Sample test questions

INTEGRATED TEST EXAM

“Krok 1”

Stomatology

()

Бiологiя 2

1. According to the law of constancy ofchromosome numbers, most animal specieshave definite and constant chromosomenumber. The mechanism that maintains thisconstancy during sexual reproduction oforganisms is called:

A. MeiosisB. SchizogonyC. AmitosisD. RegenerationE. -

2. In human population some peoplethroughout their life develop not two butthree dentitions. It is the manifestation of thefollowing law:

A. Biogenetic law (recapitulation theory)B. Independent assortmentC. Hardy-Weinberg principleD. Homologous series of genetic variationE. Embryonic induction

3. Microscopy of a sputum sample obtainedfrom a patient who has been suffering frompneumonia for a week detected helminthlarvae. Eosinophilia is observed in thepatient’s blood. What diagnosis can besuspected in this case?

A. AscariasisB. ParagonimiasisC. FasciolasisD. TaeniasisE. Echinococcosis

4. During their expedition to the MiddleEast, the students found a 7-centimeter-longarthropod. Its body consists of cephalothoraxwith 4 pairs of ambulatory legs andsegmented abdomen with two venom glandsin its last segment. The gland openings arelocated on the tip of the hook-shaped sting.The animal was identified as a nocturnalpredator, its venom is dangerous for humans.It belongs to the following order:

A. ScorpionesB. AraneiC. AcarinaD. SolpugaeE. Aphaniptera

5. Mother with a 12-year-old child cameto the gastroenterologist. She complains ofloss of appetite and meteorism in her child.Endoscopically the child was diagnosed withbiliary dyskinesia, in the duodenal contentsthere were pear-shaped protozoa with twonuclei and multiple flagella. What disease isthe most likely in this child?

A. LambliasisB. BalantidiasisC. AmebiasisD. TrichomoniasisE. Toxoplasmosis

6. Biochemical analysis of amino acidcontents of freshly synthesized polypeptidesshows that in the process of their translationthe first amino acid in each of these proteinswill be the same. Name this amino acid:

A. MethionineB. SerineC. HistidineD. PhenylalanineE. Isoleucine

7. The height of a person is controlled byseveral non-allelic dominant genes. If thenumber of this genes is increased, the heightof a person increases as well. What type ofinteraction occurs between these genes?

A. PolymeryB. PleiotropyC. EpistasisD. CodominanceE. Complementarity

8. Mother of a 2-year-old child with delayedphysical and mental development hasmade an appointment with the geneticconsultation. What method allows the doctorto rule out chromosomal abnormalities?

A. CytogeneticB. BiochemicalC. GenealogicalD. CytologicalE. Population statistics

9. During a class in molecular biology,the mutations resulting in production ofabnormal hemoglobin are being studied.What amino acid substitution occurs whenS-hemoglobin is being produced, resulting inthe development of sickle-cell anemia?

A. Glutamic acid is substituted with valineB. Threonine is substituted with lysineC. Lysine is substituted with glutamineD. Histidine is substituted with arginineE. Glycine is substituted with asparagine

10. People of various nationalities, who livein the Arctic climate, develop a numberof features to adapt to their environment.Representatives of the Arctic adaptive typecompared to the natives of the Central Africahave the following characteristic feature:

A. Increased layer of subcutaneous fatB. HyperhidrosisC. Lower need for fat intakeD. Lean statureE. Elongated legs and shorter arms

Бiологiя 3

11. Fetal malformations can be caused bysuch maternal diseases as rubella, syphilis,toxoplasmosis, cytomegaly, herpes, andchlamydiosis. These malformations belongto the following type of variability:

A. ModificationB. MutationalC. CombinativeD. Genomic imprintingE. Epimutational

12. A tourist, who had been to one of

the Far East countries, was hospitalizedinto the therapeutics unit with suspectedpneumonia. Examination of his sputum andfeces detected there lung fluke eggs. Whatfood products are the most likely cause oflung fluke infestation?

A. Insufficiently thermally processedfreshwater crabsB. Insufficiently thermally processed beefC. Insufficiently thermally processed eggsD. Insufficiently thermally processed porkE. Raw fruits and vegetables

Нормальна анатомiя 4

1. A man complains of varicose veins onhis left leg. Venous nodes are located onthe posterior surface of the shin and on theposterior and anterior surfaces of the thigh.What superficial leg veins are damaged inthis patient?

A. Great saphenous vein, small saphenousveinB. Small saphenous vein, deep femoral veinC. Popliteal vein, superficial saphenous veinD. Femoral vein, great saphenous vein, smallsaphenous veinE. Posterior tibial vein, great saphenous vein

2. A patient presents with aspermia. Whatorgan is functionally disturbed?

A. TesticleB. Seminal vesiclesC. EpididymisD. ProstateE. -

3. A 10-day-old child has undergone asurgery to repair cleft upper lip (”hare-lip”). Cleft upper lip has resulted from thefollowing in this case:

A. Nonclosure of frontal and maxillaryprocesses of the first pharyngeal archB. Nonclosure of palatine tori of maxillaryprocesses of the first pharyngeal archC. Nonclosure of the second pharyngeal archD. Nonclosure of the third pharyngeal archE. Nonclosure of maxillary and mandibularprocesses of the first pharyngeal arch

4. After facial trauma the patient developeda buccal hematoma. What salivatory glandhas its outflow blocked by the hematoma?

A. ParotidB. SublingualC. SubmandibularD. LingualE. Buccal

5. A patient complains of painful chewing,especially when his lower jaw moves forwardand to the side. It indicates functionaldisorder of the following muscles:

A. Lateral pterygoid musclesB. Medial pterygoid musclesC. Masseter musclesD. Mylohyoid musclesE. Temporal muscles

6. After a cold the patient developedimpaired perception of pain and thermalstimuli in the front 2/3 of the tongue. Whatnerve was damaged in this case?

A. TrigeminalB. HypoglossalC. PhrenicD. VagusE. Chorda tympani

7. A 42-year-old man with an incised woundon the lower anterior surface of his shouldercame to the medical station. Objectively hepresents with impaired forearm flexion. Whatmuscles are likely to be damaged in thispatient?

