INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNOLOGY FOR GENETICALLY IMPROVED

FARMED TILAPIA (GIFT)

A Thesis Presented to

The Graduate School CEBU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Main Campus, Cebu City

In Partial Fulfillment of the Degree

MASTER OF ARTS IN EDUCATION (Major in Teaching Biology)

RESTI TITO H. VILLARINO

November 2015

APPROVAL SHEET

This Thesis entitled “INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNOLOGY FOR GENETICALLY IMPROVED FARMED TILAPIA (GIFT)” is prepared and submitted by RESTI TITO H. VILLARINO in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree MASTER OF ARTS IN EDUCATION Major in Teaching Biology has been recommended for acceptance and approval for ORAL EXAMINATION.

THESIS ADVISORY COMMITTEE

ROSEIN A. ANCHETA JR., D.M., Ph.D.

Chairman

ELSA H. VILLARINO, MA. Ed. Adviser

REYNALDO T. GABALES, Ed. D. , Ph. D.

Statistician

ADORA A. VILLAGANAS, Ph. D. - TM Member

REBECCA DC. MANALASTAS, Ph. D. Co-Chairwoman

REYLAN G. CAPUNO , Ph. D – TM

Member

PERLA N. TENERIFE, Ph.D. Member

WILMA C. GIANGO, PH. D - TMMember

Approved by the Panel of Examiners in an Oral Examination held on November 2015 with a rating of PASSED.

PANEL OF EXAMINERS

ROSEIN A. ANCHETA JR., D.M., Ph.D.

Chairman

ELSA H. VILLARINO, MA.Ed. Adviser

REYNALDO T. GABALES, Ed. D; Ph. D.

Statistician

ADORA A. VILLAGANAS, Ph. D - TM Member

REBECCA DC. MANALASTAS, Ph. D. Co-Chairwoman

REYLAN G. CAPUNO , Ph. D – TM

Member

PERLA N. TENERIFE, Ph.D. Member

WILMA C. GIANGO, PH. D - TM Member

Accepted and Approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree Master in Education (Major in Teaching Biology) Comprehensive Examination: Passed Design Hearing: May 4, 2015 Oral Defense: November 2015 REBECCA DC. MANALASTAS, Ph. D. Dean, Graduate School

ii

ABSTRACT

Title : INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNOLOGY FOR GENETICALLY IMPROVED FARMED TILAPIA (GIFT)

Researcher : RESTI TITO HUETE VILLARINO

Degree : MASTER OF ARTS IN EDUCATION MAJOR IN

TEACHING BIOLOGY

Adviser : PROF. ELSA H. VILLARINO

Institution : CEBU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY MAIN CAMPUS, CEBU CITY

Year Completed : 2015 Total Number of Pages: 70

This study determined the growth and survival rates of the Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia (GIFT) in the HAPA using formulated sweet potato granules and commercial feeds at CTU Moalboal Campus for the academic year 2015-2016 as basis for the formulation of Techno Guide. Specifically it sought answers to the different feed formulation of GIFT in four treatments such as T1 for treatment No. 1, T2 for Treatment No. 2; and T3 for Treatment No.3. Feeds were formulated using the sweet potato peelings, leftover fish bones of the Mackerel scad, vegetable oil, and tablets of feeds. The experimental method was used in this study. Feed formulations of GIFT as to the following treatments: T1 = Treatment No. 1; 1.5 kg sweet potato peelings (Boniatos); + 750 grams leftover fish bones of the mackerel scad (Decapterus macarellus); + 375 ml. of vegetable oil; and + 3 tabs amino acid feed.T2= Treatment no. 2; 1.0 kg sweet potato peelings (Boniatos)+ 750 grams leftover fish bones of the mackerel scad (Decapterus macarellus); + 375 ml. of vegetable oil; and + 2 tabs amino acid feed. T3= Treatment no. 3; 0.5 kg sweet potato peelings (Boniatos)+ 250 grams leftover fish bones of the mackerel scad (Decapterus macarellus); + 125 ml. of vegetable oil; and + 1 tab amino acid feed. The initial and final weight in grams, length in centimeters and width in centimeters are its highest on T1 then followed by T2 and T3. It was with the use of T1 which proved to be an effective feed.

iii

The growth performances of GIFT based on the aforementioned treatments as to the following factors: weight gained; length increments; and width increments were its highest on T1 followed by T2, and T3. There is no significant difference among the growth factors of the different treatments. From the findings, a conclusion is drawn that the initial and final weight in T3. It was with the use of T1 which proved to be an effective feed. The growth performances of GIFT based on the aforementioned treatments as to the following factors: weight gained; length increments; and width increments were are its highest on T1 followed by T2, T3. There is no significant difference among the growth factors of the different treatments. Based from the result of the Tukey Test, T1 and T2 were not significant with each other but it was significant with T2 and T3 while T2 was not significant to all other treatments. This implies that T2 is comparable with T3. The following recommendations are offered: first, the adoption of the techno-guide. Second, resource person should be invited to speak more about the different treatments. Third, there is a need to make a thorough discussion and elaboration on the topics. Lastly, reference materials should be available within the reach of the students.

iv

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

“The ALMIGHTY GOD must be praised for His bountiful blessings and never-

ending love.”

To Him, he expresses his truest affection of indebtedness to the parties

who have played the vital role for his success.

Dr. Rosein A. Ancheta Jr., CTU President IV, for his genuine help

extended to the graduate school students;

Mrs. Elsa H. Villarino, the researcher’s adviser and mother, for her

valuable inputs, time, efforts to make the researcher’s vague ideas tangible;

Dr. Reynaldo T. Gabales, the researcher’s statistician for his knowledge,

skills, and encouragement to fulfill this study;

Dr. Rebecca DC. Manalastas, Dr. Reylan G. Capuno, Dr. Adora A.

Villaganas, Dr. Perla N. Tenerife, Dr. Wilma C. Giango, and to the rest of the

graduate school professors and office staff, for their unwavering help and warm

accommodation;

His father, Dr. Zosimo J. Villarino Sr., for his constant prayers and

inspiration;

His mother-in-law, Mrs. Maureen P. Fuentebaja, for her advises and

guidance to complete this study.

His sister-in-law, brother-in-law, and niece, Mans, Bimbo, and Maureen

Gabrielle for their encouragement and inspiration.

v

Brother and sister, Moi-moi and Tin-tin for their affection and constant

prodding for the researcher to finish the degree;

His son, Nino Lorenz, his source of inspiration and love, for being always

there during the times of mental and physical exhaustion;

His Übermensch wife, Maureen, for her enduring love, and support to

allow him to finish the master’s degree;

All whom the researcher may have forgotten to scribe, his sincerest and

immeasurable expression of gratitude!!!

Resti Tito H. Villarino The Researcher

2015

vi

DEDICATION

To:

ELOHIM

Lola Tikya

Mama, Papa, and Nanay

Moi-moi, Tintin, Manang, and Bimbo

Nino, Maureen Gabrielle, and Maureen

vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE i

APPROVAL SHEET ii

ABSTRACT iii

ACKNOWLEDGMENT v

DEDICATION vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS viii

LIST OF TABLES xi

LIST OF FIGURES xii

LIST OF PLATES xiii

CHAPTER PAGE

1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE 1

INTRODUCTION 1

Rationale of the Study 1

Literature Background 5

THE PROBLEM 13

Statement of the Problem 13

Hypothesis 14

Significance of the Study 14

Environment 15

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 17

Research Design 17

viii

Research Instrument, Apparatus, and Equipment 17

Research Procedure 18

Biostatistical Treatment 22

DEFINITION OF TERMS 22

2 PRESENTATION, DATA ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION 25

Feed Formulations 25

T1 Feed Formulation Technique 26

T2 Feed Formulation Treatment 28

T3 Feed Formulation Treatment 29

Stocking of Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia 30

Weight in Grams 30

Length in Centimeters 31

Width in Centimeters 32

After Feeding Results of GIFT Using the Different

Experimental Feeds Formulation

Weight in Grams 34

Length in Centimeters 35

Width in Centimeters 36

Summary Table for 45-Day Feeding 37

Growth Performance of GIFT 38

Weight Gained , Length, and Width Increments 39

ix

Test of Significance Difference among

the Growth Factors 40

ANOVA Result on Weight Gained 40

ANOVA Result on the Length Increments 41

ANOVA Result for Width Increment 42

Turkey Test Results 43

SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND

RECOMMENDATIONS

SUMMARY 44

FINDINGS 45

CONCLUSION 46

RECOMMENDATIONS 46

TECHNOLOGY GUIDE 47

BIBLIOGRAPHY 49

Books 50

Unpublished Materials 50

Periodicals/Journals 51

Website Links 52

APPENDICES 53

A. Transmittal Letter 54

B. Plates/Pictorials 55

CURRICULUM VITAE 64

x

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1 Initial Stocking in Terms of Weights in Grams 31

