the battlefield. the battlefield.

It was the worlds It was the worlds first machine gun first machine gun and increased and increased casualty rates casualty rates immensely immensely


In most all the In most all the battles, one fourth battles, one fourth to half of all the to half of all the soldiers engaged soldiers engaged perishedperished

Casualties of the Civil Casualties of the Civil WarWar

Medical CareMedical Care

Medical care was Medical care was very crude and very crude and many wounded many wounded soldiers faced soldiers faced unheard of horrors unheard of horrors in the hospital in the hospital tents. tents.

Minor wounds often Minor wounds often became infected became infected and limbs usually and limbs usually were amputatedwere amputated

DiseaseDisease

Diseases such as Diseases such as malaria, dysentery, malaria, dysentery, cholera, and cholera, and influenza killed influenza killed just as many just as many soldiers as did soldiers as did bullets and bullets and cannonscannons

Prisoners Of WarPrisoners Of War

Prisoners of War Prisoners of War on both sides were on both sides were treated inhumanly treated inhumanly

They experienced They experienced the worst the Civil the worst the Civil war had to offerwar had to offer

Many were Many were neglected and neglected and starved to deathstarved to death

Prisoners Of WarPrisoners Of War

Draft Laws Draft Laws

As the war dragged on, public As the war dragged on, public support dwindled. Many young men support dwindled. Many young men stopped volunteering for the army.stopped volunteering for the army.

Congress decided to enlist a draft Congress decided to enlist a draft which would require all able bodied which would require all able bodied males between the ages of 20 and 45 males between the ages of 20 and 45 to serve in the armyto serve in the army

However if one could pay $300, then However if one could pay $300, then he could avoid the drafthe could avoid the draft

Draft LawsDraft Laws

Many felt this was Many felt this was not fair, because not fair, because only the wealthy only the wealthy could afford the could afford the $300 pay off$300 pay off

As a result draft As a result draft riots broke out in riots broke out in many cities across many cities across the North to the North to protest the draftprotest the draft

The Tide TurnsThe Tide Turns

As the war stretched on, the South As the war stretched on, the South was beginning to suffer economicallywas beginning to suffer economically

The South could not keep up with the The South could not keep up with the North in factory production, which North in factory production, which produced badly needed suppliesproduced badly needed supplies

The Northern naval blockade of The Northern naval blockade of Southern ports prevented the South Southern ports prevented the South from selling cotton, or trading with from selling cotton, or trading with anyoneanyone

Union Naval BlockadeUnion Naval Blockade

Tide TurnsTide Turns Wile both sides were losing thousands of Wile both sides were losing thousands of

young boys every month, the Union had young boys every month, the Union had the population to replace its lossesthe population to replace its losses

The south could not replace its losses so The south could not replace its losses so the Confederate army continued to the Confederate army continued to shrinkshrink

After years of bad leadership, the Union After years of bad leadership, the Union was finally getting strong military was finally getting strong military leaders such as Generals George Meade, leaders such as Generals George Meade, William T. Sherman, Winfield Hancock, William T. Sherman, Winfield Hancock, and Ulysses S. Grantand Ulysses S. Grant

Strong Union GeneralsStrong Union Generals

Tide TurnsTide Turns

Philip Bazaar was Philip Bazaar was a Chilean a Chilean immigrant who immigrant who distinguished distinguished himself in the U.S. himself in the U.S. Navy during the Navy during the assault on the assault on the Confederate Ft. Confederate Ft. Fisher. Fisher.

GettysburgGettysburg

Lee came up with a Lee came up with a plan to invade the plan to invade the North, lure the Union North, lure the Union army out in the open army out in the open and destroy it, thus and destroy it, thus bringing an end to bringing an end to the warthe war

He invaded He invaded Pennsylvania and Pennsylvania and began a march began a march toward Washington toward Washington D.C.D.C.


A small detachment of the Confederate A small detachment of the Confederate Army went into the town of Gettysburg Army went into the town of Gettysburg looking for shoes when they encountered looking for shoes when they encountered a Union detachment also in Gettysburg. a Union detachment also in Gettysburg. They immediately began fighting and They immediately began fighting and reinforcements gradually arrived until it reinforcements gradually arrived until it was a full engagement between the was a full engagement between the Union Army (George Meade Union Army (George Meade commanding )and the Confederate Army commanding )and the Confederate Army (Robert E Lee Commanding) (Robert E Lee Commanding)


The Confederate The Confederate Army was able to Army was able to drive the Union drive the Union Army from the Army from the town, but the Union town, but the Union Army took a Army took a defensive position defensive position on excellent ground on excellent ground along Cemetery along Cemetery Ridge outside of Ridge outside of the townthe town

GettysburgGettysburg Three days of savage Three days of savage

fighting resulted as the fighting resulted as the Confederate army tried Confederate army tried to dislodge the Union to dislodge the Union army from its position.army from its position.

The first attempt was The first attempt was at the southern flank at at the southern flank at the battle of Little the battle of Little Round Top. Round Top.

