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UNIVERSITY OF LATVIA
INTERCULTURAL BUSINESS RELATIONS
ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE VS NATION CULTURE
Šárka Mrázková
Maja Mioljevič
Armin Eberle
Anthony Boutan
Andrea Airoldi
Riga
2012
CONTENT
1. INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..3
2. WHAT IS CULTURE – IN GENERAL...................................................................................................4
3. ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE...........................................................................................................7
4. NATIONAL CULTURE.....................................................................................................................10
5. MAINLY DIFFERENCES IN NATIONAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE - COMPARISON OF
NATIONAL AND ORGANZATIONAL CULTURE........................................................................................13
6. ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE INTERNATIONAL COMPANY............................................................16
7. CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….19
8. RESOURCES……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….21
INTRODUCTION
In our essay we describe the relationship and the main differences organizational and national
culture. In the first part of the thesis is about culture in general - what kinds of cultures can
know and which definitions of cultures exist. The second part is devoted to organizational
culture - what is the definition of culture and what types of organizational culture exist. The
third part is devoted to national culture, for example definition of national culture and how
and by whom was national culture divided. Another part is devoted to the main differences
between organizational and national culture. And in this part we explain importance to change
deep-rooted traditional values, especially with regard naglobalizace, which is now completely
evidentní.Poslední section is devoted to the organizational culture of foreign companies and in
particular a description of strategies that can be used to create the desired culture.
1. WHAT IS CULTURE – IN GENERAL
Now we are living in a globalized word and so different people are meeting each other on
different places on earth. It is a kind of mix up that people have to learn to live in peace
together with the background of different values, believes and thinking. Culture is and was the
reason for the biggest wars on earth. Various cultures met themselves on the most famous
battlefields on our planet to represent their culture and fight for it. The famous roman wars
where Cesar occupied Germania, the Persian Wars and not so long time ago the Second
World Ware with the scare domination of Adolf Hitler and his Nazi regime. The Second
World War is a good example to demonstrate for what people are able to do to represent their-
own culture. They believed that only one attitude is the right one and so people who lived
with different values and believes should not have the right to exist on earth. Especially the
Jews with their different religion and the different way of life they live are without any values
for the Nazis. Brutal and cruel fights were the result out of the differences.
But why people have to fight because of different cultures?
At first we have to understand out of which parts culture consists. Culture is the way we live.
It is the food we eat, the clothes we wear, the language we speak, the way we celebrate and
the stories we tell. It is a way we show our imaginations through art, music and writing. And
the different attitudes, believes and values are also about our roots. So we have to think to our
ancestors and where are they come from?
What did they believe and what makes our life different to others?
There are seven continents on earth and most continents are made up of several countries. The
people in each country speak different languages and have different cultures. Long ago,
people did not know about one another´s culture but now people travel around all over the
world. They also emigrate, or leave their countries, to live in new counties. Now it is possible
to use this advantage to travel in a big part of our world. (S.4-7; Bobbie Kalman; What is
culture?; Crabtree publishing company; 2009)
It is really hard to understand one of the fundamental bases for social behaviour and diversity
of human beings and also the diversity in understanding related to culture. This point is not so
easy to handle as someone could believe. It is probably the case that most people grasp it
through experience of differences in the way people look, act, talk and carry out their daily
lives.
