INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CATALOGUING …nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/28409/1/ALIS 9(1) 15-38.pdf · INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CATALOGUING PRINCIPLES,PARIS 9.18 OCTOBER

Paper B

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CATALOGUING PRINCIPLES,PARIS

9.18 OCTOBER 1961 AN 0 ITS FINDINGS

(CATALOGUING PROBLEMS 5)

Examines in detail the Preliminary of-ficial report of the International confer-ence on Cataloguing Principles, Paris,1961.&~alyses clause by clause the prescriptionsgiven in the report regarding scope, func-tlons, structure of a catalogue, kinds ofentries, multiple entries, choice of una>form heading, single personal author, entryunder corporate bodies, collections, works,entry word, etc. Suggests wherever neces-sary, alternative prescriptions. The im-plications of the prescriptions are exam-ined in the idea plane and the verbalplane.Shows how the Conference was mainly biasedtowards the treatment of the books of thepast and paid little attention to look' intothe future. Recommends the adoption of thestandard practices prescribed b,Y the IndianStandards Institution as a step to facili-tate cataloguing of future publications.

o INTRODUCTION

This paper has been prompted by theexperience at the Conference and by a perusalof the Preliminary official reportdated 8 Nov 1961.

01 Efficiency of Secretariat Work

The promptness of the release of thereport is but a small measure of the effi-ciency of the work of the Secretary,A H Chaplin. The preparation made by himbefore and cj.uring the Conference was re-markably efficient. It showed ample evidenceof his capacity to put up before the Conferencea Draft statement of principles as best as theycan be distilled out of the diverse working

V 9 N 1 Mar 1962

S R HANGANATHAN

papers furnished by the 17 persons invited toproduce them, apparently abstaining from theinfluence of his own views. The draft state-ment had been further dissected by him withuncanny precision into quanta exactly fittingthe time provided for each session. Every-thing went correct to the minute but for theeffect qf the failure of electricity one day dueto strike situation.

02 Council on Library ResourcesIt should be mentioned that the Con-

ference and the long preparation preceding itwould not have been perhaps possible but forthe finances provided by the Council on LibraryResources of USA under the informed guidanceof its Chairman, Verner Clapp. Throughouthis long career in the library profes sion hehad known, as the toad beneath the harrow,where the pin point goes in the organisationand administration of a library and of alibrary system.

03 UnescoThe Unesco had placed at the service of

the Conference its entire physical set-up forinternational conferences, including the equip-ment for simultaneous translation, the con-ference hall, the committee rooms, theoffice-rooms, the lounges, and the refresh-ment and food organisation.

04 Participation

The Conference was attended by 105participants from 53 countries and 13 inter-

75

B04 RANGANATHAN

national organizations, and 104'observersfrom 20 countries. The countries representedwere:

ASIA

1 China (Republic) 7 Indonesia2 Japan 8 India3 Democratic Republic 9 Ceylon

of Viet-Nam 10 Pakistan4 Republic of 11 Iran

Viet-Nam 12 Israel5 Thailand 13 Lebanon6 Singapore 14 Korea

EUROPE121314151617181920212223

TurkeyRurn an iaBulgariaYugoslaviaCzechoslovakiaAustriaHungarySwitzerlandPolandNetherlandsBelgiumL uxe mbour g

1 Italy2 France3 Spain4 Portugal5 Germany6 Great Britain7 Sweden8 Denmark9 Norway10 Finland11 Russia(USSR)AFRICA

Federation of Rhodesiaand Nyasaland

2 South Africa3 West AfricaAMERICA

12

CanadaUSA

3 Mexico4 ·Guaten<ala5 Uruguay A ,SCOPE

Al ternati ve Pr es c ription Sugges tedPrescription in the Preliminary officialreport

6 Argentine7 Chile8 PeruAUSTRALAS-IA

9 Columbia10 Brazil11 J a m a ic a

Australia 2 New Zealand

05 Conspectus

The succeeding sections A to L deal withthe sections 1 to 12 of the Preliminary officialreport. Each section (except sections HI, H3, H45H5, H6JJ 1 and J2, J3,K5, and L) gives in parallelcolurrin s the prescription of the Prelin<inary officialreport and the alternative prescription suggestedin this paper. Then follow notes.

The notes whose section nurnber endswith 7 pertain to idea plane. The notes \vhosesection nurnb er ends with 8 pertain to verbalplane. The Io r m er set of notes explains thedifference in substance between the Prelimi-nary official report and the a~ended pre-;=-cription suggested. The latter set of notes

-i rnp l em en t s the idea that a single agreed tech-nical t er rn ino logv would facilitate the corrr-munication being precise and free f r om noiseof any kind. Portions in the Preliminaryofficial report requiring alteration and thecorresponding portions in the alternativeprescription suggested are underlined.

Section M refers to what is consideredto be a basic f'aul t in the interpretation of thet er rn "cataloguing principles" implied in theproceedings of the Conference.

"The principles here stated apply onlyto the choice and form of headings andentry-words -- i e to the principal ele-ments determining the order of entries -- incatalogues of printed books in which entriesunder authors' name and, where these areinappropriate or insufficient, under thetitles of works are combined in one alpha-betical sequence. They are framed withspecial reference to catalogues en~tingthe contents of large general libraries;but their application to the catalogues ofother libraries and to other alphabeticallists of books is also recommended, withsuch modifications as may be reguired bythe purposes of these catalogues and lists".

Al The principles here stated apply only tothe choice and the rendering of heading andentry-element -- i e to the principal ele-ments det e r m in irrg the.sequence of entries--in catalogues of printed books, in whichentries under authors' nam e and, wherethese are inappropriate or insufficient. underthe titles of works are arranged in one al-phabetical sequence. They are f r amed asfor international catalogue and national cata-logue codes; but their application in any parti-cular library or any particular bibliographyis also recommended with such modificationsas n<ay be required, according to the Prin-ciple of Local Variation.

An lib sc

CAT ALOGUING PRINCIPLES BB

NOTES

A7 Idea Plane

A71 The largeness or the smallnessof a library is not a compelling criterion. Theprinciples stated are generally helpful. Theydeserve to be included in any international,or linguistic code, setting the norm for localcodes.

A72 The man-power and the financeavailable and the actual requirements of aparticular library may lead to certain devi-ations from the norm. The rules embodyingsuch deviations s houl d be incorporated in thelocal code of the library, The Principle ofLocal Variation [RI] calls lor such devi-ations.

A8 Verbal Plane

A81 "Sequence of ent r ie s" IS a betterterm than 11 order of entries". The term"order" has more than one meaning. Nodoubt the context will indicate the particularmeaning rn earit , This may perhaps give littledifficulty for veterans. But, for beginners,it may retard reflex action. For ease of com-munication, the terminology in a scientificcommunication should be as free as possible

from "noises". Further later in the samesentence the term" sequence" is used in thesense suggested.

A82 A heading usually consists, insuccession, of two or more sets of wordsthe entry-element, the secondary element,the individualising element, and the descrip-tive element. Each of these may consist ofa single word or of a word-group of two ormore words. The prepotent element in res-pect of the arrangement of entries is thefirst one. As the first element may consistof one or more words (e g compound familynames of the West and South Indian narn es .with irremovable attachment), it adds to con-venience and elegance if" entry word" is re-placed by "entry element".

A83 Entries are surely" arranged" andnot merely" combined". The former worddenotes the idea better than the latter.

A9 General

A91 The principles are equally appli-cable to the uni-partite alphabetical or dic-tionary catalogue and to the alphebetical partof the bi-partite classified catalogue.

B FUNCTIONS OF THE CATALOGUE 2

Prescription in the Preliminary officialreport Alternative Prescription Suggested

The catalogue should be an efficientinstrument for ascertaining:

2.1 Whether the library contains aparticular book specified by

(a)(b)

(c)

its author and title; orif the author is not named inthe book, its title alone; orif author and title are in-appropriate or insufficient foridentification, a suitable sub-stitute for the title;

2.2

(a) which works by a particularauthor; and

(b) which editions of a particularwork

are in the library.

