IndustrializatioIndustrialization Leads to n Leads to

SectionalismSectionalism

SectionalismSectionalism Sectionalism = Sectionalism =

when local needs when local needs are placed ahead of are placed ahead of what’s best for the what’s best for the countrycountry

As the North As the North became increasingly became increasingly concerned with concerned with industrial growth, industrial growth, the South remained the South remained an agrarian, slave-an agrarian, slave-based societybased society

Eli Whitney’s Cotton Eli Whitney’s Cotton GinGin

Developed in 1794Developed in 1794 Machine separates cotton Machine separates cotton

fibers from the sharp seeds, fibers from the sharp seeds, a job previously done by a job previously done by slavesslaves

Made cotton farming more Made cotton farming more profitable because slaves profitable because slaves could now all be used in the could now all be used in the fieldsfields

Led to the Southern economy Led to the Southern economy becoming almost completely becoming almost completely dependent on cotton (a dependent on cotton (a phenomenon historians call phenomenon historians call “The Cotton Kingdom”)“The Cotton Kingdom”)

As cotton became more As cotton became more profitable, the demand for profitable, the demand for (and price of) slaves went up(and price of) slaves went up

Interchangeable Interchangeable partsparts

Eli Whitney also developed Eli Whitney also developed the idea of making the idea of making mechanical products out of mechanical products out of standardized partsstandardized parts

This has the advantage of This has the advantage of allowing rapid mass allowing rapid mass production of high quality production of high quality mechanical products; also, mechanical products; also, if a part broke, it could be if a part broke, it could be replaced easily with replaced easily with another part just like itanother part just like it

Whitney first applied this Whitney first applied this technique to building technique to building muskets for the U.S. Armymuskets for the U.S. Army

Slater’s “Factory System” Slater’s “Factory System” ArrivesArrives

In 1789, Samuel Slater, a In 1789, Samuel Slater, a British cotton mill manager, British cotton mill manager, broke British laws to broke British laws to immigrate to U.S.immigrate to U.S.

The British feared that their The British feared that their industrial technologies would industrial technologies would spread to other countries and spread to other countries and that foreign competition would that foreign competition would endanger their economyendanger their economy

Slater saw the U.S. as a place Slater saw the U.S. as a place of opportunity where he could of opportunity where he could make his fortune by building make his fortune by building his own textile mills closer to his own textile mills closer to the sources of American the sources of American cottoncotton

The Industrial Revolution had The Industrial Revolution had arrived in Americaarrived in America

Francis C. LowellFrancis C. Lowell 1775 – 18171775 – 1817 By 1814, American By 1814, American

entrepreneur Francis C. entrepreneur Francis C. Lowell had built the first Lowell had built the first fully industrialized textile fully industrialized textile factory in the U.S. which factory in the U.S. which took raw cotton and turned took raw cotton and turned it into completely finished it into completely finished cloth goods in a single cloth goods in a single buildingbuilding

Lowell was one of the first Lowell was one of the first American businessmen to American businessmen to sell shares of stock in his sell shares of stock in his business in order to raise business in order to raise the capital (money) to the capital (money) to build his factoriesbuild his factories

““Lowell Girls”Lowell Girls” For labor in his factories, For labor in his factories,

Lowell hired mostly teenage Lowell hired mostly teenage girls and young womengirls and young women

These girls averaged over These girls averaged over 70 hours a week in the 70 hours a week in the factory and had to attend factory and had to attend classes and church services classes and church services and live up to strict moral and live up to strict moral standardsstandards

Most appreciated the Most appreciated the opportunity to get an opportunity to get an education as well as earn education as well as earn money that could be sent money that could be sent back home to their families back home to their families

Sewing MachinesSewing Machines Developed by Elias Developed by Elias

Howe, among Howe, among others, in the 1840sothers, in the 1840s

Sewing machines Sewing machines opened the way for opened the way for mass production of mass production of finished textiles finished textiles (cheap, store-(cheap, store-bought clothes and bought clothes and linens)linens)

Why did the North Why did the North industrialize?industrialize?

