INTERNATIONALCOLLABORATIVE EXERCISES

Drug Analysis2015

ICE

Rou

nds 2

014/

2 an

d 20

15/1

Figure 1: Member States who have participated in the International Collaborative Exercises programme since 2009. Note: the boundaries, names and delegations used do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. This document has not been formally edited.

Introduction

An important part of the UNODC International Quality Assur-ance Programme (IQAP) is the implementation of the Interna-tional Collaborative Exercises (ICE). Participation in such exer-cises, inter-laboratory comparisons or proficiency tests is one of the essential elements for the implementation of a laboratory quality management system and ultimately accreditation. This is recognised by the International Organization for Standard-ization in ISO/IEC 17025-2005: “General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories” as contrib-uting to assuring the quality of test results.

The UNODC ICE programme allows drug testing laboratories from both developing and developed countries to continuously monitor their performance on a global scale. The options avail-able for participation are in the analysis of drugs in Seized Ma-terials (SM) and in Biological Specimens (BS, specifically urine). Two rounds are offered per year with each round presenting participants with four different test samples for analysis in each test group.

Laboratories participating in the ICE programme can use an on-line portal for direct submission of results to UNODC. This en-ables participants to receive immediate confidential feedback from UNODC on their performance and greatly facilitates the implementation of the programme. Upon completion of each ICE round, the analytical results are evaluated by UNODC and an International Panel of Forensic Science Experts which over-sees the implementation of ICE and offers guidance and sup-port in addressing relevant quality issues.

Following evaluation, summary reports of the performance of participating laboratories in both the SM and BS test groups are made available to participants through the ICE portal and the UNODC website. These summary reports allow participants to evaluate their performance while maintaining confidentiality.

Figure 2: Number of laboratories that have participated in the ICE programme since 2013/1.

Participation

The number of laboratories worldwide who participate in the ICE programme has continued to increase in recent years and there are now 209 laboratories from 66 Member States actively participating in the programme, representing a 14% increase in year on year participation. Figure 2 shows the participation of laboratories in the SM and BS test groups for all ICE rounds from 2013/1 up to the most recent 2015/1 round of the programme.

The continued increase in participation during 2015 is a result of the greater recognition globally of the importance of qual-ity assurance and the benefits of participation in the ICE pro-gramme. Focused technical assistance and training was also provided to more laboratories in collaboration with regional forensic networks such as the Asian Forensic Sciences Network (AFSN), the Academia Iberoamericana de Criminalística y Estu-dios Forenses (AICEF) and the European Network of Forensic Science Institutes (ENFSI) and with the support of UNODC staff in field offices.

It is recognised that some participants continue to have dif-ficulties with obtaining import authorization for the SM test samples and the reference samples for the SM and BS groups and this caused some delays in sending test samples and in the submission of results from a small number of laboratories.

132 131151 158

178

58 6272 71

85

0

40

80

120

160

200

2013/1 2013/2 2014/1 2014/2 2015/1

No.

of l

abor

ator

ies

ICE round

SM BS

Table 1: Composition of SM test samples, performance of participants in qualitative and quantitative analysis, number of false positive and false negative results in ICE 2014/2 and 2015/1.

Test samples

Participating laboratories are requested to analyse four test samples in the SM group and/or four test samples in the BS group for the substances listed in the ICE menu. This menu cov-ers controlled substances, selected new psychoactive substanc-es (NPS) and adulterants most commonly encountered in drug seizures. The ICE menu for the BS test group covers selected drugs of abuse, their metabolites and related compounds.

The composition of test samples within the ICE programme are designed to simulate actual casework encountered by forensic laboratories. In the SM group, the test samples are prepared in the Laboratory and Scientific Section of UNODC using dona-tions of seized materials from Member States, while the BS test

samples are prepared using controlled substances, their metab-olites and related compounds in urine.

