International Journal of Innovative Practice and Applied Research · 2019. 9. 5. · International Journal of Innovative Practice and Applied Research (IJIPAR) (ISSN- 2349- 8978)

International Journal of Innovative Practice and Applied Research (IJIPAR)

(ISSN- 2349- 8978)

Volume: 8 Issue: 8 Jan–June 2018

Editor –in Chief Dr. (h.c.) Lakhsman Seth Chairman, ICARE, Haldia

Consulting Editor Mr. Asish Lahiri

Secretary, ICARE

Senior Editor

Dr. S. N. Bandyopadhyay Director, Haldia Institute of Management

Editor

Dr. Kousik Paik Assistant Professor,

Haldia Institute of Management

Technical Editor Mr. S. P. Nayek

Faculty, Haldia Institute of Management

Dr. B. Abdul Rafeeq

General Secretary, Al-Ameen National Educational & Charitable Trust

Technical Assistant

Puja Tiwari Assistant Professor

Haldia Institute of Management

Editorial Board

Dr. Srikrishna Banerjee Lincoln University College Malaysia

Dr. M N Bandyopadhyay, PhD. Director Haldia Institute of Technology

Ex-Director, NIT Calicut, Kerala

Dr. Abhijan Dutta, PhD.

Professor, Dept. of Management, NIT Durgapur

Dr. S Ravindran, PhD.

Mahendra Engg. College, Salem, Tamilnadu

Dr. G Sanyal, PhD.

Dean, NIT Durgapur

Dr. I. Sanyal, PhD

Senior Faculty, IBPS, Mumbai

Dr. B. A. Anuradha, PhD

Principal Al Ameen Institute of Management, Bangalore

Mr. U. K. Roy Chairman Gurukul Academy, Barckpore

Dr. Y R Sood, PhD.

Dean, NIT Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh

Prof. R. Rajanna,

Registrar, University of Mysore

Dr. K. Shivachithappa, Coordination Ph.D University of Mysore

Dr. G. Banerjee, PhD H.O.D, Dept. of Management NIT Durgapur

Dr. Vishal Bishnoi, PhD

HOD,IMR Ghaziabad

Mr. J. Hazarika

Chairman, Gurukul Junior College, Assam

Copyright @ 2018 by the Haldia Institute of Management, Haldia, West Bengal. All rights reserved. The views expressed in the articles are those of the authors and not necessarily of the editorial board. The authors are fully responsible forany plagiarism related issues arising out of this Journal. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, or stored without prior written permission. Application or permission for other use of copyright material includes permission to reproduce extracts in other published works shall be made to the publisher. Full acknowledgement of author, publisher and source must be given.

(Dr). Lakshman Seth

Chairman

ICARE

FROM THE DESK OF THE CHIEF EDITOR

Research is an art of venturing into the unknown depth of an ocean to fish out the relevant

facts that would help the society and human kind to develop further. Knowledge will stay

constant until and unless research is carried on in search of new information that would be of

some contribution to the society or industry as a whole. It is with this agenda that we carry

forward this legacy of issuing journals every year which contains some state of the art and

innovative research articles collected from renowned authors from all over the world.

International Journal of Innovative Practice and Applied Research, aims at achieving the

epitome of success by publishing quality research papers. It focuses on assimilating papers

which are strong in innovation, at the same time, having applications in the industry as well

as the society, at large. Innovation can be a matter of perception on the part of the author. The

same variables could be re-organised in a particular manner to give a totally different

outcome, which was not thought of before.

Applied Research is also a much diversified field which encompasses various fields of

management and science. It is imperative to not restrict research in particular fields like that

of management or science. In this age of digitalization, multi-disciplinary approaches are the

way to the future. Even multi-national companies like Xerox and Hewlett-Packard are taking

this into consideration and venturing into varying fields like music players and printers, which

are not their expertise area. The motto of any industry now is to change according to the

environmental factors and suffice to the demands of the market under variable conditions. As

per the words of Alan Deustchman, the organizations need to “Change or Die”. Thus, this

journal allows the authors free space in conducting research on varying and innovative fields.

This journal was started with the objective of promoting certain conclusive research in

varying fields. Applied Research was especially held in a special place as this research had a

kind of potential of changing the ways of the daily life. This journal encourages experts from

various fields to amalgamate together and create a noteworthy research with a very important

future scope of study. Also, these studies are not only limited to academicians but also

industry experts are requested to take part in this in order for them to limit the gaps between

the industry and the academia. When the two fields intersect, knowledge can be applied to the

industry to come up with some solutions for various kinds of decision making problems

experienced practically in the operations of an organization.

I congratulate all the experts and academicians on submitting their papers. We hope to

continue this association for a long time to come with the essential objective to spread

knowledge amongst the people as Swami Vivekananda rightly said, “A nation is advanced in

proportion to education and intelligence spread among the masses.”

Dr.S.N.Bandyopadhyay

Senior Editor

Director, Haldia Institute of Management

FROM THE DESK OF THE SENIOR EDITOR

When we look in today’s world we see that every aspect is being upgraded or changed

according to the need of the society. Starting from smart phones to laptops to even every day

cooking utensils change is evident everywhere. Now change can happen only when we look

into the needs, analyse the gaps and develop the techniques to fulfil the gaps. We in HIM try

to analyse the gaps in the academic arena and develop such courses that would help to fulfil

the gaps in the academic arena in such a way that it would uplift the students and make them

industry ready from day one. In this journal we encourage innovation, creativity and

developing ideas that would help in minimising the academic gaps and develop new concepts

that would encourage young minds.. In academics, there are various fields to explore where

one can conduct a research according to their interest. The main objective of the journal is to

disseminate knowledge, which ensure good practice of professional management and its focal

point is on research and reflections relevant to academicians. Beside this, it especially focuses

on interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary fields.

