INTERNATIONAL BACCALAUREATE ORGANIZATION CHEMISTRY … · 2019. 1. 17. · Sm Sc Se Si Ag Na Sr S Ta Tc Te Tb Tl Th Tm Sn Ti W U V Xe Yb Y Zn Zr mercury molybdenum neodymium neon

nINTERNATIONAL BACCALAUREATE ORGANIZATION

CHEMISTRY DATA BOOKLET

March 2003

To be used in the teaching and examination of

Diploma Programme chemistry

Valid for examination sessions from May 2003

Chemistry Data Booklet

First published August 2001

Reprinted with minor corrections March 2003

© International Baccalaureate Organization 2001

Organisation du Baccalauréat International

Route des Morillons 15

Grand-Saconnex, Genève

CH-1218

SWITZERLAND

Notes

This booklet cannot be used for paper 1 of the examination (HLP1 and SLP1), but the

periodic table given on page 4 will be available as part of these examination papers. Clean

copies of this booklet must be made available to candidates for papers 2 and 3 (HLP2, HLP3,

SLP2 and SLP3).

Contents

1. Some Relevant Equations 2

2. Physical Constants 2

3. Fundamental Particles 2

4. Names of the First 103 Elements 3

5. The Periodic Table 4

6. Melting Points and Boiling Points of the Elements 5

7. First Ionization Energy, Electron Affinity and Electronegativity of the Elements 6

8. Atomic and Ionic Radii of the Elements 7

9. Covalent Bond Lengths 8

10. Average Bond Enthalpies at 298 K 8

11. Organic Compounds—Thermodynamic Data 9

12. Ellingham Diagram 10

13. Enthalpies of Combustion 11

14. Lattice Enthalpies at 298 K (Experimental and Theoretical Values) 12

15. Standard Electrode Potentials 13

16. Strengths of Organic Acids and Bases 14

17. Acid–base Indicators 15

18. Infrared Data 16

19. 1H NMR Data 17

20. 2-amino Acids 18

21. Structural Formulas of Some Important Medicines and Drugs 20

22. Structural Formulas of Some Important Biological Molecules 22

1. Some Relevant Equations

or[ ] [ ] kto

A A e−=[ ]

[ ]oln =

Akt

A

aE

RTk Ae−

= ln lnaE

k ART

= − +

Ilog

I

o lc10 = ∈12

0.693t

k=

PV PV

T T

1 1 2 2

1 2

=G H T S∆ = ∆ − ∆0 0 0

E mc2=E hf=

2. Physical Constants

Avogadro’s constant (L) = 6.02 × 1023 mol-1

Gas constant (R) = 8.31 J K-1 mol-1

Molar volume of an ideal gas at 273 K, 1.01 × 105 Pa = 2.24 × 10-2 m3 mol-1 (22.4 dm3 mol-1)

Speed of light in a vacuum (c) = 3.00 × 108 m s-1

Planck constant (h) = 6.63 × 10-34 J s

Specific heat capacity of water = 4.18 kJ kg-1 K-1 ( = 4.18 J g-1 K-1)

Ionic product constant for water (Kw) = 1.00 × 10-14 mol2 dm-6 at 298 K

(1 atm = 1.01 × 105 Pa)

(1 dm3 = 1 litre = 1 × 10-3 m3 = 1 × 103 cm3)