And so the result will be a formation of groups with the same characteristics called
stereotypes. For example:
“English people are dour-they just never seem to laugh”
“People from Latin American countries talk with their hands”
“People from the island are never in a hurry, they just take their time”
Whatever this is true or not it is a very deep and wideness complexity to explain and to
describe the own stereotypes on our planet. Each stereotype act different to a special situation
and everyone thinks different about his act. For example it is not the same for one to be in a
hurry like for another. Or what is funny, or how should I act when having a conversation. Yet
for many people they can represent something significant about the way some groups of
people are. And however may one group of people not realize it when they have in mind a
stereotype about another social or cultural group, the possibility is that groups also have
reciprocal stereotypes. This process or this way to define groups of people as others is a
common feature of the way human beings thinks, and it forms a part of the whole
phenomenon we thing about culture. (S.10; Mark Edberg; Essentials of Health, Culture and
Diversity; Jones & Bartlett Learning; 2012)
But also there are other terms of use the word culture that confuse the situation. One good
example is if someone said he/she is “cultured” it does not have anything to do with the case
if he/she is English, Guatemalan or Tongan. Often one group say that they are more
“cultured” as another group. There are only value judgements. Usually by that term we are
referring to some concept of high or elite culture, expressed through personal manner,
education and knowledge, involvement in our familiarity with artistic activities such as opera
or modern art.
“Human cannot eat, breath, defecate, mate, reproduce, sit, move about, sleep or lie down
without following or expressing some aspect of their society´s culture. Our cultures grow,
expand, evolve. It is their nature.” (S.24; Marvis Harris; Reel Diversity; Peter Lang
Publishing Inc; 1999)
There are different definitions out of different point of views to describe culture and to
separate it.
The classic definition: This definition is an old but comprehensive one from the
anthropologist E.B. Taylor in 1871. He mentioned culture is that complex whole which
includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired
by individuals as a member of society.” (E.B. Taylor; 1871) This is a very broad definition
and includes all parts which make people able to live together.
The symbolic definition of culture: Culture is a kind of symbolic text in which behaviour,
object and belief interact together in a kind of on-going dramatic production that represents
issues and concepts of thinking for a special type of group. Members of a culture act as
characters in this group and only that makes sense what is in their own interpretive
framework. “Man is an animal suspended in webs of significance he himself has spun. I take
culture to be those webs and the analysis of it to be therefore not an experimental science in
search of law but an interpretive one in search of meaning.” (S. 64; Geertz; Culture
Anthropology; Thomson Higher Education; 2008)
Cultural Material definition: Another meaning explain culture as a system of believes,
practice and technology directly tied economic activity or to the adaptation of a people to a
particular physical environment. For example the veneration of cattle among Hindu peoples
grew out of the sense that Hindus get their food from them. (Harris, 1966)
And many other different definitions for culture but if all definitions are mentioned here it
would break the horizon of this work.
2. ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE
First of all everyone should know what is culture and in which way should be associated with
organization.
Culture is one of those terms that's difficult to express distinctly, but everyone knows it when
they sense it because is comprised of the assumptions, values, norms and tangible signs of
organization members and their behaviours.
So Basically, organizational culture is the personality of the organization, the values and
behaviours that contribute to the unique social and psychological environment of an
organization.
It is based on shared attitudes, beliefs, customs, express or implied contracts, and written and
unwritten rules that the organization develops over time and that have worked well enough to
be considered valid.
While there are many common elements in the large organizations of any country,
organizational culture is unique for every organization and one of the hardest things to
change.
One way of exploring cultures is to classify them into types:
Role Cultures – are highly formalized, bound with regulations and paperwork and
authority and hierarchy dominate relations. A role culture has a typical pyramid
structure.
Task Cultures – are the opposite, the preserve a strong sense of the basic mission of
the organization and teamwork is the basis on which jobs are designed. A task culture
has flexible matrix structures.
Power Cultures – have a single power source, which may be an individual or a
corporate group. Control of rewards is a major source of power. This kind of culture
has web structure.
(“Organizational culture: mapping the terrain”-Joanne Martin 2002/ “Understanding
organizational culture- Mats Alvesson 2002).
In order to analyse in detail the meaning of culture and the applications of it, it’s necessary to
know that there are different kinds of culture just like there are different kinds of personality.
Different people in the same organization can have different perceptions of the culture of the
organization. This is especially true regarding the different perceptions between the top and
bottom levels of the organization.