Laboratories are asked to analyse the test samples using the screening and confirmatory tests they routinely employ in case-work. These may range from simple techniques such as colour tests and Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) to more advanced methods such as Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). By recording the techniques they use, the laboratories are able to assess their performance against that of other labora-tories of similar capabilities and to identify any limitations of their performance compared with that of differently equipped laboratories. Indeed, the ICE programme is specifically designed

Table 2: Composition of BS test samples, performance of participants in qualitative and quantitative analysis, number of false positive and false negative results in ICE 2014/2 and 2015/1.

Test

Sam

ple

Cont

ents

(ng/

ml)

Robu

st A

vera

ge

Re

port

ed (n

g/m

l)

Corr

ect

Iden

tifica

tion

(%)

Num

ber o

f

False

Pos

itive

s

Num

ber o

f

False

Neg

ative

s

Anal

yses

not

Perfo

rmed

|z|

< 2

S

atisf

acto

ry (%

)

2 ≤

|z|

≤ 3

Q

uesti

onab

le (

%)

|z|

> 3

U

nsati

sfac

tory

(%)

2014/2 BS-1 MDMA (2,178) 2,119 86 7 3 6 79 14 7

2014/2 BS-1 Alprazolam (923) 845 83 7 7 10 86 9 5

2014/2 BS-1 Metamfetamine (1,726) 1,736 66 7 7 6 64 21 14

2014/2 BS-2 7-Aminoflunitrazepam (690) 405 58 - 11 21 86 7 7

2014/2 BS-3 Ketamine (1,150) 1,115 82 - 1 13 78 13 9

2014/2 BS-3 Norketamine (1,380) 1,331 66 - 7 18 88 12 -

2014/2 BS-4 Blank - N/A 3 - - N/A N/A N/A

2015/1 BS-1 Ketamine (1,150) 1,125 85 7 4 9 77 10 13

2015/1 BS-1 Norketamine (1,380) 1,333 72 7 10 13 86 - 14

2015/1 BS-2 GHB (14950) 13,443 14 7 20 53 80 - 20

2015/1 BS-3 MDA (690) 707 62 19 17 15 89 4 7

2015/1 BS-4 6-MAM (459) 469 79 10 9 9 70 7 23

2015/1 BS-4 Morphine (1438) 1,306 84 10 8 6 97 3 -

Test

Sam

ple

Cont

ents

(%

pur

ity)

Robu

st A

vera

ge

Repo

rted

(%)

Corr

ect

Id

entifi

catio

n (%

)

Num

ber o

f

Fa

lse P

ositi

ves

Num

ber o

f

Fa

lse N

egati

ves

|z|

< 2

S

atisf

acto

ry (%

)

2 ≤

|z|

≤ 3

Q

uesti

onab

le (

%)

|z|

> 3

U

nsati

sfac

tory

(%)

2014/2 SM-1 Blank N/A N/A 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A

2014/2 SM-2 MDMA (34.9) 33.9 99 5 1 88 5 7

2014/2 SM-3 Metamfetamine (7.7) 7.6 98 2 3 83 4 12

2014/2 SM-4 Cocaine (7.1) 7.2 99 1 - 79 8 13

2015/1 SM-1 Cocaine (5.2) 5.4 99 2 4 81 7 12

2015/1 SM-2 Amfetamine (5.5) 5.6 92 3 14 82 6 12

2015/1 SM-3 Blank N/A N/A 6 N/A N/A N/A N/A

2015/1 SM-4 Heroin (72.2) 71.1 98 2 3 80 7 12

Figure 3: z-score plot for 2015/1 BS-3 (690ng/ml MDA). Each bar represents the z-score of a laboratory who performed quantitation and the lines indicates the levels below and above, where z-scores are considered satisfactory, questionable and unsatisfactory.

as such to enable participation of laboratories with dif-fering capacities. Participants are requested to identify the substances in the test samples and in addition, are encouraged to report the purity or concentrations of the controlled drugs present in the test samples.

