INTERNAL FLOW COATING FOR GAS PROJECT: ETHYLENE

November 2013

INTERNAL FLOW COATING FOR GAS

PROJECT: ETHYLENE DISTRIBUTION

PIPELINE REFURBISHMENT IN IRAN

MARKET UPDATE: GLOBAL ENERGY

ISSN 2053-7204

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© 2012 - 2013 ShawCor Ltd. All rights reserved.

© Copyright Applied Market Information. No part may be reproduced without the prior written permission of the publisher.

Coming next issue – February 2014� Monitoring technologies � Materials innovation

� Click here to make sure you get your copy

Applied Market Information LtdAMI House, 45-47 Stokes Croft, Bristol, BS1 3QP, United KingdomTel:+44 (0)117 924 9442Fax:+44 (0)117 989 2128www.amiplastics.com

04 News

10 The future for global energy The steel pipe coating industry is intrinsically linked to developments in global energy

markets and sourcing. AMI’s Noru Tsalic looks at developments in the sector and the

implications for pipeline activity.

17 Internal coating of gas pipelines Cover story: Today’s epoxy-based fl ow coatings improve protection and operational

performance of gas distribution pipelines. Pascal Collet and Bernard Chizet from

Axson’s Coating Division explain how.

27 EPS ethylene link starts up The 370km long Ethylene Pipeline South was fi nally put into service earlier this year,

fi ve years behind schedule. John Osborne reports on the project and its signifi cance

for Europe’s chemical industry.

30 Ceramic Polymer’s hot solution for Iran German coatings specialist Ceramic Polymer is supplying its Proguard epoxy for hot

refurbishment of a leaking 90km oil pipeline in Iran – its largest pipe coating project to

date.

33 Protective action of asmol oligomer Bitumen resinous oligomer (asmol) has been developed and is being used in pipe

coatings in Russia. This technical article discusses its protective properties and

anti-corrosion mechanism.

39 New materials and equipment

43 Conference: Pipeline Coating 2014

contents

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contact usHead of business publishing: Andy Beevers E-mail: [email protected]: Chris Smith E-mail: [email protected] editor: Noru Tsalic E-mail: [email protected]: Nicola CraneAdvertisement manager: Claire Bishop E-mail: [email protected] Direct tel: +44 (0)20 8686 8139

November 2013 | PIPELINE COATING 3

PIPELINE COATING | November 2013 4

news

Enbridge investing in oil sandsin 2017, subject to Suncor

board and regulatory approval,

and is covered by an initial

transportation agreement of

25 years.

The project will include a

450km 30-inch pipeline

together with associated

terminal upgrades and will be

capable of transporting up to

490,000 barrels/day of diluted

bitumen from the Fort Hills

Partners oil sands scheme in

north-eastern Alberta and

Suncor’s growing oil sands

production in the Athabasca

region.

❙ www.enbridge.com

Canada’s Enbridge said it has

been selected by the Fort Hills

Partners (Suncor Energy, Total

E&P Canada and Teck Resourc-

es) and the Suncor Energy Oil

Sands Limited Partnership to

develop and operate a $1.6bn

pipeline to transport oil sands

crude production to its mainline

Energy Transfer Equity, Energy

Transfer Partners and BG

Group have initiated a project

Trunkline LNG import terminal

in Lake Charles, Louisiana, US

(pictured left).The proposed project will

include construction of three

liquefaction trains and will use

the site’s existing LNG storage

and marine berthing facilities

owned by Energy Transfer

subsidiary Trunkline LNG

Company. The announcement

follows the US Department of

Energy’s conditional grant

authorization allowing Energy

Transfer and BG Group to

export up to 15 million tonnes

per annum of LNG to non-free

trade agreement nations from

the terminal.

Under the terms of the

PDA, Energy Transfer will own

and finance the proposed new

liquefaction facility; BG Group

will have a long-term tolling

agreement with Energy

Transfer for the offtake. A front

end engineering study is being

performed by Technip.

Construction is expected to

start in 2015, with first LNG

exports anticipated in 2019,

subject to final investment and

regulatory approvals.

❙ www.energytransfer.com

LNG export plan for Lake Charles facility

Nord Stream sets internal inspection recordNord Stream claimed a new

record for the comprehensive

inspection of the internal

condition of its two pipelines

this summer, sending an

automated high resolution

pipeline inspection gauge (PIG)

(pictured right) along the full

1,224km route as part of its

long-term safety and pipeline

integrity management strategy.

The seven metre long

measurement tool, which

weighed more than seven

tonnes, was sent through the

pipeline from Russia to Lubmin

in Germany at a speed of

1.5m/s, propelled solely by the

pipeline of this length and

wall-thickness (up to 41mm)

has been analysed in this way.

The PIG tool carried a

number of electronic sensors,

including a magnetic field

device developed by Rosen of

Germany, and collected more

than one Terrabyte of data

during its 10-day journey. This

data will be combined with

earlier external inspection

data to enable any change in

condition and placement of the

pipelines to be detected.

❙ www.nord-stream.com

hub at Hardisty in Alberta.

The proposed scheme will

be an extension to the recently

commissioned Wood Buffalo

pipeline and will be construct-

ed from Enbridge’s Cheecham

Terminal to its Battle River

Terminal at Hardisty. It is

expected to go into operation

gas pressure. According to Nord

Stream, this is the first time a

development agreement (PDA)

covering the liquefied natural

gas (LNG) export project at the

news

Alliance completes Tioga gas projectNorth America’s Alliance

Pipeline has completed its

latest natural gas pipeline in

North Dakota in the US. The

130km 12-inch diameter

pipeline connects a Hess

Corporation gas processing

facility near Tioga to the

existing Alliance mainline near

Sherwood.

The Tioga Lateral pipeline

is capable of transporting up to

126 million cubic feet of rich

natural gas a day (rich natural

gas includes natural gas

liquids such as ethane,

propane, butane and pentane).

Construction began in October

2012 and the project cost

around $170m.

The Tioga Lateral pipeline

transports gas produced in

association with oil production

in the Williston Basin, which

would otherwise be flared.

Alliance Pipeline operates a

3,650km integrated natural

gas transmission pipeline

system in Canada and the US,

delivering gas from the

Western Canadian Sedimen-

tary Basin and Williston Basin

to the Chicago market hub. It

carries some 1.6bn cubic feet

of gas each day.

❙ www.alliancepipeline.com

Bluegrass Pipeline venture opens upBluegrass Pipeline, a joint venture between US companies

Williams and Boardwalk Pipeline Partners, has commenced

open season to determine industry commitments to natural

gas liquids (NGL) transportation capacity from the Marcellus

and Utica shale fields to the US Gulf Coast.

The proposed project provides an initial phase one takeaway

of 200,000 barrels/day of mixed NGL, increasing to a phase two

level of 400,000 barrels/day.

❙ www.williams.com❙ www.bwpmlp.com

Welding one of the Tioga

Lateral pipe joints


news

Myanmar-China gas flow begins

Aegion reported a 17%

increase in third quarter

revenues to $308m from

$263m. Revenues for the first

nine months of the year were

up by 4% from $745m to $75m.

However, while its North

American Water and Wastewa-

ter business performed well in

income terms during the third

quarter, the company’s Energy

and Mining and Commercial

and Structural businesses

performed below expectations,

according to Aegion president

and CEO J Joseph Burgess.

Factors contributing to the

weaker than expected Q3

performance in the non-water

operations included a further

delay in the offshore laying

schedule for the Saudi Arabia

Wasit gas field project, which

meant the company’s CRTS

division was unable to initiate

its pipe weld coating contract.

In addition, a lull in pipe

coating activity for projects in

the Gulf of Mexico saw

revenues slip by almost $11m

at Bayou Coatings.

As a result, Burgess said

the company has revised its

full year non-GAAP diluted

earnings per share guidance to

$1.45 from $1.50. However, he

said he remained confident

that its current order backlog

gives it a sound base for 2014.

Aegion suffers energy delays

The 2,520km Myanmar-

China natural gas trunk

pipeline went into full

operation last month,

according to China National

Petroleum Corporation

(CNPC).

The trunk line project

connects Kyaukryu in

Myanmar to Guigan in the

Guanxi Zhuang region of

China, entering China at

Ruili in Yunnan province

(some 793 km from its start

point).

The Myanmar-China

pipeline is expected to

transport some 12bn cubic

metres of natural gas each

year, according to CNPC.

Myanmar’s Vice

President U Nyan Tun said

the Myanmar-China

pipeline project is of great

significance to the long-

term economic develop-

ment and industrialisation

of Myanmar.

❙ www.cnpc.com.cn

Canada’s Shawcor announced

the appointment of Stephen

Orr to the role of president. He

takes over the role from

William P Buckley, who

continues as CEO of the

company.

Orr will be based in Toronto,

South Stream underway in Bulgaria

“The demand for energy

remains favorable as does the

outlook for commercial and

industrial structural rehabili-

tation,” said Burgess. “Al-

though we have not completed

our 2014 budget planning

process, our existing backlog

for 2014 together with 2013

opportunities that have

recently shifted into 2014 form

a solid foundation for growth.”

❙ www.aegion.com

Change at the top for Shawcor

The first joint in the Bulgarian section of the

South Stream gas pipeline project was welded

last month as part of a special ceremony at

Rasovo in the country’s Montana Province

(shown in the picture above).

Gazprom chairman Alexey Miller described

the event as a landmark in the South Stream

project, which aims to transport 63bn cubic

metres of natural gas annually 900km from

Russia to Bulgaria and western Europe under

the Black Sea to avoid transit countries.

❙ www.south-stream.info

in Canada, and will take on

responsibility for the Bredero

Shaw, Canusa-CPS, Guardian,

DSG-Cansua and Shawflex

divisions. He joins the

company from Schlumberger.

Shawcor reported a 40%

increase in revenues for the

first nine months of 2013, up

from CAD$1.029bn to

CAD$1.438bn (US$1.375bn). A

large part of this was attrib-

uted to the CAD$400m Inpex

Ichthys gas project, its largest

ever.

❙ www.shawcor.com

lifeguardsLet’s extend pipeline lifetime

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news

Technip reported revenues of

E2.411bn for the third quarter

of the year, up by 15.6% on the

2012 result of E2.085bn.

The performance takes

revenues for the first nine

months of the year to E6.851bn,

up by more than 16% on the

first nine months of 2012. The

company said it expects the full

year result to come in at

between E9.3bn and E9.4bn.

Technip chairman and CEO

Thierry Pilenko (pictured) said

onshore/offshore business

performed very well over the

past quarter with revenues up

30% and margins – at 6.6% – in

the middle of the company’s

target range. Subsea revenues

were up only 2% although

margins – at 14.4% – were

Technip Q3 sales up by 16% to reach E2.4bn

ahead of expectations.

Pilenko said the company’s

subsea business had been

impacted by a push-out of

projects in the Gulf of Mexico,

in particular the longer than

expected commissioning of its

new Deep Energy vessel.

Order intake was strong at

more than E3bn and included

major project wins in the Middle

East and Brazil as well as the

securing of two major contracts

for the TEN project in Ghana.

The latter includes nine flexible

risers, three flexible flowlines

and 12 flexible spools totalling

48km, water and gas injection

flowlines totalling 33km, and

more than 60km of static and

dynamic umbilicals. It repre-

sents a value of around $730m.

Pilenko said the company

now expected full year

revenues of around E5.2bn for

the onshore/offshore business

and E4.1bn for subsea. He said

the company’s order book

positioned it to drive revenue

growth going in to 2014.

❙ www.technip.com

❙ Singapore is considering

lifting its moratorium on

natural gas imports by

pipeline, according to a

report by Reuters. Singapore

authorities have been

blocking its four pipeline gas

importers from signing new

contracts until 2018 or when

liquefied gas imports to the

BG Group terminal exceed

3m tonnes/year, a figure now

within sight.

http://reut.rs/HDQHRT

❙ US-based Pennant

Midstream’s plans to build a

38-mile pipeline natural gas

liquids pipeline connecting

the Utica shale field in Ohio

to the Hickory Bend process-

ing plant have been ap-

proved, according to a report

in the Columbus Dispatch.

The pipeline represents a

$60m investment and will

provide a capacity of 90,000

barrels/day.

http://bit.ly/1dKchPs

❙ Russian Pipe Metallurgical

Company has supplied more

than 100,000 tonnes of

longitudinal welded 3LPE

coated pipes for the third

branch of the Central

Asia-China international

pipeline project, according to

a report by the Trend News

Agency. The pipes were

produced at Volga Pipe Plant.

http://bit.ly/1efaJj0

❙ Wah Seong‘s pipe coating

business has won a

RM232.1m (E54m) contract

for internal, external and

concrete weight coating of

the 250km Petronas ENGDS

project.

www.wahseong.com

news in brief

Quest claims in-place lining firstUS-based Quest Inspar claims

to have completed the first

in-place robotic structural

polyurea lining of a large

diameter drinking water

pipeline, providing utilities with

a new in-place repair option

for ageing pipe systems.