2 Initial Stocking in Terms of Lengths 32

3 Initial Stocking in Terms of Width 33

4 After Feeding Results in 45 Day Experiment Weight 34

5 After Feeding Results in 45 Day Experiment Length 35

6 After Feeding Results in 45 Day Experiment Width 36

7 Summary Table for 45- Day Feeding 37

8 Growth Performance of GIFT 38

9 ANOVA Result for Weight Gained 40

10 ANOVA Result on the Length

Increment 41

11 ANOVA Result for Width Increment 42

12 Tukey Test Results 43

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page 1 Conceptual Framework of the Study 6

2 Flow of the Study 12

3 Location Map of Moalboal, Cebu 16

4 Flow Chart in the Preparation of the Formulated Sweet

Potato Granules 21

xii

LIST OF PLATES

Plate Page 1 Formulated Feed Granules 25

2 T1 Feed Formulation Treatment 26

3 T2 Feed Formulation Treatment 28

4 T3 Feed Formulation Treatment 29

xiii

Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

INTRODUCTION

Rationale of the Study

Aquaculture, or fish farming, is the booming animal food-producing part in

the world. In Southeast Asia, tilapia farming is a major factor in this phenomenon

and has developed mainly around one species, Nile tilapia. Tilapia farming in

Asia began to prosper in the 1970s and was accompanied by region-wide

advances in hatchery technology and pond husbandry. Unlike in land animal

farming, where selective breeding is centuries old, the genetic aspects of most

fish farming, including tilapia farming, were neglected until the mid-1980s. By that

time, the consequences of this lack of attention to genetics was beginning to

show in stagnating tilapia yields. In response, the International Center for Living

Aquatic Resources Management (ICLARM; now the World Fish Center) and the

Institute for Aquaculture Research, Norway (AKVAFORSK) and their aquaculture

research partners in the Philippines, proposed an international research and

development effort on the genetic improvement of farmed tilapia in order to

increase productivity, with all necessary environmental safeguards (ADB, 2005).

According to the study of Pemsl, D., et.al. (2008), forty years ago, the

aquaculture industry in the first world countries has experienced significant

growth. The increase in aquaculture production is a combination of area

expansion and technological change (enhanced strains, input of feed and

fertilizer, and improved management). One example of such technological

change is the selective breeding efforts on tilapia that were initiated in 1988 by

the WorldFish Center (then ICLARM) together with (inter-)national partners. The

outcome of the selective breeding effort was a tilapia strain called ”GIFT”

(genetically improved farmed tilapia) which was first made available in 1993 and

which showed significantly higher growth rates in on-farm trials.

The strain was first adopted in the Philippines but has since been

disseminated in 11 Asian countries. Ex-ante studies had shown the potential of

the GIFT strain and concluded that substantial impact from GIFT and GIFT-

derived strains can be expected. The study is an ex-post assessment of the

farm-level impact of GIFT and the way the technology has been disseminated

and taken up. The study is based on a survey of 780 tilapia producers conducted

in 2006/2007 in three different regions in Luzon, the Philippines. The research

analyze adoption rates of the GIFT strain and compare the performance of GIFT

vs. non-GIFT strains and the impact of different factors on tilapia yields. Lastly,

we evaluate the profitability of the production of GIFT vs. non-GIFT strains. The

major findings are that based on farmers’ reporting the adoption of pure GIFT

strains is very low (6%), while almost half of the farmers reported to use GIFT

derived strains.

There is uncertainty about the genetic origin of the strains in at least 27%

of the cases, and even for the GIFT and GIFT-derived strains questions remain

with regard to the purity of the breed. Based on farmers’ ratings and the reported

production information, the GIFT and GIFT-derived strains did not perform any

better compared to other strains. This is likely to be a result of the poor

management of improved strains over the last 15 years rather than a

shortcoming of the original GIFT technology.

Nutritionist searches for the protein sources in which fish will increase

growth and production within the fastest possible time and at decrease cost.

(Adewolu, 2008).Peelings and leftover materials are one of the economical

sources of nutrients that may limit the high cost of fish feed. A lot of researches

have been done using various sources of proteins such as chicken entrails and

formulated kangkong feeds by Gabate as cited by Tabanao (2005).

As cited by Ansah, et.al in 2014, one of the suitable fish for aquaculture

system is Tilapia (Family: Cichlidae) for the reason that it is easy to propagate

them. The Tilapia fish has also tolerance to handling, fast growth on both natural

and manufactured feeds. It is also tolerant to wide range of environmental

conditions. Furthermore it is highly palatable, marketable and rich in nutrient

content. For this reason, this fish is preferred by the developing countries for its

ability to grow fast, short generation time, resistance to stress and disease and

its acceptance of artificial feeds.

As per statistics, global aquaculture production increased from 28,000

tons to over 3 million tons from 1970-2010.

Tilapias were dominant species group which was caught in inland fisheries

between 2000-2005. In terms of aquaculture production, approximately 5 percent

of total global fish farming is tilapia, which is only second compared to carps,

which account to more than 70 percent.

. The information dissemination regarding the GIFT to the people, gave a

significant impact on their livelihood, increases their income and generates

employment specifically among the poor family, since tilapia is considered as

low-priced fish. Hatchery operators and fish farmers were attracted to tilapia

farming as a livelihood, which contributed employment to poor small scale

farmers which is a significant contribution of GIFT. (Khaw, et. al., 2009).

The research tried to find the almost perfect species that will grow rapidly

in an environment which is feasible for feeding, growth, and survival. After

thorough research, the study finally chose the GIFT or the Genetically Improved

Farmed Tilapia.

The ultimate purpose of this research is to promote sustainable

development and at the same time provide economic opportunities for the

Filipino people. “Give a man a fish.....He will eat for a day. Teach him how to

farm fish....He will feed himself (but may need subsidies for life).Advise him to

use tilapia as his main culture fish.........He will have a tool, which if used wisely,

will sustain his future development.”(Adapted from Anonymous and Jérôme

Lazard, 1997).

Literature Background

In the Philippines, God has given us different species for the purpose of

conservation and livelihood. In order to maximize and sustain its production,

there is a need to make the ecosystem well-balanced for survival.

Article XIV, Section 10, the New Philippine Constitution decrees that

science and technology are necessary for the development and progress of the

country. The sovereignty shall give importance to research and development

invention, innovation and their use and to science and technology education,

training and services. It reinforces indigenous and self-reliant scientific and

technical competence and their practicality to the country’s productive system

and national life (Dionaldo, 2004).

According to Ponzoni, et.al, in 2007, the third most essential fish in

aquaculture after carp and salmon is the tilapia; the production surpasses

1,500,000 metric tons in 2002 and incrementally grow yearly. Their high protein

content, big size, fast growth (6 to 7 months to grow to harvest size), and taste, a

number of the tilapia are the focus of aquaculture industry.