I believe that research should be an integral part of academics and there is a need of the open

platform for sharing thoughts. This journal gives experts a very good opportunity to come out

with new innovative ideas and their research works which can be used for the betterment of

our society. It is extremely important to encourage faculty members to participate more in

research related activities along with the students to strengthen teacher – student bond. More

research is needed in teaching and learning method also as because new trend are emerging in

higher education.

I hope the articles will enlighten our readers with cutting edge and innovative ideas that will

set a new dimension of understanding in various fields. I believe our journal will help new

age researchers understand the concepts better, identify the gaps present and bring in more

innovative solutions.

I congratulate all authors for their articles and hope our readers will enjoy them.

CONTENT

SL No.

Topic Page No.

1 Study on increase in service quality and service performance in

hospitals in reference to Importance of Manpower Planning on

Patient Satisfaction Level in Emergency Department 1Sourav Gangopadhyay, 2 Dr. S. N. Bandyopadhyay

1-16

2 Study of TNA on Patient Satisfaction Level in different Private and

Public Hospitals in Kolkata that leads to increase service

performance and service quality

Jayeeta Majumder, 2 Dr. S. N. Bandyopadhyay

17-33

3 Understanding Investor Choice about Mutual Funds in West

Bengal, India 1Barnali Ghosh, 2Dr. S. N. Bandyopadhyay

34-51

4 Image Encryption using Chaotic Map: A Survey towards its Growth 1 Dipankar Dey

52-58

5 The usage of computer added service in Library & Information

Science: A Study 1Solanki Pattanayak, 2Moumita Pari Giri

59-65

6 The World of Warcraft: Organizational Learning in Virtual and Real

Worlds 1Satarupa Sinha Roy

66-71

7 Health Insurance: A Much Needed Area Of Education For The

General People For The Betterment Of The Economy Of The

Country 1 Arnab Halder

72-81

8 Factors Contributing to the incidence of Child Labour in India 1 Sahelika Panda

82-88

9 Bone Implants and Management 1 Dr. B.Abdul Rafeeq, 2 Puja Tiwari

89-92

10 Initiating a Survey on Optimal Utilization of hospital resources 1Dr. S.K .Maity, 2 Satakshi Chatterjee

93-100

11 Where do all the gold on the Earth comes from? A story of the death

of a star 1 Dr. Mayukh Pahari

101-108

International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018

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Study on increase in service quality and service performance in

hospitals in reference to Importance of Manpower Planning on

Patient Satisfaction Level in Emergency Department 1Sourav Gangopadhyay, 2 Dr. S. N. Bandyopadhyay

1Assistant Professor, Haldia Institute of Management 2Director, Haldia Institute of Management

Abstract

The main objective of this paper is to present the importance of human resource department and

particularly proper manpower planning in emergency department of hospitals, private and public.

It is the main conclusion of this paper that both manpower and health manpower planning have

received wide respect and recognition and is the primary force behind towards pushing the

overall customer satisfaction up. It has also been noted here, that the said manpower planning in

majority of public emergency department of hospitals has not been so fortunate and in many it is

still in the embryonic or infancy stage. Although much study has not been done till date on the

importance of manpower planning in emergency department of hospitals, yet, it is quite apparent

that the inevitability of such is felt and is growing rapidly across the spectrum of emergency

department of hospitals which do not give much weightage to the existence of a Human

Resources Department.

Introduction

During the past several years there has been an increase in the use of hospital services. This

increase has brought about and produced various changes in the importance and use of

manpower and staffing guidelines and management within emergency department of hospitals.

The kind of care which is required and demanded from such services as nursing, dietary,

radiology, laboratory, medical records and operating rooms has changed drastically over the past

decade or two. These changes have affected both the nature of the work required and the staff to

meet the demands. Other hospital departments include the business office, housekeeping,

laundry, and maintenance. Virtually every hospital department and services has undergone

changes in the development of manpower and staffing guidelines in emergency department of

hospitals.


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Literature Survey

Manpower planning in emergency department of hospitals, strictly defined, is the activity

of hospital management which is aimed at coordinating the requirements for and the availability

of different types of employees in various departments thereto. Usually this involves ensuring

that the hospital has enough of the right kind of labor at such times as it is needed. It may also

involve adjusting the requirements to the available supply.

It is an imprecise art based on shifting bases. Successful results depend heavily on

appreciation of the factors at work and sensitive evaluation data. It’s an inter-disciplinary

activity… the range of specialty which can be brought to bear on manpower problems extends

from the statistical and mathematical studies to the sociological contributions…no particular

discipline can claim a monopoly of interest in the field.

A lot of research has been done to see the satisfaction level of patients related to quality

of doctors, staff, etc. But in India not much research is done to find out if there is any direct

relation between hospital manpower planning and patient satisfaction. This paper will try to get a

relationship between manpower planning and patient satisfaction.

Importance of Hospital Manpower Planning in Emergency Department

Planning manpower, outsourcing is the key to boost profitability. In a typical hospital set up,

expenditure on salary amounts to roughly 25-30 per cent of total income or 30-35 per cent of

total expenditure. This is not healthy statistics, say experts. Most emergency department of

hospitals is believed to operate with excess manpower. As competition increases and margins

come under pressure, emergency department of hospitals tomorrow will have no option but to

rationalize manpower, which, in other words, would mean downsizing.

Most times, downsizing has led to further chaos, mainly because of improper manpower

planning. Health-care consultants stress on a multi-skilled workforce to carry multiple tasks in

order to maintain optimum employee per bed ratio, a key to boost and sustain profits.

To achieve this, manpower planning becomes crucial. But, such tasks are rarely

undertaken in emergency department of hospitals, say experts. Most emergency department of

hospitals operates on excess man power. Ideally, employee to bed ratio should be 3 per bed.

Three persons per bed could be a little stingy, say some, who find 4-5 persons per bed more

acceptable.