The company robotically

applied its PipeArmor liner to

a 660m section of a 58-inch

transmission line operated by

the Tacoma Water Company

that had originally been

installed in 1939. The coating

was applied in a single pass at

a thickness of 9mm.

“We have been utilising this

technology for nearly twelve

years to rehabilitate much

more complex industrial and

chemical plant pipelines. It was

time to bring it to benefit the

critical challenges municipal

water departments and our

communities face,” said Kent

Weisenberg, founder and CTO

of Quest Inspar.

Tacoma Water has already

identified the next transmis-

sion pipe section to be lined

with PipeArmor and work is

planned to commence in

November 2014.

www.questInspar.com

Quest’s robot

application system

Canusa-CPS is the industry leader in fi eld-applied coatings for corrosion, mechanical and thermal protection of both onshore and offshore pipelines. Our advanced technology heat-shrinkable sleeves, high-build liquid epoxy coatings and adhesive-based products provide excellent functionality through a broad range of applications and temperatures.

Canusa’s advanced technology GTS-PP and GTS-PE heat-shrinkable sleeves coupled with IntelliCOAT™, state-of-the-art equipment for automated fi eld installation, provide fi eld-joint coating systems that not only far exceed the requirements of the ISO 21809-3 standard for 3LPE and 3LPP joint coatings, but that also provide equivalent performance to the 3LPE and 3LPP mainline coatings as per the requirements of the ISO 21809-1 standard for these coating types.

ShawCor – when you need to be sure

Advanced, fi eld-applied pipeline protection coatings

shawcor.comcanusa.com


analysis | Energy markets

Steel pipelines are used in a variety of applications,

ranging from oil and gas to potable water, sewage and

even food ingredients and drinks. But, as AMI’s study

‘Steel Pipe Coating – the Global Market 2013’ has

established, oil and gas represents by far the largest

application. In effect, this makes the steel pipe coating

industry an intrinsic part of the global energy sector. This

article will focus on developments in energy markets

worldwide. Taking a long-term view, it will endeavour to

identify the broad and persistent trends – and their

implications in terms of pipeline-related activity.

Such an analysis needs to start by making clear a

fundamental fact: as both population and global

economic output increase, the world’s demand for

energy grows, as well (Figure 1). It is energy that

ultimately sustains life and drives economic activity.

Between 2010 and 2040, global demand for primary

energy is expected to grow at an average rate of around

1.5%, which means that by 2040 the world will consume

around 56% more energy than it did in 2010.

In the developed world (and increasingly also in

developing countries), the ‘buzz’ is about renewable,

sustainable sources of energy. Indeed, between 2010

and 2040 the demand for ‘sustainable’ energy (which

includes hydro-electric energy, as well as solar, wind

power, biomass, etc) is set to grow at around 2.5% per

annum on average, which is almost twice as fast as the

demand for fossil fuels (1.3% per annum on average

over the same period). But let us not mistake ‘buzz’ for

substance: despite that relatively fast growth, by 2040

sustainable sources are predicted to account for just

15% of the global energy bill (Figure 2). Fossil fuels, on

the other hand, are forecast to account for around 78%.

The world is still very far from weaning itself off

fossil energy. And while shares of consumption may

shrink somewhat, in absolute volume terms all fossil

The future for global energy

The steel pipe coating industry is intrinsically linked to developments in global energy markets and sourcing. AMI’s Noru Tsalic looks at developments in the sector and the implications for pipeline activity

Main image: oil

and gas will be

the key driver

for pipeline

investment for

the future


Energy markets | analysis

fuels continue to grow signifi cantly: by 2040, mankind

will burn one third more oil, two thirds more gas and

50% more coal than it did in 2010. In 2040, fossil

hydrocarbons (Oil & Gas) will still account for the

majority of world’s primary energy.

While discussing Oil & Gas we need to mention an

important anniversary: it is 40 years since the 1973 ‘oil

crisis’. Triggered in October that year by a political issue

– the OPEC decision to institute an oil embargo against

the US (and, to various degrees, against the European

Union and Japan) – the crisis refl ected profound

changes in the energy supply and demand balance. Oil

prices quadrupled between 1973 and 1974 and re-

mained high through the fi rst half of the 1980s (Figure

3). And while the price of crude eventually dropped in

the late 1990s, that should be considered a temporary

effect, rather than a return to ‘normal’. With the Oil &

Gas equivalent of ‘low hanging fruit’ long gone and

political unrest in the Middle East expected to continue,

most analysts predict that crude prices will remain high

and increase further in the long run.

In its most current global outlook analysis, the US

Energy Information Agency predicts that by 2040 crude

prices will exceed $160 per barrel (in 2011 currency).

While such price levels may be seen as stressful for the

global economy as a whole, the reality is that they effect

more profound changes in the global market for energy.

Both the supply and the energy demand sides are

affected.

In terms of supply, high prices unlock new sources

and reserves. This is not just about commercial

feasibility, although this is of course expanded. But with

energy demand on the rise and high prices, more

resources are dedicated to Oil & Gas-oriented research

and development. The result is an accelerated rate of

technology progress, which stretches the borders of

technical feasibility.

The map of energy demand is also changing.

Manufacturing is, of course, the largest consumer of

energy among the various economic sectors and, as

such, will be the most affected. Between high costs of

energy on one hand and modern manufacturing

techniques on the other hand, a crucial shift is taking

place: raw material and labour costs are gradually

decreasing in importance while the proportion of the

energy component in the cost of manufactured goods is

growing. Increasingly, decisions regarding location of

manufacturing assets are taken by factoring in three

issues: the cost of technology; the cost of energy; the

cost of marketing (Figure 4).

Unconventional AmericaThe US shale gas revolution needs little introduction. It

represents a genuine game-changer, a paradigm shift,

and a most sudden and profound one, to boot (Figure 5).

Figure 1: Relationship between population growth, economic output and energy demand 2010-2040

most analysts predict that crude prices will remain high

global economy as a whole, the reality is that they effect

more profound changes in the global market for energy.

and a most sudden and profound one, to boot (Figure 5).

Figure 2: Shares of global energy demand, by source, 2010-2040

Population(billions)

Economic output(trillion 2005 USD)

Energy demand(quadrillion BTU)



As late as 2004, faced with a dwindling domestic

production of natural gas, the US was investing

massively in LNG import terminals, designed to absorb,

by 2011, more than 70 billion cubic metres of Middle

Eastern liquefi ed gas. The US Energy Department’s

publicly expressed expectation was that those volumes

would double by 2025.

However, traditional American entrepreneurship,

technical creativity and innovation-friendly governance

soon converged to overturn those expectations. Those

LNG import terminals are currently being retrofi tted to

allow export of excess volumes to gas-thirsty Europe.

But the applications of the newly paired technologies

of directional drilling and hydraulic fracturing (fracking)

are by no means confi ned to shale gas. Shale oil is the

name of the latest boom and the Bakken shale deposit

in North Dakota is one of the names of the new El

Dorado. Using techniques similar to those employed for

shale gas, around 4.5 billion barrels of technically-

recoverable reserves have been unlocked in this fi eld

alone. In just fi ve years, North Dakota’s crude produc-

tion rose from 36,000 barrels a day to more than

800,000 barrels a day.

On the national level, USA’s domestic oil production

hit 7.75 million barrels a day in September this year

– the highest level since 1989. September imports were

7.5 million barrels a day and falling. The US is on track

to become energy self-suffi cient - at least in net terms

– within a decade.

The economic implications are huge. Not only does

this mean that large amounts of money (which would

have been used to import oil and gas) will now be

retained by the US economy; it also triggers a trend

reversal in the country’s manufacturing sector. Until a

few years ago, off-shore manufacturing (outsourcing

manufacturing to low labour-cost locations such as

China) was the order of the day. But with modern

manufacturing depending much more on cheap energy

than cheap labour, the US is currently experiencing a

re-shoring of manufacturing.

So what does this mean in terms of pipeline-related

activities? It is certainly good news. The US already has

a well-developed pipeline infrastructure but, still,

considerable investments will need to be made. Oil and

gas coming out of the new non-conventional wells

needs to be gathered and channelled into the transmis-

sion network, while the revival of domestic manufactur-

ing will necessitate an expansion of energy infrastruc-

ture. And an extensive pipeline infrastructure – parts of

which are already ageing – also translates into mainte-

nance, renovation and replacement projects.

Dorado. Using techniques similar to those employed for

shale gas, around 4.5 billion barrels of technically-

recoverable reserves have been unlocked in this fi eld

alone. In just fi ve years, North Dakota’s crude produc-

tion rose from 36,000 barrels a day to more than

800,000 barrels a day.

hit 7.75 million barrels a day in September this year

– the highest level since 1989. September imports were

7.5 million barrels a day and falling. The US is on track

to become energy self-suffi cient - at least in net terms

– within a decade.

this mean that large amounts of money (which would

have been used to import oil and gas) will now be

retained by the US economy; it also triggers a trend

reversal in the country’s manufacturing sector. Until a

Figure 3: 100 years of oil prices (in 2010 USD/barrel)

Figure 4: Competitiveness matrix applied to four geo-economic regions Cost of technology Cost of energy Cost of marketing

China Relatively high Relatively high Low (Technology is purchased, (While cheap coal is available, there (Large, relatively uniform rather than developed) are increasing constraints to use, domestic & regional market) because of widespread pollution and the risk of civic unrest)

USA Low Relatively low Low (Major technologies are (Access to relatively low cost gas; (Large, relatively uniform developed & exploited) high levels of energy independence) domestic & regional market)

Europe Low High Relatively high (Major technologies are (High levels of energy dependence) (Large, but relatively diverse developed & exploited) regional markets)

Middle East High Low High (Technology is purchased, (Relatively small, diverse) rather than developed; regional markets) high costs of implementation)

Source: AMI


Diligent ChinaChina’s transformation into a manufacturing hub has

been largely fuelled by a low cost but diligent labour

force. To fully exploit that advantage, tens of millions of

Chinese have made their way from the rural depths of

the Middle Kingdom to the newly-industrialised urban

centres. The resulting demand for goods, housing and

public services has stimulated industry but, as men-

tioned already, manufacturing requires energy.

China has huge reserves of easily-exploitable coal

but these reserves are awkwardly located from a

geo-economic point of view, which adds to the costs. In

addition, burning so much coal has exacerbated the

already high pollution around China’s main industrial

cities (Figure 6). In a culture that values a healthy

lifestyle, this is more of a problem than many foreigners

realise. Increased pollution tarnishes China’s interna-

tional image and increases the risk of civic unrest – two

issues to which the authorities in Beijing are highly

sensitive.

China is interested in increasing the share of oil and

(especially) gas in its energetic balance and has built

pipelines to import gas from Russia and Central Asia.

But both these suppliers view China as an alternative to

European markets. From a Chinese point of view, this

translates into high prices, which affect the competi-

tiveness of Chinese industry.

Shale gas may provide a (partial, at least) solution.

China has vast reserves of shale gas, believed to exceed

the US ones. The largest basin is in Xinjiang Province, in

the country’s far North-West. This is challenging

technically, politically and economically. Technically, the

region is basically an arid desert, with nothing like the

volumes of water needed for fracking. Politically, it is

inhabited by the Muslim Uyghur minority, which resents

Chinese rule and may become even more restive once

the shale gas richness begins to be exploited. Moreover,

the region is remote from China’s industrial centres,

which is likely to hurt the economic feasibility.

Although smaller in terms of recoverable reserves,

basins situated in the south of the country may be more

feasible, at least in the fi rst instance. True to its habits,

China’s Communist Party government has started by

issuing a set of targets aimed at stimulating a fast

development of shale gas production (Figure 7). The

Chinese authorities understand that the country’s

global competitiveness as a manufacturing centre is

lifestyle, this is more of a problem than many foreigners Figure 5: Production of natural gas in USA; non-conventional gas includes shale gas, tight gas and coal seam methane.

read more at www.norner.no / [email protected]

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gradually being eroded. They have responded by

allowing growth of domestic consumption, which is to

complement, balance and eventually replace exports as

the main driver of economic growth. But energy supply

remains an issue and shale gas may provide a good

alternative to dirty coal and expensive imports of oil and

gas. Needless to say, this programme will also

translate in increased pipeline construction activity. As

the new shale gas basins begin to produce, they will

need to be connected to the centres of demand.

Complacent EuropeWhile the US is well on its way to restoring its manufac-

turing competitiveness and China is fi ghting to preserve

its own, it is unclear what – if anything – will be

Europe’s competitive advantage. The region still has

leadership positions in technology and management

processes but it may be diffi cult in the long run to

maintain such positions with a shrinking manufacturing

sector.

Although oil still accounts for the largest share of all

sources in Europe’s energy mix, the continent has

clearly opted for a future based on gas and renewables

(Figure 8). But with North Sea reserves dwindling,

Europe is increasingly dependent on imports of gas

from Russia and North Africa. From a European point of

view, both are less than comfortable in political terms

and are hardly advantageous economically.