ICE results

Qualitative analysis

Table 1 shows the composition of the SM test samples in rounds 2014/2 and 2015/1 and gives the percentage of laboratories that correctly identified each test sample and the numbers of false positive and false negative re-sults reported for controlled substances. The results for qualitative analysis within the SM test group in both rounds showed that 92% and above of laboratories cor-rectly identified the controlled substances in the test samples in each round.

While the number of false positive and false negative results reported through 2014/2 and 2015/1 was low in most test samples, laboratories who do report false posi-tive or negative results should investigate the reasons for this and corrective actions should be taken in order to continuously improve performance.

The results of laboratories in qualitiative analysis in the BS test group in 2014/2 and 2015/1 are shown in Table 2 and are a reflection of the inherently higher level of diffi-culty in the analysis of the low concentrations of possibly multiple drugs in biological specimens and the complex-ity of the matrices. GHB, initially under International Control in schedule IV of the United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Sub-stances, 1971 was subjected to stricter controls in March 2013 when it was transfered to schedule II. Considering this change in the scope of control of GHB, it was intro-Table 3: Complete list of z-scores for participating laboratories (with their lab code) within the SM test group in 2014/2 and 2015/1. Aster-isks indicate that quantification was not performed or that the labora-tory did not participate in that particular round of ICE.

ICE 2014/2 ICE 2015/1 ICE 2014/2 ICE 2015/1SM-2 SM-3 SM-4 SM-1 SM-2 SM-4 SM-2 SM-3 SM-4 SM-1 SM-2 SM-4

Lab

code

MDM

A

Met

amfe

tam

ine

Coca

ine

Coca

ine

Amfe

tam

ine

Her

oin

Lab

code

MDM

A

Met

amfe

tam

ine

Coca

ine

Coca

ine

Amfe

tam

ine

Her

oin

101 0.2 -0.5 0.4 -3.7 1.1 0.4 10531 -1.0 -1.3 * * * 1.7104 0.6 * 0.1 -0.3 * * 10581 -1.2 -0.2 -0.5 -0.8 -0.3 *108 0.5 -0.3 0.6 0.2 24.4 1.6 11224 * * * 16.8 30.8 1.0110 -0.7 -0.3 0.0 -0.4 0.2 0.5 11474 -0.2 -0.1 0.8 0.7 -0.1 0.0113 -0.2 -0.1 0.1 -0.4 -0.2 -0.1 11544 * * * 0.3 0.2 0.3137 * * * -3.0 * -17.1 11635 * * * -1.3 1.2 0.2139 * * -0.4 * * * 11662 6.8 23.9 -1.3 * * -1.7141 -0.6 -0.3 0.3 -0.8 -0.1 0.3 11723 0.8 3.5 1.0 1.4 0.1 -1.9149 0.5 1.3 -0.5 -0.1 0.8 -0.1 11899 -0.5 -0.5 -0.2 -0.1 -0.1 -0.5151 0.6 -0.1 0.3 -0.1 -0.7 0.1 11915 0.9 -0.2 -1.2 0.9 0.1 2.1152 0.5 0.0 0.5 -0.1 -0.2 0.8 12105 * * * -0.8 * 0.5158 2.1 2.1 2.9 * * * 12176 * * 3.6 3.0 * 0.4161 1.5 1.8 2.9 * * * 12252 * * 0.1 0.1 *180 4.9 -4.7 -7.3 -8.4 -2.7 -11.4 12288 0.4 1.2 4.5 -0.8 0.1 -0.9181 0.8 -0.1 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.1 12312 -0.8 0.2 -0.5 * * *186 * * -0.4 1.1 4.7 -2.9 12357 -0.6 -0.9 1.3 2.6 -1.1 3.3187 -9.0 -1.0 -0.8 4.4 * 3.1 12365 * * * -0.1 * -0.1188 -0.3 0.2 -1.0 -2.0 3.7 -7.3 12366 0.0 * 0.8 -0.1 * 1.3202 * * -2.0 -1.0 -0.9 -0.5 12367 1.2 -0.7 -0.9 -2.8 1.9 6.8204 * * -1.2 -1.0 * -0.5 12373 1.6 84.0 * * *211 1.8 1.8 -0.4 -0.3 * 0.0 12379 * * 0.0 0.3 * *212 0.7 -0.1 4.4 1.8 * -1.2 12454 * * * -0.6 * -10.5215 -0.9 0.5 -0.4 -1.0 -0.9 0.5 12481 -1.1 -7.0 1.2 0.8 3.2 -0.3217 0.3 -0.4 -0.2 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 12490 -0.3 -0.2 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0504 * * * 5.8 0.2 -1.8 12511 -2.8 1.9 6.8 -5.8 -7.0 -0.2506 -0.7 -0.7 -0.8 -2.2 -0.3 1.0 12548 * * * 0.7 -0.7 -1.0510 1.0 8.2 3.7 9.3 4.2 3.8 12569 * * -0.1 -0.1 * *515 -0.2 1.0 -0.3 0.3 -0.2 0.7 12601 -5.5 -4.8 -7.0 20.0 * -11.5518 0.9 -2.3 -1.2 0.1 -2.9 0.7 12611 * * * 0.9 -4.2 -8.8521 -3.9 0.7 -0.8 -0.4 -1.5 0.6 12726 0.9 0.0 1.3 0.5 0.8 -0.3524 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.5 0.1 -0.5 12791 -0.2 -1.2 -0.5 -0.8 0.4 -0.5529 -0.4 -0.2 -0.8 -1.3 -0.7 1.2 12913 * * -0.2 1.4 * *533 * * * -0.3 * 0.7 12937 * * * 0.1 * *560 0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.8 0.1 0.2 12993 * * * -0.8 * *701 -1.3 0.5 3.2 * * * 13256 * * -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 0.7703 1.0 0.0 0.0 -0.8 * -0.9 13266 -0.2 -0.4 0.3 -1.6 0.3 0.4713 1.0 0.0 0.0 -1.8 0.4 0.1 13272 0.1 * -3.6 -0.6714 0.0 0.0 -0.2 -0.3 * 0.3 13312 0.1 -0.7 0.6 0.0 0.0 -0.8754 0.3 -1.2 -1.2 -0.2 0.2 -0.5 13374 -1.7 0.5 6.4 * * *