The type of hospital, the set-up and even the structure of the building counts when it

comes to manpower allocation.


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Specialty: The number of employees depends not on the size of hospital but more on its

specialty, say experts. Ideally for multi-specialty and super-specialty emergency department of

hospitals the ratio of bed to employee should be around 1:6. This is an ideal situation and is

practiced in developed countries as mandatory requisition.

Setup: More classes of wards means more staff. For instance, a deluxe room may have

one staff for just 2 beds since the patients are charged higher and consequently demand better

care. In median class, one employee can look after 6 patients.

A ward boy in one wing may not be able to give his best to all the wings on the same

floor. So the staff increases. The solution is to economize without effecting patient care. For ex.,

non-core sector like support staff, housekeeping can be outsourced in many emergency

department of hospitals… all in all, there needs to be proper planning when it comes to

manpower sourcing, pooling, allocation, training and development.

Audit: Manpower audit, which must be carried out regularly is seldom done due to

knowledge among healthcare professionals on manpower audits is not satisfactory.

Multi-skilling and multi-tasking: Employee per bed ratio can be kept optimum, provided

effective utilization of manpower is done by creating multi-skilled and multi-tasked personnel. In

any hospital, an ECG technician does the job of just taking the ECG. And if it is a male

technician, he can see only male patients. Most of the times therefore he is left without work.

The right way he says is to employ female employees or train nurses to carry out the same for

full utilization of manpower.

A peon must have knowledge of computers, lift operation, vehicle driving and handling

patients. Even class IV staff be given training and apprenticeship. Full orientation for computer

application must be given. This will reduce manpower requirement, say experts.

Outsource: Consultants advice that emergency department of hospitals must explore

services which can be outsourced. Contracting some services can bring down man power to 4

persons per bed.

Hospital Manpower Planning helps in Economizing Operations & Profitability

Hospital visits are increasing at a rate unsurpassed almost everywhere. Today, the hospital and

healthcare sector is one of the fastest growing sectors. Parallel with this is the rising cost of

supplies, equipment’s etc. Between 75-80% of a hospital’s budget goes to staff salaries and paid


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working hours in the hospital. The cost of labor in emergency department of hospitals has risen

sharply over the past ten years and has nearly doubled.

Not only have budgets for staff increased, but the number of staff to operate a hospital

has also increased. Sophisticated equipment, hospital accreditation, and patients themselves have

all affected manpower and staffing guidelines in emergency department of hospitals. Not only

newly built facilities, but emergency department of hospitals undergoing extensive remodeling

and construction also require manpower planning.

If a hospital wants to open up one or is planning to add an entirely new building, the

manpower planner is faced with many decisions: how many new patient beds he will have, how

many new lab requests, x-rays etc. the new addition will require, how many new nurses will be

required for the extra beds, and so also the number of ward clerks, cleaning personnel etc.

One of the most difficult questions the planner must consider is, how fast will the number

of patients increase to fill the new beds? Will the increase be slow and begin with only a trickle

of patients, or is the expansion needed so much that the new beds will be filled rapidly? The

planner has to consider the possibility of difficulties in recruitment of new staff for the addition.

If difficulties arise, should the staff be built up prior to the opening? Should the ward or building

open under-staffed and only run at part capacity? How long will it take before a full complement

of staff is obtained and the hospital is able to operate under full capacity? If the planner elects to

build up the staff prior to the opening, he must consider the loss of employing staff who are

under-utilized.

He must not only look at the monetary factors but other as well. If staffs are temporarily

deployed, morale may drop and false expectations of the future workload may develop. Looking

at the situation from another spectrum, if the planner reopens the new ward of building without

the proper number of staff through planning and design, he will be under-utilizing the expansion.

If the expansion took large number of capital investment, the costs of under-utilizing the

expansion may outweigh the costs of employing prior to the opening.

In the absence of a manpower planning model, the entire decision making may collapse

or couldn’t be carried out in the first place.

Methodology

The Survey was conducted in three levels namely,

1) Public Emergency department of hospitals in Kolkata, India

2) Private Emergency department of hospitals without Human Resource Department in

Kolkata, India


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3) Private Emergency department of hospitals with Human Resource Department in Kolkata,

India.

To do the survey the tool used was questionnaire. Two questionnaires were made. The first

one was for the hospital and the next one was for patient. The patient questionnaire was made

with the help of Likert Scale.

The source of information is mainly primary source and the sampling method used was

convenience sampling. Total numbers of Emergency department of hospitals/Nursing Home

surveyed were 20. Total number of patient feedback taken was 15 per hospital so total was

300.The sample of the questionnaire is attached at the end.

The Survey:

The survey was carried out in 20 Emergency departments of hospitals across Kolkata in both

private and public emergency department of hospitals. It was seen that there is a presence of a

Human Resources Department in majority of the large private emergency department of

hospitals and an absence of the same in majority of the public emergency department of

hospitals. The observation that was marked across the board is that the patient satisfaction level

in emergency department of hospitals where there is a definitive Human Resources Department

were more than in the ones with no or fledgling Human Resources Department. On further

probing it was found that the satisfaction level actually can be regulated by application of human

resources planning by the Human Resources Department in those emergency departments of

hospitals.

In most of the public emergency department of hospitals it was seen that the manpower

planning was done by their administration department who were not qualified in any form of

Human Resource Planning. In most of the public emergency department of hospitals manpower

planning is done on the basis of ratio analysis. In private hospital it was seen that majority of

them had Human Resource Department.

Other than this it was also seen that in Public emergency department of hospitals the

manpower planning was done for a very long time whereas in the private it was much shorter.

Though most public hospital has larger number of beds but they do not have the adequate

number of doctor or nurses. Even most of the public emergency departments of hospitals do not

have any manpower inventory. So if a doctor leaves the hospital then they are at a loss. If we

compare the employee turnover ratio it will be seen that public hospital again heads the list.