The study of the Asian Development Bank in 2005, the Genetically

Improved Farmed Tilapia (GIFT) that is used in this study is the result of the

breeding program for tropical fish, and become a pattern for genetically

improving other aquaculture species. The GIFT variety of the Nile tilapia rapid

growth and adaptability, increase aquaculture yields.

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of the Study

Theories/Concept

Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources - PHILMINAQ (2007). Managing aquaculture and its impacts: a guidebook for local governments.

Legal Basis

Article XIV, Section 10, the New Philippine Constitution

TECHNO GUIDE

Genetically Improved

Farmed Tilapia

In the year 1990 upto 2007, the production of tilapia in the Philippines

increases by 186 per cent, while production expenses dropped by 32‐35 percent.

The Asian Development Bank find in the study in 2003 that GIFT reported for 68

per cent of tilapia seed produced in the Philippines.

Tilapia species came from Africa. The introductions of tilapia into Asian

lakes encouraged aquaculture projects in different countries with tropical

climates, like Papua New Guinea, the Philippines and Indonesia. In temperate

zone places, tilapia farmers need an expensive energy source to maintain a

tropical temperature range in their tanks. One sustainable solution involves

warming the tank water using heat from factories and power stations (Yosef,

2009).

As cited Equia, et. al. in 2007, WorldFish and partners’ research on

Tilapias, which began in late 1970s, indicated that inadequate seed supply and

deteriorating performance of the fish in many aquaculture systems in Asia were a

major bottleneck for aquaculture. In Africa, aquaculture production was in its

infancy, and wild stocks of native tilapias were under threat due to habitat

degradation, uncontrolled fish transfers and over-exploitation. In 1987 WorldFish

brought together partners from Asia and Africa, as well as international experts to

review the status of Tilapia genetic resources.

In 1988, WorldFish and partners from Philippines and Norway

(AKVAFORSK) designed a program with the aim of developing a methodology

for the genetic improvement of this specie, and this is how GIFT came to be.

Nutrients essential to fish are the same as those required by most other

animals. These include water, proteins (amino acids), lipids (fats, oils, fatty

acids), carbohydrates (sugars, starch), vitamins and minerals. In addition,

pigments (carotenoids) are commonly added to the diet of salmon and

ornamental “aquarium” fishes to enhance their flesh and skin coloration,

respectively. (http://www.nap.edu).

The sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) peelings of Boniatos, also known as

Cuban sweet-potatoes, feature dry, starchy flesh underneath the reddish-brown

skin, are the main source of carbohydrates used in this research. It is a

dicotyledonous plant that belongs to the family Convolvulaceae. Its large,

starchy, sweet-tasting, tuberous roots are a root vegetable. The young leaves

and shoots are sometimes eaten as greens. Ipomoea batatas is native to the

tropical regions in America.

Of the approximately 50 genera and more than 1,000 species of

Convolvulaceae, I. batatas is the only crop plant of major importance—some

others are used locally, but many are poisonous. (Coghlan, 2012).

Besides simple starches, raw sweet potatoes are rich in complex

carbohydrates, dietary fiber and beta-carotene (a provitamin A carotenoid), while

having moderate contents of other micronutrients, including vitamin B5, vitamin

B6, manganese and potassium. When cooked by baking, small variable changes

in micronutrient content occur to include a higher content of vitamin C at 24% of

the Daily Value per 100 g serving (right table), as well as an increase in

polyphenol levels. (http://nutritiondata.self.com).

As stated by Frtitzsimmons, et. al. in 2010, leftover fish bones of the

mackerel scad (Decapterus macarellus)are high in mineral content therefore a

good source of needed minerals for the growth and survival of the Genetically

Improved Farmed Tilapia.

Vegetable oil is fat that is utilized for cooking. This product is the main

source of lipids in this study.

The commercial feed that is used in this study is a product of San Miguel

Corporation.

The inexpensive protein source was the most difficult part for the

researcher. After thorough reading and research, the study selected the amino

acid tablets. As cited by Coxon, et.al. in 2005, amino acids are organic

compounds composed of amine (-NH2) and carboxylic acid (-COOH) functional

groups, together with a side-chain specific to each amino acid. The key elements

of an amino acid are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, though other

elements are found in the side-chains of certain amino acids. About 500 amino

acids are known and can be classified in many ways.

They can be classified according to the core structural functional groups'

locations as alpha- (α-), beta- (β-), gamma- (γ-) or delta- (δ-) amino acids; other

categories relate to polarity, pH level, and side-chain group type (aliphatic,

acyclic, aromatic, containing hydroxyl or sulfur, etc.). Outside proteins, amino

acids perform critical roles in processes such as neurotransmitter transport and

biosynthesis.

The research makes use of this amino acid because it is closest to the

basic amino acid needs of the Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia that was

used in the study.

The standard feed formulation includes the procurement of sweet potato

peelings (Boniatos). The peelings were then air dried. Then, all the materials

such as the leftover fish bones of the mackerel scad (Decapterus macarellus) +

Vegetable oil + amino acid were mixed thoroughly in a mixing bowl.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Figure 2. Schematic Diagram of the Flow of the Study

1. Finding the significant

difference on the growth

and survival rates using

formulated sweet potato

granules treated with

the following statistical

tool:

1. Arithmetic Mean

2. ANOVA

3. Sum of Squares

4. Tukey Test

2. Analysis of the above

data

T

E

C

H

N

O

G

U

I

D

E

1. The feed formulations of GIFT as to the following treatments: T1= 1.5kg sweet potato peelings (Boniatos) + 750 g leftover fish bones of the mackerel scad (Decapterus macarellus) +375 ml of Vegetable oil= 3 tabs amino acid T2= 1 kg sweet potato peelings (Boniatos) + 750 g leftover fish bones of the mackerel scad (Decapterus macarellus) +375 ml

of Vegetable oil+2 tabs amino acid T3= 0.5 kg sweet potato peelings (Boniatos) + 250 g leftover fish bones of the mackerel scad (Decapterus macarellus) +125 ml

of Minola Vegetable oil + 1 tab amino acid 2. Initial and final weight in grams, length in centimeters, and width in centimeters for all the treatments. 3. Growth Performances of GIFT based on aforementioned treatments. 4. Significant difference among the growth factors of the aforementioned treatments.

THE PROBLEM

Statement of the Problem

The main purpose of this study was to determine the growth and survival

rates of Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia (GIFT) in a HAPA using formulated

sweet potato granules and commercial feeds at CTU Moalboal Campus for the

academic year 2015-2016 as a basis for a technology instruction.

Specifically, the study sought to answer the following questions:

1. What are the feed formulations of GIFT as to the following treatments:

1.1 T1= 1.5kg sweet potato peelings (Boniatos) + 750 g leftover fish

bones of the mackerel scad (Decapterus macarellus) +375 ml

of Vegetable oil + 3 tabs amino acid feed

1.2 T2= 1 kg sweet potato peelings (Boniatos) + 750 g leftover fish

bones of the mackerel scad (Decapterus macarellus) +375 ml

of Vegetable oil+2 tabs amino acid feed

1.3 T3= 0.5 kg sweet potato peelings (Boniatos) + 250 g leftover

fish bones of the mackerel scad (Decapterus macarellus) +125

ml of Vegetable oil + 1 tab amino acid feed

2. What is the initial and final weight in grams, length in centimeters and

width in centimeters for all the treatments?

3. What are the growth performances of GIFT based on the aforementioned

treatments as to the following factors:

3.1 weight gained;

3.2 length increments; and

3.3 width increments?

4. Is there a significant difference among the growth factors of the

aforementioned treatments?

5. Based on the findings, what instructional techno guide for the Genetically

Improved Farmed Tilapia can be integrated in teaching Biology?

Null Hypothesis

This study is set at the 0.05 level of significance.

Ho1: There is no significant difference on the growth and survival rates of

Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia in a HAPA using formulated sweet

potato granules.

Significance of the Study

The main reason of this study was to improve our knowledge and to the

people in the community for a sustainable yield of living. It also gives opportunity

for everyone to augment their earnings. Hence, it will help in the economic

recovery of the country.