V 9 N 1 Mar 1962

B The catalogue should be an efficient in-strument for ascertainingWhether the library contains a parti-cular book specified bythe name of its author and its title; orif the narne of the author is not men-tioned in the book, its title alone; orif the name of its author and its titleare inappropriate or insufficient forlocating the book, a suitable substitutefor them;which works by a particular author,whatever be the name by which theauthor is denoted in the various worksof the same author; andwhich editions of a particular work,whatever be the title used in its variouseditions, .

in the library.

BI

B 11Bl2

B 13

B21

B22

are

17

BB7 RANGANATHAN

NOTES

B7 Idea Plane

B7l The words underlined in BZ landBZZ make explicit the idea implied in thedraft Z. land Z. Z as found in the Preliminaryofficial report.

B7Z Does" edition" cover also a trans-lation' a version, an adaptation, and an ab-ridgement? If it does not, an amendment isnecessary to bring these in.

B8 Vebral Plane

B8l The term" author" should be re-

placed by "name of the author", even as"work" is replaced by "title", i e "name ofthe work". The ambiguity created bv .theuse of "author" instead of "name of ~uthor"can be seen ea s il v if we consider the phrase"a particular book specified by its author" .It may stand for" some book specified, i ementioned, by the author and not necessarilythe book of the author being catalogued. Hereagain a veteran rnav keep clear of this am-biguity. But a beginner feels some retarda-tion in the reflex action, necessary to pick upquickly the idea meant by the phrase. A sci-entific communication should be free fromsuch retarding ambiguities.

C STRUCTURE OF THE CATALOGUE 3

Alternative Heading suggested:Entries of the Catalogue

Prescription in the Preliminaryff 1 Alternative Prescription Suggestedo icia report

To discharge these functions the cata-logue should contain3.1 at least one entry for each book cata-

logued and3.2 more than one entry relating to any

books whenever this is necessary in theinterests of the user or because ofthe characteristics of the book - forexample:

3.21 when the author is known by more thanone name or form of name; or

3.22 when the author's name has been as-certained but is not on the title-pageof the book; or

3.23 when several au thor s. or collaboratorshave shared in the creation of thebook;

3.24 when the book is attributed to variousauthors; or

3.25 when the book contains a work known byvarious titles.

To discharge these functions the cata-logue should contain:

C 1 atleast one entry for each book cata-logued, and

CZ rno re than one entry relating to any bookwhenever this is made necessary by itsvarious possible sought-headings in theinterests of the user or because of thecharacteristics of the book- for example:

CZ I when the author is known by more thanone name or form of name, or

CZZ when the author's name has been ascer-tained but is not on the title-page of thebook and perhaps not even anywhere inthe book; or

CZ3 when several authors or collaboratorshave shared in the creation of the bookor the work contained in it; or

CZ4 when the work contained in the book isattributed to various authors; or

CZ5 when the book contains a work known byvarious titles.

NOTES

C7 Idea Plane

C7 I The content of the section makesit clear that it is concerned only with the

18

"entries" in a catalogue and not. its" struc-ture". Structure will connote the numberof parts of the catalogue.. The entries arelike the bricks in a building. A specifica-tion of the kinds of bricks needed can not belabelled nstructure of the building". This

An lib se

CAT ALOGUING PRINCIPLES

confusion in the idea plane should be re-moved. For this reason, the word" entries" "is recommonded in the place of the word"structure" in the heading for the section.

C72 The addition of the phrase "byits various possible sought-headings" in C2makes explicit the factor affecting the in-terests of the readers.

C73 Collaborators may corne into th epicture not only in the embodiment of a workin the form of a book _.. say, as translator andeditor -- but also in the very creation of thework embodied for the author may be "direct-ed" or "assistedtl by··a collaborator in thecreation of his work. This accounts for the

BD811

words underlined in section C23.

C8 Verbal Plane

C8l In section C24, there is no doubtthat the" work in the book" and not the "book"itself that is meant. The distinction bet-ween" work" and" book" made in the Headingsand cannons (1955) [R6] and my later worksand in the Glossary of cataloguing terms ofthe Indian Standards Institution [11] makescommunication precise and free from the am-biguities retarding reflex action. There isevidence of the Preliminary official reporthaving taken cognisance of this. It will behelpful if this distinction is made clearlyand the right term is used throughout thedocument without any laps e like the one in2.4 of the Preliminary official report.

D KINDS OF ENTRY 4

Prescription in the Preliminaryofficial report Alternative Prescription Suggested

4. Entries may be of the following kinds:-Main entries, added entries and references4.1 One entry for each book - the main entry-must be a full entry, giving all the partI-culars necessary for identifying the book.Other entries may be either added entries(i e additional entries, based on the mainentry and repeating under other headingsinformation given in it) or references(which direct the reader to another place inthe catalogue). '

D An entry may be a Main Entry, or aSpecific Added Entry or a GeneralAdded Entry.

D1 The main entry of a book must be afull entry, giving all the particularsnecessary for identifying the book.Any other entry may be

"either a specific added entry - i e anadditional entry based on the main entry butwith any other appropriate heading and re-peating some or all of the information givenin it;

"or, a general added entry directingthe reader to look up another heading in thecatalogue, without itself specifying any parti-cular book" .

NOTES

D8 Verbal Plane

DBI Long ago a tradition had crept intothe Anglo-American cataloguing practice thatpuzzles a beginner and retards reflex actionin picking up communication unerringly. Itconcerns the term" added entry". This termbrings to mind" entry other than the main

V 9 N 1 Mar 1962

entry". Thus, an added entry should neces-sarily begin with a heading different fromthat of the main entry. It may be one of twopossible kinds:

DBII Either, it may mention the spe-cific book catalogued and for this purposereproduce or repeat all or some of the infor-mation given in the main entry. Then it is a••specific added entry". The information

19

BD811 RANGANATHAN

added should be sufficient to indicate themain entry of the book.

D812 Or, it may not at all mention thebook catalogued. It may. merely direct theattention of the reader to the heading of themain entry of the book for every informa-

, tion about it, when the reader seeks the bookunder a heading which had not been preferredfor the main entry but is all the same likelyto be a probable sought heading of the book.The information given in such an added entrywill lead the reader to the main entrv of eachone of the books having the same preferredheadings and not to a specific book. Thus,such an added entry becomes a " generaladded entry". No doubt, it gives only a11 reference". Yet it is an added or additionalentry.

E

D813 While studying cataloguing in theUniversity College (London) in 1924, some ofus students felt a handicap by the omission of"reference" from the denotation of the term"added entry" in spite of its being an addi-tional entry germane to the book catalogued,though it might be shared by other books also.The lecturer W R B Prideaux used to pull usout of this handicap by naming them specificentry and general entry respectively. Whileteaching" the subject since 1929, I have foundmany students feeling a similar handicap.This led to my using the term" main entry",and" added entry" as the divisions of firstorder and the terms" specific added entry"and" general added entry" to denote of thesubdivisions of "added entry". I am surethat the future cataloguers and students toowill be helped by the use of these terms in themanner indicated here.

USE OF MULTIPLE ENTRIES AND FUNCTION OEDIFFERENT KINDS OF ENTRIES 5 AND 6

Alternative Heading Suggested:Use of multiple entries and uses of each

kind of entryPrescription in the Preliminary

official reportAlternative Prescription Suggested

5 Use of Multiple Entries

The two functions of the catalogue aremost effectively discharged by

5.1 an entry for each book under a headingderived from the author's name or from thetitle as printed in the book, and

5.2 when variant forms of the author's nameor of the title occur, an entry for eachbook under a uniform headjng(The term"uniform heading" has been substituted forthe term "standard heading" used in the textsubmitted to the Conference, in view of theobjection that the latter term might implya heading which has received the approvalof a standardizing organization) consistingof one particular form of the author's nameor one particular title, or, for books notidentified by authDr or title, a uniformheading consisting of a suitable substitutefor th~ title, and

5.3 appropriate added entries and/orreferences.

6 Function of different kinds of Entry

20

E Use of Multiple Entries

"The two functions of the catalogue (seeBland B2) are most effectively dischargedby the following practice involving more thanone entry for a book whenever warranted:-

E 1 The main entry of a book admitting ofauthor head,ing should have for itsheading the name of the author as foundin its title page.

Ell For each of the other names or formsof names of the author and for otherpreferred uniformised name, if any,there should be a general added entryusing it as the referred-from headingand using the heading of the main entryas the referred-to heading.