Jeffrey Sonnenfeld, a researcher, based his studies identifying four types of cultures:
1) Academy Culture: Employees are highly skilled and tend to stay in the organization,
while working their way up the ranks. The organization provides a stable environment
in which employees can development and exercises their skills. Examples are
universities, hospitals, large corporations, etc.
2) Baseball Team Culture: Employees are "free agents" who have highly prized skills.
They are in high demand and can rather easily get jobs elsewhere. This type of culture
exists in fast-paced, high-risk organizations, such as investment banking, advertising,
etc.
3) Club Culture: The most important requirement for employees in this culture is to fit
into the group. Usually employees start at the bottom and stay with the organization.
The organization promotes from within and highly values seniority. Examples are the
military, some law firms, etc.
4) Fortress Culture: Employees don't know if they'll be laid off or not. These
organizations often undergo massive reorganization. There are many opportunities for
those with timely, specialized skills. Examples are savings and loans, large car
companies, etc.
(Research of Jeffrey Sonnenfeld)
All these kinds of cultures are influenced by factors commonly used in different ways from
people that are setting up an organization.
Fours are considered the most important factors:
1) Emphasize what’s important. This includes widely communicating goals of the
organization, posting the mission statement on the wall, talking about
accomplishments and repeating what you want to see in the workplace.
2) Reward employees whose behaviours reflect what’s important
3) Discourage behaviours that don’t reflect what’s important.
4) Model the behaviours that you want to see in the workplace. This is perhaps the
most powerful way to influence behaviours in the workplace.
Different kinds of personality in the same organization are the mains responsible of the
changes in an organizational culture.
If a powerful person on the top of organization decides that the old way is not working he
figured out a new way and he start acting differently in order to reach his objectives.
However changing an organization’s culture is one of the most difficult challenges. That’s
because an organization’s culture is composed by a set of goals, roles, processes, values,
communications practices, attitudes and assumptions. The elements fit together that’s why
single change may only appear to make progress for a while.
For this reason frequent mistakes in trying to change culture include can be made, here
are some common examples :
-Overuse of the power tools of coercion and underuse of leadership tools.
-Beginning with a vision or story, but failing to put in place the management tools that
will cement the behavioural changes in place.
-Beginning with power tools even before a clear vision or story of the future is in
place.
(“Understanding organizational culture- Mats Alvesson 2002/ “changing organizational
culture”- the change agent’s guidebook 2007).
3. NATIONAL CULTURE
National culture has specific characteristics such as language, religion, ethnic and racial
identity, and cultural history & traditions. National culture influences family life, education,
economic and political structures, and, of course, business practices.
The set of norms, behaviors, beliefs and customs that exist within the population of a
sovereign nation. International companies develop management and other practices in
accordance with the national culture they are operating in.
National culture is the value system and pride associated with a nation. Many people deny
their national culture when they move to a new location, and embrace the national culture of
their new home.
HOFSTEDE defined national culture to be “the collective programming of the mind that
distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from each other” (S. 29,
Sebastian-Dominik JAIS, The successful use of information in multinational companies,
Gabler edition Wissenchaft, 2007)
Dimensions of National Culture :
The dimensions of national culture depend on the national culture itself, so it’s change with
the country and with the habits of the civilization. If there is some mix of civilization, the
culture of this country is changing with all the mix. Also new dimensions are bring with the
history of the country.
According to GEERT HOFSTEDE, there are four dimensions in national culture, it is aspects
that can be compared with those of other cultures. The values that distinguished countries
from each other could be grouped statistically into four clusters. The four fundamental
dimensions of culture with a high level impact on human behavior that HOFSTEDE
discovered and reported in this study still serve today as basic criteria in most
interdisciplinary, cross-cultural comparative research. These four groups became the
HOFSTEDE dimensions of national culture (The explanantion of each dimensions are extract
of S. 244, Sylvio De Bono, Stephanie Jones, Beatrice Van Der Heijden, Managing cultural
diversity, Meyer & Meyer Media, 2008)
• Power Distance (PDI) :
This dimension expresses the degree to which the less powerful members of a society accept
and expect that power is distributed unequally. The fundamental issue here is how a society
handles inequalities among people. People in societies exhibiting a large degree of power
distance accept a hierarchical order in which everybody has a place and which needs no
further justification. In societies with low power distance, people strive to equalise the
distribution of power and demand justification for inequalities of power. Essential differences
between companies at low and high power distance: General norm, family, school, workplace,
politics and ideas.