Community. This study serves as a guide for those who wants to study

and cultivate Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia in an aquarium using

formulated sweet potato peelings and commercial feeds.

CTU –Moalboal Campus. As a reference to the teachers and students

who are studying in fishery schools.

Entrepreneur. This research will help them new ways to augment their

income using the technology guide in the study.

Fish Processing Teachers. This study will be a guide for them in

handling fishery subjects and helps to introduce techniques on how to grow and

raise Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia using formulated sweet potato

peelings and commercial feeds.

Students in Fishery. Information gained from the study will guide them in

improving their knowledge, skills, and abilities on how to grow and raise

Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia using formulated sweet potato peelings and

commercial feeds.

Environment

This study was conducted in CTU Moalboal Campus. The town of

Moalboal is a fourth class municipality in the province of Cebu, Philippines.

Extending as a peninsula in the Southwestern tip of Cebu, it is bordered to the

west by the Tañon Strait. From the western shoreline, Negros Island can be

seen. Moalboal is located 89 kilometers (55 mi) from Cebu City, about 2.5 hours

by bus.

Figure 3. LOCATION MAP OF CTU MOALBOAL CAMPUS

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

W

N

E

S

Location of the

study

Method

This research is an experimental design. It described the research design,

the materials, the instrument, apparatus, and equipment, the laboratory

procedure, data gathering techniques and biostatistical treatment.

Research Design

The researcher had chosen the most appropriate experimental

design for this study, which was the four-group design. This design employed

three comparable groups, T1 or the 1.5kg sweet potato peelings (Boniatos) + 750

g leftover fish bones of the mackerel scad (Decapterus macarellus) +375 ml of

Vegetable oil + 3 tabs amino acid feed, T2= 1 kg sweet potato peelings

(Boniatos) + 750 g leftover fish bones of the mackerel scad (Decapterus

macarellus) +375 ml of Vegetable oil+2 tabs amino acid feed, and T3= 0.5 kg

sweet potato peelings (Boniatos) + 250 g leftover fish bones of the mackerel

scad (Decapterus macarellus) +125 ml of Vegetable oil + 1 tab amino acid feed.

The Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia were being placed in a HAPA to

find out the growth and survival rates of the species using the formulated sweet

potato granules.

Research Materials

The materials used in the study were the species of Genetically Improved

Farmed Tilapia and formulated sweet potato granules. There were three HAPAs;

and each HAPA was placed with 10 pieces of Genetically Improved Farmed

Tilapia post fingerlings at 30 grams each and is randomly mixed with male and

female GIFT.

The Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia placed in T1 or the 1.5kg sweet

potato peelings (Boniatos) + 750 g leftover fish bones of the mackerel scad

(Decapterus macarellus) +375 ml of Vegetable oil + 3 tabs amino acid feed, T2=

1 kg sweet potato peelings (Boniatos) + 750 g leftover fish bones of the mackerel

scad (Decapterus macarellus) +375 ml of Vegetable oil+2 tabs amino acid feed,

and T3= 0.5 kg sweet potato peelings (Boniatos) + 250 g leftover fish bones of

the mackerel scad (Decapterus macarellus) +125 ml of Vegetable oil + 1 tab

amino acid feed.

The instrument, apparatus, and equipment used in the study were the

HAPA, aerators, meat grinder, ladles, mixing bowl, drying trays, weighing scale,

scoop net, and basins.

Research Procedure (Laboratory)

A. Gathering and Formulation of Feeds

Diet formulation is the method of combining the available raw materials to

satisfy the established nutrient requirements of Genetically Improved Farmed

Tilapia. In this study, the sweet potato peelings were selected as one of the raw

materials, which is believed to have the ability to supply nutrients and at the

lower cost.

In this procedure, the sweet potato peelings (Boniatos) were the main

materials, were first procured and gathered. The peelings were then air dried.

Then, all the materials such as the sweet potato peelings (Boniatos) + leftover

fish bones of the mackerel scad (Decapterus macarellus) + Vegetable oil +

amino acid were mixed thoroughly in a mixing bowl.

The mixture was then passed through a meat grinder. Then the extrusion,

which looked like granules were dried; after drying, the final product is now ready

for use.

B. The Experimental Groups

There were four treatment groups involved in the study, T1 or the 1.5kg

sweet potato peelings (Boniatos) + 750 g leftover fish bones of the mackerel

scad (Decapterus macarellus) +375 ml of Vegetable oil + 3 tabs amino acid feed,

T2= 1 kg sweet potato peelings (Boniatos) + 750 g leftover fish bones of the

mackerel scad (Decapterus macarellus) +375 ml of Vegetable oil+2 tabs amino

acid feed, and T3= 0.5 kg sweet potato peelings (Boniatos) + 250 g leftover fish

bones of the mackerel scad (Decapterus macarellus) +125 ml of

Vegetable oil + 1 tab amino acid feed.

The T1 or the 1.5kg sweet potato peelings (Boniatos) + 750 g leftover fish

bones of the mackerel scad (Decapterus macarellus) +375 ml of Vegetable oil +

3 tabs amino acid feed, T2= 1 kg sweet potato peelings (Boniatos) + 750 g

leftover fish bones of the mackerel scad (Decapterus macarellus) +375 ml of

Vegetable oil+2 tabs amino acid feed, and T3= 0.5 kg sweet potato peelings

(Boniatos) + 250 g leftover fish bones of the mackerel scad (Decapterus

macarellus) +125 ml of Vegetable oil + 1 tab amino acid feed, the experimental

groups, were placed with the same species using formulated sweet potato

granules. Each aquarium was placed with 10 pieces of GIFT at 30 grams each,

and had eight samplings.

The feeding was done twice daily. The daily feeding rate was three

percent of the total body weight. One-half of the total feeds for the day were

given in the morning between 6 and 8 o’clock and the other half in the afternoon

4 and 6 o’clock. The weights and survival rates of the Genetically Improved

Farmed Tilapia were taken and recorded every sampling.

Research Gathering Techniques

As a comparative study, the investigator had leaned on the effects of

formulated sweet potato granules on the growth and survival rates of Genetically

Improved Farmed Tilapia. Sampling of the species was done every weekend and

the data were gathered through the daily observations of the researcher.

Through observations, the researcher recorded the data and tabulated for

analysis and interpretations. The data gathered were arranged and put into

tables for illustration of the analysis and interpretations.

Figure 4. Flow Chart in the Preparation of the Formulated Sweet Potato

Granules

Formulated Sweet Potato Granules

Air Drying and Grinding

Treatment 1

1.5kg sweet potato peelings (Boniatos) + 750 g leftover fish bones of the mackerel scad (Decapterus macarellus) +375 ml of Vegetable oil + 3 tabs amino acid feed

Treatment 3

0.5 kg sweet potato peelings (Boniatos) + 250 g leftover fish bones of themackerel scad (Decapterus macarellus) +125 ml of Minola Vegetable oil + 1 tab amino acid feed

Treatment 2

1 kg sweet potato peelings (Boniatos) + 750 g leftover fish bones of the mackerel scad (Decapterus macarellus) +375 ml of Vegetable oil+2 tabs amino acid feed

Product Ready for Use

Biostatistical Treatment

Biostatistical treatment used in the study which the researcher wanted to

answer and diagnose carefully the specific problems were:

1. Arithmetic Mean was used to determine the weight, length, and width of

the Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia.

2. To determine the significant difference among growth factors, ANOVA was

utilized.

3. To express the total variation that can be attributed to the growth factors,

Sum of Squares was used.

4. Tukey Test was employed to determine which treatments were significant.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

In order to have better understanding of the terms used in this study, they

were conceptually and operationally defined.

Aerator

An instrument used to supply oxygen in the water.

Commercial Feeds

These are feeds which are bought from the market.

Effects

The results of the growth and survival of Genetically Improved Farmed

Tilapia using formulated sweet potato granules and commercial feeds.