E2 The main entry of a work admitting onlyof title heading should have for its head-ing the title as found in the title page ofthe book, embodying it, being cata-logued.

E21 For each of the other titles and for otherpreferred uni fo r rrris ed title, if any, thereshould be general added entry using it as

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6.1 The main entry for works entered underauthor's names sh~uld normally be made undera uniform heading. The main entry for worksentered under title may be either under thetitle, as printed in the book, with an addedentry under a uniform title, or under auniform title, with added entries or referen-ces under the other titles. The latterpractice is recommended for the cataloguingof well-known works, especially those known byconventional titles.6.2 Entries under other names or forms ofname for the same author should normallytake the form of references; but addedentries may be used in special cases.

6.3 Entries under other titles for the samework should normally take the form of addedentries; but references may be used when areference can replace a number of addedentries under one heading.6.4 Added entries (or in appropriate casesreferences) should also be made under thenames of joint-authors, collaborators, etcand under the titles of works having theirmain entry under an author's name, when thetitle is an important alternative means ofidentification.

BE7112

E3

the referred-from heading and using theheading of the main entry as the referred-to heading.There should be a specific added entryusing as heading the name of each joint-author and collaborator.Whenever the title of a work is a crispnear-proper-name, as of a kind thatwill stick to one's memory easily, andis not merely descriptive of its subjectand the main entry has author-heading,there should be a specific added entryusing the title as the heading" •

E4

NOTES

E7 Idea PlaneE71 Variety in Name of Author

Multiple entries of the kind dealt with inEland Ell above aris e out of one and thesame person using different names or formsof names for himself in different books of his.The resulting is sues for consideration con-cern,

The name of the author to be used asthe heading of the main entry of eachof the books by him; and

2 The number of general added entriesnecessary to bring to the notice of thereader all the books of the same personirrespective of the name of his, foundin their respective title-pages,

E711 Law of Parsimony

The Law of Parsimony is one of the gen-eral normative principles to be used in deter-mining these issues, We may present thecas e to it in the following particular contextwithout loss of generality,

V 9 N 1 Mar 1962

We may as sume for convenience that

A person has written books using tendifferent names for himself; and

2 Under each of the ten names, he haswritten 100 books.

Thus 1,000 books of his have to be cata-logued. Therefore, there should be 1,000main entrie s.

E7111 Prescription of the Preliminaryofficial report

All the 1,000 main entries will have thesame heading .. Let us assume that it is oneof the 10 names of the author. To link up theother 9 names with the name preferred for theheading of the main entry, we. should provide9 general added entries, Thus, there shouldbe 1,009 entries to meet this case. Let usassume that the preferred uniformised nameis different from the 10 names, then therewill be one more general added entry andthere will be 1,010 entries to this case,

E7112 Alternative PrescriptionSuggested in this Paper

The number of main entries will still be

27

BE7112 RANGANATHAN

1,000, if the alternative prescription made inthis paper is followed. But each set of 100 ofthe main entries will have a different name ofthe author as the heading. Thus, each of the10 names of the author will figure as the head-ing. Each of the 10 names of the author willfigure as the headings of 100 main entries.To link up these 10 names with one another,we should provide 10 general added entries.Thus there should 1,010 entries in this case.If a uniformised name different from each ofthe ten actual names is necessary, thereshould be one more general added entry bring-ing the total number of entries to 1,011.

E7113 Problem for Consideration

The problem to be considered by theLaw of Parsimony is:"Am I to prefer 1,010 0,011) entries or1,009 (1,010) entries?" It would say "T'h edifference between these two numbers is tootrivial for me to give an opinion. I shallleave it to the Laws of Library Science todeterrnine the is.su e according to their ownpreference" .

E712 Laws of Library Science

The Second Law (Every reader his book)and the Third Law (Every book its reader)will have little to choose between the two dif-ferent prescriptions. It is the Fourth Lawthat we should appeal to. It is "Save the timeof the reader". One of its corollaries is11 Save the tempo of the reader".

E7121 Ordinary Reader

If the ordinary reader is not promptlyhelped to find his book, he may drop out.For, the intellectual hurig e r of an ordinaryreader is neither as compelling nor as per-sistent as physical hunger is. It is feebleand fleeting. Further, an ordinary readergenerally seeks a specific book through thename of its author as it is found on its title-page. For, it is only this name of theauthor that would have been ordinarilybrought to his notice either by bibliographi-cal references or by hearsay. Thus the al-ternative prescription given in E I will in-

22

variably make the first entry he looks up themain entry. It will give him the specificbook sought by him. In the prescription 6.1of the Preliminary official report, the probabi-lity for the book sought by him having on itst it le v p a g e the one preferred name of theauthor is small. In the particular illustra-tion taken in E711, the probability will beonly one in ten. In nine cases out of ten,then, he will have to cross the hurdle of gen-eral added entries. This wi l l jeopardise histempo. The Fourth Law will not thereforer ccorn rnend it.

E7122 Specialist Reader

On the other hand, it may be a s surne othat a specialist reader would like to know ofall the books by a person irrespective of thevarious names used by him in the differentbooks. The prescription 6.1 of the Prelimi-nary official report will present (in the parti-cular case stated in E711) all the 1,000 booksunder one and the same heading. His timewill therefore be saved. On the other hand,if the alternative prescriptions Eland Ellare followed, he will have to cross thehurdle set by the general added entries.This will lead to wastage of his time. TheFourth Law will not therefore recommend it.

E713 Conflict and Psychology of Reader

Thus, the Fourth Law decides the issuein diametrically opposite ways in the case ofthe ordinary or generalist reader and thespecialist reader respectively. When press-ed to speak in one voice, it would say, invokethe aid of my corollary, 11 Save the tempoof the reader". This in its turn will make usseek the help of the psychology of the reader-of the generalist reader and of the specialistreader respectively. What does psychologysay? It says, 11 The specialist reader has amore integrated personality than the gen-eralist reader.' His intellectual hunger willbe more compelling and persistent than thatof the generalist reader. His tempo will not,therefore, turn turtle as easily as that of the.generalist reader. Therefore, if a hurdle isnecessary in the way either of the generalistreader or the specialist reader, I would pre-fer to avoid its occurrence in the way of the

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generalist reader, However, I would ask youto look also into the relative number of gen-eralist and specialist readers".

E714 Statistical Approach

This makes us appeal to statistics. Atpresent, we can only conjecture. A changehas come over the evidence of statistics sincethe advent of democracy, In the past, thespecialist readers were more nurner ous thanthe generalist readers. At present, the posi-tion is being reversed. It will be pronoun-cedly so in the future. Then the verdict ofdemocracy will be "The prescription 6.1 ofthe Preliminary official report is basingitself on what was prefe'rable in the past, withits eyes virtually closed to the needs of thepresent and of the future, I woul d uphold thealter.native prescription given in E 1".

E7l5 Compromise between thePast and the Future

The 'Fourth Law will plead, II I shall berrro r e happy if the time of the specialist readerand the tempo of the generalist reader be bothsaved. For this purpose, enter each of thethousand books under each of the ten narn es ofthe author". The Law of Parsimony wi l l thenprotest saying, "This would mean 10,000entries instead of 1,009. This is extravag-ence ~ excellence, It can not at all beallowed. I concern with Democrats andStatistics and uphold the alternative pres-

. t.i E 1"cnp Ion . Even if an author wrote onlyone book with each of two of his names theverdict of the Law of Pa r s trnonv , the Lawsof Library Science, and psychology ofreaders would be the same.

E72 Variety in the Title

T'he remarks on this case are similarto those on Variety in Name of Author dis-cussed in sections E71 to E715. The pres-cription 6.1 of the Preliminary official reporthas recommended the adoption of the alter-native prescription given in E2 to be treatedas its own alternative. Why has this com-

V 9 N 1 Mar 1962

BZ82

promise been disallowed in the case ofVariety in Name of Author? Or has it beengrudgingl y al lowe d in the footnote to 6?It reads, II The principles established fortreatment of works cnt ere d under title maybe followed also in arranging entries underany particular author heading". The mean-ing of this is not clear. The word" arrang-ingll in it causes trouble. If the footnotedoes mean allowing the alternative pres-cription of E 1 as a permissible alternative,why is it not incorporated in the body of theprescription as in the case of Variety inTitle?