In 2008 and 2009, Europe succumbed to the econom-

ic malaise that originated on the opposite shores of the

Atlantic Ocean. But, unlike the US, it then fell prey to a

disease of its own – the Eurozone/sovereign debt crisis.

European political and economic leaders appear to

believe this is a temporary phenomenon, which will

pass with a bit of symptomatic treatment before

returning to ‘business as usual’. But what if it doesn’t?

What if, in the European economic context, the current

low point is actually the new normal? Western econo-

mies tend to regard slow but relatively steady economic

growth as normal and recession/stagnation situations

as crisis, but there is at least one example that

contradicts such a view: Japan has for many years been

caught in a stagnation black hole from which it has so

far been unable to escape. Simply put, Japan lost its

competitive advantage and, at a basic level, that could

be happening to Europe.

But there is a way out for Europe. And one that is

largely risk-free, given that it has been successfully

implemented elsewhere: shale gas. Europe has

reserves of shale gas of the same order of magnitude

as the US. But, unlike the US, Europe also has a

bureaucracy and legal system which impedes, rather

than stimulates, discovery and exploitation of mineral

resources.

There are challenges for shale in Europe: a different

geology, a more dense population, etc. But viewing

gradually being eroded. They have responded by

sources in Europe’s energy mix, the continent has

clearly opted for a future based on gas and renewables

(Figure 8). But with North Sea reserves dwindling,

Europe is increasingly dependent on imports of gas

from Russia and North Africa. From a European point of

view, both are less than comfortable in political terms

and are hardly advantageous economically.

ic malaise that originated on the opposite shores of the

Atlantic Ocean. But, unlike the US, it then fell prey to a

disease of its own – the Eurozone/sovereign debt crisis.

European political and economic leaders appear to

believe this is a temporary phenomenon, which will

pass with a bit of symptomatic treatment before

returning to ‘business as usual’. But what if it doesn’t?

What if, in the European economic context, the current

Figure 6: China’s consumption of coal, in quadrillion BTU

Figure 7: China’s shale gas production target Source: China NDRC, Bernstein analysis and estimates

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challenges as insurmountable obstacles could be

argued to be complacent. Shale gas is good for the US;

it could also be good for Europe. Even from an environ-

ment protection point of view the production of shale

gas, if implemented appropriately, should have a net

benefi cial effect by substituting coal and oil, both of

which produce more CO2.

At the time of writing, European legislators are

designing laws and procedures around this resource

intended to, according to the Climate Commissioner

Connie Hedegaard, bring consistency across Europe.

Some would argue why European-wide consistency is

required for a matter that affects local populations. And,

since Europe has already decided that it wishes to burn

more gas and less oil and coal, why the source of that

gas is such a concern – shale gas from Poland will

surely burn the same as conventional gas imported from

Russia? Exploitation of Europe’s shale gas reserves may

depend on how effectively industry, including the oil and

gas related sectors, is in lobbying regulators and

informing public opinion. This is likely to be one of the

topics of discussion at AMI’s global Pipeline Coating

conference in February 2014 in Vienna, Austria.

About the authorNoru Tsalic is Senior Vice President at AMI Consulting

and author of the company’s Steel Pipe Coating – The Global Market 2013 industry study.

Tel: +44 (0)1173 111526

Email: [email protected]

� www.amiplastics.com

Figure 8: Western Europe – demand for primary energy by source (in quadrillion BTU), 2010-2040

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Internal coating | technical update

Today’s epoxy-based fl ow coatings improve protection and operational

performance of gas distribution pipelines. Pascal Collet and

Bernard Chizet from Axson’s Coatings Division explain how

The concept of internally lining gas pipelines –internal

fl ow coating – was fi rst developed in the 1950s to

counter the adverse effects on pipeline capacity,

operation and pumping costs caused by the rough

internal surface of steel pipes and the build-up of

deposits and corrosion products.

This article reviews the benefi ts of considering an

internal lining for gas transmission pipelines and the

relationship between the internal surface roughness,

the pressure drop across the pipeline and the maximum

fl ow rate of gas through the pipeline. It also outlines the

benefi ts of internal fl ow coatings and the developments

that have been made over recent decades in terms of

coating materials, taking into account new challenges

associated with gas production and transmission, and

how they meet the current requirements of interna-

tional standards and specifi cations.

Friction and fl uid fl owA fl uid in motion in a pipeline is subjected to various

frictional resistances. Friction occurs between the fl uid

and the pipe wall, but it also occurs within the fl uid

itself. Some of the main factors affecting fl uid fl ow in

pipes include:

� The length, internal diameter and internal roughness

of the pipe;

� The viscosity, density and velocity of the fl uid;

� Changes in fl uid temperature, which will affect the

viscosity and density of the fl uid;

� The geometry of the pipeline, including bends, risers,

Internal coating of gas pipelines

Main image:

An applied

internal fl ow

coating on a

steel gas pipe


technical update | Internal coating

valves and other fittings.

Fluid flow in a pipeline can be either laminar or

turbulent. Transportation of natural gas in pipelines at

high flow rates exhibits turbulent flow and in such

conditions a laminar film can be formed at the pipe

wall/fluid interface. This will reduce the friction

between the fluid and pipe wall with a subsequent

reduction in the pressure drop through the pipeline and

an increase in flow capacity. The creation of this laminar

film is dependent upon the surface roughness at the

pipe wall/fluid interface and, to a lesser degree, the

extent of the turbulent flow and the fluid velocity.

However, the laminar film created at the pipe wall is

very thin and the maximum peak height of the profile of

the pipe wall surface may be sufficient to protrude

through it. This protrusion results in a disruption of the

flow pattern of the laminar film, effectively creating a

turbulent flow pattern adjacent to the wall and increas-

ing the pressure drop across the pipeline and reducing

its flow capacity, as reported by Fogg and al (2005).

Benefits of flow coatingsThere are a number of benefits in using a flow efficiency

coating for a natural gas pipeline. Below are some of the

different ways in which these benefits can be recognized:

l A reduction in the pressure drop in the pipeline and

thus an increase in the flow rate of natural gas

through it;

l A decrease in the pipeline outer diameter in the

design phase of the project in order to achieve the

same flow capacity, as reported by Tobin and al

(2005);

l A reduction in power consumption for compression of

the gas to achieve the same flow capacity, with a

subsequent reduction in greenhouse gas emissions

for the transportation of natural gas, as reported by

Westcoat Energy (2003).

Operation and installationOther benefits that can be achieved during installation

and operation of the pipeline include:

l Preventing corrosion from reforming, eliminating the

need for additional pre-commissioning work;

l Easier and faster commissioning of the pipeline due

to faster drying compared to an uncoated pipe after

hydrostatic testing;

l Simplification of testing and robotic inspection

procedures due to the improved mobility of the

equipment travelling down an internally coated pipe;

l The inhibition of Black Powder (see Figure 1)

formation within the gas pipeline, which can lead to

erosion failures and damage pipeline operating

valves, as well as clogging instruments and filters,

lowering the efficiency of compressors, and contami-

nating the supplied product to customers. This is a

world-wide problem that affects most gas pipeline

operators;

l Short term corrosion protection during transport and

storage.

Black Powder developmentBlack Powder can develop within gas pipelines due to

the reaction of iron with condensed moisture, contain-

ing O2, H2S & CO2). Black Powder could come from the

following sources:

l Mill scale (iron oxides – Fe3O4), from the pipe

manufacturing process through high temperature

oxidation of steel;

l Flash rust (Fe2O33, FeOOH) from hydrostatic testing

water corrosion;

l Internal pipeline corrosion (Microbiological Influ-

enced Corrosion – MIC) or H2S reaction with steel;

l Carry-over from gas gathering systems.

Black Powder may be mechanically mixed or

chemically combined with any number of contaminants,

such as water, liquid hydrocarbons, salts, chlorides,

sand, or dirt. Chemical analyses of the material have

revealed that it consists mainly of a mixture of iron

oxides and iron sulphides. Table 1 provides an example

of the chemical composition of a Black Powder.

In 2012, the Abu Dhabi Gas Industries Company,

Gasco, took the decision to apply an internal epoxy

coating for all new gas transmission pipelines (DGS1470-

Figure 1: Black

Powder is a

colour descrip-

tive term used

to describe a

blackish

material

comprised of

very small,

jagged and hard

particles. It may

be wet and have

a tar-like

appearance as

shown here

Table 1: Black Powder composition using the XRD techniqueMain compound Approximate avg. weight, %

Magnetite Fe3O4 60

Gamma- FeOOH < 2

Alpha-FeOOH 25

Iron sulphides Not detected

Siderite – FeCO3 10

Elemental Sulfur 5



008). The application of an internal fl ow coating system

favours two primary functions: Reduced gas friction by

provision of a smooth surface profi le; Inhibition of Black

Powder formation within the gas pipeline. This is being

implemented for the HMT (Habshan – Maqta – Taweelah)

pipeline, which is currently under construction in the

UAE and comprises two 300km pipelines supplying the

Taweelah industrial hub.

Economical analysisSteel pipe delivered to the coating yard has a relative

roughness of the order of 20 µm. However, once in

production, this relative roughness may exceed 50 µm

depending upon the corrosion products formed on the

surface. This formation may be due to the period of time

and the conditions the pipe was stored in prior to

installation, due to hydrostatic testing, and the corrosive

nature of the fl uid being transported. Using hydraulic

pipe fl ow software, the pipe roughness versus maximum

achievable fl ow rate can be plotted for a constant

discharge and arrival pressure.

Since the late 1950s, US companies such as

Tennessee Gas Pipeline Company and Transco conduct-

ed tests demonstrating the benefi ts of internal linings

to increase the fl ow effi ciency in gas pipelines by 5 to

10% with medium size diameters (24’’, 30’’, 36’’).

Several other studies confi rmed the magnitude of fl ow

increase in the 1960s.

In 1998, a Norwegian university and the state-owned

Norwegion oil company Statoil confi rmed the benefi t of

the internal fl ow coat by demonstrating a capacity

increase of 21%. In 2005, Statoil reported that it had

made the decision to apply an internal epoxy coating to

the Langeled gas pipeline in the North Sea in order to

increase transport capacity and reduce pig wear.

In 2002, the Zamorano study concluded that fuel gas

costs for the compressor stations situated along the

1,200 km length of the Atacama Gas Pipeline were

26.9% lower on the coated section of pipeline than on

the uncoated section. The Argentinian pipeline section

(530 km, 20’’ OD) was coated with a solvent-based epoxy

fl ow effi ciency coating while the Chilean section was left

bare because of project CAPEX constraints. The

economical analysis in this study was based upon the

existing capacity of the pipeline and two capacity

expansion scenarios. One conclusion of the study was

that the economic benefi ts of using internal fl ow

effi ciency coatings were more substantial at higher gas

fl ow rates – see Figure 2.

An internal fl ow coating can also make a signifi cant

difference in reducing pumping and compression costs

over the lifetime of the pipeline. These reduced energy

costs can provide a fi nancial payback within three to fi ve

years of service. It may also be possible to achieve

further savings by reducing the number of compressor

stations, or the compressor size and capacity.

International standards Today, two international standards are well recognized

when technical requirements for Flow Effi ciency

Coatings are considered: The American Petroleum

Institute’s API 5L2 ‘Recommended Practice for Internal

Coating of Line Pipe For Non-Corrosive Gas Transmis-

sion Service’; and ISO 15741‘Paints and varnishes –

Friction-reduction coatings for the interior of on and

offshore steel pipelines for non-corrosive gases’. The

EN 10301 standard ‘Steel tubes and fi ttings for on and

offshore pipelines – Internal coating for the reduction of

friction for conveyance of non corrosive gas’ is very

similar to ISO 15741.

A comparison of key requirements for the API 5L2

and ISO 15741 standards is presented in Table 2.

Additional requirements are sometimes specifi ed by

clients and increasingly observed, especially concerning

roughness, such as in the DG1470 Part 008 specifi cation

from Gasco and the 10-00050-10-MX-SPC-0110-0003

specifi cation for the South Stream offshore pipeline

project (respectively Rz ≤ 10 µm and Rz ≤ 5 µm

according to the ISO 4287). The South Stream consor-

tium also has some additional requirements in terms of

appearance (glossy) and chemical resistance (adhesion

after 168 hours’ immersion in 100 % methanol and

immersion in 100 % triethylene glycol).

Technologies and applicationSince the late 1950’s, epoxy chemistry has been the pre-

dominant coating technology worldwide. This is in part

pipe fl ow software, the pipe roughness versus maximum

Figure 2: Pipeline fl ow capacity for bare and internally coated pipe



NormDate of issue

DFT in micronsTest conditions Requirement Test conditions Requirement

Adhesion

adhesion with cross lines(16 x 16 at 90˚ spaced

over 26mm). Usedclear plastic tape

No lifting of any materialother than cuttings

Cross cut test4.3.4

ISO 2409≤ 1

Stripping test

A sharp blade at 60˚ tothe surface has to bepushed = blade has a

tendency to lift the coating

no coating removing from strips but shall flake off.