Hapa

Small net enclosures sited in ponds. Usually pegged by a number of

sticks/posts with the net strung between them. Often used in ponds in tropical

areas for fry and broodstock.

Formulated Sweet Potato Granule

It is a formulated feed made up of sweet potato peelings (Boniatos) +

leftover fish bones of the mackerel scad (Decapterus macarellus) +

Vegetable oil + amino acid.

Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia

These are hybrid strain of tilapia species that shows superior performance

in terms of growth and survival in on‐station conditions.

Growth Rate

It is the quantitative aspects of development and it is the main way in

which an individual or a population responds changes in food supply with

adjustment of breeding rates and food in rates.

Survival Rates

The term, as used in this study, pertains to the physical ability and

stamina of species under the environment.

Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas)

As used in the study, refer to Boniatos or Cuban sweet-potatoes, feature

dry, starchy flesh underneath the reddish-brown skin, are the main source of

carbohydrates used in this research. It is a dicotyledonous plant that belongs to

the family Convolvulaceae.

Tilapia

It is an African freshwater cichlid fish that has been widely introduced to

many areas for food.

Chapter 2

PRESENTATION, DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

This chapter dwells on the presentation, data analysis and interpretation.

Provided herewith are the different feed formulations, effect of feeding on the

different formulations as to growth and survival rate; significant difference

pertaining to the growth and the survival rates; and techno-guide provision.

FEED FORMULATIONS

This part presents the different formulation such as T1 for treatment

number 1; T2 for treatment number 2; and T3 for treatment number 3. These are

presented sequentially from plate 1 up to plate 4.

Plate No. 1. The formulated feed granules

Plate No. 1 is the picture of the three formulated feed granules that was used for

the study. Treatment No. 1 is on the left of the picture, followed by Treatment No.2 in the

middle, and Treatment No.3 on the right side of the picture.

T1 Feed Formulation Treatment

This part deals on the feed formulation processing which is known as T1

which is presented in plate No. 2.

Plate No. 2 is composed of 1.5 sweet potato peelings known as Boniatos.

Added to this composition is 750 grams of leftover fishbones of the mackerel

Plate No. 2. The making of formulated feeds.

scad/ Decapterus macarellus, 375 ml of Vegetable Oil and 3 tabs of amino acid

feed.

T2. Feed Formulation Treatment

This section provides the feed formulation processing which is known as

T2 being presented in Plate No.3

Plate No. 3. T2 Feed Formulation Treatment.

The illustration above is the feed formulation of one (1) kg sweet potato

peelings (Boniatos) together with other ingredients such as 750 grams leftover

fish bones of the mackerel scad (Decapterus macarellus); 375 ml. of vegetable

oil; and two (2) tabs amino acid feed.

T3 Feed Formulation Treatment

Another plate illustration is T3 feed formulation treatment presented in

Plate No. 4.

Plate No. 4. T3 Feed Formulation

The presentation ahead is the feed formulation of 0.5 kg potato peelings

(Boniatos) with additional ingredients such as 250 grams leftover bones of the

mackerel scad (Decaptrus macarellus); with 125 ml of vegetable oil; and one (1)

tab amino acid feed.

STOCKING OF THE GENETICALLY IMPROVED FARMED TILAPIA (GIFT)

This part presents the initial stocking of the genetically improved farmed

tilapia (GIFT) on May 8, 2015.

Weight in Grams

The initial stocking in terms of weight in grams is presented in table 1.

Table 1

Initial Stocking in Terms of Weight in Grams

As found in Table 1 on the initial stocking of GIFT had a total number of

909 comprising 10 samples each for T1, T2 and T3 experimental treatments. The

GIFT here were subjected to the feeding of formulated feeds as reflected in the

different plates presented above.

Length in Centimeters

During the initial stocking, measurement in terms of length in centimeters

was provided for. This is presented in Table 2.

Sample T1 T2 T3 Total

1 30 30 31 91

2 30 31 30 91

3 31 30 30 91

4 30 30 30 90

5 30 30 31 91

6 31 31 30 92

7 30 30 30 90

8 30 31 30 91

9 30 30 30 90

10 31 30 31 92

Total 303 303 303 909

Mean 30.3 30.3 30.3 90.9

Table 2

Initial Stocking in Terms of Length in Centimeters

Sample T1 T2 T3 Total

1 15.24 15.24 15.49 45.97

2 15.24 15.49 15.24 45.97

3 15.49 15.24 15.24 45.97

4 15.24 15.24 15.24 45.72

5 15.24 15.24 15.49 45.97

6 15.49 15.49 15.24 45.97

7 15.24 15.24 15.24 45.72

8 15.24 15.49 15.24 45.97

9 15.24 15.24 15.24 45.72

10 15.49 15.24 15.49 45.97

Total 153.15 153.15 153.15 459.45

Mean 15.315 15.315 15.315 45.945

As reflected in Table 2 the initial stocking in terms of length in centimeters

obtained a total of 459.45 with a mean of 45.945 in sample each for T1, T2, and

T3 experimental treatments.

Width in Centimeters

Width in centimeters was considered during the beginning period of

stocking which is presented in Table 3.

Table 3

Initial Stocking in Terms of Width in Centimeters

Sample T1 T2 T3 Total

1 3.81 3.81 4.06 11.68

2 3.81 4.06 3.81 11.68

3 4.06 3.81 3.81 11.68

4 3.81 3.81 3.81 11.43

5 3.81 3.81 4.06 11.68

6 4.06 4.06 3.81 11.93

7 3.81 3.81 3.81 11.43

8 3.81 4.06 3.81 11.68

9 3.81 3.81 3.81 11.43

10 4.06 3.81 4.06 11.93

Total 38.85 38.85 38.85 116.55

Mean 3.885 3.885 3.885 11.655

As reflected in Table 3, as to the initial stocking in terms of width in

centimeters, it obtained a total of 116.55 and a mean of 11.655 in each sample

each for T1, T2 and T3 experimental treatments.

AFTER FEEDING RESULTS OF GIFT USING THE DIFFERENT

EXPERIMENTAL FEEDS FORMULATION

(June 23, 2015)

This portion deals on the after feeding results of GIFT feed with the

different experimental feeds formulation after 45 days of treatment. This is

presented in Tables 5, 6, 7 and 8.

The different treatments such as T1, T2 and T3 were fed with the

formulated sweet potato granules in different components which is noticeable in

the presented feed formulation.

Weight in Grams

The weight in grams as a result of the 45-day experiment is presented in

Table 4.

Table 4

After Feeding Results in 45-day Experiment as to Weight in Grams

Sample T1 T2 T3 Total

1 65 65 56 186

2 63 53 53 169

3 47 56 64 167

4 85 56 53 194

5 51 63 74 188

6 80 69 40 189

7 30 52 59 141

8 60 63 49 172

9 77 78 44 199

10 80 49 48 177

Total 638 604 540 1782

Mean 63.8 60.4 54 178.2

As reflected in Table 6 as to the after feeding in 45 day Experiment as to

weight in grams, T1 obtained a total of 638 and a mean of 63.8, T2 with a total of

604 and a mean of 60.4 and T3 with a total of 540 and a mean of 54. The findings

showed that the weight in grams was highest with the use of treatment T1

compare to other forms of treatment.

Length in Centimeters

As to length in centimeters, the outcome of feeding after 45 days is

presented in Table 5.