8100 0.7 -0.4 -0.2 1.8 1.6 0.7 13416 0.2 -1.0 1.3 0.7 -0.3 -0.28120 * * * 1.1 * * 13672 9.4 -6.3 -0.4 -0.2 4.2 4.68122 * * -2.0 -1.0 0.1 2.7 13782 * * 0.0 -0.8 * 1.28123 -0.3 -0.2 0.9 -0.8 -0.7 0.5 13789 -0.9 0.4 0.8 1.8 -1.1 0.38221 * * * -0.5 -1.0 0.5 13804 -0.8 -0.6 -0.7 -0.3 -0.2 0.88222 0.0 -0.7 -0.4 -1.0 0.5 -1.2 13970 * * * 1.9 -0.9 0.98223 0.0 -0.7 -0.4 -0.4 -0.1 -0.6 13977 -3.7 -0.2 1.9 2.7 * 0.58224 0.0 0.5 -0.4 1.1 0.5 0.0 13981 -1.1 -1.5 0.6 3.3 -2.3 -1.78227 0.4 * 0.1 -0.5 0.6 0.1 14102 -0.9 5.6 -0.4 0.1 25.4 -0.78292 * * -0.7 0.4 * 2.1 14160 -0.9 0.5 -0.4 -1.0 1.2 0.98555 -0.6 -0.7 1.3 1.1 * 0.7 14249 -2.1 3.4 -4.1 -0.2 0.3 -0.19155 8.0 * -0.5 12.3 * 0.5 14258 -0.3 -2.0 -0.4 0.7 0.5 0.09174 * * -5.3 * * * 14282 -0.4 0.9 0.0 -1.6 1.5 0.29175 0.0 -0.5 -0.5 -0.1 * 0.0 14323 -0.8 * 0.7 0.0 * -0.69194 0.3 -2.0 -0.4 -1.0 -2.3 0.0 14377 -1.2 * 1.5 -2.6 ** -0.29249 0.0 0.1 0.3 -0.5 0.2 -0.1 14458 * * * 4.4 -0.7 4.79251 0.6 0.5 0.5 * * * 14512 0.1 -0.1 0.3 2.2 -0.8 0.29477 2.6 -0.4 4.9 -1.4 0.9 -2.1 14619 0.6 0.5 -0.4 -0.8 -0.2 0.39563 1.7 1.3 * * * -0.7 14638 -0.5 0.4 1.0 1.7 -0.5 0.09564 1.5 1.3 * * * -0.7 14705 * * 2.9 0.1 -2.79579 * * -3.1 * * * 14742 -2.3 * -2.0 -1.0 -0.9 -0.59582 * * * 0.3 * * 14772 0.8 0.5 -0.5 0.0 -1.7 0.1