3. Fundamental Particles

9.109534 × 10-31

1.602189 × 10-19

1.674954 × 10-27

0

1.672648 × 10-27

1.602189 × 10-19

Mass/kg

Charge/C

ElectronNeutronProton

2 IB Diploma Programme: Chemistry Data Booklet, March 2003

4. Names of the First 103 Elements

80

42

60

10

93

28

41

7

102

76

8

46

15

78

94

84

19

59

61

91

88

86

75

45

37

44

62

21

34

14

47

11

38

16

73

43

52

65

81

90

69

50

22

74

92

23

54

70

39

30

40

Hg

Mo

Nd

Ne

Np

Ni

Nb

N

No

Os

O

Pd

P

Pt

Pu

Po

K

Pr

Pm

Pa

Ra

Rn

Re

Rh

Rb

Ru

Sm

Sc

Se

Si

Ag

Na

Sr

S

Ta

Tc

Te

Tb

Tl

Th

Tm

Sn

Ti

W

U

V

Xe

Yb

Y

Zn

Zr

mercury

molybdenum

neodymium

neon

neptunium

nickel

niobium

nitrogen

nobelium

osmium

oxygen

palladium

phosphorus

platinum

plutonium

polonium

potassium

praseodymium

promethium

protactinium

radium

radon

rhenium

rhodium

rubidium

ruthenium

samarium

scandium

selenium

silicon

silver

sodium

strontium

sulfur

tantalum

technetium

tellurium

terbium

thallium

thorium

thulium

tin

titanium

tungsten

uranium

vanadium

xenon

ytterbium

yttrium

zinc

zirconium

89

13

95

51

18

33

85

56

97

4

83

5

35

48

55

20

98

6

58

17

24

27

29

96

66

99

68

63

100

9

87

64

31

32

79

72

2

67

1

49

53

77

26

36

57

103

82

3

71

12

25

101

Ac

Al

Am

Sb

Ar

As

At

Ba

Bk

Be

Bi

B

Br

Cd

Cs

Ca

Cf

C

Ce

Cl

Cr

Co

Cu

Cm

Dy

Es

Er

Eu

Fm

F

Fr

Gd

Ga

Ge

Au

Hf

He

Ho

H

In

I

Ir

Fe

Kr

La

Lr

Pb

Li

Lu

Mg

Mn

Md

actinium

aluminium

americium

antimony

argon

arsenic

astatine

barium

berkelium

beryllium

bismuth

boron

bromine

cadmium

caesium

calcium

californium

carbon

cerium

chlorine

chromium

cobalt

copper

curium

dysprosium

einsteinium

erbium

europium

fermium

fluorine

francium

gadolinium

gallium

germanium

gold

hafnium

helium

holmium

hydrogen

indium

iodine

iridium

iron

krypton

lanthanum

lawrencium

lead

lithium

lutetium

magnesium

manganese

mendelevium

Atomic

Number

SymbolElementAtomic

Number

SymbolElement

IB Diploma Programme: Chemistry Data Booklet, March 2003 3

1

2

3

45

6

7

0

5. T

he

Per

iod

ic T

ab

le

10

3

Lr

(26

0)

10

2

No

(25

9)

10

1

Md

(25

8)

10

0

Fm

(25

7)

99

Es

(25

4)

98

Cf

(25

1)

97

Bk

(247)

96

Cm

(247)

95

Am

(243)

94

Pu

(24

4)

93

Np

(237)

92 U

238.0

3

91

Pa

23

1.0

4

90

Th

23

2.0

4

‡

71

Lu

17

4.9

7

70

Yb

17

3.0

4

69

Tm

16

8.9

3

68

Er

16

7.2

6

67

Ho

16

4.9

3

66

Dy

162

.50

65

Tb

158.9

2

64

Gd

157.2

5

63

Eu

151.9

6

62

Sm

150.3

5

61

Pm

146.9

2

60

Nd

144.2

4

59

Pr

14

0.9

1

58

Ce

14

0.1

2

†

8

9

‡

Ac

(22

7)

88

Ra

(226

)

87

Fr

(223)

86

Rn

(22

2)

85

At

(21

0)

84

Po

(21

0)