A. M. brachialis, m. biceps brachiiB. M. biceps brachii, m. anconeusC. M. coracobrachialis, m. supraspinatusD. M. deltoideus, m. infraspinatusE. M. deltoideus, m. biceps brachii

8. During surgery on the stomach, thesurgeon has cut the left gastric artery andligated it. However the opposite end of thecut artery continued to bleed. What arteryanastomoses with the left gastric artery?

A. Right gastric arteryB. Splenic arteryC. Right gastroepiploic arteryD. Left gastroepiploic arteryE. Superior pancreaticoduodenal artery

9. A woman has undergone a surgery forfemoral hernia. In this case the hernialprotrusion is projected into the:

A. Femoral triangleB. Inguinal regionC. Pubic regionD. Gluteal regionE. -

10. A patient of tall stature with droopinglower lip, big nose, and large extremitieshas made an appointment with the doctor.What gland is likely to present with excessivesecretion in this patient?

A. Anterior lobe of the pituitary glandB. Parathyroid glandsC. Pineal glandD. Thyroid glandE. -

11. During a surgery on the right side of theneck, excursion of the right diaphragmaticdome was disturbed. This disturbanceoccurred because of the damage to thefollowing nerve:

A. Right phrenic nerveB. Left phrenic nerveC. Right transverse cervical nerveD. Left transverse cervical nerveE. Supraclavicular nerve

12. A trauma patient has a wound in thetemporal region, with trickle of bright redblood streaming from it. What blood vessel

Нормальна анатомiя 5

is damaged?

A. A. temporalis superficialisB. A. facialisC. A. occipitalisD. A. auricularis posteriorE. A. maxillaris

13. On examination a woman was diagnosedwith a retropharyngeal abscess. Whatcervical space should be accessed by thesurgeon lancing this abscess?

A. Retrovisceral spaceB. Interscalene spaceC. Prescalene spaceD. Suprasternal spaceE. Previsceral space

14. Brain investigation by means of nuclearmagnetic resonance revealed the patient tohave a hematoma in the genu of the internalcapsule. What pathway is damaged in thiscase?

A. Tr. cortico-nuclearisB. Tr. cortico-spinalisC. Tr. cortico-fronto-pontinusD. Тr. cortico-thalamicusE. Tr. thalamo-corticalis

15. A patient was diagnosed with a damagedintervertebral disk in the lumbar spine. Whattype of joint is it?

A. SynchondrosisB. SyndesmosisC. SymphisisD. SynostosisE. Diarthrosis

16. A patient complains of severe rhinitis andtotal loss of olfactory perception. Receptorsof the olfactory analyzer are damaged in thispatient. Where in the nasal cavity are thesereceptors located?

A. Superior nasal meatusB. Middle nasal meatusC. Inferior nasal meatusD. Common nasal meatusE. Choanae

17. A student uses percussion to determinethe cardiac border that projects on theanterior thoracic wall at the level of the thirdcostal cartilage. What cardiac border is beingdetermined?

A. UpperB. LowerC. LeftD. RightE. Apex

18. A trauma patient has a fracture in the

petrous part of the temporal bone. Thefracture line passes behind the internalauditory foramen. What canal of thetemporal bone was damaged?

A. Facial canalB. Tympanic canalC. Carotid canalD. Musculotubal canalE. Canaliculus of the chorda tympani

19. A patient suffers from disturbed bloodsupply of the superior lateral surface of thecerebral hemispheres. What blood vessel isdamaged?

A. Medial cerebral arteryB. Anterior cerebral arteryC. Posterior cerebral arteryD. Anterior communicating arteryE. Posterior communicating artery

20. Examination of a patient with disturbedprocess of saliva production in the parotidgland shows that the otic ganglion is likely tobe damaged. This ganglion is formed by thefollowing nerve:

A. N. petrosus minorB. N. petrosus majorC. N. auricularis magnusD. N. vagusE. N. hypoglossus

21. During oral cavity examination a dentistnoticed eruption of the permanent caninesin a child. The child grows and developsnormally. Determine the child’s age:

A. 11-13 yearsB. 13-16 yearsC. 6-7 yearsD. 8-9 yearsE. 9-10 years

22. A tooth has been extracted. Its crown ischisel-shaped, wide, with narrow edge. Theroot is cone-shaped and flattened from thesides. What tooth was extracted?

A. Upper incisorB. Upper premolarC. Lower incisorD. Lower canineE. Lower premolar

23. A man cannot lift his drooping lower jaw.What muscles of the head DO NOT functionproperly in this case?

A. MassetersB. Zygomaticus majorC. Zygomaticus minorD. BuccinatorsE. Superior auricular

Гiстологiя 6

1. In the skin biopsy material in theepidermis there are cells with processes anddark brown granules in their cytoplasm.Name these cells:

A. MelanocytesB. Intraepidermal macrophagesC. KeratinocytesD. Merkel cellsE. Lymphocytes

2. A smear specimen of human redbone marrow shows, among myeloid cellsand adipocytes, certain stellate cells withoxyphilic cytoplasm that are connected withtheir cellular processes. Name these cells:

A. Reticular cellsB. FibroblastsC. MacrophagesD. Dendritic cellsE. Osteocytes

3. A microslide shows a section of a bean-shaped organ with cortical and medullarysubstances. Its cortical substance containsseparate spheric nodules 0.5-1 mm indiameter; its medullary substance consistsof medullary cords. This histological sectiondemonstrates the following organ:

A. Lymph nodeB. KidneyC. ThymusD. Adrenal glandE. Spleen

4. Microslide of a cardiac tissue showsrectangular cells with central location ofthe nucleus and well-developed myofibrilsconnected with Z-disks. These cells performthe following cardiac function:

A. ContractionB. Impulse conductionC. EndocrineD. ProtectiveE. Regenerative

5. A woman presents with edemas. Inher urine there is a large amount ofprotein excreted. What nephron segment isfunctionally disturbed in this case?