The flakes when rolled shall produce powdery particules

Bend test(conical mandrel)

Bend a coated panel 180˚ around a mandrel with

13mm diameter.ASTM D522

No flaking, loss of adhesion or cracking with a mandrel with a maximum diameterof 13mm. Visual checking

Conical mandrel(d1=38mm, d2=3,2mm

and L=203mm)ISO 6860

maximum extent of cracking from the small end of the mandrel ≤ 13mm and no

loss of adhesion

Resistance to NeutralSalt spray

500h with X cutASTM B117

No blistering≤ 3,2mm of coating can

be removed in any direction with clear plastic tape.

480h with X cutISO 7253

No blistering, no paintremoval and corrosion

(see 4.3.6)

Resistance to GasPressure variations

In suitable pressureequipment. Dry Nitrogen

at 83 bars at 19-31˚Cand during 24 hours.

No blisteringDry Nitrogen at 100 bars

for 10 tests cyclesISO 15741 Annex C

adhesion ≤ 1no blistering and good

appearance

Resistance to waterimmersion

21 days at room temperatureSatured CaCO3 solution

in distilled water(100% immersion)

No blistering over 6,3mm from edges (slight softening

is permited)

480h at 40˚C in waterquality 3 in agreement

with ISO 3696 36ISO 281-2

No blistering orappreciable softening

Resistance to Water/Methanol immersion

5 days at room temperature in mixture, equal parts by volume, water methanol

(100% immersion)

No blistering over 6,3mm from edges (slight softening

is permitted)

Curing Test After 4h immersion in thepaint’s thinner

No softening, wrinkling or blistering shall be observed

after 30min at room temperature

Resistance to ArtificialAgeing

Condition 1 = Cycle CCondition 2 =

after coating : 10 days at18-25˚C and 24hr at 50˚C

+4 days at 80˚C and 24hr at

18-25˚CBend test in agreement

with ISO 6860 forcondition 1 and 2

maximum extent ofcracking from the small

end of the mandrel ≤ 13mm

Resistance to Hydraulicblistering

In suitable hydraulic pressurizing equipment.Distilled water saturated with CaCO3. 165 bars at25˚C during 24 hours

No blistering

Conditioning cycle B23˚C until no more tack free

+30 min at 150˚C

In suitable hydraulic pressurizing equipment.Distilled water saturated with CaCO3. 100 bars at23˚C during 24 hours

adhesion ≤ 1no blistering and good

appearance

Resistance to Chemicals

– Cyclohexane– 95% by volume diethylene

glycol in water– Hexane

– Methanol– Toluene

– Lubricating oil168h

ISO 2812-1 method 1procedure A

Adhesion (rating ≤ 1)

Buchholz Hardness Buchholz hardness at 25˚CDIN 53 153 ≥ 94

Buchholz hardnessISO 2815 ≥ 94

Abrasion ASTM D968, Method A ≥ 23 (abrasion coef)

APO 5L2July 2002

51 ± 5

ISO 15741 : 2001December 2001

60 < X < 100

Table 2: Key requirements of the API 5L2 and ISO 15741 internal coating standards



due to its commercial availability in North America,

where the flow coats were first used. Epoxy chemistry

offers a very good performance balance in terms of

mechanical properties, corrosion protection and

chemical resistance. Novolac epoxy coatings are the

prefered choice of a few operators, such as Petrobras in

Brazil.

The challenge, over the intervening years, has been

to develop formulations with reduced solvent content,

even though API 5L2 is not very demanding in this

respect. API 5L2 is intended for low solids coating

materials, so the material specification requirements

did not directly apply to the solvent-free epoxy formula-

tions. The challenge over the past several years has

been to develop low VOC or VOC-free formulations to

cope with stringent HSE requirements and the

compliance with the API 5L2 and ISO 15741 interna-

tional standards. Furthermore, low VOC or VOC-free

formulations have been developed to comply with the

application conditions in terms of:

l Application equipment: multi component

l Spray characteristics: consistent

l Pot life: more than 1 hour at 20°C

l Applied film thickness: 50 – 100 µm

l Curing time: hard dry in less than 18 hours at 20°C

l Coating roughness: < 10 µm with a smooth even

appearance

l Air entrapment: none

Roughness testingAt the laboratory scale level,two versions of Flow

Efficiency Coatings were tested by Axson Coatings: a

medium solids (66 % by volume) HES version; and a

solvent-free (100 % volume solids) SF version. Both are

currently commercialized under the Eurokote 436.20

trademark.

The main objective of the tests was to evaluate the

roughness profile of both versions once applied in a

conventional manner and to compare the roughness

profile between solvent-based coating and a solvent-

free coatings. The HES version is designed to be applied

with a single component airless spray system, while the

SF version is designed to be applied by twin feed hot

airless spray equipment.

Firstly, steel plates (dimension: 150mm by 100mm

by 1mm) were shot-blasted and de-dusted in order to

achieve an Sa 2.5 level of cleanliness (according to ISO

8501-1) and a surface roughness profile Rz of about 45

µm profile. The surface roughness was measured with a

Marsurf PS1 device and measurements taken. Table 3

shows an example of the measured data.

The steel plates were coated in the Axson Coatings

laboratory using airless spray equipment in the

following conditions as per the instructions for using

Eurokote 436.20:

l Temperature of the substrate: Minimum +10°C

(+20°C for the SF version) and maintained at least 3°C

above the dew point / Maximum +40°C;

l Air temperature / RH: Min. +10°C / Min RH 5% - Max.

+40°C / Max RH 85%;

l Temperature of the product: Min +10°C / Max +30°C

in the case of the solvent based HES version. In the case

of the solvent free SF version, the resin part should be

pre-heated to around 50°C and the hardener part to

around 30°C.

As an example, the SF version of the Eurokote 436.20

coating was applied after preheating of part R and part D

to respectively 55°C and 35°C (metering unit, hoses) and

applied by airless spray (nozzle 17 to 24/1000 inches)

with a 160 bar minimum pressure. Figure 3 shows a

coated plate with marks illustrating the different

locations used for the roughness measurements.

Some 26 locations were selected to conduct

measurements on a representative surface of each

coated panel for both the HES and SF versions. The

measurements were taken 15 days after curing at room

temperature (20°C). The test results of the Ra, Rz

roughnesses on coated plates applied with around 100

µm DFT, the values being obtained from measurements

of the 26 locations are shown in Tables 4,1 and 4,2.

It can be noted that a very similar roughness profile

is observed between the HES and SF versions, respec-

tively 2.30 and 2.33 in Rz, which is a non-significant

difference considering the standard deviation. A low

roughness profile is also observed, complying with

stringent specifications such as Gasco DGS1470-008 or

Table 3: Example of the surface roughness of the shot-blasted steel platesRz Min Rz Average Rz Max standard Number of deviation measurements

33.6 39.79 55.2 4.58 26

Measurement conditions: Marsurf PS1 device with a PHT 6-350 sensor, Cut-off 2.5 mm, Gaussian filter

Figure 3: A

coated test

plate with

markings

showing

locations for

roughness

measurements


the South Stream specifications.

Based on the different application conditions found

between the laboratory conditions and industrial

applications - such as the pipe rotating when the

material is applied, the curved surface of the internal

pipe, and the heat inertia of the pipe due to its pipe wall

thickness - differences in coating roughness profile

could be observed.

Industrial scale testingA number of industrial tests have been conducted by

pipe testers on both the medium solids (HES) and

solvent-free (SF) versions for product qualification and/

or project purposes. Industrial scale pipe mill tests with

the SF version of Eurokote 436.20 are presented here.

At an industrial level, coating characteristics were

compared on test pieces that were coated during the

application process of internally coated pipe production.

Test pieces (160mm by 80mm by 1mm metal panels)

were manufactured from low-carbon steel and shot-

blasted in a shot blasting unit Schlick 151 from Airblast

using steel grit reference WGP050 manufactured by W

Abrasives (France). Once shot blasted, the test pieces

had a roughness between 43 and 47 µm. Before coating,

the panels were acid and acetone washed in accordance

with the requirements of API 5L2.

The metal test panels were fixed on pipes before

coating in order to coat the panels together with the

pipes. After coating, the panels were removed from the

pipe and cured according to the following programme:

15 minutes in the air with a 40 % relative humidity and

then 30 minutes in the oven with air circulation at a

Table 4-1: Test results for Eurokote 436.20 HESZone Maxi Average Min Standarddeviation

Ra 0.65 0.41 0.27 0.10

Rz 3.53 2.30 1.41 0.58

DFT 88 100 116

Table 4-2: Test results for Eurokote 436.20 SFZone Maxi Average Min Standarddeviation

Ra 0.64 0.47 0.33 0.08

Rz 3.37 2.33 1.53 0.38

DFT 98 107 125



temperature of 150°C.

Test panel coatings were made from the following

liquid epoxy materials:

l Eurokote 436.20 SF, the solvent-free version of the

Eurokote 436.20 series of Flow Efficiency Coatings

provided by Axson France;

l Competition A, a solvent-free liquid epoxy;

l Competition B, a high solids (81 %) solvent based

liquid epoxy.

Performance was compared by assessing the

roughness profile using SJ-301 Surflet equipment

according to ISO 8503-4. Ra and Rz were measured to a

4mm length with a 0.8mm cut-off by using a Gaussian

filter. The coating thicknesses were measured with a

Konstanta K-5 gauge by making 10 measurements on

each sample. The results are shown in Table 5.

It was noted that the low roughness profile of

Eurokote 436.20 is confirmed at an industrial scale,

even with a lower roughness data compared to that

observed from the laboratory application. Beyond the

technical requirements expressed in the API 5L2 and

ISO 15741 standards, it can be seen that modern

coating materials can comply with stringent require-

ments (lower than 10 µm and even lower (≤ 5 µm)) in

terms of roughness profile.

ConclusionInternal liquid epoxy coatings have demonstrated their

applicability as a flow efficiency coating of gas transmis-

sion pipelines in terms of operation and maintenance

since the 1960s. Furthermore, the coatings have shown

to help solve technical problems, such as the formation

of Black Powder. From a performance perspective, the

API and ISO standards have been benchmarks for the

selection of liquid epoxy coating materials. Recently,

clients or operators have expressed new requirements,

especially in terms of surface profile roughness, to guar-

antee the flow efficiency.

Existing modern coating materials have been

designed to cope with the technical requirements, as

listed in the API 5L2 and ISO15741 international

standards and by taking account specific requirements,

such as surface profile roughness. Beside these

performance requirements, the development of new

epoxy coating materials has been conducted without

any compromise on the health, hygiene and environ-

mental regulations, as demonstrated by the perfor-

mance of the solvent-free version of Eurokote 436.20.

This material is also benzyl alcohol and VOC-free.

The benefits of flow efficiency provided by the internal

lining can be considered for carbon capture and storage

projects (CCS). For instance, for a project associated

with pipeline transportation, an internal coating was

selected by Shell and considered by applying a 100 µm

dry thickness of a solvent-based epoxy coating to comply

with the requirements, especially when the CO2 is

depressurized down to 1 bar involving fluid tempera-

tures as low as -70°C. Dry CO2 water specification is

mandatory (≤ 50 ppm in volume 20 ppm by mass) to

avoid any damage due to corrosion.

About the authors:Pascal Collet and Bernard Chizat work within the

Coatings Division of Axson France. Axson’s coatings unit

develops anti-corrosion and functional coating solutions

for the hydrocarbons, water, industrial and construction

markets. The company has production operations in

France, Brazil, China, India, Russia, Spain, Turkey and

the USA.

Axson France SAS – Coatings Division Zone

Industrielle A – Allée Paul Sabatier B.P. 88 F 27940

Aubevoye France. E-mail: [email protected] /

[email protected]

References:Rafael Zamorano – Internal Coating Total Gas Transport Cost Reduction Study, Pipeline & Gas Journal, October 2002

Graham A. Fogg, Jennifer Morse – Development of a new solvent-free flow efficiency coating for natural gas pipelines – Rio Pipeline 2005

Mike Tobin, Job Labrujere, Shell Global Solutions International BV., High Pressure Pipelines – maximizing throughput per unit of pipeline diameter – GTS-2005 Conference, VNIIGAZ, Moscow, 12-13 April 2005

Westcoat Energy Inc., Anti-friction Coating in Pipeline Reduces Energy Use – Climate Change Solutions Publication – Oil and Gas Distribution, 2003

Sytze Huizinga, Karin Orzessek, Leo de Mul, Ronald Koers, Shell Global Solutions BV – Materials selection and corrosion control for a CO2 transport and injection system - Corrosion 2013 convention, Orlando, 17-21 March, 2013

Table 5: Industrial coated surface roughness profile test results FlowEfficiency Rainµm Rzinµm Coatingthickness Coatingthickness Coating (Averagevalue (Averagevalue Magnitudeinµm Averageinµm– on5samples) on5samples) –valueson5samples fromthe5samples

Eurokote 436.20SF 0.42 1.98 74 - 121 95

Competition A 0.14 0.77 84 - 110 98

Competition B 0.45 3 .20 59 - 92 74

Pipe blasting and coating systemsPipe handling equipment

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Selmers_A4_2013.indd 1 25-07-13 12:06

The 3rd edition of AMI Consulting’s study “Steel Pipe Coating – the Global Market” is is now complete and available for immediate subscription.