83

Bi

20

8.9

8

82

Pb

20

7.1

9

81

Tl

20

4.3

7

80

Hg

20

0.5

9

79

Au

196.9

7

78

Pt

195.0

9

77 Ir

192.2

2

76

Os

190.2

1

75

Re

186.2

1

74

W183.8

5

73

Ta

18

0.9

5

72

Hf

17

8.4

9

5

7

†

La

13

8.9

1

56

Ba

137.3

4

55

Cs

132.9

1

54

Xe

13

1.3

0

53 I

12

6.9

0

52

Te

12

7.6

0

51

Sb

12

1.7

5

50

Sn

11

8.6

9

49

In1

14

.82

48

Cd

112

.40

47

Ag

107.8

7

46

Pd

106.4

2

45

Rh

102.9

1

44

Ru

101.0

7

43

Tc

98.9

1

42

Mo

95.9

4

41

Nb

92

.91

40

Zr

91

.22

39 Y

88

.91

38

Sr

87.6

2

37

Rb

85.4

7

36

Kr

83

.80

35

Br

79

.90

34

Se

78

.96

33

As

74

.92

32

Ge

72

.59

31

Ga

69

.72

30

Zn

65

.37

29

Cu

63.5

5

28

Ni

58.7

1

27

Co

58.9

3

26

Fe

55.8

5

25

Mn

54.9

4

24

Cr

52.0

0

23 V

50

.94

22

Ti

47

.90

21

Sc

44

.96

20

Ca

40.0

8

19 K

39.1

0

18

Ar

39

.95

17

Cl

35

.45

16 S

32

.06

15 P

30

.97

14 Si

28

.09

13

Al

26

.98

12

Mg

24.3

1

11

Na

22.9

9

10

Ne

20

.18

9 F1

9.0

0

8 O1

6.0

0

7 N1

4.0

1

6 C1

2.0

1

5 B1

0.8

1

4 Be

9.0

1

3 Li

6.9

4

2 He

4.0

0

Ato

mic

Nu

mb

er

Ele

men

t

Ato

mic

Mas

s

1 H 1.01

IB D

iplo

ma

Pro

gra

mm

e C

hem

istr

y D

ata

Bookl

et, A

ugust

2001

4


6

. M

elti

ng

Po

ints

an

d B

oil

ing

Po

ints

of

the

Ele

men

ts

13

20

Ac

34

70

9

73

Ra

1413

300

Fr

950

202

Rn

211

575

At

610

527

Po

1235

545

Bi

1833

601

Pb

2013

577

Tl

1730

234

Hg

630

13

38

Au

30

80

20

45

Pt

41

00

26

83

Ir

44

03

33

27

Os

53

00

34

53

Re

59

00

36

80

W 593

0

32

69

Ta

56

98

25

03

Hf

54

70

11

94

La

37

30

9

83

Ba

2023

302

Cs

952

161

Xe

166

387

I

458

723

Te

1263

904

Sb

2023

505

Sn

2543

429

In 2353

594

Cd

1038

12

35

Ag

24

85

1

82

5

Pd

34

13

2

23

9

Rh

40

00

2

58

3

Ru

41

73

24

45

Tc

51

50

28

90

Mo

48

85

27

41

Nb

50

15

2

12

5

Zr

46

50

17

80

Y

36

11

1042

Sr

1657

3

12

Rb

961

117

Kr

121

266

Br

332

490

Se

958

889

As

1211

Ge

3103

303

Ga

2676

693

Zn

1180

13

57

Cu

28

40

17

26

Ni

30

05

17

68

Co

31

43

18

08

Fe

30

23

1

51

7

Mn

22

35

2

13

0

Cr

27

55

19

73

V

36

50

19

33

Ti

35

60

18

14

Sc

31

04

1112

Ca

1757

3

37

K

1047

8

4

Ar

8

7

172

Cl

239

392

S 718

317

P 553

1

683

Si

2628

936

Al

2740

922

Mg

1363

371

Na

1156

2

5

Ne

27

5

4

F 85

55

O 90

6

3

N 77

4

100

C

5100

2

573

B

3931

1551

Be

3243

454

Li

1600

1

He

4

M.p

t/K

Ele

men

t

B.p

t/K

14

H 20

Dip

lom

a P

rog

ram

me:

Chem

istr

y D

ata

Bookl

et,

Mar

ch 2

00

3


7.

Fir

st I

on

iza

tio

n E

ner

gy

, E

lect

ron

Aff

init

y a

nd

Ele

ctro

neg

ati

vit

y o

f th

e E

lem

ents

66

9

Ac

1.1

510

Ra

0.9

381

Fr

0.7

1040

Rn

920

At

2.2

812

Po

2.0

703

Bi

1.9

716

Pb

1.8

590

Tl

1.8

1010

Hg

1.9

89

1

Au

2.4

86

6

Pt

2.2

88

7

Ir 2.2

84

1

Os

2.2

76

2

R

e

1.9

77

0

W 1

.7

76

0

Ta

1.5

53

1

Hf

1.3

54

0

La

1.1

502

Ba

0.9

376

Cs

0.7

1170

Xe

1010 -3

14

I 2.5

870

Te

2.1

833

Sb

1.9

707

Sn

1.8

556

In 1.7

866

Cd

1.7

73

2

Ag

1.9

80

3

Pd

2.2

74

5

Rh

2.2

72

4

Ru

2.2

69

9

T

c

1.9

69

4

M

o

1.8

65

3

N

b

1.6

66

9

Zr

1.4

63

6

Y 1.2

548

Sr

1.0

402

Rb

0.8

1350

Kr

1140 -3

42

Br

2.8

941

Se

2.4

966

As

2.0

762

Ge

1.8

577

Ga

1.6

908

Zn

1.6

74

5

Cu

1.9

73

6

Ni

1.8

75

7

Co

1.8

76

2

Fe

1.8

71

6

Mn

1.5

65

3

Cr

1.6

64

8

V 1.6

66

1

Ti

1.5

63

2

Sc

1.3

590

Ca

1.0

418

K 0.8

1520

Ar

1260 -3

64

Cl

3.0

1000 -

200

(S

- +

532)

S 2.5

1060 -7

0

P 2.1

786 -1

80

Si

1.8

577 -4

7

Al

1.5

736

Mg

1.2

494

-71

Na

0.9

2080

Ne

1680 -3

48

F 4.0

1310 -

142

(O

- +

844)

O 3.5

1400 -3

N 3.0

1090 -

120

C 2.5

799 -2

9

B 2.0

Ele

men

t

Ele

ctro

neg

ativ

ity

900

Be

1.5

519

-5

2

Li

1.0

2370

He

Ele

ctro

n

affi

nit

y /

kJ

mol -

1

Fir

st i

oniz

atio

n

ener

gy /

kJ

mol -

1

1310

-72

H 2.1

IB D

iplo

ma

Pro

gra

mm

e C

hem

istr

y D

ata

Bookl

et, A

ugust

2001

6


8. A

tom

ic a

nd

Io

nic

Ra

dii

of

the

Ele

men

ts

2

00

Ac

2

20

Ra

2

70

Fr

Rn

1

40

At

1

40

Po

1

70

Bi

12

0 (

3+

)

1

75

Pb

12

0 (

2+

)

84

(4

+)

1

71

Tl

95

(3

+)

1

52

Hg

12

7 (

1+

)

11

0 (

2+

)

1

44

Au

13

7 (

1+

)

85

(3

+)

1

38

Pt

1

35

Ir

66

(4

+)

1

34

Os

67

(4

+)

1

37

Re

137

W

68

(4

+)

143

Ta

73

(5

+)

1

57

Hf

81

(4

+)

1

88

La

11

5 (

3+

)

2

17

Ba

34

(2

+)

2

62

Cs

16

7 (

1+

)

Xe

1

33

I

21

9 (

1-)

1

37

Te

22

2 (

2-)