Table 5

After- feeding Results in 45-day Experiment as to Length in Centimeters

Sample T1 T2 T3 Total

1 16.51 17.78 16.00 50.29

2 16.51 17.01 16.00 49.52

3 15.24 16.51 17.27 49.02

4 17.52 17.74 17.27 52.53

5 15.74 16.51 18.54 50.79

6 18.03 16.00 15.74 49.77

7 16.00 15.24 16.00 47.24

8 16.25 16.51 16.00 48.76

9 17.17 17.01 16.25 50.43

10 17.78 16.00 15.45 49.23

Total 166.75 166.31 164.52 497.58

Mean 16.675 16.631 16.452 49.758

As reflected in Table 6 as to the after-feeding results in 45 day Experiment

as to length in centimeters, it was found out that it was in the treatment T1 that

obtained the highest length in centimeters equivalent to 166.75 and a mean of

16. 675 then followed by T2 with a total of 166.31 and a mean of 16.631 and T3

with a total of 164.52 and a mean of 16.452. The findings showed that it was in

the treatment T1 proved to be effective as to the length in centimeters.

Width in Centimeters

After the 45 day feeding of the formulated feeds, the growth results in terms of

width in centimeters is obtained which is presented in Table 6.

Table 6

After-feeding results in the 45-Day Experiment as to Width in Centimeters

Sample T1 T2 T3 Total

1 5.33 5.58 4.57 15.48

2 5.58 5.08 4.82 15.48

3 4.52 4.82 4.82 14.16

4 5.84 4.57 5.08 15.49

5 4.84 5.08 6.09 16.01

6 5.84 5.08 4.57 15.49

7 4.82 5.08 4.57 14.47

8 5.58 5.08 4.57 15.23

9 5.58 6.09 4.06 15.73

10 5.58 4.31 4.31 14.2

Total 53.51 50.77 47.46 151.74

Mean 5.351 5.077 4.746 15.174

As reflected in Table 7 as to width in centimeters, it was found out that it

was in the treatment T1 which obtained the highest width in centimeters with a

total of 53.51 and a mean of 5.351, T2 with a total of 50.77 and a mean of 5.77

and lastly, by T3 with a total of 47.46 and a mean of 4.746. The findings showed

that it obtained a total of 151.74 and a mean of 15.174 in all treatments. It further

showed that it was in Treatment T1 which was found to be effective as evident in

the increase in width in centimeters.

Summary Table for 45-Day Feeding

As a result of a 45-day feeding experiment a summary Table is provided.

This is presented in Table 7.

Table 7

Summary Table for the Experimental Activities

Item Weight in

Grams Length in

centimeters Width in centimeters

Hapa 1 (T1) 6.38 16.68 5.34

Hapa 2 (T2) 6.04 16.63 5.05

Hapa 3 (T3) 5.59 16.80 4.75

As reflected in Table 8 as to the different experimental activities, it was in

the treatment (T1) which obtained the highest weight in grams, 7.10, length in

centimeters, 16.68 and width in centimeter, 5.34. Then, it was followed by the

second treatment (T2) with a weight in grams, 6.04, length in centimeters, 16.63

and width in centimeter, 5.05 and lastly with that of the treatment (T3) with a

weight in grams of 5.59 and length in centimeters, 16.80 and 4.75 width in

centimeter.

GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF GIFT

This section presents the growth performance of the Genetically Improved

Farmed Tilapia in terms of weight gained, length increments, and width

increments. This is presented in Table 8. Initial stocking was on May 8, 2015.

And finally the growth performance was assessed June 23, 2015.

Table 8

Growth Performance of GIFT of the weight gained, Length, and Width

Increments on May 8, 2015 up to June 23, 2015.

Sample

T1 T2 T3

Initial Final

Weig

ht

Gain

Initial Final

Weig

ht

Gain

Initial Final

Weig

ht

Gain

1 15.24 65 49.76 15.2 65 49.8 15.49 56 40.51

2 15.24 63 47.76 15.5 53 37.5 15.24 53 37.76

3 15.49 47 31.51 15.2 56 40.8 15.24 64 48.76

4 15.24 85 69.76 15.2 56 40.8 15.24 53 37.76

5 15.24 51 35.76 15.2 63 47.8 15.49 74 58.51

6 15.49 80 64.51 15.5 69 53.5 15.24 40 24.76

7 15.24 30 14.76 15.2 52 36.8 15.24 59 43.76

8 15.24 60 44.76 15.5 63 47.5 15.24 49 33.76

9 15.24 77 61.76 15.2 78 62.8 15.24 44 28.76

10 15.49 80 64.51 15.2 49 33.8 15.49 48 32.51

Total 153.2 638 484.9 153 604 451 153.2 540 386.9

Mean 15.32 63.8 48.49 15.3 60.4 45.1 15.32 54 38.69

Weight Gained, Length and Width Increments

As revealed in Table 8, T1 had an initial weight of 15.3 grams and 63.8

grams for the final increment having an average mean increase of 63.8

Table 9 figures out T2 whose initial stocking was 153.15 grams and final

increase of 604. The average mean for T2 is 15.315 with the mean average is

45.1 grams.

As reflected in Table 9 is the growth performance of Treatment No. 3.Such

initial stocking was 15.49 with a total of 153.15 and for the final was 56 in grams

having a total of 540 total for the final growth having an average of 15.3 grams

for the initial stage and 54 grams mean average increment.

Summarily, all treatment showed an increment of growth performance in

terms of grams.

. With the proof of all the data, Treatment No.1 had the highest increase

than the rest of the treatments being formulated.

To recall T1 is composed of 1.5 sweet potato peelings (Boniatos); 750

grams of leftover fish bones of Mackerel scad (Decapterus macarellus); 375 ml.

of Vegetable oil; and 3 tabs amino acid feed.

SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE AMONG THE GROWTH FACTORS

This part provides the significant differences on the growth factors of T1, T2, and

T3 respectively. This is presented in Table 9 up to Table 11.

ANOVA Result on Weight Gained

This section presents the ANOVA treatments of weight gained which is

found in table 9.

Table 9

ANOVA RESULT FOR WEIGHT GAINED

Sum of Squares df Mean Square F P-

value Decision Interpretation

Between Groups 1504.4 3 501.467 2.742 0.057 Accept Ho

not significant

Within Groups 6584.325 36 182.898

Total 8088.725 39

As shown in Table 9, the weight gained among the different treatments,

specifically in sum of squares in between groups is 1504 whose degree of

freedom is with a mean square of 501,467, had an F-test of 2.742, p-value of

0.57 in which the null hypothesis which states that There is no significant

difference on the growth and survival rates of the GIFT in a HAPA using the

formulated sweet potato granules is accepted and interpreted as not significant.

Since the F-value is 2.74 with P-value of 0.057 is greater than the alpha

value of 0.05, the Ho is accepted. This means that there was no significant

difference in the weight gained by tilapia fed with different feed formulation.

ANOVA Result on the Length Increment

This portion considers the ANOVA treatment in the length increment which

is dealt on Table 10.

Table 10

ANOVA TREATMENT FOR THE LENGTH INCREMENT

Sum of Squares df Mean Square F P-

value Decision Interpretation Between Groups 1121 3 0.374 0.43 0.733

Accept Ho not significant

Within Groups 31279 36 0.869

Total 32,400 39

As seen from Table 10, sum of squares between groups is 1121, and

within group is 31279 which totaled to 32,400 had degrees of freedom of three

(3), 36 with a total of 39 respectively resulted to mean squares of .374 and .869

for between groups and within groups all had an analysis of variance of .430 and

p-value of .733 which is greater than the alpha value of 0.05. The hypothesis is

accepted. This means that there was no significant difference in the length of

increment by tilapia fed with different feed formulation. This further implies that

the formulated feeds have the same effect on the increment.

ANOVA Result for Width Increment

This area provides the ANOVA treatment in the width increment which

is provided in Table 11.

Table 11

ANOVA Result for Width Increment

Table 11 reveals that the sum of squares between group is 3.078, within

groups of 9.657 having a total of 12.735 whose degrees of freedom is three (3),

36 with a total of 39. Such mean squares are 1.026 and .268 with an f-value of

3.825 and p-value of .018 which is lesser than 0.05 whose hypothesis of no

significant difference was rejected and showed significant difference.

To determine which treatments are significant, Tukey test was conducted.

This is reflected in Table 12.