• Individualism versus Collectivism (IDV)
The high side of this dimension, called Individualism, can be defined as a preference for a
loosely-knit social framework in which individuals are expected to take care of themselves
and their immediate families only. Its opposite, Collectivism, represents a preference for a
tightly-knit framework in society in which individuals can expect their relatives or members
of a particular in-group to look after them in exchange for unquestioning loyalty. A society's
position on this dimension is reflected in whether people’s self-image is defined in terms of
“I” or “we.” Essential differences between individualist and collectivist societies: General
norm, family, school, workplace, politics and ideas.
• Masculinity versus Femininity (MAS)
The masculinity side of this dimension represents a preference in society for achievement,
heroism, assertiveness and material reward for success. Society at large is more competitive.
Its opposite, femininity, stands for a preference for cooperation, modesty, caring for the weak
and quality of life. Society at large is more consensus-oriented. Key differences between male
and female societies: General standards, family, school, workplace and politics and ideas.
• Uncertainty Avoidance (UAI)
The uncertainty avoidance dimension expresses the degree to which the members of a society
feel uncomfortable with uncertainty and ambiguity. The fundamental issue here is how a
society deals with the fact that the future can never be known: should we try to control the
future or just let it happen? Countries exhibiting strong UAI maintain rigid codes of belief and
behaviour and are intolerant of unorthodox behaviour and ideas. Weak UAI societies maintain
a more relaxed attitude in which practice counts more than principles. Key differences
between companies with high and low control uncertainty: General norm, family, school,
workplace, politics and ideas.
A fifth Dimension was added in 1991 based on research by Michael Bond who conducted an
additional international study among students with a survey instrument that was developed
together with Chinese employees and managers. That Dimension, based on Confucian
dynamism, is Long-term orientation and was applied to 23 countries. In 2010, research by
Michael Minkov allowed to extend the number of country scores for this dimension to 93,
using recent World Values Survey data from representative samples of national populations.
The long-term orientation dimension can be interpreted as dealing with society’s search for
virtue. Societies with a short-term orientation generally have a strong concern with
establishing the absolute Truth. They are normative in their thinking. They exhibit great
respect for traditions, a relatively small propensity to save for the future, and a focus on
achieving quick results. In societies with a long-term orientation, people believe that truth
depends very much on situation, context and time. They show an ability to adapt traditions to
changed conditions, a strong propensity to save and invest, thriftiness, and perseverance in
achieving results.
4. MAINLY DIFFERENCES IN NATIONAL AND
ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE - COMPARISON OF NATIONAL
AND ORGANZATIONAL CULTURE
When talking about culture, one quickly notices that many different understandings and
definitions derived from different methodological assumptions exist. Culture is hard to grasp
in concepts, let alone to define in precise terms. This study focuses on national cultures, more
specifically on cross-national cultural differences. National culture functions as a proxy for
societal culture. National culture comprises values, beliefs, norms, and behavioral patterns of
national group. The dominant forces that shape national cultures comprise, amongst others,
ecological factors, history, language, wars, and religions. (Chapter 3 – Cross-national
Cultural Differences). These dominant forces are reflected in a country’s culture, which in
turn is intertwined with many phenomena within that country: law, educational systems,
political structures, communication traits, emotional expressions, technological development,
etc.