1

41

Sb

24

5 (

3-)

1

62

Sn

11

2 (

2+

)

71

(4

+)

1

66

In

81

(3

+)

1

49

Cd

97

(2

+)

1

44

Ag

12

6 (

1+

)

1

38

Pd

1

34

Rh

86

(2

+)

1

33

Ru

65

(4

+)

1

35

Tc

136

Mo

68

(4

+)

141

Nb

70

(5

+)

1

57

Zr

80

(4

+)

1

80

Y

93

(3

+)

2

15

Sr

11

0 (

2+

)

2

44

Rb

14

8 (

1+

)

Kr

1

14

Br

19

6 (

1-)

1

17

Se

20

2 (

2-)

1

21

As

22

2 (

3-)

1

22

Ge

53

(4

+)

27

2 (

4-)

1

41

Ga

62

(3

+)

1

33

Zn

74

(2

+)

128

Cu

96

(1

+)

69

(2

+)

1

24

Ni

72

(2

+)

1

25

Co

74

(2

+)

63

(3

+)

1

26

Fe

76

(2

+)

64

(3

+)

1

29

Mn

80

(2

+)

60

(4

+)

125

Cr

63

(3

+)

131

V

88

(2

+)

59

(5

+)

1

46

Ti

90

(2

+)

68

(4

+)

1

60

Sc

81

(3

+)

1

97

Ca

94

(2

+)

2

31

K

13

3 (

1+

)

Ar

99

Cl

18

1 (

1-)

1

04

S

19

0 (

2-)

1

10

P

21

2 (

3-)

1

17

Si

42

(4+

)

27

1 (

4-)

1

43

Al

45

(3

+)

1

60

Mg

65 (

2+

)

1

86

Na

98

(1

+)

Ne

58

F

133

(1-)

66

O

14

6 (

2-)

70

N

17

1 (

3-)

77

C

26

0 (

4-)

88

B

16

(3

+)

Ele

men

t

Ionic

rad

ius/

10

-12 m

1

12

Be

30 (

2+

)

1

52

Li

68

(1

+)

He

Ato

mic

rad

ius/

10

-12 m

3

0

H

15

4 (

1-)

Dip

lom

a P

rog

ram

me:

Chem

istr

y D

ata

Bookl

et,

Mar

ch 2

00

3


9. Covalent Bond Lengths

0.109

0.146

0.101

0.142

0.096

0.135

0.092

0.128

0.141

0.160

0.143

0.122

0.136

0.147

0.127

0.116

0.135

0.138

0.177

0.169

0.193

0.214

0.150

C–H

Si–H

N–H

P–H

O–H

S–H

F–H

Cl–H

Br–H

I–H

C–O

C=O

C–O (in phenol)

C–N

C=N

ChN C–N (in phenylamine)

C–F

C–Cl

C–Cl (in chlorobenzene)

C–Br

C–I

Si–O

0.074

0.154

0.134

0.120

0.139

0.235

0.146

0.120

0.110

0.221

0.148

0.121

0.207

0.188

0.142

0.199

0.228

0.267

H–H

C–C

C=C

ChC C–C (in benzene)

Si–Si

N–N

N=N

NhN P–P (P4)

O–O

O=O

S–S (S8)

S=S

F–F

Cl–Cl

Br–Br

I–I

Bond length

/nm

BondBond length

/nm

Bond

10. Average Bond Enthalpies at 298 K

412

318

388

322

463

338

562

431

366

299

360

743

305

613

890

484

338

276

238

374

C–H

Si–H

N–H

P–H

O–H

S–H

F–H

Cl–H

Br–H

I–H

C–O

C=O

C–N

C=N

ChN C–F

C–Cl

C–Br

C–I

Si–O

436

442

348

612

837

518

226

188

151

163

409

944

172

146

496

264

158

242

193

151

H–H

D–D

C–C

C=C

ChC C–C (benzene)