Sum of Squares df

Mean Square F

P-valu

e Decision Interpretation

Between Groups 3.078 3 1.026 3.825 0.18

Reject Ho Significant

Within Groups 9.657 36 0.268

Total 12.735 39

Table 12

Tukey Test Results

Based from the result, T1 and T2 were not significant with each other but it

was significant with T2 and T3 while T2 was not significant to all other treatments.

This implies that T2 is comparable with T3.

For the output of the study, a Techno-Guide is provided for.

Treatment Mean

T1 1.483 ab

T2 1.188 a

T3 1.836 a

Chapter 3

SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Chapter 3 gives the summary of findings, draws the conclusions and

offers the recommendations

SUMMARY

The main purpose of the study was to determine the growth and survival

rates of the Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia (GIFT) in a HAPA using

formulated sweet potato granules at CTU- Moalboal Campus for the academic

year 2015-2016 as basis for a techno guide. The areas of concern included the

following: feed formulations of GIFT as to the following treatments: T1=Treatment

No. 1; 1.5kg sweet potato peelings (Boniatos) + 750 g leftover fish bones of the

mackerel scad (Decapterus macarellus) +375 ml of Vegetable oil + 3 tabs amino

acid feed, T2= Treatment No. 2; 1 kg sweet potato peelings (Boniatos) + 750 g

leftover fish bones of the mackerel scad (Decapterus macarellus) +375 ml of

Vegetable oil+2 tabs amino acid feed, and T3= 0.5 kg sweet potato peelings

(Boniatos) + 250 g leftover fish bones of the mackerel scad (Decapterus

macarellus) +125 ml of Vegetable oil + 1 tab amino acid feed; the initial and final

weight in grams, length in centimeters and width in centimeters for all the

treatments; growth performances of GIFT based on the aforementioned

treatments as to the following factors: weight gained; length increments; and

width increments; determine whether there is a significant difference among the

growth factors of the aforementioned treatments; and techno-guide can be

formulated.

The researcher utilized the experimental method of research in the

gathering of important data vital in the making of the study.

FINDINGS

From the data gathered, classified, tabulated, computed, presented and

interpreted, the following findings are:

1. Feed formulations of GIFT as to the following treatments: T1 =

Treatment No. 1; 1.5 kg sweet potato peelings (Boniatos); + 750 grams leftover

fish bones of the mackerel scad (Decapterus macarellus); + 375 ml. of Vegetable

oil; and + 3 tabs amino acid feed.T2= Treatment no. 2; 1.0 kg sweet potato

peelings (Boniatos)+ 750 grams leftover fish bones of the mackerel scad

(Decapterus macarellus); + 375 ml. of Vegetable oil; and + 2 tabs amino acid

feed. T3= Treatment no. 3; 0.5 kg sweet potato peelings (Boniatos)+ 250 grams

leftover fish bones of the mackerel scad (Decapterus macarellus); + 125 ml. of

Vegetable oil; and + 1 tab amino acid feed.

2. The initial and final weight in grams, length in centimeters and width in

centimeters are its highest on T1 followed by T2 and T3. It was with the use of T1

which proved to be an effective feeds.

3. The growth performances of GIFT based on the aforementioned

treatments as to the following factors: weight gained; length increments; and

width increments were its highest on T1 followed by T2, and T3.

4. There is no significant difference among the growth factors of the

different treatments.

5. The techno guide, pertaining to the output of the study is presented on

page 48.

CONCLUSION

From the findings, a conclusion is drawn that the initial and final weight in

T3. It was with the use of T1 which proved to be an effective feeds. The growth

performances of GIFT based on the aforementioned treatments as to the

following factors: weight gained; length increments; and width increments were

are its highest on T1 followed by T2, and T3. There is no significant difference

among the growth factors of the different treatments.

Based from the result of the Tukey Test, T1 and T2 were not significant

with each other but it was significant with T2 and T3 while T2 was not significant to

all other treatments. This implies that T2 is comparable with T3.

RECOMMENDATIONS

The following recommendations are offered:

1. Adoption of the techno-guide.

2. Resource person should be invited to speak more about the different

treatments.

3. There is a need to make a thorough discussion and elaboration on the topics.

4. Reference materials should be available within the reach of the students.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BIBLIOGRAPHY

A. BOOKS

El-Sayed, A. (2006). Tilapia Culture. CABI Publishing. USA. Rosagast, M. (2012). Tilapia Fish Farming: Practical Manual (Tilapia Fish Farming Information). CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. USA Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources - PHILMINAQ (2007). Managing aquaculture and its impacts: a guidebook for local governments. Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources - PHILMINAQ Project Philippine Coconut Authority Building, Elliptical Road, Diliman, Quezon City Philippines Northern Territory of Australia (2007). NT Barramundi Farming Handbook. Department of Primary Industry, Fisheries and Mines Darwin Aquaculture Centre. Australia

B. UNPUBLISHED MATERIALS

Adewolu, M. (2008). Potentials of Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas) Leaf Mealas Dietary Ingredient for Tilapia zilli Fingerlings. Lagos State University, Lagos, Nigeria Ansah,Y., et.al. (2014). Genetically-Improved Tilapia Strains in Africa:Potential Benefits and Negative Impacts Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 208 Hutcheson Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA Dionaldo, P. (2004). Fish and Shellfish Instant Noodles: Technology Guide For Livelihood and Entrepreneurship Program Cebu State College of Science and Technology, Cebu City Maribao, C. (2004). The Survival and Growth Rates of Siganid Cultured in Fresh Cage using Blue-Green Algae and Pellets as their Main Feeds: A Comparative Study. Cebu State College of Science and Technology System, Moalboal Campus, Moalboal, Cebu Obiasada, N. (2005). A Comparative Study on the Growth and Survival Rates of Freshwater Prawn Cultured in an Aquarium with Aerator using Trash Fish and Commercial Feeds as their Main Feeds. Cebu State

College of Science and Technology System, Moalboal Campus, Moalboal, Cebu Pemsl, D., et.al. (2008). Adoption and farm-level impact of genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT) in the Philippines. International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade(IIFET), Vietnam Tabanao, C. (2005). Effects on the Growth and survival Rates of Marine Water Eels Cultured in an Aquarium using Commercial Feeds and Trash Fish with Aerator. Cebu State College of Science and Technology System, Moalboal Campus, Moalboal, Cebu

C. PERIODICALS/JOURNALS

ADB, (2005) An impact evaluation study on the development of genetically improved farmed tilapia and their dissemination in selected countries, 77. Manila: Asian Development Bank

Coghlan , A (2012). "Nutrient-boosted foods protect against blindness". New

Scientist, Health. Retrieved 20 August 2012.

Coxon KM, Chakauya E, Ottenhof HH et al. (August 2005). "Pantothenate

biosynthesis in higher plants". Biochemical Society Transactions 33 (Pt 4):

743–6.

Equia, R.V. and M.R.R. Equia. (2007). Tilapia Broodstock and Hatchery

Management. 48 pp.

Frtitzsimmons, K. and Sidrotun Naim. (2010). Tilapia: 2009 State of the Industry. Tilapia Session. San Diego-WAS-March 5, 2010.