So it is clear from the above facts there is no proper manpower planning done in public

hospital, the employee turnover rate is high and they do not have any manpower inventory.


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Once this survey was over a survey on patient feedback of these emergency department

of hospitals were done. We selected 15 patients for each of the 20 emergency departments of

hospitals. In the analysis part a detailed study will be done on the second survey and a link will

be established between manpower planning and patient satisfaction.

The Analysis:

Once both the survey was complete it was clearly evident that there was a direct link

between patient satisfaction and proper manpower planning in the hospital. It was also found that

there was need of Human Resource Department in every hospital may it be public or private.

Out of the 20 hospitals/ nursing home that were surveyed 12 were private whereas 8 were

public. Out of the 12 private emergency departments of hospitals 6 had HR department whereas

the other 6 did not have a HR department. 15 patients were surveyed to find out there

satisfaction level per hospital. That means a total of 300 patients were surveyed in the 20

emergency department of hospitals/nursing home.

It was interesting to find that private and public hospitals which did not have any Human

Resource Department has an extremely bad patient feedback compared to the private emergency

department of hospitals which had Human Resource Department. To get the score a Likert Scale

based Questionnaire was formed where 5 denoted Highly Satisfied, 4 denoted Satisfied,3

denoted Moderately Satisfied ,2 denoted Unsatisfied and 1 denoted Highly Unsatisfied. The

average score of the emergency department of hospitals are given below.

Lists of Emergency department of hospitals & their average ratings on the basis of patient

feedback:-

Private Emergency Department Of Hospitals with accreditation Name Grade Category

Apollo Gleneagles Hospitals 4.354888 Highly Satisfied

Fortis Hospital 4.348 Highly Satisfied ILS Hospitals Dumdum 4.344 Highly Satisfied

Narayana Multispecialty Hospital, Barasat 4.339111 Highly Satisfied B.P. Poddar Hospital & Medical Research Ltd 4.319333 Highly Satisfied

Average Score-

Private Emergency Department of Hospitals without accreditation

Name Grade Category City Life Hospital 3.982444 Satisfied


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Megacity Nursing Home Private Limited 3.980666 Satisfied

Care and Cure Hospital Barasat 3.974 Satisfied Gandhi Seva Sangha Hospital 3.963111 Satisfied Bhattacharyya Orthopedics and Related Research Centre 3.968444 Satisfied

Average Score-

Public Emergency Department of Hospitals

Name Grade Category

National Medical College 2.8022 Dissatisfied Bangur Institute of Neurosciences 2.7808 Dissatisfied Vidyasagar State General Hospital 2.7755 Dissatisfied M R Bangur Hospital 2.7624 Dissatisfied SSKM Hospital 2.726 Dissatisfied Dr. B C Roy Post Graduate Institute of Paediatric Sciences 2.7066 Dissatisfied Barasat District Hospital 2.6957 Dissatisfied R. G. Kar Medical College and Hospital 2.668 Dissatisfied N R S Medical College and Hospital 2.63 Dissatisfied Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata 2.61111 Dissatisfied

From the above data it is clear that patient satisfaction is directly proportionate to the

presence of Human Resource Department. Not only in the public but also in private emergency

department of hospitals there is an immense need of the Human Resource department. Only in

presence of Human Resource department proper manpower planning is possible.

It is also evident from the research that the employee turnover rate is also extremely high

in the public sector emergency department of hospitals in comparison with private sector

emergency department of hospitals.

Conclusion:

Manpower planning in emergency department of hospitals is a vital issue in today’s

world of healthcare. With the rapidly growing number of new and expanding emergency

department of hospitals, and as hospital departments become more productive, the need is further

enhanced. With the increasing utilization of emergency department of hospitals by the populace

and the impact of Medicare for persons above 65 years of age and over, current knowledge and

planning for manpower in emergency department of hospitals has become vital and critical.

Manpower planning should be done by professionals and a department should be present

for such work. So Human Resource Department is a must in any hospital/nursing home.

In the analysis we have seen that hospitals like Apollo Gleneagles Hospitals, ILS

Hospitals Dumdum, B.P. Poddar Hospital & Medical Research Ltd, Fortis Hospital get a patient

satisfaction level of around 4 and above out of 5. These indicate those hospitals which are

accredited and follow proper man power planning in all their departments and especially in the

emergency departments’ scores high on patient satisfaction as the proper number of requisite

doctors’ nurses GDA and Administrative are adequate. In these hospitals we found that the

satisfaction level relied on the number of Doctors, nurses, GDA and Administrative staff in the


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emergency department. These gives us a lot of mathematical data on which more research can be

carried out to develop a model with four parameters namely Doctors nurses administrative and

GDA and correlating it with patient satisfaction.

In the analysis we have seen that hospitals like City Life Hospital, Megacity Nursing

Home Private Limited, Gandhi Seva Sangha Hospital get a patient satisfaction level of around 3

and 4 out of 5. These indicate those hospitals which are non - accredited and does not follow

proper man power planning in all their departments and especially in the emergency departments

scores bit less than that of hospitals which are accredited on patient satisfaction as the proper

number of requisite doctors’ nurses GDA and Administrative are not adequate. In these hospitals

we found that the satisfaction level relied on the number of Doctors, nurses, GDA and

Administrative staff in the emergency department. These gives us a lot of mathematical data on

which more research can be carried out to develop a model with four parameters namely Doctors

nurses administrative and GDA and correlating it with patient satisfaction.

In the analysis we have seen that hospitals like NRS, SSKM, RG Kar gets a patient

satisfaction level of around 2 and 3 out of 5. These indicate Government hospitals which does

not follow proper man power planning in all their departments and especially in the emergency

departments scores bit less than that of private hospitals which are accredited on patient

satisfaction as the proper number of requisite doctors’ nurses GDA and Administrative are not

adequate. In these hospitals we found that the satisfaction level relied on the number of Doctors,

nurses, GDA and Administrative staff in the emergency department. These gives us a lot of

mathematical data on which more research can be carried out to develop a model with four

parameters namely Doctors nurses administrative and GDA and correlating it with patient

satisfaction.