Organizational culture can not be precisely defined, because it is something that we perceive,
feel and anticipate. We will quote few concepts of organizational culture:
Organizational culture is a program of the human mind;
Organizational culture is the collective mind companies;
Organizational cultures are shared ideas and feelings of employees;
Coherent organizational culture means that employees have a common way of looking at
things, the principles governing their behavior and defines acceptable and unacceptable social
norms.
Organizational culture is composed of:
Culture wider environment (national culture, cultural clusters)
Culture of micro environment
Features of economic sector to which the company belongs
The culture within the company
Culture of the company founder and top managers
Individual cultures
Culture environment
Geert Hofstede, from an anthropologist perspective describes a national culture by offering
insights into four dimensions that influence cultural humanity:
Power Distance – Coping with discrimination/inequity
Uncertainty avoidance – Coping with ambiguity
Individualism – Association of the individual with the principal group
Masculinity – The emotional repercussions of being born either as a male or female.
Prof.Geert Hofstede said that: “Culture is more often a source of conflict than of synergy.
Cultural differences are a nuisance at best and often a disaster.”
Level of culture:
National Culture
Business Culture
Organizational and Occupational Culture
When one looks at the sociologist and the anthropologists varying degrees of the way they
look at culture it appears that they only have one common thread which runs through both
models – Individualism/Collectivism. Both agree to the degree to which individuals are
assimilated to their groups both at a national level and organizational level. Hofstede study
conveyed this by illustrating that Anglo-european/American countries are dominated by
individualistic values, versus Asian and Latin-European countries are governed by
collectivism. Hoefstede continues to say, “My research has shown that organizational cultures
differ mainly at the levels of symbols, heroes and rituals, together labelled 'practices'; national
cultures differ mostly at the deeper level, the level of values.” (HOFSTEDE)
The important question to ask is, is there a difference in national culture and organizational
culture? Hofstede’s assessment is that the national culture is associated with our traditional
values, for example, ethical versus unethical, moral versus immorality. As a result, national
cultural traditional values are taught through the individual’s surrounding environment at an
early stage. Therefore, become deeply ingrained and change gradually over the period. It is
important to understand these differences in today’s world because of increasing trend in
globalization. This means companies such as Barclays, JP Morgan, GoldmanSachs to name a
few who have branch/satellite firms in each continent can no longer underestimate the impact
of an employee’s personal values in the foreign country and its impact on how they perceive
the organizational culture of that entity versus that organization’s national culture – its origin.
For example national culture of ITAP International relates to deeply held values regarding, for
example, good vs. evil, normal vs. abnormal, safe vs. dangerous, and rational vs. irrational.
National cultural values are learned early, held deeply and change slowly over the course of
generations.
Organizational culture, on the other hand, is comprised of broad guidelines which are rooted
in organizational practices learned on the job. Experts, including Dr.Hofstede, agree that
changing organizational culture is difficult and takes time. What is often overlooked or at
least underestimated when two or more companies merge/integrate is how the underlying
personal values of employees impact how they perceive the corporate culture change
efforts. A person can learn to adapt to processes and priorities, and a person can be persuaded
to follow the exemplar behaviors of leaders in an organization. But if these priorities and
leadership traits go against the deeply held national cultural values of employees, corporate
values (processes and practices) will be undermined. What is appropriate in one national
setting is wholly offensive in another. What is rational in one national setting is wholly
irrational in another. And, corporate culture never trumps national culture.
The answer, then, lies not in abandoning efforts to unify organizations after a merger or
cancelling efforts to build high performance culture, but in overlaying and harmonizing local
interpretations of corporate practices to cultural norms. As people conduct business across
the world, it is important to understand some of the cultural differences between people. For
example, there is a great difference between the cultures of Europe and Asia. The East stands
for spiritualism, the West for materialism, people of the East care more for the development
of the soul and for life after death than for the life in this world and for physical comforts. The
Westerners, one the other hand, are worldly minded. They do not care for any future life, but
want to enjoy their present life. Hence, we find in the West a mad race for wealth, luxury and
comfort. The East has been the birthplace of the great religious teachers- Christ, Buddha,
Gandhi, etc were born, and it was here that they lived and preached. The west, on the other
hand, is the home of modern science and technology. Wonderful inventions have been made.