A. Renal corpuscleB. Proximal convoluted tubuleC. Distal convoluted tubuleD. Descending limb of loop of HenleE. Ascending limb of loop of Henle

6. A urine sample was taken via a catheterfrom the urinary bladder of a 17-year-old young man. Microscopy of the urineprecipitate in this case can detect cells ofthe epithelium that lines the urinary bladder.What epithelium is it?

A. Transitional epitheliumB. Non-keratinized stratified epitheliumC. Non-stratified columnar epitheliumD. Non-stratified cuboidal epitheliumE. Keratinized stratified epithelium

7. A connective tissue specimen stainedwith hematoxylin-eosin shows isogenouscell groups surrounded with basophilicintercellular substance. No fibrous structuresare detected. What type of connective tissueis it?

A. Hyaline cartilage tissueB. Elastic cartilage tissueC. Dense fibrous tissueD. Loose fibrous tissueE. Splenial bone tissue

8. A sample obtained from the patient’sthyroid gland was processed with silver salts,which revealed large argyrophilic cells inthe follicular walls. What hormone is beingsecreted by these cells?

A. CalcitoninB. ThyroxineC. ParathyrinD. AldosteroneE. Adrenaline

9. A histological specimen shows threeneurons: pseudounipolar, bipolar, andmultipolar. How many axons will each ofthese cell have?

A. OneB. TwoC. NoneD. ManyE. Three

10. A certain embryonic organ is beingstudied. In this organ the first bloodcorpuscles that make up blood as a tissueare being formed. Name this organ:

A. Yolk sacB. LiverC. ThymusD. SpleenE. Red bone marrow

11. Fibrocartilaginous layer of tracheaconsists of C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings,with their open ends facing posteriorly. Whattissue connects these open ends?

A. Smooth muscular tissueB. Striated muscular tissueC. Loose fibrous connective tissueD. Adipose connective tissueE. Dense unformed connective tissue

12. A histological specimen shows cellsthat form isogenous groups. There areglycoproteins, proteoglycans, and collagenfibers in the intercellular substance. What

Гiстологiя 7

tissue is it?

A. Cartilaginous tissueB. Bone tissueC. Mucous tissueD. White adipose tissueE. Brown adipose tissue

13. A patient with chronic hepatitisundergoes blood test for serum proteinfractions. Total protein levels are low,which indicates that in the hepatic cellsthe following organelles are functionallydisturbed:

A. Granular endoplasmic reticulumB. Golgi apparatusC. MitochondriaD. LysosomesE. Cytoskeleton

14. A histological specimen of mucoustunic of a certain organ shows stratified

epithelium consisting of 20-25 cellular layerswith squamous superficial cells. Name theorgan from which this sample was obtained:

A. EsophagusB. Gastric fundusC. Large intestineD. Small intestineE. Duodenum

15. Histologic specimen of a tooth slice showsa tissue consisting of intercellular substancepermeated with tubules, in which cellularprocesses of odontoblasts are situated.What tissue is presented in this histologicspecimen?

A. DentinB. EnamelC. PulpD. CementE. Periodontium

Нормальна фiзiологiя 8

1. An experimental animal, a dog,received a weak solution of hydrochloric acidthrough a tube inserted into the duodenum.Primarily it will result in increased secretionof the following hormone:

A. SecretinB. GastrinC. HistamineD. CholecystokininE. Neurotensin

2. An athlete before a sports contest presentswith elevated blood pressure and heart rate.What part of the CNS induces these changes?

A. Cerebral cortexB. DiencephalonC. Medulla oblongataD. MesencephalonE. Hypothalamus

3. A patient complains that even smalltraumas lead to persistent hemorrhages.Laboratory analysis shows disturbed bloodcomposition, namely a low count of thefollowing blood corpuscles:

A. PlateletsB. ErythrocytesC. NeutrophilsD. LymphocytesE. Monocytes

4. A 19-year-old young man has beenexamined in a nephrological hospital.Increased potassium content was detected insecondary urine of the patient. Such changesare the most likely to be caused by increasedsecretion of the following hormone:

A. AldosteroneB. OxytocinC. AdrenalineD. GlucagonE. Testosterone

5. In an experiment a peripheral segmentof the sympathetic nerve that innervates thesublingual gland is being stimulated. In thiscase this gland will produce:

A. A small amount of viscous salivaB. No salivaC. A small amount of non-viscous salivaD. A large amount of non-viscous salivaE. A large amount of viscous saliva

6. An athlete overexerted himself during atraining and developed a muscle contracture.In such cases the muscle loses its flexibilityand gradually becomes rigid due to itsinability to relax. What is the likely causeof the contracture in this case?

A. ATP deficiencyB. Decreased blood levels of Ca++

C. Increased blood levels of lactic acidD. Tropomyosin structural changesE. Increased blood levels of K+

7. Condition of a patient with thoracic traumadeteriorates quickly: he develops increasingasphyxiation, facial pallor, tachycardia. Whatis the likely cause of these developments?

A. PneumothoraxB. Thoracic contusionC. Rib fractureD. Response to pain stimulusE. Fright

8. A man was submerged into the ice-coldwater and soon died of abrupt exposure tocold. In such cases an organism loses heatmost intensively by the way of:

A. Heat conductionB. RadiationC. ConvectionD. Heat conduction and radiationE. -

9. In hot weather the bus passengers askedto open the roof hatches. What way of heattransfer is activated in this situation?