This 234-page study comprises a detailed quantitative and qualitative analysis of the world market for steel pipe coating. It considers demand, supply, raw materials, etc, and includes forecasts through to 2016.

These are very interesting times in energy and energy-related industries. While oil remains important in the global energy balance, markets are moving increasingly towards gas not just in Europe and North America, but in Asia as well. Natural gas is becoming a hugely important resource, to be traded globally.

Pipelines are playing a crucial role in this development. Pipelines are needed not just to gather, transport and distribute the gas, but also to connect LNG import and export terminals, which are mushrooming around the globe. Pipeline-related industries are, therefore, likely to benefit from this process. Steel pipe coating is likely to be among the top beneficiaries: as new pipelines tend to operate under harsher conditions in terms of temperature, pressure and external environment, coating is becoming more demanding, more sophisticated and hence more valuable.

There are additional drivers of growth appearing on the horizon: the scarcity of potable water in many regions of the globe will increasingly have to be tackled through either desalination or long-range water

transportation – with pipelines playing an important role in both; power-plant produced carbon dioxide will increasingly be captured, transported through pipelines and stored.

Changes are also taking place on the supply side of the steel pipe coating market. The previous editions of this report have correctly forecast a consolidation trend. This trend – which has meanwhile become apparent to everybody – is set to continue with new twists and turns, as is the competitive “battle” between the two major business models: integrated pipe mills-coating yards versus independent coaters.

The 2013 edition of the report analyses all of these trends and their likely trajectory into the future. The 234-page report contains 88 data tables, 8 charts and 95 exhibits. Subscribers receive two printed hardcopies of the report and a CD containing a read only pdf version, as well as a set of spreadsheets with the underlying data. To receive a detailed proposal, contact Mr Noru Tsalic at [email protected] or +44 117 924 9442.

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EPS | project report

The 370km long Ethylene Pipeline South was put into service earlier this

year, fi ve years behind schedule.John Osborne reports on the project

and its signifi cance for Europe’s chemical industry

Five years later than planned due to a series of complex

right-of-way challenges, the 370km long Ethylene

Pipeline South (EPS) pipeline offi cially came on stream

on Friday 19 July this year. The €200m pipeline

connects crackers at Münchsmünster and Burghausen

in the German state of Bavaria, and runs across

Baden-Wurttemberg to the southwestern ARG network

at Ludwigshafen, in the German state of Rhineland-

Palatinate.

EPS is owned by the German chemical companies

BASF, Vinnolit and Wacker Chemie together with the

German units of LyondellBasell, OMV, Borealis and

Clariant. For economic reasons, and for safety and

environmental considerations, ethylene - a chemical

intermediate product required in the production of

polyethylene, polystyrene, PVC and many other everday

plastics – is transported only in pipelines.

The EPS pipeline connects with several already

existing systems: in Bavaria with the pipeline between

Münchsmünster and Gendorf/Burghausen; and in

Ludwigshafen (Rhineland-Palatinate) with the pipeline

to Wesseling (North Rhine-Westphalia) and thus with

the ethylene network in northwest Europe.

The EPS pipeline enables ethylene to be transported

from Rotterdam in The Netherlands or from the Ruhr

region via Cologne and Frankfurt right down to

Burghausen on the Austrian border – and in the other

direction as well. For the companies involved, the EPS

pipeline represents a stepping stone to the future for

the entire southeastern region of Bavaria and, for what

is known as the Bavarian Chemical Triangle.

At the offi cial opening ceremony held on Friday, 19

July 2013 in Munich, Manfred Leitner, a member of

the executive board of Austrian petrochemical

company OMV responsible for refi neries and market-

ing, said that the connection to an integrated network

“has overcome the competitive disadvantages posed

by its isolated location. The decision to construct the

EPS pipeline has acted as a trigger for new invest-

EPS ethylene link starts up

Main image:

The 370km

Ethylene

Pipeline South

project began

operation this

summer,

providing an

essential new

supply link for

Europe’s

chemical

industry


project report | EPS

ments and the creation of jobs.”

In the Bavarian Chemical Triangle ethylene is

produced by OMV and Ruhr Oel in Burghausen and

Münchsmünster and processed by five industrial

companies in Burghausen, Gendorf and Münchsmün-

ster. Although these companies are all connected with

one another via ethylene pipelines, there was no link to

the large western European pipeline network to the

north.

According to the pipeline’s owners, the Bavarian

ethylene network is currently quite stable (with a total

capacity of approximately 650,000 tonnes a year) but

was highly inflexible because of its isolated location.

The ethylene produced in Bavaria had to be consumed

within this network of companies – there was no

opportunity to import additional or export excess

ethylene in or out of the system.

Polymer production facilities are extremely capital-

intensive, which makes it important to operate them

continuously at full capacity. Should just one of the

companies in the ethylene network encounter difficul-

ties, regardless of whether it’s a producer or a consum-

er, this could lead to a type of domino effect and have

seriously adverse effects on the entire industrial

network.

This situation also put considerable limitations on

the companies’ opportunities for growth, making them

largely dependent on one another. It was very difficult to

adapt the capacities to changing market conditions.

For OMV, for example, to remain competitive in the

long term the company only had two options for the

crackers in its refinery in Burghausen. These were either

to expand the ethylene capacity from 340,000 tonnes to at

least 450 – 500,000 tonnes a year, or in the medium or

longer term to close down. Its existing facilities were

struggling to compete on the global market because of

their small size and high costs (naphtha crackers with a

capacity of about 800,000 tonnes a year are already being

built in other locations around the world).

OMV said that, since its local customers would have

only been able to absorb part of this additional capacity,

such investments would have been unlikely unless it

was possible to export excess quantities via the western

European pipeline network.

Planning the pipelineThe first ideas and discussions over the pipeline date

back to 2001. Together with VCI (the German chemical

industry association), the Bavarian State Ministry of

Economy and the companies BASF, Borealis, Clariant,

OMV, BP/ROG, Vinnolit and Wacker, feasibility studies

were conducted between 2002 and 2004.

For all partners, the connection of the Bavarian

chemical triangle to the ethylene complex in northwest

Europe was of prime importance. Germany informed

the EU Commission of its decision in December 2003

and submitted a grant application in January 2005.

Following the usual assessment process, approval was

given by the EU Commission on October 12, 2006. Given

this approval, Bavaria provided a subsidy of about

E45m. The total costs of the project were then expected

to be about E180m. The Bavarian grant decision

provided the seven shareholders of EPS with the

planning security needed, and they gave the starting

signal for the project in October 2006 with their approval

of the final financing.

Pipeline operator EPS also constructed the pipeline,

which comprises some 20,000 250mm diameter

(DN250) pipes with a 7.1mm wall thickness supplied by

Salzgitter Mannesmann Line Pipe of Germany. The

L360B steel pipes are finished with, appropriately, a

polyethylene anti-corrosion coating.

Salzgitter Mannesmann also supplied 75km of a very

similar pipe for BASF’s LUKA pipeline, which runs

parallel with the EPS pipeline for part of the route

between Ludwigshafen and Karlsruhe.

The EPS pipeline is capable of carrying up to 400,000

tonnes of ethylene a year and is buried at a depth of one

meter along most of its length. It operates at a pressure

of between 60 and 90bar and is equipped with a full

safety monitoring system; shut-off stations are provided

at intervals of between 12 and 18km.

The route of the pipeline was determined to account

for population structure, city planning and environmen-

tal and landscape conservation. It runs parallel to

Officials at the startup of the EPS pipeline. From left: Dr. Rudolf Staudigl,

Wacker Chemie; Martin Zeil, Baviarian government; Günther Oettinger,

European Commission; Thomas Schmid, EPS; Manfred Leitner, OMV;

Werner Döhler, EPS; Günter von Au, Bavarian Chemical Association; Dirk

Dronia, EPS.

EPS | project report

previously existing pipelines for 320 of its total of 360

kilometres, including the underwater crossings of the

Danube, Neckar and Rhine rivers.

Water pressure testing was carried out at 200bar

late last year, after which a temporary operating permit

was issued. Early this year, the pipeline was filled with

ethylene in readiness for a full evaluation of the leak

monitoring system, which continuously measures the

quantities, pressures and temperatures in the pipeline

and compares them to predicted values. Trials carried

out by TüV Süd showed the system responded to a test

leak within minutes, according to EPS.

Looking ahead, the EPS pipeline will be operated on

the “common carrier” principle and offer open access,

non-discriminatory fees and low profits. As a result, all

producers, consumers and prospective customers of

ethylene will be able to use the pipeline at the same

terms and conditions.

Further expansions of the European ethylene

network are also now possible, including connections to

the east (Litvinov, Czech Republic), to Italy and Croatia

(Burghausen – Porto Marghera), Austria (Schwechat)

and further options via Slovakia to Hungary as well as

toward France (Carling).

According to EPS’ owners the pipeline will play a key

part in helping to compensate for the competitive

disadvantages of the European petrochemical industry

in comparison to that of the USA and the Middle East

and to enhance the competitive strength of the Euro-

pean industry in the global market.

❙ www.eps-pipeline.de

Above: Laying

of the 250mm

PE coated steel

pipe for the

EPS project

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German coatings specialist Ceramic

Polymer is supplying its

Proguard epoxy coating for hot

refurbishment of a leaking 90km

oil pipeline in Iran – its largest

pipe coating project to date


case study | Refurbishment

Germany-based Ceramic Polymer secured a contract to

supply its Proguard CN100iso epoxy coating for a major

refurbishment of the 90km steel pipeline that links the

Abadan oil refi nery in Iran with the port of Bandar

Mahshar. It is the company’s largest ever pipeline

coating contract and was secured, says Ceramic

Polymer director Matthias N Roehl, because of the

resin’s suitability for application to substrates at

operating temperatures of up to 90˚C.

Owned by the National Iranian Oil and Refi ning

Distribution Company (NIORDC), the Abadan refi nery is

one of the largest in the world with a claimed capacity of

around 430,000 barrels/day of crude oil. The pipeline

linking it to the Gulf port of Bandar Mahshar was

installed around seven years ago. However, the extreme

operating conditions – the oil temperature at the inlet is

around 90˚C cooling to 60˚C at the outlet while ambient

daytime temperatures are frequently in the 50-60˚C

range – had caused substantial shrinkage of the original

polypropylene (PP) corrosion protection wrapping.

This shrinkage exposed large areas of steel in the

buried pipeline to the highly corrosive damp sabkha soil,

with the result that many leaks had developed along its

length. Repair was essential but with no wish to shut

down the pipeline, owner and operator Iranian Oil

Pipelines and Telecommunications Company (IOPTC), a

subsidiary of NIORDC, required a repair system that

could be implemented at operational temperatures.

Ceramic Polymer’s Proguard CN100iso system is a

high performance two-part epoxy originally developed

for application to pressure vessels operating at

pressures of up to 100bar and temperatures of up to

150˚C. It is a solvent-free system based on unplasti-

cized Novolac hybrid resins offering a Tg value of

greater than 120˚C – allowing it crosslink even when

applied to high temperature substrates.

The coating is capable of withstanding continuous

dry operating temperatures up to 170˚C and intermit-

tent operation to 190˚C, while the incorporation of

micro-sized ceramic particles in the coating enhances

Main image:

Application of

Proguard

CN100iso epoxy

coating to the

Abadan/Bandar

Mahshar

pipeline while

still operation-

al in Iran. The

steel pipeline

surface

exceeds 60˚C

Ceramic Polymer provides hotsolution for Iranian pipeline


Refurbishment | case study

its resistance to abrasion. The coating offers an

adhesion value of greater than 27 N/mm2 according to

ISO 4624 and complies with ISO 10290 requirements

and the local Iranian Pipeline Standard IGS-TP-016.

“No other paint manufacturer could offer a coating

which was capable of being sprayed onto the hot

surface. For IOPTC there was no option other than using

our system if the pipeline was to be kept hot. The

alternative would have been to shut-off the pipeline for

six months and apply a paint system as usual onto a

cold surface,” says Roehl.

“Normally the CN100iso product is not really competi-

tive in cost against the standard cold-surface applied

external pipeline paints that are made by many others,

but in this special case in Iran we won the job since the

conditions were so severe and extraordinary,” he says.

The refurbishment project is being carried out by

Azerbaijan-based contractor Eibak Azer. It involves

excavating sections of the pipeline, removing the PP

wrapping tapes and repairing leaks by welding on steel

patches. The repaired pipeline is then grit blasted and

the Proguard CN100iso coating applied using a Graco

X70 airless spray pump. No primer is required.