Si–Si

Ge–Ge

Sn–Sn

N–N

N=N

NhN P–P

O–O

O=O

S–S

F–F

Cl–Cl

Br–Br

I–I

∆H / kJ mol-1 Bond∆H / kJ mol-1 Bond


11. Organic Compounds—Thermodynamic Data

186

230

270

310

348

387

219

267

307

301

296

201

248

279

204

269

173

320

360

345

234

179

203

246

222

163

276

264

208

314

238

127

282

161

146

219

266

295

129

160

167

242

285

105

-51

-33

-24

-16

-8

0

68

63

72

67

64

209

194

152

27

130

125

122

131

214

-59

-63

-72

-26

3

20

-53

52

-80

99

-162

-166

-169

-175

-51

-110

-134

-152

-346

-392

-245

28

37

-47

-75

-85

-104

-125

-146

-167

52

20

1

-6

-10

227

185

112

-156

83

49

50

30

148

-82

-117

-132

-36

-20

-8

141

-105

-85

-31

31

-166

52

-201

-239

-235

-278

-163

-116

-166

-216

-409

-487

-385

-481

-320

-28

-49

-333

g

g

g

g

g

g

g

g

g

g

g

g

g

g

l

g

l

g

g

g

g

l

l

g

l

l

s

g

l

l

g

l

g

g

l

g

l

s

g

g

g

l

l

s

l

s

g

g

s

CH4C2H6C3H8C4H10C5H12C6H14C2H4C3H6C4H8

C4H8

C4H8C2H2C3H4C4H6

C6H12

C6H6C6H6C6H5CH3C6H5CH2CH3C6H5CHCH2CH3Cl

CH2Cl2CHCl3CH3Br

CHBr3CH3I

CHI3C2H5Cl

C2H5Br

C2H5I

C2H3Cl

CH2ClCH2Cl

C6H5Cl

CH3OH

CH3OH

C2H5OH

C2H5OH

C6H5OH

HCHO

CH3CHO

(CH3)2CO

HCOOH

CH3COOH

C6H5COOH

CH3COOC2H5CH3CONH2CH3NH2C2H5NH2CO(NH2)2

methane

ethane

propane

butane

pentane

hexane

ethene

propene

but-1-ene

cis-but-2-ene

trans-but-2-ene

ethyne

propyne

buta-1,3-diene

cyclohexane

benzene

benzene

methylbenzene

ethylbenzene

phenylethene

chloromethane

dichloromethane

trichloromethane

bromomethane

tribromomethane

iodomethane

triiodomethane

chloroethane

bromoethane

iodoethane

chloroethene

1,2-dichloroethane

chlorobenzene

methanol

methanol

ethanol

ethanol

phenol

methanal

ethanal

propanonemethanoic acidethanoic acid

benzoic acid

ethyl ethanoate

ethanamide

methylamine

ethylamine

urea

S0 / J K-1 mol-1∆Gf0 / kJ mol-1∆Hf0 / kJ mol-1State FormulaSubstance


12. Ellingham Diagram

Standard Gibbs free energy changes of formation, ∆G0f , for oxides given per mole of oxygen gasas a function of temperature.

0

– 200

– 400

– 600

– 800

– 1000

– 1200

500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Ag

Hg

C

Pb

Fe

CO

Zn

Cr

Ti

Al

Mg

Ca

Pb

4Ag+O

2Ag O

d22

2Hg+O

2H

gOd2

2Pb+O

2PbOd2

2Fe+O 2F

eOd 2

2Zn+O

2Z

nOd

2

Cr+O

Cr Od

2

23

2

3–

4

3–

Al+O

Al

Od

2

232

3–

4

3–

2Mg+

O 2

MgO

d2

2Ca+O

2C

aOd

2

Ti+O

TiOd

2

2

2C+O 2COd 2

2CO+O

2C

Od2

2

C

Temperature / K


f / kJmolG−1∆ 0

2 2C O CO+ →

13

. E

nth

alp

ies

of

Co

mb

ust

ion

The

val

ues

of

the

mo

lar

enth

alp

y o

f co

mbust

ion

in t

he

foll

ow

ing t

able

ref

er t

o a

tem

per

atu

re o

f 2

98

K a

nd

a p

ress

ure

of

1.0

1 ×

10

5 P

a (1

atm

).

-20

10

-26

73

-40

56

-37

27

-30

64

-27

27

-56

1

-11

67

-35

20

-17

86

-30

78

-41

38

-65

12

-26

3

-87

6

-32

27

-24

6

-22

46

-11

82

-35

46

-10

72

-17

09

-33

97

-30

94

-63

4

-28

16

-56

44

1 1 l s s l g l l l l s s l l s s l s s g g l l s s s

C3H

7O

H

C4H

9O

H

C6H

5C

H2O

H

C6H

11O

H

C6H

5O

H

(C2H

5) 2

O

HC

HO

CH

3C

HO

C6H

5C

HO

(CH

3) 2

CO

(C2H

5) 2

CO

CH

3C

OC

6H

5

(C6H

5) 2

CO

HC

OO

H

CH

3C

OO

H

C6H

5C

OO

H

(CO

OH

) 2C

H3C

OO

C2H

5

CH

3C

ON

H2

C6H

5C

ON

H2

CH

3N

H2

C2H

5N

H2

C6H

5N

H2

C6H

5N

O2

CO

(NH

2) 2

C6H

12O

6

C12H

22O

11

pro

pan

-1-o

l

buta

n-1

-ol

phen

ylm

ethan

ol

cycl

oh

exan

ol

phen

ol

eth

ox

yet

han

e

met

han

al

eth

anal

ben

zald

ehyde

pro

pan

on

e

pen

tan

-3-o

ne

phen

yle

than

one

dip

hen

ylm

ethan

on

e

met

han

oic

aci

d

eth

ano

ic a

cid

ben

zoic

aci

d

eth

aned

ioic

aci

d

eth

yl

eth

ano

ate

eth

anam

ide

ben

zam

ide

met

hyla

min

e

eth

yla

min

e

phen

yla

min

e

nit

roben

zene

ure

a

glu

cose

sucr

ose

-286

-297

-394

-395

-283

-890

-1560

-2220

-2877

-3509

-4194

-5512

-3924

-1409

-2542

-1299

-3273

-3909

-5157

-7114

-1325

-1425

-1490

-3709

-373

-715

-1371

g s s s g g g g g g l l l l g g g l l s s g g l l l l

H2

S C C CO

CH

4

C2H

6

C3H

8

C4H

10

C5H

12

C6H

14

C8H

18

C6H

12

C2H

4

C4H

6

C2H

2

C6H

6

C6H

5C

H3

C1

0H

8

C1

4H

10

C2H

5C

l

C2H

5B

r

C2H

5I

C6H

5C

H2C

l

CH

Cl 3

CH

3O

H

C2H

5O

H

hydro

gen

sulf

ur

carb

on

(g

rap

hit

e)