E73 Out of Context

Prescription 6,4 about specific addedentries to be given having for heading thenames of joint-authors, collaborators, andtitles with the force of pr op er noun, as theyare likely to be sought headings, does notbelong to the kind of problems dealt with in6, It is out of context here. 6.3 and E3 maywell be removed from here, though they nodoubt provide for necessary specific addedentries,

E8 Verbal PlaneE81 Title of Section 6

The sub-sections 6, 1 to 6.4 cannot besaid to prescribe the" function of differentkinds of entries". They only prescribe howthe different kinds of entries may be usedwhen multiple entries are made necessaryby Variety in Name of Author or in Title.That is why the term" Uses" is suggested inthe place of "Functions" .

E82 Lack of Unity in Section 6. 1

The alternative to 6. I of the Preliminaryofficial report suggested in E 1, ElI, E2 andE21 breaks up j», I into four sections suchthat each section satisfies the Principle ofUnity of Thought. This secures elegance aswell as convenience in comprehension andapplication. The original 6. 1 is unneces-sarily made into an involved jumble.

23

BF RANGANATHAN

F CHOICE OF UNIFORM HEADING 7


The uniform heading should normallybe most frequently used name (or-form ofname) or title appearing in editions of theworks catalogued or in references to themby accepted authorities.

7.1 Wheu editions have appeared in severallanguages, preference should in generalbe given to a heading based on editions1n the original language; but if thislanguage is not normally used in thecatalogue, the heading may be derivedfrom editions and references in one ofthe languages normally used there.

The unifo r rnis ed heading should nor-m all y be the rnos t frequently used name (orfo r rn of narne) or title appearing in editionsof the work catalogued or in r efer ence toth em by accepted authorities.

Fl When editions have appeared in severallanguages, preference should in generalbe given to a heading based on editionsin the original language; but if this langu-age is not normally used in the catalogue,the heading may be derived f r om editions,and references in the favoured languageor the language occurring earliest in thescale of languages of the library.

NOTES

F7 Idea Plane

The prescription given in F is obviouslyapplicable only to. works of the past. This

tilting to the past is an all-pervading featureof the decisions of the Conference.

F8 Verbal Plane

See the remarks in Section H428.

G SINGLE PERSONAL AUTHOR 8GI HEADING 8.1

Prescription in the Preliminaryofficia.l report Alt e r nar ive Prescription Suggested

"8.1 The main entry for every edition of awork ascertained to be by a single personalauthor should be made under the author'sname. An added entry or reference is madeunder the title of each edition in which theauthor's name 1S not stated on the title-page".

Gl The heading of the main entry of everyedition of a work, in which the nameof the author is not found on the title-page, should be its title. If the nameof the author is found out, it may beadded as th e second section of theentry with the prefex "by" precedingit. It should be enclosed in squarebrackets. A specific added entryshould be made with the name of theauthor as the heading' .

NOTES

G 17 ,Idea Plane

The purpose to be served by prescrip-tion 8. 1 of the Preliminary official reportwill be served WIth equal efficiency it (hemain entry has the title as heading and the

24

specific added entry has the name of tkeauthor as heading as in the alternative pres-cription suggested in G 1. T'h is will corre-late better the .choice of heading with the in-dication on the title page. In other words,the Canon of Ascertainability will be satis-fied. In fact, the discussion and the decision

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in the Conference did not have their roots onany agreed fund am ent al principles - i eCanons of Cataloguing -- on which cata-loguing practice can be based and thus ber at ion al is ed . There was thus a listless

BHl

drift as of a rudderless ship, the only lightcorning from an undue credulity in respectof the practices of the past instead of arational approach.

G2 UNIFORM HEADING 8.2


8.2 The uniform heading should be thename by which the author is most frequentlyidentified in editions of his works in thefullest form commonly appearing there,except that

8.21 Another name or form of name shouldbe taken as the uniform heading if it hasbecome established in general usage eitherin references to the author in biographi-cal, historical and literary works, or inrelation to his public activities otherthan authorship;

8.22 A further identifying characteristicshould be added, if necessary, to distin-guish the author from others of the samename.

G2 and G2l may be deletedG22 An individualising element should be

added if necessary, to distinguish theauthor from others of the same na rne ,

NOTES

G27 Idea Plane

G27l In view of the pres cription in "FChoice of Uniform Heading" whichis the same as section 7 of the Pre-liminary official report, G2 and--

G2l appear to be redundant. Thesemay be therefore be deleted.

The prescription in G22 is intended toresolve any homonyms likely to occuri.n the heading. "Further identifyingcharacteristic" is in reality the help-ful "Individuaiising element" to bead~ed to the several headings in orderto resolve homonyms. This pres-cription is necessary in respect of notonly uniformised heading but also ofany heading. Is it not to be given in-dependently as a general prescriptionin s t aa d of as if it were something spe-cial to uniformised heading?

G272

V 9 N 7 Mar 7962

H ENTRY UNDER CORPORATE BODIES 9

Change the heading of this section to"Entry under the name of a corporate body" .

NOTES

H08 Verbal Plane

The amendment suggested should beeasily acceptable. An entry can be madeonly under the "name of a corporate body"and not under the" corporate body" itself.

HI CORPORATE AUTHORITY 9.1

Prescription in the Preliminaryofficial report

9.1 The main entry for a work should bemade under the name of a corporate body( i e any institution, organised body orassembly of persons known by a corporate orcollective name),9.11 When the work is by its nature

25 .

BHl RANGANATHAN

necessarily the expression of the collectivethought or activity of the corporate body( e g official reports, rules and regulations,manifestoes, programmes and records of theresults of collective work) even if signedby a person in the capacity of an officer orservant of the corporate body, or9.12 When the wording of the title ,or title-

page, taken in conjunction with the natureof the work, clearly implies that thecorporate body is collectively responsiblefor the content of the work ( e g serialswhose titles consist of a generic term(Bulletin, Transactions, etc) preceded orfollowed by the name of a corp crate body,and which include some account of the acti-vities of the body).

NOTES

H 17 Idea PlaneThese prescriptions really arnont to

the definition of " corporate body" and of

"corporate autho r shtp'". They also deal withthe answer to the question" Who is the author"in the case of a book whose title-page rnent ion sa narne of person and also a narne of corpo-rate body. It would rnirrirni s e the difficultyin picking up the cornrnurri cat ion if the defini-tion of these t er rn s is settled by a separateset of sections as a pr el irrrina r y step, insteadof subordinating this very cornp l ex pr obl ern ofdefinition to a rule on the heading. Theres eern s to be an allergy sorn ewher e to such ahelpful separation of p r obl ern s , The allergybe cam e visible even in the rneet in g of the IflaCornrnrtt ee on the subject held in Brussels in1955. Reprints of an article in the Libri(RIO) separating the two pr obl ern s a~s-cussing each separately were rna de availableto the rne rnb er s attending the rneet in g, But,the allergy against such a sys te rnat ic m ethodappeared in an acute fo r m , The results of itstill persist.

HZ CORPORATE ROLL 9. Z

Prescription in the Preliminaryofficial report Alternative Prescription suggested

9.2 In other cases, when a corporate bodyhas performed a funftion (such as that ofan editor) subsidiary to the function ofthe author, an added entry should be madeunder the name of the corporate body.

HZ In other cases, when a corporate bodyhas per for rned a function (such as thatof an editor) subsidiary to the functionof the author, a specific added entryshould be rnade under' the riarn e of thecorporate body.

NOTES

In view of the prescription in 6.4 of thePreliIninary official report reproduced in E,the above prescription is redundant. It rnavbe deleted.

H3 DOUBTFUL CASES 9.3


"~.3 In doubtful cases, the main entry maybe made either under the name of the cor-porate body or under the title or the nameof the personal author, with an atlded entry

26

in either case under the alternative not) chosen for the main entry.

NOTES

H37 Idea Plane

The Classified catalogue code hasnarrowed down the range of doubtful casesto a considerable extent (RZ). But it hasleft a certain residue baffling the methodo ;logy used by it. The International Confer-ence has not faced this p r obl ern squarely andin detail, as shown by 9 of the PreliIninaryofficial report. The prescription in thereport s eern s to have preferred eleganceand sirnpl icity in the verbal plane to helpful-ness and thoroughness in the idea plane.

