1History of Texas, 4e© 2007, Harlan Davidson, Inc.

Instructor E-Sources

PowerPoint™ Presentation Chapter 2

Spaniards in a Far Northern Frontera

The History of TexasThe History of TexasHarlan Davidson, Inc.Harlan Davidson, Inc.

2History of Texas, 4e© 2007, Harlan Davidson, Inc.

Learning Outcomes (2)

• be knowledgeable concerning frontier institutions & their impact on Texas culture and society

• think about the implications of Indian accommodation & resistance in the Far Northern Frontera

• appreciate the relationship between Bourbon reforms & the independence movement

• cite the key components of Spain’s legacy in the colonial era

3History of Texas, 4e© 2007, Harlan Davidson, Inc.

Chapter 2

Spaniards in a Far Northern Frontera

• Settling New Spain’s Far NorthSettling New Spain’s Far North– Crown motivations for settlementCrown motivations for settlement

• Expand imperial control• Buffer against French & British

– Motives of frontier peoplesMotives of frontier peoples• Escape unemployment, natural disasters, excessive

taxation, ethnic prejudice, & other hardships• Opportunity to acquire land & improve economic

status

4History of Texas, 4e© 2007, Harlan Davidson, Inc.

The Far Northern Frontera

• Settler problemsSettler problems– Fear relocation to unknown hinterland– Settled parts of New Spain face labor

shortages ― discourage migrations– Lack of regional infrastructure & isolation– Resistance of Native peoples

• By 1800 Spanish Texas remains least By 1800 Spanish Texas remains least inhabited part of New Spaininhabited part of New Spain

5History of Texas, 4e© 2007, Harlan Davidson, Inc.

Frontier Institutions

• Missions in Spanish TexasMissions in Spanish Texas– Responsibility

• Catholicism sole religion – state subsidized• Guard the Frontier• Christianize native peoples• Minister to families, soldiers, & government officials

– Missionization limited• Started 1738: Church of San Fernando in San

Antonio• Only mission in Texas at mid-eighteenth century

6History of Texas, 4e© 2007, Harlan Davidson, Inc.

Frontier Institutions

• Presidios in Spanish TexasPresidios in Spanish Texas– Responsibility

• Function as agents of defense• Serve as trade centers• Attract pioneers seeking security• Assist missionization process

– Discipline Indians– Help maintain mission Indian labor force

– Social & economic development• Provide work• Place to exchange goods & services

7History of Texas, 4e© 2007, Harlan Davidson, Inc.

8History of Texas, 4e© 2007, Harlan Davidson, Inc.

Frontier Institutions

• The ranching frontier & the cattle tradeThe ranching frontier & the cattle trade– Mid-18th century cattle ranching expands– Livestock markets connect Texas to neighboring

provinces & Louisiana– Semi-subsistence agriculture develops

• Town livingTown living– Civilian settlements scarce in 18th century– Urban problems of disease & limited access to services

• Camino RealCamino Real connects Texas to Mexico connects Texas to Mexico

9History of Texas, 4e© 2007, Harlan Davidson, Inc.

Frontier Society

• Cultural traditions of New Spain Cultural traditions of New Spain modifiedmodified– Wide range of ethnic identities & wealth– Slavery limited – Tejana legal rights under Spanish law

• Women allowed to hold material assets• More rights than French & British North

American women

10History of Texas, 4e© 2007, Harlan Davidson, Inc.

Indian Accommodation & Resistance

• Hispanicized Native AmericansHispanicized Native Americans – Resistance to missionization– Warfare, disease, territorial violations,

decimate Karankawans, Jumanoes, &

Coahuiltecan culture – Caddos retain homelands until 1850s

• Apaches & Comanches resist white Apaches & Comanches resist white interlopersinterlopers

11History of Texas, 4e© 2007, Harlan Davidson, Inc.

The Bourbon Reforms

• Streamlining colonial administrationStreamlining colonial administration– José de Gálvez fact-finding in Mexico

– Marqués de Rubí inspecting la frontera • End of Spanish EraEnd of Spanish Era

– Imperial intrusion resented– Secularization of Missions

• Few Native Americans Christianized or Hispanicized

– Three major settlements in place: San Antonio, Goliad, & Nacogdoches

– Illegal trade & drive for Mexican autonomy increase – Tejanos develop distinct character

12History of Texas, 4e© 2007, Harlan Davidson, Inc.

The Spanish Legacy

• 300 Years of Spanish rule in Texas ends300 Years of Spanish rule in Texas ends– Few mourn passing– Case for relocation never strong

• Spanish influence in TexasSpanish influence in Texas– Cultural

• Language & geographical nomenclature • Cuisine & architecture

– Community property laws– Debtor protection

13History of Texas, 4e© 2007, Harlan Davidson, Inc.

Key Words & Terms (2)

Mexican Era (1821-1836)MissionspresidiosranchostownsfarmstownsTejanasDona Maria Hinojosa de BalliBourbon ReformsMiguel Hidalgo de CostillaJuan Bautista de las CasasBernardo Gutierrez de Lara

Spanish terms & words mestizaje Indios barbarosrancherosvaqueros

Islenospresidiogente de razoncabildomunicipioalcaldeacequiacorridospeninsulares

Diez y Seis de Septiembrereconquistaconquistadores