The Union The Union miraculously held off miraculously held off the Confederate attackthe Confederate attack


Each attempt by the Each attempt by the Confederate army Confederate army failed to dislodge failed to dislodge the Union positionthe Union position

Lee decided on one Lee decided on one last charge straight last charge straight up the center of the up the center of the Union lines. General Union lines. General Pickett was chosen Pickett was chosen to coordinate the to coordinate the attackattack

Pickett’s ChargePickett’s Charge Pickett coordinated a 15,000 strong attack force Pickett coordinated a 15,000 strong attack force

for over a mile straight at the Union Center. As for over a mile straight at the Union Center. As Pickett’s charge advanced, they were under such Pickett’s charge advanced, they were under such intense cannon and gunfire that only a few intense cannon and gunfire that only a few thousand made it halfwaythousand made it halfway

Pickett’s ChargePickett’s Charge The charge ended in absolute Confederate failure.The charge ended in absolute Confederate failure. This battle broke the invincible back of the This battle broke the invincible back of the

Confederate armyConfederate army The Confederate Army was forced to retreat from The Confederate Army was forced to retreat from

Gettysburg. The Confederate invasion was turned back.Gettysburg. The Confederate invasion was turned back.


More than 50,000 More than 50,000 were killed or were killed or wounded at wounded at GettysburgGettysburg

It was the turning It was the turning point of the Civil point of the Civil WarWar

Gettysburg AftermathGettysburg Aftermath

Gettysburg AddressGettysburg Address A ceremony was given A ceremony was given

to commemorate the to commemorate the Union soldiers who Union soldiers who had died at had died at Gettysburg. Lincoln Gettysburg. Lincoln attended the ceremony attended the ceremony and delivered his and delivered his speech now famously speech now famously known as the known as the Gettysburg Address. In Gettysburg Address. In his speech he his speech he reminded Americans reminded Americans that this country in a that this country in a strugglestruggle

Gettysburg AddressGettysburg Address

He reminded Americans that this He reminded Americans that this country was based on the principle country was based on the principle that all men are created equal. He said that all men are created equal. He said that the Civil War was a test to see if a that the Civil War was a test to see if a democratic nation could survive.democratic nation could survive.

He stated that … “A government of the He stated that … “A government of the people, by the people, and for the people, by the people, and for the people shall not perish from the earth”people shall not perish from the earth”

Gettysburg AddressGettysburg Address

This contrasts This contrasts sharply to the sharply to the sentiments in sentiments in Jefferson Davis’ Jefferson Davis’ inaugural address inaugural address where he defends where he defends the institution of the institution of slavery and the slavery and the sovereignty of the sovereignty of the individual states. individual states.

Total WarTotal War

After Gettysburg, After Gettysburg, things went badly things went badly for the Confederacyfor the Confederacy

Generals Grant and Generals Grant and Sherman adopted a Sherman adopted a policy of “Total policy of “Total War”. This meant War”. This meant that nothing would that nothing would be spared as their be spared as their armies invaded the armies invaded the SouthSouth

Total WarTotal War

Death and Death and destruction destruction followed them as followed them as they burned their they burned their way through the way through the South eastward South eastward toward Richmond.toward Richmond.

This was This was Sherman’s March Sherman’s March to the Seato the Sea

Last MonthsLast Months As the Union Army pressed on through As the Union Army pressed on through

the South, they continued to meet heavy the South, they continued to meet heavy resistance and fight bloody battles with resistance and fight bloody battles with the remainders of the Confederate armythe remainders of the Confederate army

Thousands upon thousands of Union Thousands upon thousands of Union soldiers were killed in these assaults, but soldiers were killed in these assaults, but they were continually replaced with new they were continually replaced with new recruits. recruits.

The Confederate army did not get The Confederate army did not get replacements as their army continued to replacements as their army continued to shrinkshrink

Last MonthsLast Months

Richmond FallsRichmond Falls

The capital of the The capital of the Confederacy, Confederacy, Richmond Virginia, Richmond Virginia, was under siege and was under siege and being bombarded.being bombarded.

Lee’s army was Lee’s army was forced to abandon the forced to abandon the city, and the Union city, and the Union took the Confederate took the Confederate capital (after its near capital (after its near destruction)destruction)

Richmond FallsRichmond Falls

Appomattox Court HouseAppomattox Court House Finally, faced with overwhelming odds, General Finally, faced with overwhelming odds, General

Robert E. Lee decided to surrender the Robert E. Lee decided to surrender the Confederate army to Ulysses S. Grant at Confederate army to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House. Appomattox Court House.

Lee met Grant for the first time to discuss terms Lee met Grant for the first time to discuss terms of surrenderof surrender

Appomattox Court HouseAppomattox Court House

Grants terms for surrender were Grants terms for surrender were considered to be quite generous and considered to be quite generous and very simplevery simple

All confederate soldiers were required to All confederate soldiers were required to turn over their weapons, renounce turn over their weapons, renounce loyalty to the Confederacy, and go home loyalty to the Confederacy, and go home and be citizens of the United States once and be citizens of the United States once againagain

On April 9, 1865, the Civil War came to On April 9, 1865, the Civil War came to an endan end

Appomattox Court HouseAppomattox Court House

Civil War EndsCivil War Ends The costs of the war The costs of the war

were tremendous. were tremendous. Over 360,000 Union Over 360,000 Union

casualtiescasualties Over 250,000 Over 250,000

Confederate casualtiesConfederate casualties No other war in history No other war in history

resulted in as many resulted in as many Americans deadAmericans dead

The war resulted in The war resulted in freedom for all menfreedom for all men

Documents

Instructional Focus Document Notes Grade 8/Social Studies UNIT: 11 TITLE: Sectionalism and Civil War Part 1: Sectionalism