carb

on

(d

iam

on

d)

carb

on

mo

no

xid

e

met

han

e

eth

ane

pro

pan

e

buta

ne

pen

tane

hex

ane

oct

ane

cycl

oh

exan

e

eth

ene

buta

-1,3

-die

ne

eth

yn

e

ben

zene

met

hylb

enze

ne

nap

hth

alen

e

anth

race

ne

chlo

roet

han

e

bro

moet

han

e

iod

oet

han

e

(ch

loro

met

hy

l)b

enze

ne

tric

hlo

rom

eth

ane

met

han

ol

eth

ano

l

/ k

J

mo

l-1

cH∆

0S

tate

Fo

rmu

la S

ub

stan

ce /

kJ m

ol-

1c

H∆0

Sta

te F

orm

ula

Su

bst

an

ce

IB D

iplo

ma

Pro

gra

mm

e: C

hem

istr

y D

ata

Bookl

et,

Mar

ch 2

00

311


c(

)H∆

0

14. Lattice Enthalpies at 298 K (Experimental and Theoretical Values)

The lattice enthalpy values given relate to the endothermic processlattice( )H∆0

in which the gaseous ions of a crystal are separated to an infinite distance from each other.

Experimental Values

The data in these two tables are experimental values obtained by means of a suitable Born–Haber cycle.

744

684

629

609

585

800

733

670

647

619

846

771

701

675

645

1022

902

801

767

716

Li

Na

K

Rb

Cs

IBrClF

/ kJ mol-1latticeH∆0

Alkali metal halides

3238

2966

2779

2643

976

955

905

890

876

640

MgS

CaS

SrS

BaS

CuCl

AgF

AgCl

AgBr

AgI

NH4Cl

2602

3006

2493

2237

2112

2018

3889

3513

3310

3152

CaF2 BeCl2 MgCl2 CaCl2 SrCl2 BaCl2 MgO

CaO

SrO

BaO


Other substances/ kJ mol-1latticeH∆0

Other substances

Theoretical Values

These two tables contain lattice enthalpies calculated from electrostatic principles on the basis of

a purely ionic model for the crystal.

728

686

632

607

582

787

732

665

644

611

833

766

690

674

636

1004

891

795

761

728

Li

Na

K

Rb

Cs

IBrClF


Alkali metal halides

870

770

758

736

AgF

AgCl

AgBr

AgI

2611

3929

3477

3205

3042

CaF2 MgO

CaO

SrO

BaO


Other substances/ kJ mol-1latticeH∆0

Other substances


MX(s) M (g) X (g)+ −→ +

15. Standard Electrode Potentials

+2.87F-(aq)l½F2 (g) + e- +1.51Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l)lMnO4-(aq) + 8H+(aq) + 5e-+1.36Cl-(aq)l½Cl2(g) + e-+1.332Cr3+(aq) + 7H2O(l) lCr2O72-(aq) + 14H+(aq) + 6e-+1.23H2O(l)l½O2(g) + 2H+(aq) + 2e-+1.09Br-(aq)l½Br2 (l) + e- +0.80Ag(s)lAg+(aq) + e- +0.77Fe2+(aq)lFe3+(aq) + e- +0.54I-(aq)l½I2(s) + e- +0.52Cu(s)lCu+(aq) + e- +0.402OH-(aq)l½O2(g) + H2O(l) + 2e- +0.34Cu(s)lCu2+(aq) + 2e-+0.17H2SO3(aq) + H2O(l)lSO42-(aq) + 4H+(aq) + 2e-+0.15Cu+(s)lCu2+(aq) + e-

0.00½H2(g)lH+(aq) + e--0.13Pb(s)lPb2+(aq) + 2e- -0.14Sn(s)lSn2+(aq) + 2e--0.23Ni(s)lNi2+(aq) + 2e- -0.44Fe(s)lFe2+(aq) + 2e- -0.76Zn(s)lZn2+(aq) + 2e--0.83½H2(g) + OH

-(aq)lH2O(l) + e--1.18Mn(s) lMn2+(aq) + 2e--1.66Al(s)lAl3+(aq) + 3e--2.36Mg(s)lMg2+(aq) + 2e--2.71Na(s) lNa+(aq) + e--2.87Ca(s)lCa2+(aq) + 2e--2.92K(s)lK+(aq) + e--3.03Li(s)lLi+(aq) + e-

E0 / VOxidized species l Reduced species


16. Strengths of Organic Acids and Bases

The acid strengths in the following tables are given in terms of pKa values, where pKa = -log10 Ka.