From this paper we can conclude that there is an utmost need of man power planning in

emergency department so that the service quality and the service performance can be of

maximum effect which in return will result in maximum patient satisfaction. This paper also

brought four main parameters that can increase the service quality and service performance in the

emergency department by a huge margin. These parameters are number of doctors, nurses, GDA,

administrative personnel. This paper gives a glimpse of further research can be made on the

specific subject so that service quality and service performance increases significantly.

References

1) Abramowitz S,Cote AA,Berry E. Analyzing patient satisfaction: A multi analytic

approach.QRB Qual Rev Bull 1987; 13:122-130

2) Jackson JL, Kroenke K. Patient satisfaction and quality of care.Mil Med 1997;162:273-

277

3) Primary Health Care, Now more than ever, 2008, The World Health Report, World

Health Organization.


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Annexure

QUESTIONNAIRE-1

Name of the Hospital

Name of the Patient

Age of the patient

Gender of the patient

Contact Number of the patient

Group A

5 4 3 2 1

Location of the Department of Emergency is easily accessible from the main gate

Signboard of Department of Emergency is easily visible from outside

Toilets and drinking water facilities are accessible in the department Department of Emergency is neat and clean

Department of Emergency has favorable ambience (light, room temperature) Department of Emergency has enough space

Equipments of the Department of Emergency are modern and well functioned Department of Emergency has enough and well maintained wheel chair and stretcher

Department has well access with the ambulatory service Department has well access with the Imaging service

Department has well access with the Pathology service Department has well access with the Pharmacy service

Department has well access with the OT service Department has well access with the Admission

Group B

Administrative Staff Administrative Staff of the Department of Emergency are available in the department

Administrative Staff of the Department of Emergency response quickly Queue is efficiently managed by Department of Emergency Paper work in the Department of Emergency is hustle free. Administrative Staff of the Department of Emergency have enough knowledge to answer patients question


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Administrative Staff of the Department of Emergency are enough skilled Administrative Staff of the Department of Emergency are always instilling the patient.

Administrative staff of the Department of Emergency are well-behaved Administrative staff gives patience hearing to the patients.

GDA Staff

GDAs of the Department of Emergency are available in the department GDAs of the Department of Emergency response quickly

GDAs of the Department of Emergency are enough skilled GDAs of the Department of Emergency are well-behaved

Nursing Personnel Nursing Personnel of the Department of Emergency are available in the department

Nursing Personnel of the Department of Emergency response quickly

Nursing Personnel of the Department of Emergency have enough knowledge to answer patients question

Nursing Personnel of the Department of Emergency are enough skilled Nursing Personnel of the Department of Emergency are always instilling the patient.

Nursing personnel of the department of emergency are well-behaved. Nursing personnel give patience hearing to the patients.

Nursing personnel of the Department of Emergency attend every patient. Nursing personnel of the Department of Emergency understand the personal need of every patient.

Doctors

Doctors of the Department of Emergency are available in the department Doctors of the Department of Emergency response quickly.

Doctors of the Department of Emergency have enough knowledge to answer patients question

Doctors of the Department of Emergency are enough skilled. Doctors of the Department of Emergency are always instilling the patient. Doctors of the department of emergency are well-behaved. Doctors have patience hearing to the patients Doctors of the Department of Emergency attend every patient. Doctors of the Department of Emergency understand the personal need of every patient.


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Analysis Report

Group A CH1 CH2 CH3 CH4 CH5 CH6 CH7 CH8 CH9 CH10


4.37 4.22 4.38 4.44 4.75 4.21 4.22 4.4 4.07 4.11


4.55 4.61 4.59 4.42 4.34 4.17 4.11 4.38 4.5 4.42

Toilets and drinking water facilities are accessible in the department

4.44 4.36 4.41 4.29 4.11 4.25 4.27 4.33 4.36 4.51

Department of Emergency is neat and clean

4.42 4.57 4.52 4.61 4.44 4.52 4.21 4.22 4.5 4.46

Department of Emergency has favorable ambience (light, room temperature)

4.33 4.49 4.49 4.59 4.39 4.39 4.29 4.31 4.49 4.53

Department of Emergency has enough space

4.42 4.52 4.55 4.49 4.39 4.5 4.32 4.49 4.29 4.28

Equipments of the Department of Emergency are modern and well functioned

4.26 4.54 4.66 4.39 4.42 4.11 3.91 4.33 4.39 4.52

Department of Emergency has enough and well maintained wheel chair and stretcher

4.43 4.41 4.38 4.17 4.59 4.61 4.46 4.51 4.11 4.29

Department has well access with the ambulatory service

4.37 4.4 4.38 4.39 4.44 4.16 4 4.27 3.89 4.26

Department has well access with the Imaging service

4.52 4.48 4.51 4.29 4.42 4.01 3.79 4.18 4.01 4.22

Department has well access with the Pathology service

4.28 4.39 4.28 4.11 4.35 4.14 4.07 4.29 4.18 4.29

Department has well access with the Pharmacy service

4.32 4.45 4.29 4.36 4.09 4.22 4.39 4 4 4.27

Department has well access with the OT service

4.08 4.23 4.09 4.1 4.02 4.2 4.09 4.11 4.11 4.15

Department has well access with the Admission

4.29 4.28 4.21 4.52 4.39 4.32 4.33 4.01 4.18 4.44

Group B Administrative Staff

Administrative Staff of the Department of Emergency are available in the department

4.39 4.46 4.51 4.42 4.35 3.89 3.5 3.1 3.98 2.1

Administrative Staff of the Department of Emergency response quickly

4.32 4.34 4.42 4.11 4.38 4.31 4.11 4.21 4.28 4.17

Queue is efficiently managed by Department of Emergency

4.23 4.18 4.39 4.52 4.19 4.27 4.37 4.23 4.24 4.44

Paper work in the Department of Emergency is hustle free.