The CN100iso system is delivered to the site in the

required 10:1 ratio of base to hardener ready for mixing

and application. A 1.5mm DFT layer is built up by the

application of several wet-on-wet coats. The coating is

touch-dry within 30 minutes. “The pipeline itself is

between 60˚C to 90˚C. That is hot enough to cure the

coating very fast,” says Roehl.

More than 10km of the pipeline has already been

repaired. Ceramic Polymer says more than 80 tonnes of

the Polyguard CN100iso coating has been supplied to

date; the entire six month project is expected to

consume around 700 tonnes. The company has

guaranteed the coating for a period of 25 years.

Alhough this is Ceramic Polymer’s fi rst long length

pipe coating project, Roehl says the company is not

unused to the requirements of the pipeline industry.

“We have not done a big external long pipeline job

before, but have done some special pipe jobs like

‘slug-catchers’ for Oman Gas, NIGC, Descon Pakistan,

etc. These were internal high-pressure natural gas

pipeline jobs,” he says.

The company also offers a two-pack polyurethane

system for standard external pipeline work that

complies with ISO 10290 and the IGS-TP-016 Iranian

standard. This system – Cerapur 9531 – is claimed to

cure in as little as three minutes, making it suitable for

serial external pipe coating application in factories and

pipe-coating plants.

Cerapur 9531 is also a solvent-free formulation and

like the Proguard CN100iso product it also contains

micro-sized ceramic particles to enhance abrasion

resistance. Ceramic Polymer claims the 9351 grade

provides an abrasion resistance rating of excellent

(75mg loss) in ASTM D4060 testing.

� www.ceramic-polymer.de

Below: The old

PP wrap is

scraped away

prior to repair,

blasting and

coating with

the Ceramic

Polymer epoxy

while the

pipeline

remains in

operation

Proguard CN100iso external pipe coating performance Units/Test Values

Design lifetime >50 years Salt spray ASTM B117 >25,000 hours

Abrasion resistance Good due to ceramic particulate fi ller ASTM D4060 Abrasion loss 10-12mg

pH resistance 1.5 – 14

Max operating temperature (dry) 170˚C continuous/190˚C intermittent

Max operating temperature (wet) 150˚C continuous/170˚C intermittent

Primer None required, high adhesion to steel ISO 4624 34-37 N/mm2

System thickness 1.0-1.5mm

Cathodic Protection Good ASTM G8

ASTM G 95 87(98)

API RP5L7 0.0mm disbonding. No blisters

Source: Ceramic Polymer

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External coating | technical update

Developed in Russia, bitumen resinous oligomer

(asmol) is an anti-corrosion material that is being used

to protect some of the country’s pipelines against

underground corrosion. The asmol material is being

applied both to new pipes and to existing pipelines

following repairs. It offers an advantage over alternative

materials in the ability to stop corrosion processes

taking place on the metal pipeline surface. At the

annual Pipeline Coating 2013 conference in Vienna,

Austria, the methods of producing asmol were present-

ed, together with a discussion of its basic physical,

mechanical and anti-corrosion properties. This article

examines further research into its protective action

mechanism.

Asmol petroleum polymer is produced by the

reaction and step-growth polymerisation of bitumen

(the softening point is 35-40°C) or tar propane deas-

phalted asphalt with oligoisoprenes in the presence of

sulphuric acid, which serves as a catalyst and a

Protective action of asmol oligomersulphonating agent at the same time. The presence of

highly active functional groups in the resulting polymer

ensures high adhesion of the coating both to metal and

to polymers, low rate of metal corrosion under the

coating, high resistance to cathodic disbondment, and

the maintenance of all of these properties in long-term

operation. In addition, asmol materials can modify and

transport corrosion products deep into the coating,

which prevents fl aking-off from the protected surface.

Service life of the coatings is more than 35 years. Asmol

coatings have been used for more than 10 years [1].

Asmol coatings can be used with hot application

technology by means of extruding hot-melt asmol onto

the pipeline surface under plant conditions or on site.

And there is no need to prepare the pipeline surface to a

very high standard, it is suffi cient to remove rust

mechanically. Hot application technology presupposes

the use of asmol tapes produced under plant conditions

by the application of a hot-melt asmol mastic onto a

Bitumen resinous oligomer (asmol) has been developed and is being used in pipe coatings in Russia. This article by Nikolaj Cherkasov, Irina Gladkikh and Valerij A Filimonov at SRC Poisk discusses its

protective properties and anti-corrosion mechanisms

Main image:

asmol coating

tapes being

applied during

refurbishment

of a steel

pipeline in

Russia


technical update | External coating

Figure 1: Change on steel surface due to asmol solution over time (SEM)

polymer tape or by reinforcing the hot-melt with glass

fi bre mesh.

The protective action mechanism of asmol has been

studied as exemplifi ed by interaction of metal (steel 20)

with 30% asmol solution in organic solvent. Application

of asmol solution is connected with strengthening of

both chemical and diffusion interaction between asmol

and metal.

When the asmol solution interacts with the metal,

the formation of a protective fi lm can be observed on

the surface of the latter. The thickness of this fi lm

amounts to a value of the order of 12 µm within

approximately fi ve years. Its chemical composition is

essentially iron sulphonates and un-reacted hydropho-

bizated iron oxide. The surface structure of steel

samples exposed in asmol solution has been studied by

means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and is

shown in Figure 1.

During the initial period (three days), it can be seen

that asmol etches components of the steel surface

forming a distinctive pattern. By seven days no traces of

etching can be observed, but the surface is no longer

heterogeneous. After 21 days of interaction between

asmol and the steel the surface grows more homoge-

neous. It can be seen that larger components of the

structure become smaller but do not disappear

completely.

Crystallographic assessment of the formed surface

layers was executed by method of electron backscatter

diffraction (ESBD) analysis. The images of Kikuchi lines

on the steel samples exposed in asmol solution for

three weeks are compared with a sample of carefully

ground steel and shown in Figure 2. It can be seen that

the original sample has clearly visible Kikuchi lines,

which is indicative of a sound crystal lattice of iron. But

after a three-week treatment in asmol solution the

Kikuchi lines are hardly visible, which can be interpret-

ed as the absence of crystal lattice in the surface fi lm.

In effect, the surface layer is an amorphous substance.

Such a heterogeneous amorphous surface of the steel

treated in asmol solution is porous and the porous

structure of the formed layer can be seen in the fi nal

SEM image in Figure 1 after three weeks of interaction

between steel and asmol solution. This porous structure

indicates the possibility of chemical interaction between

asmol sulphonic acids and metallic iron, which fl ows

under the surface layer formed mainly due to the rust.

This process occurs at the rate of 0.0023 g Fe/m2 per day.

Similar results were obtained by atomic force

microscopy (AFM), thorugh which the surface topogra-

phy becomes more clearly visible. The images in Figure

3 show that the surface topography grows more even

and thickness of the formed fi lm increases over the

period the samples are exposed in asmol solution.

However, the surface remains undulated, which can be

considered as a confi rmation of a chemical interaction

between asmol sulphonic acids and rust, thus forming

impurities of hydrophobizated particles of iron oxide.

In order to further assess the possibility of research-

ing the results of this process, a steel sample was

studied that had been protected with asmol mastic and

cut from a pipeline after fi ve years of operation. The

asmol mastic was removed from the steel surface and

the steel was subjected to grinding. A cross-section of

the sample was analyzed. Figure 4 shows photographs

phy becomes more clearly visible. The images in Figure

3 show that the surface topography grows more even

and thickness of the formed fi lm increases over the

period the samples are exposed in asmol solution.

However, the surface remains undulated, which can be

considered as a confi rmation of a chemical interaction

between asmol sulphonic acids and rust, thus forming

impurities of hydrophobizated particles of iron oxide.

ing the results of this process, a steel sample was

studied that had been protected with asmol mastic and

cut from a pipeline after fi ve years of operation. The

asmol mastic was removed from the steel surface and

the steel was subjected to grinding. A cross-section of

the sample was analyzed. Figure 4 shows photographs

Figure 2: Crystallographic images of the original steel (left) and the steel after exposure in asmol solution for 21 days (right)

Day 3 Day 7 Day 21


Figure 3: Change of the steel surface topography as affected by asmol solution over time (AFM)

of the microstructure of the original steel (ferrite-pearl-

ite structure) and the steel treated in asmol.

Figure 4 shows that the composition of the steel

under the asmol layer has changed. The number of

pearlite particles (the dark areas) has signifi cantly

decreased while the number of ferrite particles (the light

areas) has increased. In addition, the pearlite particles

having an asymmetric shape become spheroidal, which

is not a characteristic of steel. Therefore, it can be

argued that there is an intermediate layer of metal with

a modifi ed structure under the asmol surface.

In order to confi rm the changes in the intermediate

layer, a composition of the two-phase structure of the

steel at depth and in the intermediate layer was studied

by the point method. The amount of pearlite at depth of

the sample is 25.5% but it goes down to 10% in the

intermediate level.

Changes of the structural composition of the steel in

the intermediate level are possible, in our opinion, only

due to chemical interaction between asmol sulphonic

acids and metal. It is assumed that the reaction occurs

mainly with pearlite and, most likely, even with iron

Day 3 Day 7 Day 21

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technical update | External coating

Figure 4:Structure of steel inside the sample (left) and at the surface of the sample treated in asmol (right). The ligher areas indicate ferrite and the dark areas pearlite

Figure 5: Carbon distribution map in the intermediate layer (left) of the steel and at depth (right)

carbide Fe3C (cementite):

3R–SO3H + Fe3C → 3Fe(R–SO3)2 + C + H2 (1)

The evolving hydrogen atoms do not necessarily form

H2 molecules in the hydrocarbon medium. Due to high

nascent reactive capacity, they are able to participate in

reactions of joining the reactive sites of tars and

asphaltenes molecules (to multiple bonds, to S and N

atoms). Reactions of reduction of sulphonic acids to

mercaptans are also possible [2]:

H H HRSO3H → RSO2H → RSOH → RSH (2)

- H2O - H2O - H2O

In reaction (1) element carbon is a product of

interaction between iron carbide and asmol sulphonic

acids. It is believed that the carbon content is higher in

the intermediate layer than that at depth of the steel.

Figure 5 shows the map of carbon distribution (white

dots) in the intermediate layer and at depth of the steel,

from which it follows that the closer to the physical

surface of the steel, the higher the carbon content.

Carbon distribution is even at depth in the steel sample.

Carbon distribution in the intermediate layer from the

physical surface of the steel into the depth of the sample

was determined by the SEM method using electron

probe microanalysis. The results are shown in Figure 6.

It follows from the presented data that in the intermedi-

ate layer there is an increased carbon content which is

reduced to the content characteristic of pure steel. Thus,

there is no internal boundary between the intermediate

layer and the steel. Conventional thickness of the

intermediate layer is at the level of 10-15 µm.

Carbon enrichment of the surface layer, reduction of

pearlite, presence of products of interaction between

asmol sulphonic acids and particles of pearlite colonies

should affect features of the crystal lattice of iron to

some extent. Indeed, the surface layer of the intermedi-

ate layer as compared to the steel deep layers as shown

by X-ray analysis has the lattice constant equal to

2.866793 (±16) instead of 2.86624 (±10), which indicates

an increase of the interatomic distance between the

iron atoms in the crystal lattice.

Thus, asmol not only protects the surface of the steel

against corrosion but penetrates the depth of the metal

modifying its properties. Among other considerations,

high carbon content in the intermediate layer can be


considered as “cast ironising” of this layer and increas-

ing its corrosion resistance. It is also possible to expect

an increase of asmol mastic adhesion to metal over

time since the adhesive layer is not only on the steel

surface but also penetrates its depth.

Suspension of corrosion processes was also observed

in practice. The asmol protective coating on the Bukhara-

Ural-1 pipelines (1732 km of Kartalinsky Local Gas

Transmission Facility of OOO Gazprom Transgaz

Yekaterinburg LLC) was inspected in August 2007. In this

application, the asmol coating had been applied to a

section of the pipelines with signifi cant pre-existing

corrosion damage. After fi ve years of operation it was

established that development of corrosion processes

under asmol coating had been stopped.

References:1. Cherkasov, N.M., Gladkikh, I.F., Gumerov, K.M.,

Subaev, I.U. Asmol and new insulating materials for underground pipelines. Moscow: Nedra, 2005. 155 pp.

2. Bratkov, A.A. Theoretical fundamentals of Chemmo-tology / Ed. Bratkov, A.A. – Moscow: Khimiya, 1985.

– 320 pp.

About the authors:Nikolaj M Cherkasov is general manager of the

Scientifi c Research Centre (SRC) Poisk in Russia, Irina

F Gladkikh is director of technology and Valerij A

Filimonov an engineer (category 1). SRC Poisk was

founded in Ufa in 1992 and employs around 38 people.