A. ConvectionB. ConductionC. RadiationD. Conduction and radiationE. Sweat evaporation

10. People with diseases of internal organsoften assume forced positions (e.g. withlower limbs flexed and pressed to theabdomen) due to the following reflexresponse:

A. VisceromotorB. Motor-visceralC. DermatovisceralD. ViscerodermalE. Viscero-visceral

11. A 30-year-old woman has developedsigns of virilism (body hair growth, baldingtemples, disturbed menstrual cycle). Thiscondition can be caused by hyperproductionof the following hormone:

A. TestosteroneB. EstriolC. RelaxinD. OxytocinE. Prolactin

12. A dentist has to spend much of his timeon his feet when working, which can result ina venous congestion in the legs and varicoseveins. Leading mechanism of congestion inthis case is the decrease of:

Нормальна фiзiологiя 9

A. Skeletal muscle contraction in the lowerlimbsB. Blood pressure gradient in the veinsC. Thoracic pump effectD. Cardiac residual pumping forceE. Diaphragmatic piston effect on theabdominal organs

13. A car accident victim presents witha spinal hematoma accompanied byretrosternal pain, tachycardia, and elevatedblood pressure. The patient’s conditionresults from the damage to the followingsegments of the spinal cord:

A. Th1-Th5B. C6-C8C. L1- L3D. S1-S3E. -

14. In an experiment the vagus is beingstimulated, which results in increasedacetylcholine entry to the synaptic cleft, andthat in turn results in the decresed heart ratedue to the following mechanism:

A. Hyperpolarization of cardiomyocytemembraneB. Depolarization of cardiomyocytemembraneC. Increase in AV nodal conduction velocityD. Increase of action potential durationE. Decrease of action potential duration

15. A person in a hot weather for a long

time had no water, which resulted in a severethirst. What indicator of blood homeostasiswas affected, leading to the development ofthis sensation?

A. Plasma osmotic pressureB. Plasma oncotic pressureC. HematocritD. Glucose levelE. pH

16. During a brain surgery stimulation ofthe cerebral cortex resulted in tactile andthermal sensations in the patient. What gyruswas stimulated?

A. Postcentral gyrusB. Cingulate convolutionC. Parahippocampal gyrusD. Superior temporal gyrusE. Precentral gyrus

17. Curariform drugs are used to immobilizethe patient during a surgery. Theirmechanism of action is based on theblockade of:

A. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors ofskeletal musclesB. Acetylcholine release into the synapticcleftC. Noradrenaline release into the synapticcleftD. Conduction of excitation in the nervefibersE. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors ofsmooth muscles

Бiохiмiя 10

1. An ophthalmologist has detectedincreased time of darkness adaptation in thepatient’s eye. What vitamin deficiency cancause this sign?

A. AB. EC. CD. KE. D

2. The patient exhausted by starvationpresents with intensification of the followingprocess in the liver and kidneys:

A. GluconeogenesisB. Urea synthesisC. Bilirubin synthesisD. Hippuric acid synthesisE. Uric acid synthesis

3. Various substances can be used asanticoagulants. Among them there is acertain naturally derived polysaccharide.Name this polysaccharide:

A. HeparinB. Hyaluronic acidC. Dermatan sulfateD. Chondroitin sulfateE. Dextran

4. A patient presents with osteoporosis.Hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia areobserved in the patient’s blood. What is thecause of this condition?

A. Increased parathormone secretionB. Increased thyroxin secretionC. Inhibited parathormone secretionD. Increased corticosteroid secretionE. Inhibited corticosteroid secretion

5. A patient with pulmonary tuberculosisis prescribed rifampicin that inhibits RNA-polymerase enzyme at the stage of initiationof the following process:

A. TranscriptionB. TranslationC. ReplicationD. TerminationE. Elongation

6. The patient’s saliva has been tested forantibacterial activity. What saliva componenthas antibacterial properties?

A. LysozymeB. AmylaseC. CeruloplasminD. ParotinE. Cholesterol

7. A 35-year-old man has come to adentist with complaints of decreaseddensity of dental tissue and increasedbrittleness of his teeth during consumption

of solid food. Laboratory analysis measuredCa/P correlation in the enamel sample.What value of Ca/P indicates increaseddemineralization?

A. 0.9B. 1.67C. 1.85D. 2.5E. 1.5

8. Lab rats were used to study the effect ofa certain vitamin on the body. Deficiencyof this vitamin has resulted in a disturbedreproductive function and skeletal muscledystrophy. What vitamin is it?

A. EB. B2C. AD. KE. D

9. In the patient’s blood there is a C-reactiveprotein that chemically can be classified asa glycoprotein. It indicates the followingpathology:

A. RheumatismB. LeucopeniaC. ThrombocytopeniaD. AnemiaE. Porphyria

10. An 8-year-old child presents withfrequent severe subcutaneous hemorrhages.Prescription of Vicasol, synthetic analogueof vitamin K, had a positive effect. Thisvitamin participates in gamma-carboxylationof glutamic acid in a certain blood-clottingprotein. Name this protein:

A. ProthrombinB. FibrinogenC. Hageman factorD. Rosenthal factorE. Proconvertin

11. A child presents with hepatomegaly,hypoglycemia, and convulsions that occurpredominantly during fasting or in stress-inducing situations. The child is diagnosedwith von Gierke disease (glycogen storagedisease type I). What enzyme is affected bythe genetic defect that is the cause of thisdisease?

A. Glucose 6-phosphataseB. Amylo-1,6-glycosidaseC. PhosphoglucomutaseD. Glycogen phosphorylaseE. Glucokinase

12. Formation of a large amount ofimmunoglobulins with various antigenspecificity from a small number of genesoccurs due to:

Бiохiмiя 11

A. RecombinationB. TranslocationC. TranscriptionD. DeletionE. Replication

13. Glucose synthesis from non-carbohydratecomponents is an important biochemicalprocess. Gluconeogenesis from amino acidsoccurs most actively if a diet is rich inproteins. Which amino acid of those listedbelow is the most glucogenic?

A. AlanineB. LeucineC. IsoleucineD. ValineE. Lysine

14. A 6-year-old girl exhibits marked signsof hemolytic anemia. Biochemical anlysis ofher erythrocytes shows deficiency of glucose6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme. Whatmetabolic process is disturbed in this patientand has leading role in the development ofthis pathology?

A. Pentose-phosphate pathwayB. Oxidative phosphorylationC. Tissue respirationD. Anaerobic glycolysisE. Gluconeogenesis

15. A patient was diagnosed with a geneticdisorder leading to lipoprotein lipasedeficiency. What finding will be characteristicof biochemical blood analysis in this case?