4.29 4.39 4.31 4.42 4.41 4.16 4.11 4.01 4.18 4.29


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Administrative Staff of the Department of Emergency have enough knowledge to answer patients question

4.56 4.26 4.11 4.43 4.31 4.23 4.23 4.18 4.2 4.11

Administrative Staff of the Department of Emergency are enough skilled

4.38 4.54 4.25 4.36 4.31 4.18 4.27 3.99 3.86 4.22

Administrative Staff of the Department of Emergency are always instilling the patient.

4.21 4.16 4.2 4.15 4.28 4.06 3.38 3.98 3.18 3.78

Administrative staff of the Department of Emergency are well-behaved

4.29 4.26 4.31 4.21 4.54 4.02 4.01 4.09 4.03 4.17

Administrative staff gives patience hearing to the patients.

4.01 4.19 4.27 4.19 4.39 4.2 4.17 4.56 4.16 4.47

GDA Staff

GDAs of the Department of Emergency are available in the department

4.27 4.29 4.44 4.38 4.31 4.21 4.11 4.04 4.03 4.2

GDAs of the Department of Emergency response quickly

4.53 4.34 4.32 4.37 4.25 4.11 4.27 4.09 4.32 4.11

GDAs of the Department of Emergency are enough skilled

4.38 4.27 4.38 4.25 4.51 4.05 4.08 4.09 4.42 4.14

GDAs of the Department of Emergency are well-behaved

4.35 4.28 4.24 4.21 4.19 4.11 4.08 4.01 3.98 3.91

Nursing Personnel

Nursing Personnel of the Department of Emergency are available in the department

4.32 4.11 4.21 4.28 4.22 4.09 4.04 3.07 3.33 3


4.65 4.64 4.34 4.21 4.54 4.03 4.14 3.23 4.21 4.21


4.26 4.29 4.32 4.51 4.31 4.05 4.11 3.12 3.09 4.01

Nursing Personnel of the Department of Emergency are enough skilled

4.45 4.41 4.23 4.21 4.24 4.01 4 4.05 4.03 3.15

Nursing Personnel of the Department of Emergency are always instilling the patient.

4.33 4.43 4.31 4.23 4.36 3.11 4.05 4.05 4.03 4.01

Nursing personnel of the department of emergency are well-behaved.

4.54 4.41 4.34 4.32 4.42 3.12 4.02 4.01 4.04 4.01

Nursing personnel give patience hearing to the patients.

4.42 4.31 4.53 4.18 4.44 3.23 3.11 4.07 4.01 4.08

Nursing personnel of the Department of Emergency attend every patient.

4.31 4.21 4.45 4.23 4.37 4.04 4.02 4.12 3.22 4.52


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Nursing personnel of the Department of Emergency understand the personal need of every patient.

4.24 4.34 4.42 4.12 4.34 4.01 3.12 4.11 4.41 3.32

Doctors

Doctors of the Department of Emergency are available in the department

4.32 4.22 4.42 4.31 4.21 3.02 4.19 3.13 4.07 3.21

Doctors of the Department of Emergency response quickly.

4.43 4.43 4.24 4.29 4.2 3.09 3.15 3.12 4.14 3.38


4.29 4.42 4.13 4.29 4.1 3.23 4.34 4.11 3.31 3.56

Doctors of the Department of Emergency are enough skilled.

4.28 4.53 4.41 4.2 4.57 4.05 3.15 3.12 3.27 3.21

Doctors of the Department of Emergency are always instilling the patient.

4.58 4.12 4.32 4.23 4.38 3.16 4.24 4.02 3.14 4.06

Doctors of the department of emergency are well-behaved.

4.42 4.23 4.12 4.44 4.41 4.09 4.06 3.08 4.03 3.34

Doctors have patience hearing to the patients

4.31 4.12 4.23 4.28 4.21 3.11 3.27 4.16 3.24 3.11

Doctors of the Department of Emergency attend every patient.

4.42 4.12 4.23 4.36 4.33 3.27 3.13 4.16 3.17 4.03

Doctors of the Department of Emergency understand the personal need of every patient.

4.11 4.41 4.12 4.49 4.27 4.02 3.29 4.07 4.15 4.06

Group A GH1 GH2 GH3 GH4 GH5 GH6 GH7 GH8 GH9 GH10


4.55 4.61 4.5 4.22 4.23 4.44 4.6 4.32 4.49 4.39


4.54 4.59 4.21 4.27 4.51 4.49 4.58 4.29 4.35 4.44

Toilets and drinking water facilities are accessible in the department

3.98 3.02 3.11 3.99 4.09 4.11 3.91 3.19 3.37 4.09

Department of Emergency is neat and clean

3.99 3.89 3.33 3.72 3.74 4.09 3.88 3.33 3.91 3.96

Department of Emergency has favorable ambience (light, room temperature)

4.22 4.02 4.11 4 4.02 4.22 4.01 3.99 4.02 4.03

Department of Emergency has enough space

4.47 4.42 4.66 4.32 4.25 4.21 4.17 4.08 4.47 4.4


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Equipments of the Department of Emergency are modern and well functioned