Khaw, H.L., H. Bovenhuis, R.W. Ponzoni, M.A. Rezk, H. Charo‐Karisa, and H. Komen, (2009). Genetic analysis of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) selection line reared in two input environments,

Aquaculture, 294: 37‐42 Pilobello KT, Mahal LK (June 2007). "Deciphering the glycocode: the complexity and analytical challenge of glycomics". Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 11 (3): 300–5 Ponzoni, R.W., N.H. Nguyen and H.L. Khaw, (2007) Investment appraisal of genetic improvement programs in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis

niloticus), Aquaculture, 269: 187‐199

Yosef, S., (2009) Rich food for poor people: Genetically improved tilapia in the Philippines,IFPRI Discussion Paper 00925 D. WEBSITE LINKS

http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/vegetables-and-vegetable-products/2667/2 http://freestatistics.info/stat.php http://optimumnutrition.com

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A

TRANSMITTAL LETTER

REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES Cebu Technological University

MOALBOAL CAMPUS Moalboal, Cebu

May 2015

DR. ROMEO G. PABLEO Campus Director Cebu Technological University Moalboal, Cebu SIR: The undersigned would like to distribute copies of the research instrument on the study: “INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNOLOGY FOR GENETICALLY IMPROVED FARMED TILAPIA (GIFT)” in partial fulfillment of the requirements towards obtaining a degree, Master in Education Major in Teaching Biology at Cebu Technological University, Main Campus. I am hoping for your approval on this request. Respectfully yours, (Sgd.) RESTI TITO H. VILLARINO Researcher APPROVED: (Sgd.) ROMEO G. PABLEO, Ed.D Campus Director Noted by: (Sgd.) REBECCA DC. MANALASTAS, Ph. D. Dean, Graduate School (CTU- Main Campus)

APPENDIX B

Plates/Pictorials

In the

Conduct of the Study

THE FIRST DAY OF WEIGH-IN AND MEASURING THE LENGTH AND WIDTH

THE LAST DAY OF WEIGHING AND THE MEASURING OF LENGTH AND WIDTH OF THE TILAPIA WITH THE BSFI-3 STUDENTS (AQUACULTURE

CLASS 2015-2016)

THE RESERCHER DISCUSSING THE PRACTICALITIES AND THE APPLICATION OF THE RESEARCH IN THE AQUACULTURE INDUSTRY TO

THE BSFI-3 STUDENTS (AQUACULTURE CLASS 2015-2016)

THE RESEARCHER WITH HIS ADVISER AND THE BSFI-3 STUDENTS (AQUACULTURE CLASS 2015-2016) OF CEBU TECHNOLOGICAL

UNIVERSITY MOALBOAL CAMPUS

TRANSFERRING THE TILAPIA FROM THE POND TO THE HAPA

THE FIRST DAY OF FEEDING WITH THE COMMERCIAL FEEDS AND THE FORMULATED FEEDS

PLACING AND LABELING OF THE HAPA

SECURING THE GIFT THAT WILL BE USED IN THE STUDY (WEIGHED AND MEASURED)

THE MAKING OF THE HAPA

ORAL EXAMINATION LAST NOVEMBER 6, 2015 AT CEBU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY MAIN CAMPUS, CEBU CITY

CURRICULUM VITAE

CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal Background

Name Resti Tito Huete Villarino

Date of Birth April 4, 1986

Place of Birth Cebu City

Home Address Paramayon, Poblacion East, Moalboal, Cebu

Civil Status Married

Spouse Maureen Lorence Fuentebaja

Son Nino Lorenz F. Villarino

Parents Zosimo Jumao-as Villarino

Elsa Lilibios Huete

Sister Ma. Grace Christine H. Villarino

Brother Zosimo H. Villarino, Jr.

Contact Number 0922-2212373

Educational Background

Graduate Studies Graduate, Master of Arts in Education

(Major in Biological Sciences)

Cebu Technological University

Cebu City

Graduate, Master of Arts in Education

(Major in Administration and Supervision)

Cebu Technological University

Moalboal, Cebu

Graduate, Certificate of Professional Education

Cebu Technological University

Moalboal, Cebu

November 2011 – March 2012

18 Units

Master of Arts in Nursing

(Major in Psychiatric Nursing)

Cebu Normal University

November 2007 – March 2008

12 Units

Collegiate Bachelor of Science in Nursing

University of Southern Philippines Foundation

Salinas Drive, Lahug, Cebu City

Secondary Pope John Paul XXIII Seminary

Juan Luna Avenue, Cebu City

1999 – 2003

Elementary Moalboal Central School

Moalboal, Cebu

1993 - 1999

Eligibilities Licensure Examination for Teachers

Cebu City

October 29, 2013

National Licensure Exam for Nurses

Cebu City

June 10 – 11, 2007

National TVET Trainers Certificate (NTTC) in

Cookery NC 2

TESDA RTC VII

October 2015

National Certificate in FOOD AND BEVERAGE

SERVICES NC 2 (Migrated)

TESDA RTC VII

December 11, 2015

National Certificate in FRONT OFFICE SERVICES

NC2

TESDA RTC VII

November 2015

National Certificate in COOKERY NC 2

TESDA RTC VII

July 31, 2015

National Certificate in

COMMERCIAL COOKING NC 2

TESDA RTC VII

April 1, 2014

National Certificate in HOUSEKEEPING NC 2

TESDA RTC VII

February 1, 2014

National Certificate in BARTENDING NC 2

TESDA RTC VII

January 31, 2014

National Certificate in FOOD AND BEVERAGE

SERVICES NC 2

TESDA RTC VII

December 18, 2013

Work Experience:

June 2012 – Present Part – time Instructor

Cebu Technological University, Moalboal Campus

Moalboal, Cebu

April 14, 2009 – May 7, 2011 Cardiovascular / Cardiac Catheterization Nurse

Perpetual Succour Hospital

Gorordo Avenue, Cebu City

February 25, 2008 – April 13, 2009 Medical / Surgical / Psychiatric Nurse

Perpetual Succour Hospital

Gorordo Avenue, Cebu City

July 26, 2007 – August 24, 2007 ESL Summer Camp Teacher

Regent Pacific College

Agus, Lapu – Lapu City

In – Service Trainings / Seminars / Workshops Attended:

TRAINING COURSE PERIOD OF TRAINING

NO. OF TRAINING

HOURS CONDUCTED BY

Front Office Operations and Food and Beverage Services Seminar Workshop

October 22-24, 2015

24 hrs.

Cebu Technological

University – Moalboal Campus

Cookery Seminar/Workshop May 2015 48 hours

Cebu Technological

University – Moalboal Campus

Barista Seminar/ Workshop March 2015 40 hrs.

Cebu Technological

University – Moalboal Campus

Trainers Methodology 1 Seminar/ Workshop

October 2015 120 hrs. TESDA RTC VII

Commercial Cooking Seminar/Workshop

March 24-29, 2014

48 hrs.

Cebu Technological

University – Moalboal Campus

Bartending and Housekeeping Seminar/Workshop

January 3-5, 2014

24 hrs. Cebu Technological

University – Moalboal Campus

Health and Wellness Seminar for Senior Citizens

September 14, 2013

9 hrs.

Cebu Technological

University – Moalboal Campus

Prompt Response to Cathlab Emergencies by Allied Medical Service

April 30 – May 1, 2010

16 hrs.

Philippine Society of Cardiovascular

Catheterization and Interventions, Inc. Mandaluyong, City

17th Annual Scientific Convention: “Experiencing Technological Advancements in Interventional Cardiology”

April 30 – May 1, 2010

16 hrs.

Philippine Society of Cardiovascular

Catheterization and Interventions, Inc. Mandaluyong, City

Basic Life Support / Advance Cardiac Life Support Training

February 25 – 27, 2010

24 hrs. Cebu Heart Institute

Perpetual Succour Hospital Gorordo Avenue, Cebu

IV Therapy Training Seminar June 4 – 6,

2009 24 hrs.

Association of Nursing Service Administrators of

the Philippines, Inc.

Perpetual Succour Hospital Gorordo Avenue, Cebu

The 1st Philippine Experiential Education Congress: Let’s Walk the Talk, A Dinner Activity

January 16, 2008

8 hrs

Association for the Advancement of Humanistic

Psychology Lahug, Cebu City

1st Post Graduate Training Course on Medical / Surgical Nursing 2008

January 14 – February 23,

2008 240 hrs.

Perpetual Succour Hospital Gorordo Avenue, Cebu

Job Readiness Seminar September 28,

2007 8 hrs.

University of Southern Philippines Foundation

Salinas Drive, Lahug, Cebu City

AIDS Awareness Seminar February 2007 8 hrs

University of Southern Philippines Foundation

Salinas Drive, Lahug, Cebu City