A. HypertriacylglycerolemiaB. HypoglycemiaC. HyperglycemiaD. HypotriacylglycerolemiaE. Hypochylomicronemia

16. A patient with Cushing syndromepresents with persistent hyperglycemia andglucosuria. This patient is likely to haveincreased production and secretion of thefollowing hormone:

A. CortisolB. AdrenalineC. GlucagonD. ThyroxineE. Aldosterone

17. A 25-year-old young man complainsof general weakness, rapid fatigability,irritability, reduced working ability, andbleeding gums. What vitamin deficiency isthe most likely cause of this condition?

A. Ascorbic acidB. RiboflavinC. ThiamineD. RetinolE. Folic acid

18. A 37-year-old woman presents withfructosemia and fructosuria. Her bloodglucose is 2.1 mmol/L. She is diagnosedwith fructose intolerance. What congenitalenzyme deficiency is the molecular basis ofthis disease?

A. Fructose 1-phosphate aldolaseB. HexokinaseC. PhosphofructokinaseD. Triose-phosphate isomeraseE. Phosphoglucomutase

Патологiчна фiзiологiя 12

1. A pregnant woman developed severetoxemia with exhausting recurrent vomitingthroughout a day. By the end of the dayshe developed tetanic convulsions anddehydration. The described changes werecaused by the following type of acid-baseimbalance:

A. Nongaseous excretory alkalosisB. Gaseous alkalosisC. Gaseous acidosisD. Nongaseous metabolic acidosisE. Nongaseous excretory acidosis

2. A 50-year-old man has been undergoingtreatment for peptic ulcer disease of thestomach. His digestion normalized, paindisappeared, and general mood improved.However, several weeks later he againdeveloped epigastric pain, heartburn, andsour eructation. How can this clinical coursebe characterized?

A. RelapseB. RemissionC. Terminal stateD. Prodromal stageE. Latent period

3. After a total gastric resection the patientdeveloped severe B12-deficient anemiawith disturbed hematopoiesis. Changederythrocytes appeared in the patient’s blood.One of the signs of this anemia is thepresence of the following in blood:

A. MegalocytesB. MicrocytesC. ElliptocytesD. NormocytesE. Anulocytes

4. A patient with essential hypertensionpresents with circadian fluctuations in totalperipheral vascular resistance to blood flow.What vessels will be the most affected in thiscase?

A. ArteriolesB. AortaC. CapillariesD. Arteriolovenular anastomosesE. Veins

5. On clinical examination a woman presentswith excessive sweating, tachycardia, lossof weight, and tremor. What endocrinepathology can cause these signs?

A. HyperthyroidismB. HypothyroidismC. HypergonadismD. HypogonadismE. Hypoaldosteronism

6. A 49-year-old man presents withfacial edema, significant proteinuria,hypoproteinemia, dysproteinemia, and

hyperlipidemia. What provisional diagnosiscan be made?

A. Nephrotic syndromeB. UrolithiasisC. ProstatitisD. PyelonephritisE. Cystitis

7. A patient on the 2nd day after a cardiacinfarction presents with acute decrease ofsystolic blood pressure down to 60 mm Hgwith tachycardia 140/min., dyspnea, loss ofconsciousness. What mechanism is essentialin the pathogenesis of shock developed inthis case?

A. Decreased cardiac outputB. Increased myocardial excitability causedby products of necrotic disintegrationC. Decreased circulating blood volumeD. Development of paroxysmal tachycardiaE. Development of anaphylactic reaction tomyocardial proteins

8. Lower limbs of a patient with varicoseveins were examined. The patient’s legs arecyanotic and pastose, skin temperature islow, single petechiae are observed. Whatdisturbance of hemodynamics is it?

A. Venous hyperemiaB. Compression ischemiaC. Obstruction ischemiaD. ThromboembolismE. Arterial hyperemia

9. After a mechanical injury a tourniquetwas applied to the patient’s arm to stopthe bleeding. Below the tourniquet the armbecame pale and numb. This condition iscaused by:

A. Compression ischemiaB. Venous congestionC. Obstruction ischemiaD. Angiospastic ischemiaE. Thrombosis

10. A 36-year-old man traveled to themountains for a vacation (altitude of 2000meters above the sea level). He developedincreased respiration rate, tachycardia, andslight dizziness. Two days later these signsdisappeared. This process is called:

A. AdaptationB. CompensationC. RegenerationD. InhibitionE. Proliferation

11. 30 minutes after the dental treatmentthe patient developed red itching spots onthe face and oral mucosa. The patient wasdiagnosed with urticaria. What bioactivesubstance with vasodilating and pruriginous

Патологiчна фiзiологiя 13

effect is produced during this type of allergicreaction?

A. HistamineB. Prostaglandin E2C. Leukotriene B4D. Interleukin-1E. Bradykinin

12. A 16-year-old girl, who has been starvingherself for a long time to lose weight,developed an edema. This phenomenon ismainly caused by:

A. Hypoproteinemia due to protein synthesisdisturbanceB. Hypoglycemia due to glycogen synthesisdisturbanceC. Venous congestion and increased venouspressureD. Deceleration of glomerular filtration rateE. Decreased production of vasopressin in thehypothalamus

13. The doctor stated the absence ofrespiration and cardiac activity in a trafficaccident victim. This condition lasts for 1minute already. This clinical presentationcorresponds with the following terminalstate:

A. Clinical deathB. Traumatic shock, erectile phaseC. Traumatic shock, torpid phaseD. PreagonyE. Agony

14. A 50-year-old man, who has beensuffering from chronic hepatic failure foryears, developed ascites. What is the mainmechanism of development of this newdisorder in the patient?

A. Increased pressure in the portal venoussystemB. Decreased hepatic synthesis of albuminsand globulinsC. Increased blood levels of low density andvery low density lipoproteinsD. Appearance of neurotoxic substances inbloodE. Increased oncotic blood pressure

15. A 56-year-old man with a valvular defectcomplains of lower limb edemas that latelyincreased in frequency. Name the localpathogenetic factor of edema developmentin this case:

A. Increase of hydrodynamic blood pressureB. Increase of oncotic blood pressureC. Decrease of vessel wall permeabilityD. Decrease of hydrodynamic blood pressureE. Increase of interstitial pressure

16. A woman was diagnosed with pepticulcer of the stomach. She has a long historyof rheumatoid arthritis. What drugs are thelikely cause of this disease in the patient?