10232 -0.3 -0.4 0.0 * * * 14840 * 0.9 * 63.6 19.2 2.310242 0.4 -0.9 -0.7 2.2 -0.3 -0.7 14936 -1.7 * -2.0 0.1 0.0 0.110252 * * 0.3 * * * 14975 0.3 * 0.7 0.3 1.5 0.110262 -1.2 * -2.7 -0.5 -0.7 -0.4 15355 * * * -0.3 0.0 2.910267 0.8 -1.6 0.0 0.0 -1.3 -0.7 15374 * * * -0.5 -0.3 3.110272 0.7 3.3 2.0 0.7 2.1 -1.3 15441 * * * -0.4 -0.6 -1.010282 -0.2 0.5 0.0 0.7 -0.3 -0.1 15505 * * * 65.0 * -1.010297 0.7 1.2 1.3 -0.5 -1.4 -0.5 15857 * * * -0.5 -0.4 2.210411 -0.1 0.6 -0.6 -0.4 -1.0 0.5 15914 * * * 5.1 2.1 -1.910413 * * * -0.8 -1.0 0.6 15940 * * * 5.3 4.4 -14.910466 0.4 1.1 -0.4 0.3 -0.1 1.2

-1.8-1.7

-1.2-1.0 -1.0 -0.9

-0.7 -0.7 -0.6 -0.6

-0.3 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.00.3 0.3

0.5 0.50.8

1.81.9

2.6

3.0

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

MFP

ZSJ

ECFH

NX

7MGG

SA

NJJ

JMZ

VBRF

EB

ZYYK

UZ

5NVR

K0

3UO

IUU

WRT

Y0S

KGR3

33

VVXX

IO

GFIL

KG

OJM

XXS

B7ET

NP

EEXE

IS

99H4

V9

Z9U

X99

XEXX

XF

1GU

A7D

P5M

M5V

UO

PMLM

OAE

JJJ

JFRW

OD

9PW

VPP

QW

Q3O

D

UVC

AC3

AKKK

WN

IKKK

KK

27.3

Table 4: Complete list of z-scores for participating laboratories (with their lab code) within the BS test group in 2014/2 and 2015/1. Asterisks indicate that quantification was not performed or that the laboratory did not participate in that particular round of ICE.

duced to the ICE menu and was present in a test sample in three of the last four ICE rounds. GHB was correctly identified by 29% of participants in 2013/2,However, in 2015/1, it was correctly identified by only 14% of participants and 53% of labs did not carry out analysis for this substance. 7-aminoflunitrazepam, last present in a sample in BS test group in 2009 (when it was cor-rectly identified by 50% of participants) was correctly identified by 58% of participants in 2014/2.