An lib sc

CATALOGUING PRINCIPLES BH42

H4 UNIFORMISED HEADING 9. 4

Prescription in the Preliminaryof-ficial repurt Alternative Prescription Suggested

9.4 The Q~iform heading for works enteredunder the name of a corporate body shouldbe the name by which the body is most fre-quently identified in its publications.

H4 The heading for a book of corporateauthorship should be the name of thecorporate author as indicated b~title-page, except that"

NOTES

H407 Idea Plane

The above-mentioned alternative pres-cription satisfies the Canon of AscertainabilityThe prescription in the Preliminary officialreport violates it. A corporate body has

often a much longer life than a person. Someof them are even near-immortal. Therefore,the uniformised name will be much moreunstable in its case. The arguments E7.1to E7l5 in support of the amended pr"!scrip-tion in Eland E 12 will hold good in thiscase al so ,

H41 NON-SIGNIFICANT VARIATIONS IN TITLE 9.41


9.41 If 'V,ariantforms of the name are fre-quently found in the publications, the uni-form heading should be the officjal form ofthe name.

H4l If non-significant, casual, listlessvariant forms of the name are foundin its publications, the official formof the name may be used as the uni-forrnLsed heading.

NOTES

H417 Idea Plane

The amended prescription H41 is a cor-ollary to the alternative prescription H4. For,in the title -pages of the publications of cor-porate bodies and particularly organs ofgovernments their names are often mentionedwith slight variations which are often unint en -

tiona!. The unintended casual nature of thesevariations does not go comfortably with theCanon of Ascertainability. That is the reasonfor the concession of this Canon towards theadoption of a uniformis ed heading drawn fromthe strictly official na.me of the corporatebody. Such a deviation from the Canon ofAscertainability is strictly a rare exceptionand not at all the rule.

H42 MULTIPLICITY OF LANGUAGE 9.42


9.42 If there are official names in severallanguages, the heading should be the namein whichever of these languages is bestadapted to the needs of the users of thecatalogue.

H42 If there are official names in severallanguages, the heading should be thename in the favoured language of thelibrary if the official name occurs in itand otherwise in the earliest language.in the scale of languages of the libraryin which the name occurs.

V 9 N 1 Mar 1962 27

BH428 RANGANATHAN

NOTES

H428 Verbal Plane

The replacement of the words underlinedin 9.42 by the words underlined in E42 implies

no difference in the idea plane. But the under-lined words in 9.42 amount to an over-simpli-fication of the problem. The use of the con-cepts of" favoured language" and" scale oflanguages" developed in India [R3) will rn ee t

all possible situations.

H43 CONVENTIONAL NAME 9.43


Alternative Prescription Suggested

9.43 If the corporate body is generallyknown by a conventional name, this conven-tional name (in one of the languages nor-mally used) in the catalogue should be theuniform heading.

H43 If the corporate body is generally knownby a conventional name (such as Unesco).this conventional name in the fa.vouredlanguage in the scale of languages of thelibrary, if there is a conventional namein two or more languages should be us edas the uniformised heading;

NOTES

H438 Verbal PlaneThe remarks are similar to those in

H428.

H44 NAME OF GOVERNMENT 9.44

Prescription in the Preliminaryof'f'Lc i al report Alternative Prescription Suggested

9.44 For states and other territorial autho-rities the uniform heading should be thecurrently used form of the name of the terri-tory concerned in the language best adaptedto the needs of the users of the catalogue.

H44 For states and other territorial author-ities the heading or the main heading asthe case may be should be the currentlyused form of the name of the territoryconcerned in the favoured language orthe earliest language in the scale oflanguages of the library.

NOTES

H447 Idea Plane

This prescription will have to take carenot only of the heading when the author is thewhole government but also of the main head-ing when the author is an organ of the govern-ment. The first set of words underlined inH44 will provide for both these cases. See9.61 of the Preliminary official report.

H448 Verbal Plane

The remarks are similar to those inH428.

28

H45 CHANGE OF NAME OFCORPORA TE BODY 9.45

Prescription of the Preliminaryofficial report

9.45 If the corporate body has used in suc-cessive periods different names which cannotbe regarded as minor varlations of one- name,the heading for each work should be the nameat the time of its publication, the differ-ent names being connected by references.

NOTES

H457 Idea PlaneThis prescription is unnecessary if the

alternate prescription H4 is adopted.

An lib sc

CAT ALOGUING PRINCIPLES BH61

H46 RESOLUTION OF HOMONYM 9.46



9.46 A further identifying characteristicshould be added, if necessary to distin-guish the corporate body from others of thesame nar.ie ,

H46 An individualising element should be added

in the case of homonyms.

NOTES

H467 Idea Plane

The remarks in G272 are applicablein this case.

H5 HYBIRD HEADING 9.5

Prescription in the Preliminaryofficia] report

9.5 Constitutions, laws and treaties, andcertain other works having similar chara-cteristics, should be entered under thename of the appropriate state or other ter-citorial authority, with formal or conven-tional titles indicatIng the nature of thematerial. Added entries for the actualtitles should be made as needed.

NOTES

H57 Idea Plane

This prescription adds the name of asubject as the subheading after the authorheading. Thus, the heading is a hybrid. It cannot be taken to be author heading or title head-ing, with which alone the Preliminary officialreport is concerned in all other prescriptions.Thus it violates the Canon of Purity [R4].This p r e s er ipt ion should be deleted. Thi.s isfully discussed in the Heading and canons[R7].

H6 ORGAN OF CORPORATE BODY 9. 6


9.6 A work of a corporate body which issubordinate to a superior body should be

V 9 N 1 Mar 1962

entered under the name of the subordinatebody, except that

9.61 If this name itself implies subordina-tion or subordinate function, or is insuffi-cient to identify the subordinate body, thehead.ing should be the name of the superiorbody with the name of the subordinate bodyas the subheading.

9.62 If the subordinate body is an adminis-trative, judicial or legislative organ of agovernment, the heading should be the nameof the appropriate state or other territo-rial authority with the name of the organas a subheading.


H61 If the Corporate Body is a Governmentas a whole, its name is to be the nameof its territory.

Examples:-

INDIA. - is the rendering of "Govern-ment of India" •

2 MYSORE. - is the rendering of the"Government of the Constituent stateMysor e" b. India.

3 MYSORE (District). - is the renderingof the" District Board of MysoreDistrict" •

4 MYSORE (Taluk). - is the rendering ofthe" Local Body or the Taluk Board ofMysore Taluk".

5 MYSORE (City). - is the rendering ofthe" Local Body of the City of My sor e"that is of the" Mysore Muni cipal it y'".

The name of government is thus estab-lished artificially by a catalogue code. In thedocument itself, it may occur in a form suchas "Government of India" .

29

BH6ll RANGANATHAN

H6l1 The name of a geographical entity is tobe written in the favoured language ofthe library, if it has a name in thatlanguage,

Usually continents, countries, consti-tuent states of a large country, large cities,other large land areas, inter-state and inter-continental mountains, oceans and largeseas, bays, gulfs, straits, and rivers mayhave names in the favoured language of thelibrary:

Examples:

GERMANY in English; DEUTSCHLANDin German.

2 SOUTH AMERICA in English SUDAMERIKA in German.

3 SWIT ZERLAND in English; SCHWEIEZin German; SUISSE in French.

4 MUNICH in English; MUNCHEN inGerman.

5 GANGES in English; GANGA in Hindi;GANGA! in Tamil.

H612 The name of a geographical entity is tobe written in the language of its loca-lity, if it does not have a name in thefavoured language of the library.

Usually countries, districts, and smallerareas of a country, small towns and smallerlocalities, and small mountains, hills andother small land areas, and r iv er sj l ak e s ,etc, within a single linguistic area, may nothave names in the favoured language of alibrary in another country.

H6l3 The name of geographical entity, to bewritten in the favoured language or inthe language of the locality, is to betaken from standard gazetteers andatlases in the language concerned,Preference is to be given to official _sources.

Examples: -

1 Bartholomew's survey gazetteer.2 Sixth report (1933) of the US Geogra-

phical Board.3 Decision of the US Board on Geographi-

cal Names.4 The publication of the Permanent Com-

mittee on Geographical Names forBritish Official Use.