A. GlucocorticoidsB. AntibioticsC. H2 blockersD. AntihistaminesE. Antihypertensive drugs

17. Due to an accident on board a nuclearsubmarine, a soldier received a radiationdose of 5 Gy. He complains of headache,nausea, and vertigo. What changes inleukocyte number can be observed in thissoldier after the irradiation?

A. Neutrophilic leukocytosisB. AgranulocytosisC. EosinophiliaD. LymphocytosisE. Leukopenia

18. A patient was brought to the hospital witha lacerated wound of the maxillofacial area.Profuse bleeding from the wound could notbe stopped for a long time. What disturbanceof total blood volume will be observed withinthe first hour after the blood loss occurred?

A. Normocythemic hypovolemiaB. Oligocythemic hypovolemiaC. Polycythemic hypovolemiaD. HypervolemiaE. No disturbances in blood volume

Патологiчна анатомiя 14

1. After a collision of two cars, one ofthe drivers presents with a deformity in themiddle third of the left shin. The driver feelsextreme pain that exacerbates on attempts tomove it. The ends of a broken bone protrudefrom the open wound, the bone is triangularon section, movements cause the bleeding tointensify. What bone was damaged?

A. TibiaB. FibulaC. FemurD. PatellaE. Talus

2. A certain disease of infection-allergic orunknown origin leads to bilateral diffuse orfocal non-suppurative inflammation of renalglomerular apparatus with characteristicrenal and extrarenal signs. Name this disease:

A. GlomerulonephritisB. PyelonephritisC. NephrolithiasisD. Polycystic renal diseaseE. Nephrosclerosis

3. A patient presents with acute onset ofthe disease: high fever and enlarged painfulspleen. On the 10th day since the onsetthe patient developed a maculopapularrash on the abdomen. On the 21st daythe patient died of peritonitis. Postmortemstudy of the body shows deep ulcers inthe area of necrotic aggregate lymphoidfollicles (Peyer’s patches) in the ileum of thedeceased. One of the ulcers is perforatedand diffuse fibrinopurulent peritonitis isobserved. What disease can be suspected inthis case?

A. Typhoid feverB. DysenteryC. Intestinal amebiasisD. CholeraE. Salmonellosis

4. Autopsy of an 86-year-old woman, whosuffered from cerebral atherosclerosis, showsatrophy of her cerebral cortex. Name thistype of atrophy based on its cause:

A. Insufficient blood supplyB. Pressure-inducedC. Caused by physico-chemical factorsD. NeurogenicE. Dysfunctional

5. An autopsy of a 42-year-old man, whosuffered from chronic diffuse bronchitisand died of cardiopulmonary failure,shows large hyperinflated lungs that covermediastinum with their edges. The lungs donot deflate, are colored pale gray, crunchon section; lung surface does not straightenout when pressed with a finger, resultingin a permanent depression. Mucopurulent

exudate is produced from the bronchiallumen. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A. Chronic diffuse obstructive emphysemaB. Chronic focal emphysemaC. Interstitial emphysemaD. Primary idiopathic emphysemaE. Vicarious compensatory emphysema

6. Autopsy of a man with tuberculosishas revealed a 3x2 cm large cavity in thesuperior lobe of the right lung. The cavitywas communicating with a bronchus, its wallwas dense and consisted of three layers: theinternal layer was pyogenic, the middle layerwas made of tuberculous granulation tissue,and the external one was made of connectivetissue. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A. Fibrous cavernous tuberculosisB. Fibrous focal tuberculosisC. TuberculomaD. Acute focal tuberculosisE. Acute cavernous tuberculosis

7. The dentist examines a pregnant woman.There are 3 round lesions up to 1 cm indiameter on her oral mucosa. The lesionsappeared 3 days ago, they have white-graysurface and red margin. The dentist can makethe following diagnosis:

A. Aphthous stomatitisB. LeukoplakiaC. Catarrhal stomatitisD. Necrotizing ulcerative stomatitisE. Gangrenous stomatitis

8. A 28-year-old patient presented withelevated blood pressure, hematuria, andfacial edemas. Despite the treatment, thesigns of renal failure were exacerbating.6 months later the patient died ofuremia. Microscopy of the kidneys showsproliferation of nephrothelium in theglomerular capsules and proliferation ofpodocytes that contributes to crescentformation. Sclerosis and hyalinosis of theglomeruli is observed. Make the diagnosis:

A. Subacute glomerulonephritisB. Acute pyelonephritisC. Nephrotic syndromeD. Chronic glomerulonephritisE. Acute glomerulonephritis

9. Autopsy of a man, who died suddenlywith signs of acutely disturbed cerebralcirculation, revealed aneurysm rupture of themedial cerebral artery and a round cavity 4cm in diameter filled with blood in his frontallobe. Name this type of hemorrhage:

Патологiчна анатомiя 15

A. HematomaB. PetechiaeC. Hemorrhagic infiltrationD. ContusionE. -

10. During teeth examination on the lateralsurface of the first upper molar there wasdetected a cone-shaped carious cavity withthe base oriented toward the tooth surfaceand the apex - toward the tooth center.Softened dentin is visible in the floor of thecarious cavity. Make the diagnosis:

A. Dentin cariesB. Enamel cariesC. Cement cariesD. Tooth erosionE. -

11. A 23-year-old man developed aperforation in his hard palate, a denseformation with clear margins was detectedin this area. After a surgery, microscopy ofthe excised formation shows there a largefocus of caseous necrosis surrounded with agranulation tissue with endovasculitis and acellular infiltration consisting of lymphocytesand epithelioid cells with predominance ofplasma cells. What is the most likely diseasein this case?