More banks made it easy More banks made it easy to get loansto get loans

Few government Few government restrictions on restrictions on businessesbusinesses

Low tax ratesLow tax rates Cheap labor availableCheap labor available States passed laws which States passed laws which

protected business protected business owners from liability to owners from liability to investors for lossesinvestors for losses

Many streams and rivers Many streams and rivers to provide water powerto provide water power

Technology began to tie the Technology began to tie the North to the WestNorth to the West

The Erie CanalThe Erie Canal Man-made waterway Man-made waterway

completed in 1825completed in 1825 Connected New York’s Connected New York’s

Hudson River to the Hudson River to the Great Lakes, thereby Great Lakes, thereby connecting New York connecting New York City to the ports of City to the ports of Chicago and DetroitChicago and Detroit

Created a cheap way to Created a cheap way to travel for families travel for families moving west as well as moving west as well as for moving food from for moving food from the farms of the Midwest the farms of the Midwest to the cities of the Northto the cities of the North

SteamboatsSteamboats Steam-powered ships Steam-powered ships

were first put into were first put into practical commercial practical commercial use in the U.S. in 1807 use in the U.S. in 1807 by Robert Fultonby Robert Fulton

They quickly became They quickly became the preferred means the preferred means of travel along major of travel along major U.S. rivers and the U.S. rivers and the Great Lakes, speeding Great Lakes, speeding up the movement of up the movement of both people and goodsboth people and goods

Toll Roads & Toll Roads & TurnpikesTurnpikes

To keep up with To keep up with demand, private demand, private companies began companies began building roads to building roads to connect major Northern connect major Northern and Midwestern cities and Midwestern cities and charging travelers and charging travelers fees to use themfees to use them

By 1821: 4000 miles of By 1821: 4000 miles of toll roads had been toll roads had been built (almost all in built (almost all in North)North)

““Tom Thumb”Tom Thumb” In 1830, Peter Cooper first In 1830, Peter Cooper first

used a steam engine to used a steam engine to propel a cart along a set of propel a cart along a set of iron railsiron rails

This first American built This first American built locomotive was nicknamed locomotive was nicknamed “Tom Thumb” and traveled “Tom Thumb” and traveled at 10 mph along a 13 mile at 10 mph along a 13 mile track around Baltimore, track around Baltimore, MarylandMaryland

Tom Thumb was used to Tom Thumb was used to convince investors that convince investors that “railroads” were the answer “railroads” were the answer to the nation’s to the nation’s transportation problemstransportation problems

Railroads Take Off … in the Railroads Take Off … in the NorthNorth

Miles of railroad in Miles of railroad in USUS

1830: 401830: 40 1840: 27551840: 2755 1850: 85711850: 8571 1860: 28,9201860: 28,920 1870: 49,1681870: 49,168 1880: 87,8011880: 87,801 1890: 163,5621890: 163,562

Miles of railroad in Miles of railroad in SouthSouth

1830: 101830: 10 1840: 7371840: 737 1850: 20821850: 2082 1860: 79081860: 7908 1870: 10,6101870: 10,610 1880: 14,4581880: 14,458 1890: 27,8331890: 27,833

The TelegraphThe Telegraph Developed by American Developed by American

Samuel Morse in 1837Samuel Morse in 1837 New invention which New invention which

allowed long-distance allowed long-distance communication through communication through coded electrical coded electrical impulses sent through impulses sent through wireswires

For the first time, news For the first time, news could travel quickly, but could travel quickly, but the telegraph wires were the telegraph wires were built along rail lines, so, built along rail lines, so, again, the North got the again, the North got the most benefitmost benefit

The Steel PlowThe Steel Plow Iron plows worked poorly in Iron plows worked poorly in

the loamy soil of the the loamy soil of the American Midwest, making American Midwest, making farming the Great Plains farming the Great Plains impossibleimpossible

In 1837, blacksmith John In 1837, blacksmith John Deere designed a plow Deere designed a plow made out of steel instead made out of steel instead (steel was lighter and kept a (steel was lighter and kept a sharper prow)sharper prow)

Tens-of-thousands sold, Tens-of-thousands sold, making the Great Plains making the Great Plains “America’s Bread Basket” “America’s Bread Basket” and allowing Western grain and allowing Western grain to feed the industrial to feed the industrial population of the cities of population of the cities of the Norththe North

Mechanical Mechanical ReaperReaper

Invented by Cyrus Invented by Cyrus McCormick (with the help McCormick (with the help of a slave) in 1834of a slave) in 1834