Its main activities are the production of asmol mastic

and roll materials and coating research.

in practice. The asmol protective coating on the Bukhara-

Yekaterinburg LLC) was inspected in August 2007. In this

Figure 6: Dependence of carbon content on the distance from the steel surface into the depth in increments of 1 µm

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Winn & Coales (Denso) Ltd Denso House, Chapel Road, London SE27 OTR Tel: +44 (0) 208 670 7511Fax: +44 (0) 0208 761 2456 Email: [email protected] Web: www.denso.net

FM 01548EMS 583748

Established in 1883 - 130 Years Service to Industry

Leaders in Corrosion Prevention & Sealing Technology

Long-term Pipeline CoatingSolutions for Corrosion Control

A Member of Winn & Coales International

Images courtesy of: Zotefoams PLC

Media supporters: Organised by:Applied Market Information Ltd.

FINAL REMINDER – BOOK NOW

P O L Y M E R FOAM2013

19-21 November 2013Marriott Hotel, Hamburg

Germany

International conference on blowing agents and foaming technology for polymer materials

Kat Langner, Conference Organiser [email protected] Ph: +44 117 924 9442 Fax: +44(0)117 311 1534


* + 19% German VAT

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Back issues of Pipeline Coating can be viewed free at our website www.pipeline-coating.com

MAY 2013

SUBSEA LINE PIPE TESTS VALIDATE PPROBOT COATING FOR INTERNAL JOINTSPIPELINE COATING 2013 CONFERENCE

STEEL PIPE COATING MARKET UPDATE

NOVEMBER 2012

NEW OPPORTUNITIES IN SHALE GAS

DELIVERING WATER IN BOTSWANA

LINING SUBSEA HYDROCARBON PIPE

IMPROVED DEEP SEA JOINT TESTING

November 2011

PiPeliNe coatiNg goes mobile

iN-service moNitoriNg oPtioNs

UNderstaNdiNg PiPe corrosioN

aNalysiNg global market treNds

Pipeline Coating magazine: online; on tablets; on smartphones

g goes mobileg goes mobile

NNg og oPP

e corrosioe corrosio

g global market treg global market tre

MAY 2012

The drivers for pipeline deMAnd

AcousTic MoniToring Techniques

reviewing pipeline coATing 2012

An in-depTh look AT nord sTreAM


Update | products

Tolcide 4Frac helps controlcorrosion

addiTives

Carboline targets abrasionwith latest aRO coating

victrex performs in NORsOK tests

abRasiON COaTiNg

pOlymeRs

Solvay has announced the

introduction of Tolcide

4Frac, the latest addition to

its family of biocides for the

management of microbially

influenced internal

corrosion in pipelines and

equipment used in oil and

gas stimulation applica-

tions.

The new product,

developed by the company’s

Novecare division, is

claimed to provide en-

hanced compatibility with

polymer-based stimulation

fluids and offers enhanced

efficacy against acid

producing bacteria even at

low pH.

Designed for use in both

batch mix and on on-the-fly

pump applications, it is said

to offer improved compat-

ibility with polyacrylamide-

based friction reducer

additives, guar-based

gelling agents, and fully or

partially cross-linked

borate, zirconate and

titanate gelled fluids.

“Tolcide 4Frac will be the

new reference for the

pumping service and

production companies

looking for safe and secure

supply of biocides with a

wide span of compatibility

in fracturing fluids,” says

Bruno Langlois, Global

Business Development

Director of Solvay’s Oil &

Gas Market.

❙ www.solvay.com

St Louis, US-headquartered Carboline

Company has launched Polyclad ARO, which it

describes as an advanced high performance

coating formulated to protect Fusion Bonded

Epoxy (FBE) coated buried steel pipe from

damage during horizontal directional drilling.

Polyclad ARO (abrasion resistant overlay) is

said to be designed to protect the FBE or epoxy

coated pipeline from gouges and mechanical

damage during directional drilling or slip bore

installations. The coating is intended to be

applied directly over coated pipe as an abrasion

resistant overlay (ARO) and is said to provide

superior protection in rocky, rough and

mountainous environments by absorbing

destructive energy and minimising coating

damage.

“Polyclad ARO provides excellent adhesion

and superior gouge resistance to prepared FBE

and other coatings”, says Dallas Finch, VP of

Global Research and Development at Carboline

Company. “This allows for the coated pipe to be

used in the most severe conditions and extend

the life cycle of the pipeline.”

The new coating is touch-dry in 10 minutes

and fully cures in 20 minutes, allowing

applicator shops to greatly increase production

by speeding up output rates, according to

Carboline VP of Sales – North America Randy

Roth.

The company says the purpose of the ARO

coating is to protect the FBE from damage

while the pipe is being pulled through a drilled

hole. It says the test that best simulates such

damage is the gouge resistance test currently

under development by NACE International and

claims Polyclad ARO provides the best gouge

resistance of all abrasion resistant overlay

(ARO) coatings on the market.

Carboline is a global manufacturer and

supplier of innovative high performance

coating, linings and fire-proofing products with

manufacturing locations around the world.

❙ www.carboline.com

UK-headquartered high

performance polymer

company Victrex has success-

fully completed NORSOK

standard testing of its Victrex

PEEK 450G grade.

The resin was tested to

NORSOK standard M-710 Rev.2

(October 2011) and, in

particular, covering ageing in

a multiphase sour fluid. The

NORSOK standard is normally

used as a component test

where operating temperatures

are specified, the method was

applied to the PEEK 450G

grade at temperatures

between 175°C and 210°C for

over 800 hours.

Further testing in higher

volume fractions of

hydrogen sulphide

gas has confirmed

the outstanding

resistance of

VICTREX PEEK to

chemical aging in sour

environments, says the

company.

❙ www.victrex.com

products | Update

Dräger simplifi es gas calibrationINSTRUMENTATION

Remote monitoring option

DATA CAPTURE

PRT secures ePIPE patentsINTERNAL COATING

The X-Dock from Dräger is a

new calibration and manage-

ment system allowing

automation of bump testing

and calibration of portable

gas sensing devices.

The new system is said to

offer time and cost saving

benefi ts to users. Features

include robust documenta-

tion and reporting functions,

and much reduced opportu-

nity for error. Three models

AutoLog GSM WirelessProbe

is a new compact and robust

device from Finland-based

FF-Automation designed to

remotely capture cathodic

protection system data from

the fi eld.

GSM WirelessProbe is

able to send measurement

data over GSM/GPRS

networks and Internet/

Intranet. Simply install the

IP67/IP68 device, connect the

inputs from the CP rectifi er

and optional controls and

data can be immediately

transferred to a web-browser

using the company’s

cloud-base ControlMan

server.

The company says the

ControlMan system offers

users a low cost remote

monitoring option that

employs standard communi-

cation networks to allow

simple set-up of global

networks. The system is said

to offer a long life cycle and

is both highly fl exible and

scalable.

� www.ff-automation.com

US-based Pipe Restoration Technologies says it

has been awarded US and European patents

covering the application of its ePIPE in-place

lining technology for water supply pipes.

The company has been awarded a US patent

(8,524,320) covering the process for coating the

internal surface of water service lines and a

European patent (EP 2099581) covering

methods and systems for relining and sealing

piping systems in-place.

The company says some 25% of domestic

dwellings in the EU use lead piping either to

connect to the water main or as part of the

internal plumbing, which puts some 120 million

people at potential risk from lead in drinking

water. It says an estimated 38 million proper-

ties in the US are also affected by lead leaching

into the water supply.

Using the ePIPE product and process, water

supply pipes can be restored in-place in a

matter of a few hours per property, according to

the company. “We have already completed lead

reduction programs with several proactive

Water Utilities and Housing Councils in the UK,

and with the US Department of Defense in the

United States. In all cases, after the ePIPE

process, a fi rst draw of standing water, tested

at the kitchen tap for lead, was found to be in

compliance with new WHO/EU guidelines”, says

Larry Gillanders, Pipe Restoration Technologies

CEO.

� www.epipeinfo.com

Pipeline Coating is a new digital magazine from Applied Market Information (AMI), the company behind the hugely successful Pipeline Coating

conference and the highly regarded Pipe and Profi le Extrusion magazine.

Subscribe to...

CLICK HERE TO SUBSCRIBE

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are available in the X-Dock

range, providing one, three or

six base ga connections.

� www.draeger.com

Take out your own FREE subscriptions to any of the magazines.Click on the logos below to simply register on-line.

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Pipeline Coating – Nov 2012The November 2012 edition of Pipeline Coating looked at what growing shale gas production may mean for steel pipe coaters and pipeline installers. It also considered the use of 3LPE coatings in water distribution, cured-in-place lining of concrete power station cooling pipes, and discussed deepsea joint testing.

� Click here to view

Pipe and Profi le – OctThe October edition of Pipe and Profi le Extrusion looks at the latest innovations in optical fi bre ducting, trenchless pipe technologies and downstream automation. Plus, a preview of the materials and equipment on show for extrusion processors at K 2013.


Film and Sheet – Oct The October edition of Film and

Sheet Extrusion looked at the latest applications for polycarbonate sheet,

developments in BOPP production, and technology to

simplify recycling of agricultural fi lms. Plus, full

coverage of the K plastics fair in Germany.


Pipeline Coating – Nov 2012The November 2012 edition of Pipeline Coating looked at what growing shale gas production may mean for steel pipe coaters and pipeline installers. It also considered the use of 3LPE coatings in water distribution, cured-in-place lining of concrete power station cooling pipes, and discussed deepsea joint testing.

�

Compounding World – OctThe biggest ever issue of

Compounding World is fi lled with features on the latest

reinforcing fi bres, developments in titanium

dioxide and opportunities in India’s plastics market. It also

has an 18-page guide to the highlights of the K 2013

exhibition.


Pipeline Coating – MayThe new edition of Pipeline

Coating looks at the outlook for the steel pipe coating industry and asks how the recession in

Europe is likely to impact on plans for new mega-pipelines across the continent. We also

investigate PP foam ageing and robotic internal weld coating.


Injection World – OctThe biggest ever edition of Injection World is packed full of features on electronic applications, conformal cooling, 3D printing, hot runners, PET performs and thermoplastic composites. Plus there’s a huge guide to K 2013 for moulders.


THERMOSETS: STRUCTURE, PROPERTIESAND APPLICATIONS

PIPELINE COATING 2013 - CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS

THE EFFECT OF UV LIGHT AND WEATHER ON PLASTICS AND ELASTOMERS, 3RD EDITION

HANDBOOK OF MATERIAL WEATHERING,5TH EDITION

REACTIVE POLYMERS FUNDAMENTALSAND APPLICATIONS

2013, by Pavlou, €205.00 or £170.00 or $270.00

New. Design, analysis and optimization of subsea and onshore FRP pipelines.

� More info/Buy here

2013, By Fink,€235.00 or £195.00 or $305.00

New. 576 pages covering industrial processes, performance, fabrication and uses.


2013, by Wypych,€220.00 or £185.00 or $300.00

New. Comprehensive and thoroughly updated edition of a bestseller.


2013, by McKeen,€395.00 or £330.00 or $525.00

New. Principles, essential performance data and practical examples.


2013, 20 papers and CD,335.00 or £280.00 or $420.00

Market overviews, technological advances, fi eld joining and external and internal coatings.


2012, by Guo,€165.00 or £135.00 or $215.00

Performance and uses of materials including epoxies and urethanes.


NEWNEW

Visit www.pidbooks.com for hundreds of recent titles, easy online ordering,

special offers and clearance bargains!Order online or by telephone, fax or email. Contact Matt Wherlock,

Tel: +44 (0)117 924 9442 Fax: +44 (0)117 9892128 email: [email protected] prices are correct at the time of publication but may be subject to change.

Please check the Plastics Information Direct website for current prices and shipping charges.