A. SyphilisB. TuberculosisC. LeprosyD. ScleromaE. Sarcoma

12. A 53-year-old woman complains ofpainful swelling in her left parotid area. Theswelling appeared 5 days ago. Objectivelythe skin in this area is slightly hyperemic andtender. Excretory duct of the salivary glandproduces a small amount of viscous turbidyellow-green liquid. Microscopy detectsa diffuse infiltration of the gland withsegmented neutrophils. Make the diagnosis:

A. Acute suppurative parotitisB. Epidemic parotitisC. Sjogren syndromeD. Glandular adenomaE. Acute serous parotitis

13. A 65-year-old man presents with acutemandibular osteomyelitis. 3 days after thedisease onset he developed marked edema ofskin and soft submandibular cervical tissues.Microscopically there is a diffuse infiltrationwith neutrophils. What complication of themain disease occurred in the patient’s skintissues?

A. PhlegmonB. AbscessC. CarbuncleD. FuruncleE. Actinomycosis

14. Oral examination revealed dark yellowand brown spots and stripes on the labialand lingual surfaces of the patent’s teeth;more than the half of the dental surface isaffected; enamel and dentin are destroyed.What diagnosis is the most likely?

A. FluorosisB. Metastatic calcificationC. Dental calculusD. Cuneiform defectE. Dystrophic calcification

15. Mother of a 4-year-old child complainsthat the child developed elevated bodytemperature, tenesmus, diarrhea, andabdominal pain attacks. The child attendsa preschool facility. Laboratory analysisdetected mucus and blood admixtures in thechild’s feces. Name the changes that occur inthe gastrointestinal tract during dysentery:

A. ColitisB. GastritisC. EnterocolitisD. EnteritisE. Gastroenteritis

16. During autopsy of the patient, who diedof cardiovascular failure, the patient’s rightfoot is darkly colored. The vessels of thepatient’s thigh are partially obstructed bygrayish-red clots. On the vessel walls thereare yellowish-gray spots and fibrous plaques,some of which are of stony density. Whatclinicopathological type of atherosclerosiswas complicated in the patient?

A. Atherosclerosis of lower extremitiesB. Cerebral atherosclerosisC. Atherosclerosis of aortaD. Vascular intestinal atherosclerosisE. Renal atherosclerosis

17. A 35-year-old man had been sufferingfrom bronchial asthma for a long time.Eventually he developed a status asthmaticusthat became lethal. Examination ofsection materials shows a bronchiolarspasm in the lungs. The bronchiolar wallsshow signs of cellular infiltration withpredominance of eosinophilic leukocytesand lymphocytes, labrocytes with signsof degranulation are observed. Whatmechanism of hypersensitivity is the causeof these changes?

Патологiчна анатомiя 16

A. Reaginic reactionB. Antibody-dependentC. Immune complexD. Cell-mediated cytotoxicityE. -

18. Examination of a tooth shows that thereis a large cavity in its crown. The floor of

the cavity consists of thin layer of softeneddentin that separates the cavity from thepulp. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A. Deep cariesB. Median cariesC. Superficial cariesD. PulpitisE. Periodontitis

Мiкробiологiя 17

1. According to the data collected byWHO researchers, every year approximately250 millon malaria cases occur in theworld. This disease can be encounteredpredominantly in tropical and subtropicalareas. The spread of this disease matchesthe natural habitat of the following genus ofmosquitoes:

A. AnophelesB. CulexC. AedesD. MansoniaE. Culiseta

2. A child was hospitalized with diagnosis ofdiphtheria. What should be given to this childfor specific therapy?

A. Diphtheria antitoxin serum, antibioticsB. Diphtheria anatoxin, antibioticsC. Codivac vaccine, sulfanilamidesD. Diphtheria vaccines: DPT, DT, diphtheriavaccineE. Diphtheria bacteriophage

3. A man complaining of nausea, liquidstool with mucus and blood streaks, hightemperature, and weakness was hospitalizedinto the infectious diseases department. Thedoctor suspects dysentery. What method oflaboratory diagnostics would be the mosteffective for confirmation of this diagnosis?

A. Bacteriological analysisB. Serological analysisC. Mycological analysisD. MicroscopyE. Protozoan analysis

4. A person bitten by a stray dog came to thesurgeon’s office. Wide lacerated wounds arelocalized on the patient’s face. What rabies-prevention aid should be provided to thisperson?

A. Begin immunization with antirabic vaccineB. Prescribe combined vitamin therapyC. Immediately administer DPT vaccineD. Hospitalize the patient and continue tomonitor his conditionE. Immediately administer normal gammaglobulin

5. A bacteriological laboratory conducts theanalysis of potable water quality. Microbialnumber of the water sample is approximately100. What microorganisms were accountedfor in this case?

A. All bacteria that have grown on a nutrientmediumB. ColibacilliC. Human and animal pathogenic bacteriaD. Opportunistic pathogenic bacteriaE. Enteropathogenic bacteria and viruses

6. Often the cause of secondaryimmunodeficiency is organism exposure to an

infection, agents of which reproduce directlyin the cells of immune system and destroythem. Specify the diseases, during which thedescribed above occurs:

A. Infectious mononucleosis, AIDSB. Tuberculosis, mycobacteriosisC. Poliomyelitis, viral hepatitis type AD. Dysentery, choleraE. Q fever, typhus

7. A sick child is suspected to havetuberculosis and is referred for Mantoux test.24 hours later the place of allergen injectionbecame swollen, hyperemic, and tender. Whatmain components determine the developmentof this reaction?

A. Mononuclear cells, T-lymphocytes, andlymphokinesB. Granulocytes, T-lymphocytes, and IgGC. Plasma cells, T-lymphocytes, andlymphokinesD. B-lymphocytes and IgME. Macrophages, B lymphocytes, andmonocytes

8. A 3-year-old girl has rubella. Her 10-year-old sister was not infected, despite bothgirls constantly remaining in contact. Thepediatrician determined that the elder girl hadrubella 5 years ago. What type of immunitydoes the elder sister have?