Quantitative analysis

Quantification of test samples within the ICE programme is not compulsory, however, laboratories that routinely quantitate drug exhibits are strongly encouraged to perform quantitation as a means of measuring their performance over time. z-scores are a statistical parameter used in proficiency tests and collab-orative exercises as a measure of performance in quantitative analysis and can be interpreted by ICE participants in line with ISO 13528:2005, section 7.4.2 and as follows:

|z| < 2 = satisfactory2 ≤ |z| ≤ 3 = questionable

|z| > 3 = unsatisfactory

Tables 1 and 2 also provide Information on the percentages of laboratories who obtained satisfactory, questionable and unsat-isfactory z-scores for all test samples in the two ICE rounds of 201. Graphical plots of z-scores are also included in the summa-ry reports after each ICE round and a typical plot for ICE 2015/1 BS-3 (690ng/ml MDA) is shown in Figure 3. Participants who ob-tained questionable or unsatisfactory z-scores are highlighted in amber and red respectively.

A comprehensive list of the performance of all laboratories that carried out quantitative analysis during ICE rounds 2014/2 and 2015/1 is given in Tables 3 and 4. This information enables laboratories to compare their individual quantitative perfor-mance with all other participants. Laboratories whose results are classified as unsatisfactory or questionable in two succes-sive rounds should investigate the cause and take appropriate corrective action, with support from UNODC, if required.

New Psychoactive Substances (NPS)

During the 2014/2 and 2015/1 rounds of ICE, participants pro-vided 477 reports of the identification of 164 different NPS in their laboratories. As illustrated in figure 4, synthetic cannabi-noids corresponded to 32% of all reports followed by synthetic cathinones (28%) and phenethylamines (21%). The most com-monly reported substance for the second successive year was 25I-NBOMe followed by 25C-NBOMe and methylone. Following scheduling decisions at the 58th meeting of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs in March 2014, these three substances were placed under International Control along with seven other NPS (25B-NBOMe, AH-7921, AM-2201, BZP, JWH-018, MDPV and mephedrone).

UNODC would like to thank ICE participants for providing infor-mation on the NPS they identify and encourage them to use the UNODC early warning advisory on NPS accessible through their ICE portal accounts to submit reports of NPS that they detect. This information enables UNODC to more effectively target the assistance it provides to forensic laboratories.

Figure 4: New psychoactive substances reported by ICE participants during the 2014/2 and 2015/1 rounds of the ICE programme.

ICE 2014/2 ICE 2015/1BS-1 BS-2 BS-3 BS-1 BS-2 BS-3 BS-4

lab

code

MDM

A

Alpr

azol

am

Met

amfe

tam

ine

7-Am

inofl

unitr

azep

am

keta

min

e

Nor

keta

min

e

keta

min

e

Nor

keta

min

e

GHB

MDA

6-M

AM

Mor

phin

e

110 0.0 -2.9 -0.1 -1.0 0.5 -0.1 0.2 0.1 0.0 1.6 -0.3181 0.0 -0.2 -0.5 * * * * * * 0.0 0.7 -0.1215 0.3 0.3 0.3 * * * * * * * * *321 -0.6 * -1.4 * -0.5 * -1.4 * * -0.1 * *328 -0.1 -1.0 0.3 -0.1 1.0 1.0 0.1 0.1 -0.9 -0.7 3.3 -0.9330 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 0.0 1.1 -1.0 -0.4 -0.4 -0.1 -1.0 0.6 0.4346 -0.7 -0.1 2.4 * 0.1 * 0.7 3.6 0.8348 2.0 -0.2 -2.0 * * * 2.0 * * * * 1.6510 -0.6 0.8 1.4 1.4 -0.1 0.5 -0.4 -1.7 * -1.2 -1.4 -0.4517 -0.2 1.0 * 4.7 -0.5 -0.2 -0.2 0.8 -0.5 -0.6 -0.5 -0.2529 -0.2 -0.7 -0.3 0.5 -1.2 0.8 0.3 0.9 0.7 0.0 0.8 0.4751 -0.6 -0.6 -0.5 -0.3 -0.7 * -1.5 * * 0.3 -0.2 1.0754 1.0 0.3 -2.8 -1.0 5.2 * 40.1 20.5 0.4 27.3 -0.6 0.1761 0.0 * -0.2 * -0.1 -0.1 -0.2 -0.2 * -0.2 0.0 0.9