30

5 The publication of Canada GeographicBoard.

6 Ritter's Geographische-statistischesLexikon.

7 Viven de Saint-Martin, Nouveu dic-tionaire de geographie universelle.

H614 The words in a multi-worded geo-graphical narn e , which has come intocurrent use as if it were a proper name,are to be written in full.

H6l5 The words in a multi-worded geographi-cal name are to be written in the sequ-ence in which they occur in usage andin documents, whether the first wordis a substantive, an adjective, or anyother auxiliary word, or a generic wordthat denotes the class of geographicalentities to which the entity belongs, ora specific word that individualises it.

Examples:

1 FRANKFUR T ON MAIN.2 FAR EAST3 LAKE PLACID; and not PLACID,

LAKE4 NEW DELHI; and not DELHI, NEW.5 BAD-EILSEN; and not EILSEN, BAD6 BAY OF BENGAL; and not BENGAL

BAY OF.7 CITTA SANT' ANGELO; and not either

ANGELO, CITT A sxn r: Q.! SANT'ANGELO, CITT A.

8 MOUNT E','EREST; and not EVEREST,MOUNT.

9 RIO DE JANEIRO; and not JANEIRORIO DE.

H62 If the Corporate author is an institutionas a whole, its name for use in the head-ing should be the one in the shortestform found in the document on

I Title-page; or2 Half-title-page; or3 Any other page.

H621 If the name of an institution occurs intwo or rnore languages, the name in thelanguage occurring earliest in the scaleof languages of the library is to be usedfo r rendering.

H622 In rendering the name of an institution,the initial article is to be omitted.

An lib sc


H623 In rendering the name of an institution,every honorific wo r d, not forming aninseparable part of the n arn e , is to beomitted, if found either at the beginningor at the end, or in any other positionin the name,

Examples:

ACCADEMIA NAZIONALE DEI LINCEI"Reale" at the beginning of the name of

this Institution is omitted as it is a separablehonorific word.2 ANDHRA UNIVERSITY3 ASIA TIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL4 BODLEIAN LIBRARY5 CAMBRIDGE PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY6 CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHING-

TON7 CHURCH OF ENGLAND8 INDIAN MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY9 INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ASSO-

CIATION10 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY11 MADRAS CHRISTIAN COLLEGE12 MADRAS MAHAJ AN SABHA13 MOUNT WILSON OBSERVATORY14 RAMANUJ AN MEMORIAL COMMITTEE15 ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON

II Rov al " is retained as it is inseparablefrom the name of the Institution.16 SARASWATI MAHAL LIBRARY17 SRINIV ASA SASTRY ENTERTAINMENT

COMMITTEE18 UNIVERSITY OF MADRAS.

H624 In rendering the name of an institution,beginning with the n a rn e of a per sonwhich carries an initial t e r rn denotinga title of honour or distinction or pro-fession, that initial t e r m is to beorn itt ed ,

Exa=ples:

BAKER GUIDANCE CENTRE, and notJUDGE BAKER GUIDANCE CENTRE.

2 HERZL ZION CLUB, and not DEHERZL ZION CLUB.

3 SRINIVASA SASTRI ENTERTAINMENTCOMMITTEE, and not RT HON'BLESRINIVASA SASTRY ENTERTAINMENTCOMMITTEE.

4 WALTER RALEIGH MONUMENT ASSO-CIATION and not SIR WALTER RELEIGHMONUMENT ASSOCIATION.

V 9 N 1 Mar 1962

BH634

H625 In rendering the n a rn e of an institutionbeginning with a n urn e r a.I figure, thenurn e r al is to be spelt out in the langu-age of th e rest of the words in the n a rn e

of the institution.

Ex.arnpl er TWENTY -EIGHTH JANUARY1948 MEMORIAL SOCIETY, andnot 28 JANUARY 1948 MEMORIALSOCIETY.

H626 In rendering the n a rn e of an institutionin whose name trivial variants OCCUi

in different do c um ent s , the unifor-rn is ed na rne is to be used.

H63 If the author is an organ of a co r po r at ebody and not the corporate body as awhole, a rnul ti pl e corporate headingis to be used.

H631 The first h earli.n g is to be the n arne ofthe corporate body as a whole.

H632 The last heading is to be the narn e ofthe specific organ which is the authorof the do c um ent ,

H633 The rendering of the n arn e of an organused as heading is to be in the langu-age of the library if it has a nam e init and otherwise in the language of thetitle-page of the do c um ent ,

H634 If the organ which is the author, is anorgan of the second or a later r e mov e ,and if its narne is not an indi vidualis-ing one, the na m e (s) of the necessaryrni ni rnurn nurrib e r of organ (s) ofearlier r ernov e , in its hierarchy is(are) to be interpolated as inter=edi-ate subheadings between the first andthe last headings.

NOTES

The prescription in the Preli=inaryofficial report is an ov e r c s irn pl ifi e d pres-cription - apparently s irripl e and elegant.But it evades rnany recurrent pr obl erns .There can be no short-cut to this solution.The prescription will have to consist of threesections. The first section should give thet e r m s to be used and define the= precisely.The second section should help in answeringthe question II Who is the author?" The thirdsection should deal with the construction ofthe heading - that is, the rendering of therrarn e of the corporate body and the addition

37

BH634 RANGANATHf>.N

of individualising elements. A corporateheading will often be multiple heading. Thereshould, therefore, be clear prescriptions re-garding the choice and the rendering of notonly the main heading but also of the succes-sive subheadings.

The alternative prescription suggestedin H6 fulfils these requirements in respect ofrendering. The further details are omittedfor consideration of space. They will be foundin the Classified catalogue code [R].

J MULTIPLE AUTHORSHIP 10.Jl AND J2 SIMPLE BOOK 10.1 AND 10.2


10 When two or more author s (Here theword "author" is used to include a corporatebody under whose name entries are made) haveshared in the creation of a work:10.1 If one author is represented in thebook as the pripcipal author, the othersplaying a subordinate or auxiliary role,the main entry for the work should be madeunder the name of the princip&l author.10.2 If nc author is represented as theprincipal author, the main entry should bemade under

10.21 The author named first on the titlepage, if the number of authors is two orthree, added entries being made under thename(s) of the other author(s).

10.22 The title of the work if the numberof authors is more than three, added-entriesbeing made under the author named first inthe book and under as many authors as mayappear necessary.

NOTES

The prescriptions 10.1 and 10.2 of thePreliminary official report call for no re-marks.

J 3 COLLECTIONS 10.3

Pr~scription in the Preliminaryofficial report

10.3 The main entry for a collection con-

32

sisting of independent works or parts ofworks by different authors should be made

10.31 under the title of the collection, ifit has a collective title;

10.32 under the name of the author, o-run-der the title, of the first work inthe collectiion, if there is no col-lective title;

10.33 in both cases, an added entry shouldbe made under the name of the compiler(i e the person responsible for assem-bling from various sources the materialin the collection) if known.

10.34 Exception: If the name of the com-piler appears prominently on the title-page, the main entry may be made underthe name of the compiler, with an add-ed entry under the title.

10.4 If successive parts of a work are at-tributed to different au~hors, themain entry should be made under theauthor of the first part.

Foot note to prescription 10.3 (Alternate text)10.3 The main entry for a collectionconsisting of independent works orparts of works by different authorsshould be made10.31 when the collection has acollective title10.311 under the name of the

compiler (i.e. theperson responsible forassembling from varioussources the material inthe collection) if heis named on the title-page,

10.312 under the title of thecollection, if thecompiler is not namedon the title-page;

10.32 when the collection has nocollective title, under thename of the author, or underthe title, of the first workin the collection.

10.33 An added entry should alwaysbe made under the name of thecompiler (if known), whennot chosen as heading for themain entry; and under thetitle, if the main entry isunder the compiler.

An lib sc


NOTES

J37 Idea Plane

J371 In its 11. 24 the Preliminary officialreport speaks of " collections'! (com-posite books) whose main entry ismade exceptionally under the com-piler (name of the compiler). A uni-form rule without exceptions is desi-rable for the choice of the heading ofthe main entry of a composite book.It is suggested that the name of thecompiler or editor should be used asthe heading of the main entry, if it ismentioned on the title-page and thechoice should be the title if and only ifthe title-page does not rnent ion thename of a compiler or editor. 'Th is is

BKI73

J372

the ground for the alternate prescrip-tion K 13.The alternative prescriptions given in10.3 of the Preliminary official reportrespect the Canon of Ascertainability.These are therefore to be preferred.