McCormick’s reaper was a McCormick’s reaper was a horse-drawn machine horse-drawn machine which harvested wheat, which harvested wheat, removing the need for removing the need for large amounts of laborers large amounts of laborers in the fieldin the field

When it went into mass When it went into mass production, it meant that production, it meant that the grain farmers of the the grain farmers of the Midwest would not need Midwest would not need slaves to work their fields slaves to work their fields like the cotton farmers of like the cotton farmers of the Souththe South

Social Differences Fuel Social Differences Fuel SectionalismSectionalism

SlaverySlavery In 1808, Congress In 1808, Congress

banned the importation banned the importation of new slavesof new slaves

1820: 1.5 million slaves 1820: 1.5 million slaves in the U.S.in the U.S.

1850: 4 million slaves in 1850: 4 million slaves in U.S.U.S.

As demand for cotton As demand for cotton grew, so did demand for grew, so did demand for slaves, turning slaves slaves, turning slaves into an increasingly into an increasingly valuable assetvaluable asset

Slave ownershipSlave ownership 1850: South’s white pop 1850: South’s white pop

= 6 million= 6 million 1850: South’s slave pop 1850: South’s slave pop

= 4 million= 4 million 350,000 slave owners 350,000 slave owners

(so less than 6% of (so less than 6% of Southern whites owned Southern whites owned slaves)slaves)

37,000 owned 20+ 37,000 owned 20+ slavesslaves

8,000 owned 50+ slaves8,000 owned 50+ slaves 11 owned 500+ slaves11 owned 500+ slaves

ImmigrationImmigration 1825 – 1855: 5 million 1825 – 1855: 5 million

European immigrants European immigrants arrived, almost arrived, almost entirely in the Northentirely in the North

They arrived poor and They arrived poor and concentrated in concentrated in ethnic neighborhoodsethnic neighborhoods

This created a cheap This created a cheap labor force for labor force for Northern factoriesNorthern factories

Oddly, most immigrants were pro-Oddly, most immigrants were pro-slaveryslavery

Immigrants didn’t Immigrants didn’t want to compete want to compete with freed slaves for with freed slaves for jobs, so they jobs, so they supported Southern supported Southern slave owners’ slave owners’ property rightsproperty rights

Many Irish, in fact, Many Irish, in fact, would fight for the would fight for the South in the Civil South in the Civil WarWar

Growth of Northern Growth of Northern CitiesCities

Causes of growth:Causes of growth: Urbanization: people Urbanization: people

move from the move from the country into citiescountry into cities

Immigration: Immigration: European European immigrants arrived immigrants arrived at Northern ports, at Northern ports, tended to stay in the tended to stay in the North or migrate North or migrate WestWest

Northern population Northern population growth worried the growth worried the

SouthSouth The number of seats in The number of seats in the House of the House of Representatives is Representatives is based purely on based purely on population, so the North population, so the North was slowly gaining was slowly gaining control of one house of control of one house of CongressCongress

Slaves only counted as Slaves only counted as 3/5ths of a person, while 3/5ths of a person, while naturalized immigrants naturalized immigrants counted as a whole counted as a whole person for the purpose person for the purpose of counting populationof counting population

North vs. South:North vs. South: Key Differences Key Differences

NorthNorth Economy based on the Economy based on the

“factory system”: “factory system”: manufacturing and manufacturing and commercecommerce

Relied on plentiful Relied on plentiful immigrant laborimmigrant labor

Favored high tariffs that Favored high tariffs that protected US industriesprotected US industries

Wanted a strong federal Wanted a strong federal government to build government to build transportation transportation networks, protect trade, networks, protect trade, and regulate the and regulate the economyeconomy

SouthSouth Economy based on the Economy based on the

“plantation system”: “plantation system”: large-scale farming of large-scale farming of cash cropscash crops

Relied on slave laborRelied on slave labor Opposed to high tariffs – Opposed to high tariffs –

imported many European imported many European goods, feared Europeans goods, feared Europeans would retaliate by putting would retaliate by putting tariffs on Southern tariffs on Southern agricultural exportsagricultural exports

Favored strong state Favored strong state government, feared a government, feared a strong federal strong federal government would government would restrict slaveryrestrict slavery