8555 2.4 1.3 3.6 -0.8 0.0 -0.9 0.0 -0.5 1.1 0.3 0.5 0.59340 * * * * * * -0.6 -1.8 * 1.8 -4.1 -2.89366 2.0 0.0 2.6 2.6 3.2 0.1 0.6 -0.1 * -1.0 0.5 -0.89582 1.2 -0.2 1.7 * 2.5 1.0 0.1 0.3 * 0.5 0.1 0.2

10531 -3.8 * 0.1 * * * * * * * * *11224 5.5 1.2 -2.7 0.8 2.5 2.7 -1.0 -0.9 * * -1.8 -1.611377 -1.6 * -2.0 * -1.0 -2.0 6.5 8.5 3.7 2.6 -1.2 0.011544 0.0 -0.6 0.2 -0.2 0.3 -1.0 0.5 -1.7 * 0.5 2.8 0.511635 * * * * * * -0.1 0.3 -0.4 -0.3 0.0 0.411657 * * -0.5 * * * * * * * 0.1 0.211899 0.5 -1.9 -4.5 -1.4 -2.7 * -0.7 * * -0.9 -4.7 -1.112231 1.3 2.0 2.6 * -1.2 * -1.8 * * -1.7 -1.6 -0.912290 -0.6 0.3 0.5 0.3 -0.4 0.1 0.7 0.5 * 0.0 3.4 1.512367 -0.3 * 0.4 * * * -2.3 -1.4 -0.2 -0.3 0.2 1.712454 * * * * * * 2.1 0.6 * -0.7 -1.1 -1.712725 -2.7 -1.5 -6.3 * 0.1 * * * * * * *12744 * * * * * * 3.1 * * 1.9 3.1 1.813416 -2.0 0.5 3.3 -0.6 -1.1 * 0.7 * -4.0 -1.8 -0.8 -0.713734 * * * * * * * * * * * 0.013957 1.3 * -0.4 * -0.1 * -3.4 * * 3.0 -3.3 -1.414576 0.2 3.8 0.2 * * * -0.6 18.2 * * * -0.315279 * * * * * * 0.6 -0.6 * 0.8 2.4 -0.215940 * * * * * * -0.3 0.0 * -0.6 -0.3 0.6

Synthetic cannabinoids Phenethylamines

Synthetic cathinones Others

Tryptamines Ketamine and phencyclidine-type substances

Aminoindanes Piperazines

Synthetic cannabinoids Phenethylamines

Synthetic cathinones Others

Tryptamines Ketamine and phencyclidine-type substances

Aminoindanes Piperazines

32%

21%

28%

11%

4%2% 1% 1%

Acknowledgements:This report was produced by UNODC Laboratory and Scientific Section (LSS) under the supervision of Dr. Justice Tettey. The con-tributions of UNODC staff, Dr. Conor Crean and Dr. Iphigenia Naidis and the UNODC International Panel of Forensic Experts (Dr. Angeline Yap Tiong Whei, Ms. Catherine Quinn and Mr. Marvin Salas, M.Sc.), are gratefully acknowledged.

UNODC would like to acknowledge the financial and/or material support from the Governments of Canada, Finland, France, Japan and the United Kingdom to the UNODC drug analysis laboratory.

Additional informationIf you have comments or questions related to this report, please e-mail us at UNODC-ICE@unodc.org or Lab@unodc.org. Addi-tional information on the ICE programme and other UNODC Laboratory and Scientific Section programmes can be found via the internet at www.unodc.org, or by writing to UNODC at the Vienna International Centre, P.O. Box 500, A-1400 Vienna, Austria. Tel.: (+43-1) 26060-0, Fax: (+43-1) 26060-5866. January 2016 Suggested citation: ICE Drug Analysis Report, 2015, UNODC.