Man has acquired power over nature and he is now capable of performing miracles worthy of
the gods.
The Eastern and the Western Temperaments too, are poles apart. The Easterners are tolerant
and self-sacrificing. They are peace-loving. They do not like to cause the least harm to others.
They can bear the greatest hardship for others, and can sacrifice their own good for the
common cause. Their social life is peaceful. As far as possible they like to settle their
differences through mutual agreement and compromise. The Westerners, one the other hand,
are quarrelsome and aggressive. They cannot tolerate the views of others. They care more for
their own good than for the good of others. They are selfish and uncompromising. No doubt,
the Westerners have greater means of comfort and luxury, but all their worldly wealth does
not bring them any greater happiness. The Easterners believed in the limitation of wants and
so they are happy in spite of their poverty. They may not have the power over nature that the
Westerners have but they have the power of soul.
In the East, people say that human beings were created by Nu Wa. In the West, people say
that human beings were created by God. Because they came from different origins, they have
developed different cultures and different customs. How to fully demonstrate the good things
from each culture, balance each other and create beautiful and pure things together, maybe
that is the reason why the two cultures were created in the first place.
5. ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE INTERNATIONAL COMPANY
The problem of the relationship of national and corporate culture stands out as completely
practical matter in shaping corporate strategy for international companies operating in many
countries of different regions.
The key problem is understood real possibility of application and effective use of
management tools, techniques and methods in the cultural and social environment, which is
often very different from their original creation and use.
International company comes into contact with a variety of national cultures. It especially for
their own co-workers (employees) and external partners (customers, suppliers), local
companies and organizations, therefore members of foreign cultures, their value preferences
and patterns of behavior are different. International companies thus become an arena of action
of national cultures and many specific management problems can then be formulated as
managing multicultural context and the formation of corporate culture within it.
(ŚRONĚK, I.)
Strategy formation of corporate culture:
We can give some model approaches:
polycentric corporate culture
global corporate culture
geocentric corporate culture
1. First Polycentric corporate culture
This alternative consists of open space for the work of national cultures that successively
leads to the formation of specific subcultures in each country in which the company operates.
International business is becoming a multicultural entity in the sense of the existence of
different corporate cultures under one roof.
Advantages polycentric corporate culture:
Local corporate culture allows a sensible use of communication tools, the
better understanding, as well as a better understanding of the context in which
they are deployed.
Corporate culture is usually subdivided into a number of regional subcultures
that allow better capture changes in the local environment and rapid response.
Combining various subcultures growth possibilities and options to other
perspectives and stimulating creativity
Heterogeneous teams and the existence of different patterns of conduct extend and enhance
the experience base overall capacity to solve problems. (INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC
DAYS 2006 the Faculty of Economic and Management SAU in Nitra)
2. Global corporate culture
It is a great way uniformity of all subsidiaries companies around the world in order to create
a one consistent system of corporate culture as a common framework for decision-making and
other management processes.
It is therefore expected full respect and implementation of all elements of common culture,
common philosophy and strategy based on the main corporate headquarters and country of
operation. Polycentric and global cultural policy stands against each other as two equal
alternatives. Can not be determined unambiguously and unconditionally prioritize some of
them, because each has its advantages and limits. Selecting one of them must be in
accordance with the business strategy of the company.
3. Geocentric corporate culture
The world, especially the Western European tendency to convergence states and nations
allows seek about transnational corporate culture, which is also known as geocentric.
Its contents are not different values of different national cultures or advocated violence
patterns of dealing of the country, where have management of company the residence, but
such value systems, which are common to all / most of their members.