The dissociation constant, Ka, values are for aqueous solutions at 298 K. Base strengths are given in

terms of pKb values.

Carboxylic Acids

3.75

4.76

4.87

4.82

4.85

4.86

5.05

4.20

4.31

HCOOH

CH3COOH

CH3CH2COOH

CH3(CH2)2COOH

(CH3)2CHCOOH

CH3(CH2)3COOH

(CH3)3CCOOH

C6H5COOH

C6H5CH2COOH

methanoic

ethanoic

propanoic

butanoic

2-methylpropanoic

pentanoic

2,2-dimethylpropanoic

benzoic

phenylethanoic

pKa Formula Name

Halogenated Carboxylic Acids

2.86

1.29

0.65

2.66

2.90

3.17

CH2ClCOOH

CHCl2COOH

CCl3COOH

CH2FCOOH

CH2BrCOOH

CH2ICOOH

chloroethanoic

dichloroethanoic

trichloroethanoic

fluoroethanoic

bromoethanoic

iodoethanoic

pKa Formula Name

Phenols

10.00

7.21

8.35

7.15

4.01

0.42

C6H5OH

O2NC6H4OH

O2NC6H4OH

O2NC6H4OH

(O2N)2C6H3OH

(O2N)3C6H2OH

phenol

2-nitrophenol

3-nitrophenol

4-nitrophenol

2,4-dinitrophenol

2,4,6-trinitrophenol

pKaFormula Name

Alcohols

15.5

16 (approximately)

CH3OH

C2H5OH

methanol

ethanol

pKaFormula Name


Amines

4.75

3.36

3.27

3.28

4.20

3.07

3.36

9.38

NH3CH3NH2CH3CH2NH2(CH3)2NH

(CH3)3N

(C2H5)2NH

(C2H5)3N

C6H5NH2

ammonia

methylamine

ethylamine

dimethylamine

trimethylamine

diethylamine

triethylamine

phenylamine

pKbFormula Name

17. Acid–base Indicators

yellow

blue

blue

yellow

blue

red

red

red

yellow

yellow

red

yellow

yellow

colourless

3.1–4.4

3.0–4.6

3.8–5.4

4.2–6.3

6.0–7.6

6.8–8.4

8.3–10.0

3.7

4.0

4.7

5.1

7.0

7.9

9.3

methyl orange

bromophenol blue

bromocresol green

methyl red

bromothymol blue

phenol red

phenolphthalein

AlkaliAcidpH rangepKa Indicator

Colour change


18. Infrared Data

Characteristic ranges for infrared absorption due to stretching vibrations in organic molecules.

700 to 800

1000 to 1300

1610 to 1680

1680 to 1750

2070 to 2250

2500 to 3300

2840 to 3095

3230 to 3550

3350 to 3500

halogenoalkanes

alcohols, ethers, esters

alkenes

aldehydes, ketones, acids, esters

alkynes

“hydrogen bonded” in acids

alkanes, alkenes, arenes

“hydrogen bonded” in alcohols, phenols

primary amines

C–Cl

C–O

C=C

C=O

ChC

O–H

C–H

O–H

N–H

Wavenumber / cm-1Organic moleculesBond


19. 1H NMR Data

Typical proton chemical shift values (δ) relative to TMS = 0.(These values can vary slightly in different solvents.)

11.5R C

O

O H

9.7R C

O

H

7.3H

7OH

4.9–5.9RHC CH2

0.5–6.5 (can vary considerably under

different conditions)R O H

4.0–4.2O C

O

CH3

4.1

R O CH3

R C O CH2R

O

3.8R O CH3

3.2–3.7R CH2 Hal

2.6R C C H

2.3CH3

2.1

O

C

CH3R

2.0CH3 C

O

OR

2 R3CH

1.3R CH2 R

0.9R CH3

Chemical shift/ppmType of proton


20. 2-amino Acids

6.0H2N CH

CH

COOH

CH3 CH2 CH3

Ileisoleucine

7.6H2N CH COOH

CH2

N

N

HHishistidine

6.0H2N CH2 COOHGlyglycine

3.2H2N CH COOH

CH2 CH2 COOH

Gluglutamic acid

5.7H2N CH COOH

CH2 CH2 C NH2

O

Glnglutamine

5.1H2N CH COOH

CH2 SH

Cyscysteine

2.8H2N CH COOH

CH2 COOH

Aspaspartic acid

5.4H2N CH COOH

CH2 C NH2

O

Asnasparagine

10.8H2N CH COOH

CH2 CH2 CH2 NH C NH2

NH

Argarginine

6.0H2N CH COOH

CH3

Alaalanine

pH of isoelectric

point

Structural formulaSymbolCommon name


6.0H2N CH COOH

CH CH3CH3

Valvaline

5.7H2N CH COOH

CH2 OH

Tyrtyrosine

5.9H2N CH COOH

CH2

NH

Trptryptophan

5.6H2N CH COOH

CH OHCH3

Thrthreonine

5.7H2N CH COOH

CH2 OH

Serserine

6.3N

COOHHProproline

5.5H2N CH COOH

CH2

Phephenylalanine

5.7H2N CH COOH

CH2 CH2 S CH3

Metmethionine

9.7H2N CH

CH2

COOH

CH2 CH2 CH2 NH2

Lyslysine

6.0H2N CH

CH2

COOH

CH CH3CH3

Leuleucine

pH of isoelectric

point

Structural formulaSymbolCommon name


21. Structural Formulas of Some Important Medicines and Drugs

aspirin paracetamol (acetaminophen) ibuprofen

morphine codeine heroin

amphetamine adrenaline caffeine nicotine

penicillin diazepam (valium®) nitrazepam (mogadon®)