K WORKS ENTERED UNDER TITLE 11

NOTES

KOB Verbal PlaneIt is no doubt gratifying that the Prelimi-

nary official report has accepted the distinc-tion between the terms" work" and II book" ..But it is not using the correct term in allplaces. The above sect ion heading is an ex-ample of wrong use.

Kl MAIN ENTRY WITH TITLE-HEADING 11. 1

Prescrjpti.on in the Preliminaryofficial report Alternative Prescription Suggested

11.1 Works having their main entry under thetitI.e are:

11.11 works whose authors ·have not beenascertained,

11.12 works by more than three au t nor snone of whom is principal author (see 10.22~,

11.13 collections of independent worksor parts of works, by d.ifferent authors,published with a collective title.

11 .14 works (including serial sandperiodicals) known primarily or convention-ally by title rather than by the name ofthe author.

Kl Publications the heading of whosemain entry should be the title are thefollowing:A book not mentioning the name of theauthor on the title-page;

Delete 11. 12 of the Preliminary officialreport;A composite book whose title-page doesnot mention the name of the compileror editor; andA periodical publication-- that is aperiodical or a serial.

Kll

K12

K13

K14

NOTES

K 17 Idea Plane

KI71 The alternate pres cription K 11 is aconsequence of the alternate pres-cription C2Z.The prescription 11. 12 of the Pre-liminary official report violates theCanon of Sought Heading. When thenumber of authors of a work is threeor more, the trend among readersis to look for the book under thename of the author mentioned firstin the title-page. Unless the title

Kl72

V 9 N 7 Mar 7962

K173

of a book is a compact, crisp near-proper-name that sticks to the mind,the habit of reader is to rememberit by the name of the author. Ifthere are only two authors, the book'is remembered by the names of boththe authors taken together. If thereare three or more authors, the bookis remembered by the name of theauthor mentioned first on the title-page. Therefore, the deletion ofII. 12 is recommended.In its 11. 24 the Preliminary officialreport speaks of II collections" (corTI-

33

BK173

K174

RANGANATHAN

posite books) whos e main entry ismade" exceptionally" under the com-piler (name of the compiler). Auniform rule without exceptions isdesirable for the choice of the head-ing of the main entry of a compositebook. It is suggested that the nameof the compiler or editor should beused if it is mentioned on the title"page and the choice should be thetitle if and only if the title-pagedoes not mention the name of a com-piler or editor. This is the groundfor the alternative prescription K13In its 11. 14, the Preliminary officialreport prescribes the main headingto consist of the title in the case of"works known primarily or conven-tionally by titles rather than by thename of the author". Is the workHamlet conventionally known bytitle or not? Is the work Ramayanaconventionall y known by title or not?In each such case, the name of theauthor is not only known but is alsorn ent iori ed on the title-page of thebook embodying it. In view of this,prescription 11. 14 will lead to am-biguity in the choice of the headingfor main entry. In such a case, thetitle should certainly have a specificadded entry with the title as heading.It is not desirable to allow anything

K 183

K184

more than this for the title. This is theground for the alternate prescriptionomitting the case of works knc wn pri-marily or conventianlly by title. Pres-cription K 11 takes care of it.

K 18 Verbal Plane

The term. "composite book" suggestedin the alternate prescription K 13 ismore crisp, compact, and elegantthan the longish term" collections ofindependent works or parts of booksby different authors published witha collective title", used in prescrip-tion 11. 13 of the Preliminary officialreport.It is gratifying that the Preliminaryofficial report has brought into us ethe terms" serial"; and "periodical"in its draft of prescription 11. 14.The terminology" serial", "periodi-cal", and" periodical publication" asthe generic term to cover the first two,is worth being standardised and broughtinto vogue to facilitate easy communi-cation. This terminology was arrivedat after years of struggle and incor-porated in all the recent editions ofthe Classified catalogue code, [R]and in the Glossary of cataloguingterms of the Indian Standards Insti-tution [I 1).

K2 ADDED ENTRY UNDER THE TITLE 11. 2

Prescription In the Preliminaryofficial report Alternative Prescription Suggested

11.2 An added entry or reference should bemade under the title for:

11.21 anonymous editions of workswhose authors have been ascertained,

11.22 works having their main entryunder the name of the author, when the titleis an important alternative n.ean s of identi-fication,

11.23 works whose main entry is madeunder the name of a corporate body, butwhich have distinctive titles not includingthe name of the corporate body,

11.24 collections whose main entry ismade exceptionally under the compiler.

34

K24 A specific added entry with the titleas heading should be made in thecase of a composite book with asignificant title nearly amounting toa proper name.

An lib sc

CAT ALOGUING PRINCIPLES BK5

NOTES

K271

K27 Idea Plane

The prescriptions 11.21 to 11. 23are redundant for they are coveredby prescriptions in 8. 1 and 6.4.Therefore, these three may be de-leted.

The alternate prescription K24 isthe consequence of the alternateprescription K13.

K274

K 3 UNIFORMISED HEADING 11. 3


"11.3 The uniform heading (for main or add-

ed entries) for works entered under titleshould be the original title or the titlemost frequently used in edItions of thework, except that"11.31 if the work is gener aLly known by aconventional title, the conventional titleshould be the uniform heading".

NOTES

K37 Idea Plane

This prescription is redundant for it iscovered by prescriptions in 6. I and 7 of thePreliminary official report.

K4 VARYING TITLES IN DIFFERENT VOLUMES 11. 4

Prescription in he Preliminaryofficial report Alternative Prescription Suggested

11.4 The uniform heading for works ofwhich successive parts or volumes beardifferent titles should be the title of thefirst part, unless the majori ty of the partsor volumes bear another t i t l e ': .

K4 Where uni.for rrri s ed title is necessarilyto be us ed as the heading for the titleentry of a work of which successiveparts or the successive volumes of thebook embodying it, it should be thetitle of the first part or the volumeunless the majority of the parts or thevolumes bear another title in whichcase that other title should be used asuniform heading.

NOTES

K48 Verbal Plane

The prescription in the Preliminary offi-cial report has a l a cun a . It does not say ex-plicitly what should be the uniformised title,when the majority of the parts or volumes beara title different from that of the first volume.This l ac una is filled up in the alternate draftsuggested in K4. The alternate draft alsoavoids mixing up of the use of the terms"heading" and "title" indiscriminately. Itis better to keep them clear.

K5 SERIAL WITH DIFFERING TITLES 11. 5


"11.5 When a serial publication :i:s issued

V 9 N 1 Mar 1962'

successively WIder different· ti t Les , a rna.i nentry should be made under each title forthe series of issues bearing that title,with indication of at least the immediatelypreceding and succeeding titles. For eachsuch series of issues, an added entry maybe made under one selected title. If, how-ever, the variations in title are onlyslight, the most frequently used form maybe adopted as a uniform heading for allissues.

NOTES

The prescription 11. 5 calls for no remarks

35

BK6 RANGANATHAN

K6 MULTILA TERAL INTERNATIONAL TREATIES 11. 6


11.6 Multi-lateral international treatiesand conventions and certain other categoriesof publications issued with non-distinc-tive titles may be entered under a uniformconventional heading chosen to reflect theform of the work.

Multi-lateral international treaties andconventions and certain other categories ofpublications issued with non-distinctive titlesmay be entered under a uniform conventionalheading chosen to reflect the content of thebook.

NOTES

K67 Idea Plane

The uniform conventional heading to beused should be the uniform conventional titlewhich should be constructed for the docu-ment in question so as to function as a dis-tinctive title. The term II to reflect the formof the work" should not mislead one into theerror of making the heading consist of twoparts, the main heading denoting the authorand the subheading denoting the subject.

L ENTRY WORD FOR PERSONAL NAME 12

Alternative Heading Suggested:Entry Element for Name-of-Person


"12 When the name of a personal authorconsists of several words, the choice ofentry-word is determined so far as possi-ble by agreed usage in the country ofwhich the author is a citizen, or, if thisis not possible, by agreed usage in thelanguage which he generally uses".