A. Natural activeB. Natural passiveC. Artificial activeD. Artificial passiveE. Innate

9. During identification of pure culture ofmicroorganisms the most important part isa serological identification that is conductedby means of agglutination reaction. Whatcomponents are necessary to conduct thisreaction?

A. Unknown bacterial culture, specificantibodiesB. Specific antigen, known antibody, bacteriaC. Specific antigen, serum sample obtainedfrom the patientD. Unknown antibodies, nonspecific antigenE. Thermoextract, specific serum

10. During laboratory diagnostics of hepatitisC, it is necessary to detect the presence ofantibodies to hepatitis C virus in the patient’sblood serum. What test should be conductedin this case?

A. Enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay(ELISA)B. Nucleic acid hybridizationC. Nucleic acid hybridization with signalamplificationD. Ligase chain reactionE. DNA probe method

Фармакологiя 18

1. After a tooth extraction, the patientdeveloped acute heart failure. What drugshould be prescribed in this case?

A. StrophanthinB. DigitoxinC. СоrdigitumD. Convallaria majalis tinctureE. Adonisid

2. To treat ischemic heart disease, a patientwas prescribed a beta-adrenergic blockingagent. After a time he developed a cough andbronchospasm. What drug can cause theseside effects?

A. Anaprilin (Propranolol)B. TalinololC. AtenololD. Phenihidine (Nifedipine)E. Metoprolol

3. A child with signs of rickets has beenprescribed a certain liposoluble vitamin drugby the pediatrician and dentist. This drugaffects the metabolism of phosphorus andcalcium in the body and facilitates calciumaccumulation in bone tissue and dentin. If itscontent in the body is insufficient, a persondevelops disorders of ossification process,dental structure, and occlusion. Name thisdrug:

A. ErgocalciferolB. Retinol acetateC. Tocopherol acetateD. Menadione (Vicasolum)E. Thyroidin

4. A patient with signs of anxiety, fear,uncertainty, and mental strain was prescribeddiazepam. What mechanism of tranquilizingaction can be observed in this case?

A. Interaction with benzodiazepine receptorsB. Interaction with adrenergic receptorsC. Interaction with cholinergic receptorsD. Interaction with serotonin receptorsE. Interaction with dopamine receptors

5. A patient with hypochromic anemiawas prescribed an iron-containing drug forintravenous administration only. Name thisdrug:

A. FercovenB. MannitolC. FurosemideD. Etacrynic acidE. Dichlothiazide (Hydrochlorothiazide)

6. A child presents with dry cough. Whatnon-narcotic antitussive drug can relieve thepatient’s condition?

A. Glaucine hydrochlorideB. Codeine phosphateC. Morphine hydrochlorideD. Potassium iodideE. Althaea officinalis roots

7. A patient with peptic ulcer disease of thestomach is prescribed a drug that blockshistamine H2 receptors. Select this drug fromthe list:

A. FamotidineB. BisacodylC. OmeprazoleD. Atropine sulfateE. Dithylin (Suxamethonium)

8. The patient is in the state of cardiogenicshock, he needs to be given a non-glycosidecardiotonic drug. What will be the drug ofchoice in this case?

A. DobutamineB. AmrinoneC. Cordiamin (Nikethamide)D. EthimizolE. Caffeine

9. A certain drug with potent natriureticaction is usually prescribed for dehydrationtherapy of cerebral and pulmonary edemas.Name this drug:

A. FurosemideB. SpironolactoneC. Etacrynic acidD. MannitolE. Theophylline

10. A patient with malignant tumor wasprescribed a narcotic analgesic to relieve theunbearable pain. What is the mechanism ofanalgesic action of such drugs?

A. Activation of opiate receptorsB. Inhibition of cholinergic receptorsC. Activation of D2 dopamine receptorsD. Inhibition of serotonin receptorsE. Inhibition of histamine receptors

11. A patient with streptococcal pneumoniawas prescribed an antimicrobial agent thatdisrupts microbial membranes. Name thisdrug:

A. Benzylpenicillin sodium saltB. ErythromycinC. AzithromycinD. Doxycycline hydrochlorideE. Gentamicin sulfate

12. A 26-year-old woman presents with skinrashes and itching after eating citrus fruits.Prescribe her a drug that is an H1-histaminereceptor antagonist:

Фармакологiя 19

A. Dimedrol (Diphenhydramine)B. Acetylsalicylic acidC. Menadione (Vicasolum)D. Analgin (Metamizole)E. Paracetamol

13. A 30-year-old patient after a case of viralhepatitis type B has developed complaintsof continuous nasal hemorrhages. What drugwould be the most advisable for treatment ofthis condition?

A. Menadione (Vicasolum)B. Nadroparin calcium (Fraxiparine)C. Folic acidD. DipiridamolE. Asparcam

14. A patient with megaloblastic anemia wastaking a water-soluble vitamin. Name thissubstance:

A. CyanocobalaminB. Thiamine chlorideC. Tocopherol acetateD. Ascorbic acidE. Pyridoxine

15. Complex therapy of a patientwith bronchopneumonia accompaniedby exhausting dry cough includes acertain mucolytic agent that depolymerizesmucoproteins. Name this drug:

A. AcetylcysteineB. CodeineC. StrophanthinD. NeodicoumarinE. Atenolol

16. Prior to tooth extraction under alocal anesthesia, the patient was testedfor novocaine allergy. The test result waspositive. What substance can be used toadminister anesthesia in this case?

A. LidocaineB. ProcainamideC. Acetylsalicylic acidD. Analgin (Metamizole)E. Sodium valproate

17. To terminate a bronchial asthma attackthat developed in the patient during thetooth extraction, the patient was givensalbutamol. This drug belongs to thefollowing pharmacological group:

A. Beta-2-adrenergic agonistsB. Muscarinic agonistsC. Narcotic analgesicsD. AdaptogensE. Analeptics

18. A doctor has made a diagnosis ofgingivitis and recommended the patient torinse the oral cavity with an oxidizing agent.Specify this agent:

A. Hydrogen peroxideB. Boric acidC. Salicylic acidD. PhenolE. Brilliant green