This cultural strategy objectively improvement of means of mutual communication and in
some cases leads to a situation where it is difficult to identify the location and territory
"National character" of the company.
As examples of the formation of a European corporate culture are often cited especially
companies like Nestlé, Shell and some others.
In terms of personnel management, this is very difficult strategy. Directional personnel,
executive and support staff are international teams who must complete complex and relatively
long-term professional training.
Despite these facts can already notice the increasing choice of this particular generation
strategy corporate culture. (NOVY,I.)
CONCLUSION
Organizational culture is the personality of the organization, the values and behaviours that
contribute to the unique social and psychological environment of an organization.
It is based on shared attitudes, beliefs, customs, express or implied contracts, and written and
unwritten rules that the organization develops over time and that have worked well enough to
be considered valid.
While there are many common elements in the large organizations of any country,
organizational culture is unique for every organization and one of the hardest things to
change.
National culture functions as a proxy for societal culture. National culture comprises values,
beliefs, norms, and behavioral patterns of national group. The dominant forces that shape
national cultures comprise, amongst others, ecological factors, history, language, wars, and
religions.
Geert Hofstede, from an anthropologist perspective describes a national culture by offering
insights into four dimensions that influence cultural humanity: Power Distance – Coping with
discrimination/inequity, Uncertainty avoidance – Coping with ambiguity, Individualism –
Association of the individual with the principal group, Masculinity – The emotional
repercussions of being born either as a male or female.
The important question to ask is, is there a difference in national culture and organizational
culture? Hofstede’s assessment is that the national culture is associated with our traditional
values, for example, ethical versus unethical, moral versus immorality. As a result, national
cultural traditional values are taught through the individual’s surrounding environment at an
early stage. Therefore, become deeply ingrained and change gradually over the period. It is
important to understand these differences in today’s world because of increasing trend in
globalization.
The problem of the relationship of national and corporate culture stands out as completely
practical matter in shaping corporate strategy for international companies operating in many
countries of different regions.
The key problem is understood real possibility of application and effective use of
management tools, techniques and methods in the cultural and social environment, which is
often very different from their original creation and use.
International company comes into contact with a variety of national cultures. It especially for
their own co-workers (employees) and external partners (customers, suppliers), local
companies and organizations, therefore members of foreign cultures, their value preferences
and patterns of behavior are different. International companies thus become an arena of action
of national cultures and many specific management problems can then be formulated as
managing multicultural context and the formation of corporate culture within it. And it is one
of most important aspects why we have to choose the best strategy of organizational culture.
RESOURCES
Bobbie Kalman; What is culture?; Crabtree publishing company; 2009 Mark Edberg; Essentials of Health, Culture and Diversity; Jones & Bartlett Learning;
2012 Marvis Harris; Reel Diversity; Peter Lang Publishing Inc; 1999 Geertz; Culture Anthropology; Thomson Higher Education; 2008 NOVÝ, I.: Interkulturální management, Praha: Grada Publishing 1996
Organizational culture: mapping the terrain”-Joanne Martin 2002/ “Understanding organizational culture- Mats Alvesson 2002)
Understanding organizational culture- Mats Alvesson 2002/ “changing organizational culture”- the change agent’s guidebook 2007
Sebastian-Dominik JAIS, The successful use of information in multinational companies, Gabler edition Wissenchaft, 2007
The explanantion of each dimensions are extract of S. 244, Sylvio De Bono, Stephanie Jones, Beatrice Van Der Heijden, Managing cultural diversity, Meyer & Meyer Media, 2008
INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC DAYS 2006 the Faculty of Economic and Management SAU in Nitra - "Competitivness in the EU - Challenge for the V4 countries" Nitra, May 17-18, 2006
For example, an important reason why Japan is a collectivist country is that its environment has been harsh and unsupportive for the survival of its population. Chapter 3 – Cross-national Cultural Differences
http://www.geerthofstede.nl/culture/dimensions-of-national-cultures.aspx