4.39 3.99 4.5 4.09 4.09 4.19 4.27 4.26 3.88 3.97

Department of Emergency has enough and well maintained wheel chair and stretcher

4.01 3.99 4.07 4.08 4.11 4.22 4.14 3.78 3.56 3.69

Department has well access with the ambulatory service

3.77 4.09 4.1 4.09 4.16 4.41 4.31 3.66 4.05 4.17

Department has well access with the Imaging service

3.99 4.11 4.14 4.15 4.22 4.21 4.28 4.01 4.38 4.34

Department has well access with the Pathology service

4.32 4.19 4.24 4.27 4.31 4.37 4.22 4.19 4.29 4

Department has well access with the Pharmacy service

4.33 4.29 3.97 3.99 4.1 4.1 4.56 4.26 4.17 4.14

Department has well access with the OT service

3.9 3.88 3.98 4.21 4.07 4.18 4.01 3.86 3.99 4.02

Department has well access with the Admission

4.22 4.42 4.02 4.17 4.12 4.21 4.29 4.25 4.23 4.32

Group B Administrative Staff

Administrative Staff of the Department of Emergency are available in the department

2.97 2.37 2.79 2.19 2.98 2.78 2.79 2.76 2.98 2.87

Administrative Staff of the Department of Emergency response quickly

2.88 2.37 2.21 2.11 2.22 2.98 2.77 2.66 2.99 2.22

Queue is efficiently managed by Department of Emergency

2.11 2.18 2.14 2.99 2.16 2.1 2.73 2.11 2.09 2.09

Paper work in the Department of Emergency is hustle free.

2.98 1.98 2.16 2.89 2.77 2.72 2.75 2.56 2.36 2.29

Administrative Staff of the Department of Emergency have enough knowledge to answer patients question

2.23 2.34 2.21 2.56 2.49 2.32 2.36 2.98 2.1 2.09

Administrative Staff of the Department of Emergency are enough skilled

2.99 2.19 2.27 2.24 2.19 2.89 2.66 2.11 2.55 2.09

Administrative Staff of the Department of Emergency are always instilling the patient.

1.97 1.54 1.41 1.32 1.98 1.28 1.09 2.02 2.15 1.58

Administrative staff of the Department of Emergency are well-behaved

2.09 1.76 1.75 2.09 2.33 1.98 1.42 1.2 1.48 2.74

Administrative staff gives patience hearing to the patients.

2.03 2.11 1.93 1.29 3.21 2.12 2.89 1.26 2.34 2.2

GDA Staff GDAs of the Department of Emergency are available in the department

2.01 2.02 1.98 1.83 1.82 1.86 1.72 1.81 1.11 1.01


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GDAs of the Department of Emergency response quickly

2.09 2.17 2.32 2.39 2.18 2.11 2.22 2.67 2.21 2.07

GDAs of the Department of Emergency are enough skilled

2.09 1.88 1.78 1.63 1.45 2.45 2.98 2.22 2.09 2.08

GDAs of the Department of Emergency are well-behaved

2.05 2.11 2.22 2.56 2.94 2.65 2.55 2.65 1.64 1.42

Nursing Personnel Nursing Personnel of the Department of Emergency are available in the department

1.37 1.73 1.74 1.73 2.74 2.53 2.54 2.4 2.74 2.65


1.64 1.53 1.86 1.74 1.69 1.53 2.54 2.79 2.17 2.24


1.54 1.43 1.74 1.53 1.94 1.72 1.92 2.98 2.81 2.61

Nursing Personnel of the Department of Emergency are enough skilled

1.43 1.64 1.54 1.89 2.11 2.22 2.56 2.14 2.19 1.53

Nursing Personnel of the Department of Emergency are always instilling the patient.

1.32 1.83 1.12 1.18 1.43 1.53 1.53 1.59 1.52 1.54

Nursing personnel of the department of emergency are well-behaved.

1.93 1.42 1.72 1.43 1.47 1.97 1.53 1.74 1.99 1.99

Nursing personnel give patience hearing to the patients.

1.92 2.72 2.91 1.73 1.98 1.83 1.74 1.82 1.73 2.84

Nursing personnel of the Department of Emergency attend every patient.

1.74 1.67 1.57 1.93 1.74 1.83 1.51 1.33 2.02 2.75

Nursing personnel of the Department of Emergency understand the personal need of every patient.

1.93 1.31 1.93 1.42 1.43 1.64 1.51 1.3 1.53 1.56

Doctors Doctors of the Department of Emergency are available in the department

1.97 2.7 1.6 1.92 2.69 1.55 2.28 2.68 2.35 1.94

Doctors of the Department of Emergency response quickly.

1.61 1.8 1.57 2.37 2.32 2.03 1.89 2.05 2.62 1.67


2.01 1.5 1.88 2.63 1.68 1.52 2.76 2.29 1.84 2.45

Doctors of the Department of Emergency are enough skilled.

2.64 2.41 2.21 2.47 1.92 2.42 1.66 2.09 2.77 2.12

Doctors of the Department of Emergency are always instilling the patient.

1.9 1.51 2.33 2.04 2.66 2.24 1.86 1.59 2.3 1.53

Doctors of the department of emergency are well-behaved.

1.6 1.82 2.08 1.7 2.26 1.81 2.27 2.75 1.96 2.06


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CH1 Apollo Gleneagles Hospitals

CH2 Fortis Hospital

CH3 ILS Hospitals Dumdum

CH4 Narayana Multispecialty Hospital, Barasat

CH5 B.P. Poddar Hospital & Medical Research Ltd

CH6 City Life Hospital

CH7 Megacity Nursing Home Private Limited

CH8 Care and Cure Hospital Barasat

CH9 Gandhi Seva Sangha Hospital

CH10 Bhattacharyya Orthopedics and Related Research Centre

GH1 National Medical College

GH2 Bangur Institute of Neurosciences

GH3 Vidyasagar State General Hospital

GH4 M R Bangur Hospital

GH5 SSKM Hospital

GH6 Dr. B C Roy Post Graduate Institute of Paediatric Sciences

GH7 Barasat District Hospital

GH8 R. G. Kar Medical College and Hospital

GH9 N R S Medical College and Hospital

GH10 Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata

Doctors have patience hearing to the patients

2.34 2.2 1.56 2.61 1.95 2.25 1.62 1.58 2.1 1.63

Doctors of the Department of Emergency attend every patient.