COMPOSITE MATERIALS INPIPING APPLICATIONS

NEWNEW

Our selection of the latest titles and essential reference works for the pipeline coating industry

bookshelfBROUGHT TO YOU BY

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Pipeline Coating 2014International conference on pipeline protection, coating technology, materials and markets


Also sponsored by:

Media supporter:

HEADLINE SPONSOR

24 -26 February 2014Austria Trend Hotel Savoyen,

Vienna, Austria

SPECIAL OFFER: Save €100* if you register before 20th December 2013

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HEADLINE SPONSOR

Monday 24th February 2014

17.00-19.30 Registration 18.00-19.30 Welcome Cocktail Reception sponsored by: There are no conference sessions on this day

Tuesday 25th February 2014

08.00 Registration and welcome coffee sponsored by: 09.00 Opening announcements

MARKET OVERVIEW

09.10 Trends and developments in the market for steel pipe coating Mr. Noru Tsalic, Senior Vice President, AMI CONSULTING, United Kingdom

09.40 A review of long-distance pipeline coating applications in China and the challenges Mr. Wuxi Bi, Senior Pipeline Corrosion Engineer and Mr. Ai Muyang, Senior Engineer and Dean of Petrochina Pipeline R&D Center, PETROCHINA PIPELINE COMPANY, China

10.10 External coatings for oil and gas pipelines in Russia: overview Mr. Andrew Chalov, Deputy General Manager - Foreign Trade, TIAL, Russia

10.40-11.10 Morning coffee sponsored by:

SESSION 1 - CASE STUDIES

11.10 Various pipeline coatings Mr. Vipul Kumar, General Manager-Projects, CAIRN INDIA LIMITED, India

11.40 Methodology for the assessment of coating behaviour in CO2 pipeline transportation by real fi eld conditions simulator Eng. Andrea Bergo, Researcher, CENTRO SVILUPPO MATERIALI S.p.A., Italy

12.10 Case study: use of high density polyethylene (HDPE) liners for high pressure effl uent water injection pipeline Mr. Hadyan Fahad Alajmi, Senior Major Project Engineer, KUWAIT OIL COMPANY, Kuwait

12.40-14.10 Lunch sponsored by:

14.10 Tales of the unexpected: internal pipe coatings in the Canadian oil patch Dr. Mike O’Donoghue, Director of Engineering & Technical Services, INTERNATIONAL PAINT LLC, A DIVISION OF AKZONOBEL, Canada

14.40 A high mechanical properties adhesive powder Mr. Fangcheng Tang, Vice President, GUANGZHOU LUSHAN NEW MATERIALS Co., Ltd., China

15.10 The rehabilitation of sub-sea pipelines using a new form of fl exible kevlar reinforced plastic liners Mr. Robert Walters, Chairman, ANTICORROSION PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS, United Arab Emirates

15.40-16.10 Afternoon coffee sponsored by:

SESSION 2 - RESEARCH AND TESTING

16.10 Testing of subsea wet insulation materials for deep water applications Mrs. Heléne Vrålstad, Principal Engineer, Polymeric Materials, STATOIL ASA, Norway

C O N F E R E N C E P R O G R A M M E

Pipeline Coating 201424-26 February 2014

Austria Trend Hotel Savoyen, Vienna, Austria

AMI is pleased to invite you to attend the 6th international conference on pipeline protection, Pipeline Coating 2014, which will take place from 24-26 February at the Austria Trend Hotel Savoyen in the city of Vienna in Austria. The event starts on 24th February with an evening welcome drinks reception and exhibition followed by a 2-day programme. There will be reviews of the pipe coating industry worldwide including focused papers on Russia and China.

The conference sessions will be held in English and simultaneously translated into Russian.

With new fi elds of production opening up for oil and gas across the world and with innovative collection of shale gas, plus carbon capture and storage in the form of CO2 gas, the pipeline network is continuing to expand. It is critical to select the best coatings for both the inside and outside of the line pipe to ensure trouble-free transmission, this includes protecting the steel from the external environment of harsh weather or deep sea conditions, hostile soil and rocks, moisture, and the contents of the pipe, which can be highly corrosive. There are developments in coatings to improve the performance of established materials in extreme environments.

This year’s conference brings together operators, top pipeline coating experts worldwide, test institutes and the supply industry to review the application and use of coatings in different conditions. There are case studies from oil and gas operators and contractors across the world and new test methods to try to predict service life and to enhance quality control. The factory coating process can be fl awless, but this needs to be matched by the fi eld joint coating and there are several new technologies in this area.

Pipeline Coating 2014 is the global leading event studying protection methods and markets for the pipeline industry and brings together delegates from across the industry. Why not join the debate and develop your network of contacts while reviewing the latest hot topics.

EARLY BIRD REGISTRATION OFFERRegister before 20th December 2013 and pay €1090* saving €100* on the full price of €1190*. There are additional discounts for group bookings. The registration fee includes attendance at all conference sessions, the Welcome Cocktail Reception, lunch and refreshment breaks on both days and a set of conference proceedings.

SPONSOR THIS EVENT A variety of sponsorship opportunities are available at this conference to help to promote and enhance your company’s products and services to this highly targeted international audience. Contact the conference hotline for further information.

EXHIBITION SPACEMake it easy for the delegates to fi nd you at this busy event with your own table top exhibition space. Bring your own display stand or just use the space to have literature and samples available and ensure that you make an impact. Registration includes 1 delegate place! Space is limited so to avoid disappointment please register for this service as soon as possible.

HOTEL ACCOMMODATIONDelegates are responsible for booking their own accommodation. AMI has negotiated a room rate of €120 for a single room and €140 for a double room (breakfast and internet included) at the Austria Trend Hotel Savoyen in Vienna, Austria. Please note the cut off date for the bedroom booking at the special room rate is the 23rd December 2013. To reserve a room, please vist our AMI Conferences website or use the link on the registration form in this brochure.


CONFERENCE HOTLINE

Contact: Sabine Prack, Senior Conference OrganiserTel: +44 (0) 117 924 9442Fax: +44 (0) 117 311 1534Email: [email protected]

FIVE GOOD REASONS WHY YOU SHOULD ATTEND:

1. Study pipeline market trends

2. Learn about innovative coatings

3. Review new opportunities

4. Hear about challenging pipeline operating conditions

5. Network with other professionals in the pipeline industry

HEADLINE SPONSOR

Save €100*Register before 20th December 2013

*+ Austrian VAT applicable

C O N F E R E N C E P R O G R A M M E

Conference lanyard sponsored by:

Conference bag sponsored by:

Conference hotel key card sponsored by:

Conference gift sponsored by:

Conference iPad prize draw sponsored by:

Conference CD sponsored by:

Conference gift sponsored by:

16.40 The proactive approach on quality control and integrity management applied for pipeline coating Mr. Mohamed Daoud, Projects Quality Manager, ADCO, United Arab Emirates

17.10 Trends in pipeline coatings qualification testing - an independent test house perspective Mrs. Lynda Barron, Group Technical Leader - Coatings, EXOVA UK Ltd., United Kingdom

20.00 Conference Dinner sponsored by:

Wednesday 26th February 2014

08.30 Registration and welcome coffee sponsored by: 09.00 Opening announcements

SESSION 3 - EXTERNAL COATING

09.10 Evolving market needs shape the next generation anti- corrosion coating - application to three layer polyethylene Mr. Cedric Oudinot, Global Product Line Manager - Anticorrosion and Internal Coatings, BREDERO SHAW, United States

09.40 Improved topcoat for high temperatures and demanding conditions Mr. Mohamed Ali Jaber, Application Marketing Manager, BOROUGE Pte Ltd., United Arab Emirates

10.10 Advances in hydrogen sulfide resistant coatings for exploration and production pipe application Dr. Jeffrey David Rogozinski, Global Technical Director, THE VALSPAR CORPORATION, United States

10.40-11.10 Morning coffee sponsored by:

11.10 External solutions for transmission pipelines operating at high temperatures in barren territories Mr. Klaas van der Mije, Marketing Manager Oil & Gas EMEA, PPG COATINGS EUROPE B.V., Netherlands

11.40 Coatings from asphalt-tar oligomers to protect steel pipelines against corrosion Mr. Nikolaj M. Cherkasov, General Director, SRC “POISK” Ltd., Russia

SESSION 4 - FIELD JOINT COATING

12.10 Factory grade joint coating systems for 3LPE/PP coated pipelines Mr. Pascal Laferriere, Global Manager - Product Management, CANUSA-CPS, Canada

12.40-14.10 Lunch sponsored by:

14.10 Is it possible to have a 3 layer system on joints, bends and fittings? Mr. Mick Gribby, Market Manager, Oil and Gas, PLASCOAT SYSTEMS Ltd., United Kingdom

14.40 Transforming field joint processing technology Mr. Wayne Hine, Director of Sales, INDUCTOTHERM HEATING & WELDING Ltd., United Kingdom

15.10 NDT inspection of field joint coating Mr. Colin Bird, NDT Development Manager, DOOSAN BABCOCK, United Kingdom

15.40 Afternoon coffee sponsored by:

16.10 Conference ends

HEADLINE SPONSOR

Bredero Shaw, Canusa-CPS and Socotherm are individual operating businesses of ShawCor LLC, an established company with market leadership in the energy industry. ShawCor is the world’s largest provider of plant and field-applied pipeline coatings for corrosion protection, flow assurance, insulation, weight coatings, as well as filed joint protection and manufacturing of fiber reinforced plastic pipe and automated weld inspection services. A global network of more than 70 modern manufacturing and service facilities are located in the world’s primary energy producing regions and growth frontiers. ShawCor’s pipeline corrosion and thermal protection businesses combine unique products and services that are unmatched in our industry.

PIPELINE COATING 2014CONFERENCE INFORMATION

Date and location24-26 February 2014 Austria Trend Hotel SavoyenRennweg 161030 ViennaAustriaTel: +43 1 206 33 0Fax: +43 1 206 33 9210

Registration feeThe registration fee includes attendance at all conference sessions, the Welcome Cocktail Reception, lunch and refreshment breaks on both days and a set of conference proceedings.

• Early bird registration: Register before 20th December 2013 for only €1090*. Thereafter the cost is €1190*.

• Group rates: For companies wishing to register two or more delegates, group discounts are available. Please contact the Conference Organiser for more details. (Please note to qualify for the group discount delegates must be booked at the same time, otherwise additional delegates may be charged at full price.)

Pipeline Coating 2014 table top exhibitionA limited number of table top exhibition spaces are available in the spacious lobby next to the main meeting room. The table top exhibition fee is excellent value for money and includes 1 delegate place. Exhibitors may either use tables provided by the hotel or bring their own stand or display.

Sponsor this event and promote your companyA variety of sponsorship opportunities are available at this event that can help to promote and enhance your company’s products and services to this highly targeted international audience. For further information, please contact the Conference Organiser on: +44 (0) 117 924 9442.

Social eventsThe social events organised for Pipeline Coating 2014 will provide an ideal setting for delegates and speakers to mix business with pleasure.

• Welcome Cocktail Reception: A welcoming cocktail reception will be held on the first evening. All delegates are invited to attend and it will offer an excellent opportunity to meet speakers and other colleagues. The Welcome Cocktail Reception will run approximately from 18:00 to 19:30 and is included in the delegate fee.

• Conference Dinner: All delegates are warmly invited to attend the Conference Dinner, which will take place at a local restaurant on the evening of 25th February 2014. The additional cost is €79*.

Hotel accommodationDelegates are responsible for booking their own accommodation. AMI has negotiated a room rate of €120 for a single room and €140 for a double room (breakfast and internet included) at the Austria Trend Hotel Savoyen in Vienna, Austria. Please note the cut-off date for the bedroom booking at the special room rate is the 23rd December 2013. Therefore please book your room as soon as possible.

To reserve a room, please use the link below to the hotel’s Pipeline Coating 2014 reservation webpage:https://bookings.ihotelier.com/bookings.jsp?groupID=1013412&hotelID=75044

Tel: +43 1 206 330 Fax: +43 1 20633 9110 Email: [email protected]

CancellationsFull refunds, less a cancellation charge of €200 will only be made on cancellations received prior to 24th January 2014. Thereafter we regret that no refunds can be made. Delegates may be substituted at any time. Please note that refunds will not be given on table top bookings or dinner places.


CONFERENCE HOTLINE

SABINE PRACK, SENIOR CONFERENCE ORGANISERApplied Market Information Ltd.6 Pritchard Street, Bristol, BS2 8RH, United KingdomTel: +44 (0) 117 924 9442 Fax: +44 (0) 117 311 1534Email: [email protected]

The latest programme, including any new speakers or changes to the schedule can be viewed on our website: www.amiconferences.com

PLEASE PRINT OUT FORM AND COMPLETE IN BLOCK CAPITALS

REGISTRATION FORMCompany: _____________________________________________________

Address: _______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Country: _______________________________________________________

Tel: ____________________________ Fax: ____________________________

Email: ________________________________________________________

VAT No.: __________________________________________________(Must be completed by all EU Companies)

Company activity: _______________________________________________

Purchase order No. (if applicable): _______________________________________

Invoice address (if different from above): ____________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

DELEGATE DETAILS If more than one delegate please photocopy form

Title: _______________ First name: _________________________________

Surname: ______________________________________________________

Position: _______________________________________________________

Special dietry requirments: _________________________________________

Signature: ________________________ Date: ________________________

PAYMENT DETAILS All payments to be made in Euros

Please tick box and write amount: qEarly bird admission fee: €1090* _________ (Until 20th December 2013)

qAdmission fee thereafter: €1190* _________

q Table top exhibition package: €2250* _________ (Includes 1 delegate place)

qConference Dinner: €79* _________

Total: _________


METHOD OF PAYMENT On receipt of this registration form your credit card will be debited. You will be sent an invoice in 7-14 working days.

q Bank transfer quoting: ‘Applied Market Information Ltd. - Pipeline Coating 2014’ to: Commerzbank, Filiale Düsseldorf, Breite Straße 25, 40213 Düsseldorf, Germany Account number: 1024710 Bank No. 300 400 00 IBAN: DE93 3004 0000 0102 4710 00 SWIFT: COBADEFFXXX

q Visa / Mastercard / Eurocard / JCB

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If paying by card the following information must be given

Name of cardholder: _____________________________________________

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INTERNAL FLOW COATING FOR GAS PROJECT: ETHYLENE