O

C

OH

CCH3

O

O

CH2

C

C

CH3

H

CH3

COOH

H

CH3

OH

NHCOCH3

OH

N

OH

CH2CH3

O

CH2

N

N

CH3

OCCH3

N

OCCH3

CH2CH3

O

CH2

O

OO

OH

N

OCH3

CH2CH3

O

CH2

R C

O

NH

N

O

S

CH3

CH3

C O

OH

N

N N

N

O

O

H3C

CH3

CH3

Cl N

N

O

CH3

HO

HO CH

OH

NH CH3CH2CH2

CH3

NH2CH

O2NN

N

O

CH3

cocaine

acyclovir

cisplatin

Lidocaine lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)

mescaline

psilocybin

procaine

tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

fluoxetine hydrochloride (prozac) indole


O

F3C

CH2

CH2NH2

+ Cl-

CH3

Pt

Cl

NH3

NH3

Cl

O

O

N

CH3

OCH3

N

HN

O

N

N

CH2

O

H2N

CH2CH2

HO

CH3

NH

CH3

C CH2

N

CH2H2C

CH3CH3

ON

CH2N

CH3

CH3

CH2

O

NH

CH3

CH3O

CH3O

OCH3

CH2CH2

NH2

O

N

CH2CH2

N+

H

CH3

CH3

H

P OO-

O

H

NH2 C O CH2CH2 N

CH2CH3

CH2CH3

O

CH3

O CH2

CH2CH2

CH2CH3

OH

H3C

H3C

NH

22. Structural Formulas of Some Important Biological Molecules

lactose sucrose

ascorbic acid (vitamin C)

oestradiol progesterone testosterone


C

CC

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

OH

C

H2C

H2C

C

C CH3

CH3

H H H H

H2

CH3 CH3 CH3

H H H2

retinol (vitamin A)

O

H

OH

OH

H

H

CH2OH

H

HOO

H

OH

OH

HOH

HH

CH2OH

H

O

H

1

2

1

23

4

OH

H

OH

OH

H

H

CH2OH

HO

H

OH

H

1

2

O

O

HOCH2

12

3 4

CH2OH

H

H

HO

CH3

CH3

CH

HO

H3C CH2

CH2

CH2

CH

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH

HO

H3C CH2

CH2

CH2

CH

CH3

CH2

CH3

C

O

C

C

C

C

CH2OH

HO

HO

H

HO H

O

CH3OH

HO

O

CH3OH

CH3

CH3C

H3C

O

O

CH3

cholesterol

vitamin D

adrenaline thyroxine

adenine guanine cytosine uracil thymine

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

The haem group from cytochrome oxidase


HO

HO CH

OH

CH2 NH CH3

I

HO

I

O

I

I

CH2 CH COOH

NH2

N

CN

C

CC

N

CH

N

O

H

H

H2N

N

CN

CH

CHC

H

O

NH2

N

CN

CH

CHC

H

O

H

O

N

CN

CH

CC

H

O

H

O

CH3N

HCN

C

CC

N

CH

N

NH2

H

O

OHOH

CH2OPOPOP

OOO

O–O–O–

N

N N

N

NH2

O–

Fe

N

N N

N

CH3

CH2CH2

C

H3C

CH2 CH3

CH

CH2HOOC

O

H

CH2

CH2 COOH

CH2

HO

CH2

CH

C

CH2

CH2

CH

C

CH2

CH2

CH

C

CH3

CH3CH3 CH3

1. Some Relevant Equations2. Physical Constants3. Fundamental Particles4. Names of the First 103 Elements5. The Periodic Table6. Melting Points and Boiling Points of the Elements7. First Ionization Energy, Electron Affinity and Electronegativity of the Elements8. Atomic and Ionic Radii of the Elements9. Covalent Bond Lengths10. Average Bond Enthalpies at 298 K11. Organic Compounds—Thermodynamic Data12. Ellingham Diagram13. Enthalpies of combustion14. Lattice Enthalpies at 298 K (Experimental and Theoretical Values)15. Standard Electrode Potentials16. Strengths of Organic Acids and Bases17. Acid–base Indicators18. Infrared Data19. 1H NMR Data20. 2-amino Acids21. Structural Formulas of Some Important Medicines and Drugs22. Structural Formulas of Some Important Biological Molecules

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INTERNATIONAL BACCALAUREATE ORGANIZATION CHEMISTRY … · 2019. 1. 17. · Sm Sc Se Si Ag Na Sr S Ta Tc Te Tb Tl Th Tm Sn Ti W U V Xe Yb Y Zn Zr mercury molybdenum neodymium neon