NOTES

L7 Idea Plane

L7 I The apparent simplicity of the aboveprescription may be appealing. But it givesvery little help to the cataloguer who has torender the name of a personal author belong-ing to a cultural group of which the cata-loguer has not got intimate familiarity orknowledge in respect of the structure of name-

36

of-person. The function of the successivewords in it and the relative potency of thesewords when viewed from the angle of alpha-betical arrangement vary from cultural groupto cultural group - even from one culturalsub-group to another cultural sub-group.This has been fully discussed in the Classifiedcatalogue code [R5] and in the Annals of lib-rary science [R9].

L72 No doubt it is difficult to handle this·problem in respect of the books ofthe past unless the cataloguer ac-quires sufficient familiarity withthe naming practices of differentcul t ur al- groups. But this problem hasbeen solved in one way or other and hasaiso been frozen as it were by at leasthalf a dozen large national librarieswith very nearly universal holdings.Moreover, at least four of these largelibraries have printed their catalogues.Where these catalogues differ in therendering of the name of a personalauthor, there is no means of bringingthem all under one agreed rule to bearrived at at an international confer-ence. This is economica)ly impracti-cable.On the other hand, a more practicalapproach for th e International Confer-ence on Cataloguing Principles, shouldbe to prevent the difficulty in the rend-ering of the name of a per sonal author,arising in respect of future books.With this in view, the following reso-lution was handed over to the authoritiesof the International Conference in Paris:

L73

II In view of the tangled problems in thechoice of the entry element in a name-of-

An lib sc

CATALOGUING PRINCIPLES

person for the heading of the rn a iri entry, inthe case of books of the past; and

"in view of the nurnb e r of books of thefuture likely to be far greater than that ofthe past;

"It is desirable to take steps towardsthe avoidance of the rising of such tangledpr ob l ern s in the ca se of the books of thefuture .

1I0ne possible step for considerationis the pr orn ot ion of a standard for a pre-Lirni na r y page (preferably the back of thetitle-page) of the book giving the only ir-r emov abl e words in the n arn e of the authorand printing in a distinctive type (say, blackface) the word or word-group to be used asthe entry el ern ent in the heading of the cata-logue entry".

There is no doubt that the author andthe publisher taken together will be the ITlOStreliable authority in indicating the entry ele-rn ent in the narn e of the author. They can beexpected to corifo r rn to the practices pre-valent i'n their cultural group. Even if theydo not, it is the author's prerogative to rn a r kwhatever word he likes in his n arn e as thepre-potent word for purposes of cataloguee~try. It is not difficult to pe r s uad e theauthor and the publisher to give a helpfulindication of this in the back of the title-page. The Indian Standards Institution es-tablished a standard on this rriat t e r in ,1955 [12]. Since then, its Irnp l ern ent a ti onSection has been steadily pursuading pub-lisher after publ ish e r to conf'o r m to thisstandard. SOITle have already begun to irn-pl ern ent it. It should be possible for theother countries also to do sirrril a r l y , Atany rate, the International Conference inParis would have taken a realistic forwardstep if it had devoted tirn e to it.

L 74 But unfortunately for SOITle reasonwhich was not easily understood, nosuch resolution was rrioved on thesubject. The President refered to itin his concluding speech stating thatit contained a useful idea and presentedonly the substance of this resolution

V 9 N 1 Mar 1962

BL77

that IIcooperation of the booksellerssho ul d be sought in the m at t e r ofnarn e s of authors". Unfortunately thisreference missed the essence, as book-sellers have little to do with the pro-duction of books.

L 75 Si rni l a r standard practice is possible inrespect of the name of a corporate body.The Indian Standards Institution has gota very helpful standard for the way inwhich the name of the corporate authorshould be printed on the back of thetitle-page. The Controller of Printingof the Government of India has al read ytaken action to implement this standardinr~spect of the publications of theGovernment of India. It is expectedthat the Governments of the ConstituentStates will soon do similarly. This isa great step forward as the Governmentis becoming the most prolific publisherin any country today. ,

L76 The Indian Standards Institution has alsogot another standard. This deals withchange in name of author. A resolutionalong the lines of this standard was alsosent' up to the Secretary and the Ch ai r m anof the International Conference in Paris.It also received only the same treat-ment as the one mentioned in L 74.

L 77 The unfortunate feature of the proceed-ings of the International Conference inParis is the one already referred to inGl7 and HI7. The Conference waslargely biased towards the t r eat m erit ofthe books of the past and of the needs oferudite scholars interested in biblio-graphical research. It paid little atten-tion to a look into the future. Nor didit pay any attention to the needs of thelarge number of generalist readers whoare flooding the libraries in al rn os tevery country today as a result of theadvent of democracy which asks forequal opportunity for one and all forknowledge and for book service. Thisfeature in the attitude of the Conferencewas perhaps due to the dominance inthe Conference of 'Librarians of largelibraries accustomed through centuries

, to serve specialists and with preciouslittle opportunity to serve generalistreaders. In fact, the representation

37

BL77 RANGANATHAN

of public librarians -- librarians ofeven large public libraries -- wasextremely poor. The voice of the fewthat" happened to be present was natu-rally neither heard nor appreciated bythe majority who had had little oppor-tunity to serve general readers. It isnever too late to mend. Since the Con-ference has passed several r'e solut ion sto perpetuate itself or some possiblesuccessors for it, care may be takenin future to invite delegates in such away that all the library interests - - i ethe interests of all classes'of readers--are represented in an equitable way.

M Deeper CataloguingPrinciples Missed

Apart from looking backwards and con-centrating attention on the past instead oflooking forward and providing for the avoi-dance of the recurrence of avoidable diffi-culties in respect of future books, the Con-ference did not consider cataloguing prin-ciples lying at a sufficiently deeper level.It seldom touched upon the basic normativeprinciples which' should form the foundationof any work in building a catalogue code,comparing of catalogue codes, and arrivingat a reasonably uniform practice in cata-loguing. It lost itself into the details in thephenomenal level: It failed to dive deep intothe seminal level and corne to an agreementupon worth-while canons of cataloguing lyingin that level. If they had done it, the mutualcommunication in the Conference would havebeen more effective, the evaluation of theexisting practices would have been free con-siderabl y from the weight of outmoded tradi-tion, and a lead would have been given to-wardsseparatingout the factors to be coveredby an international catalogue code, the nationaland linguistic catalogue codes, and the farrr:ore nurnerous local catalogue codes. Someindication of such a possibility has been indi-cated in the Annals of library science in 1959[R8]. Copies of it were also supplied to theexperts attending the London Conference(1959) convened to make preparations forthe p'aris Conference (1961). The normativeprinciples or the canons too had been out-lined as early as 1955 in the Heading and

38

canons and embodied in preliminary chap-ters of Classified catalogue code, ed 4, 1958In fact, the full-fledged formulations of thecanons in 1955 was prompted mainly by themove of the Ifla to take up a study of cata-loguing p~inciples. Perhaps the work of theConference would have gone on more profi-table fundamental lines if these documentsand the Glossary of cataloguing terms of Indiahad been included in the official list put up forthe Conference.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The number of the section given afterthe s erial number of each item is that of thesection of this paper in which the referenceoccurs.

The name of the author of each docu-ment, unless otherwise stated, is S R Ranga-nathan11 Se c C8l

K184

12 Sec L73

R Sec H6K184

Rl Sec A72R2 Sec H37R3 Sec H428R4 See H57R5 Sec L71R6 Sec C8l

R7 Sec H57R8 Sec M

R9 Sec L71

RIO Sec H17

Indian Standards Institution,Documentation Sectional Com-mittee. Glossary of cata-loguing terms, 1959. IndianStandard IS: 796-1959Indian Standards Institution,Documentation Sectional Com-mittee. Practice for authorstatement in the title-page ofa book (tentative), 1956 IndianStandard IS: 793-1956Classified catalogue code ed 4,1958Ibid, Sec 035Ibid, Sec 142Ibid, Sec 05Ibid, Sec 0291Ibid, Sec 180Heading and canons: compa-rative study of five cata-logue codes, 1955Ibid, Sec 338International catalogue code,(An lib Sc 6, 1959, 13-20)Name-of-person heading: Re-commendation for the Inter-national Conference on Cata-loguing 1961 (An lib Sc 7,1960., 33-46)Tow for author heading, (Libri 5,1954, 122-41)

An lib sc

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