2.78 1.93 1.65 2.23 1.64 2.46 2.31 2.02 2.36 2.11

Doctors of the Department of Emergency understand the personal need of every patient.

1.83 2.67 2.38 1.85 2.75 1.54 1.91 1.69 2.65 1.87


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Study of TNA on Patient Satisfaction Level in different Private and

Public Hospitals in Kolkata that leads to increase service

performance and service quality Jayeeta Majumder, 2 Dr. S. N. Bandyopadhyay

1Assistant Professor, Haldia Institute of Management 2Director, Haldia Institute of Management

Abstract

This study was designed as a questionnaire survey to investigate the demographics, training

needs, and preferred approaches to improve performance of the target population. The study

population included the health care professionals of major public health care facilities in West

Bengal. We used Likert Scale Questionnaire, a self-reported close-ended structured questionnaire

with a core set of 10 items. These items refer to tasks that are central to the role of health care

professionals and are categorized into six super ordinate categories: clinical skills,

administrative, managerial/supervisory, and continuing professional education.

Introduction

During the past several years there has been an increase in the use of hospital services.

This increase has brought about and produced various changes in the importance and use of

training and development guidelines and management in hospitals. Acute care hospitals and

medical centers are a vital component of healthcare infrastructure. Each of the day, these

facilities are relied upon to provide acute, routine, and primary health care to millions of people.

In times of public health crisis, the acute care hospital will be expected to render a prompt and

competent response to assist in minimizing morbidity and mortality. In spite of the obvious roles

and responsibilities of acute care hospitals during a major health or medical crisis in the India,

numerous deficiencies have been described concerning the lack of preparedness among the

nation's hospitals and trauma centers. In response to these deficiencies, several governmental

agencies and professional organizations have required and/or recommended standards for

hospitals that are related to education, training, and preparedness for disasters and public health

emergencies. Although some guidelines exist, there is no universal standard that describes which

roles or job functions within a hospital are essential to the hospital's ability to respond to and

recover from a disaster or public health emergency. Safety and Health Administration, has been

hospital preparedness plans as to the specific functional roles unclear regarding, specifically,

who should be educated and that are expected to be called upon or utilized in times of distained

to perform key functional roles at a hospital during asters or major incidents, Disasters or public

health emergencies. This extends from the purpose of this study was to determine the difference

between performance and patient satisfaction from trained and untrained staffs of the hospital.

An assessment process that serves as a diagnostic tool for determining what training

needs to take place. This survey gathers data to determine what training needs to be developed to

help individuals and the organization accomplish their goals and objectives. This is an


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assessment that looks at employee and organizational knowledge, skills, and abilities, to identify

any gaps or areas of need. Once the training needs are identified, then you need to

determine/develop objectives to be accomplished by the training. These objectives will form

criteria for measures of success and utility.

This analysis can be performed by managers who are able to observe their staff and make

recommendations for training based on performance issues or gaps between performance and

objectives. This analysis can also be performed on an organization-wide level by Training and

Development managers who survey the organization to identify needs.

Factors that may lead to Training Needs

Re-organization processes

Business Process Re-engineering

Process Improvements

Reductions in Force

Layoffs/Transfers/New Hires

Staffing Changes/Promotions

Re-locations

New equipment/Technology

Performance/Safety Issues

Problems in Production/Safety

New Systems/Procedures

Changes in Laws/Regulations

Succession Planning

Career Paths/Growth

Why conduct a Training Needs Assessment/Survey?

A needs assessment/survey helps an organization achieve its goals. It reduces gaps

between employee skills and the skills required by the job and department. The training needs

assessment survey can also form the basis (benchmark) for determining effectiveness of the

training administered. You can re-administer the training needs survey after the training was

performed to see if there was an increase in performance/skills as measured by the survey.

How do you determine where Training is needed?

You can use different sources to:

Needs Assessment Questionnaire

Needs Analysis

Employee Interviews

Employee Opinion/Climate Surveys

Exit Interviews

Employee Grievances/Complaints

Customer Returns/Calls

Accidents & Scrap

New Equipment / Software

Changes in Procedures

Re-organization

Job Re-design


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Performance Appraisal Results

Promotions & Terminations

Observations

Assessment Centers

Employment/Skills Tests

Focus Groups

Gathering Employee Opinions for Training Needs

Schedule a meeting with employees in a particular department or job classification. During the

meeting, gather ideas from the employees about their needs and areas for professional

development. Determine common themes and topics. Ask the employees to review the

information gathered and determine which areas/needs are most important to receive training.

Then determine the desired outcomes from the training to address these needs. These outcomes

could serve as measures of success (validation) of the training.

What are the Steps in a Training Needs Assessment

1. Needs Assessment (collecting and analyzing data)

2. Design (program objectives, plan, measures of success)

3. Testing (prototype the instrument and process)

4. Implementation (collection measures and update as needed)

5. Analysis & Evaluation (review feedback and data collected)

Literature Survey

Arshad, Yusof, Mahmood, Ahmed & Akhtar “A Study on TNA Process among

Manufacturing Companies Registered with Pembangunan SumberManusiaBerhad (PSMB) at

Bayan Lepas Area, Penang, Malaysia” found that out of six, five organization contextual variable

has a relationship with TNA factors. Even though it is not really an in-depth study, it is

significant enough to agree upon that the recommendations made by TNA researchers are

followed by organization in this study. The right adoption of TNA process will increase on its

effectiveness without wasting time, energy and money in order to achieve the desired

performance. Johnson (1993) clearly pointed out that performance improvement is achieved

through skilled, knowledgeable and committed workers who want to make their organization

successful. Training is becoming increasingly important to success. The organization’s

investment in its people is the most important investment it makes. Exact needs to meet the goal

must be ascertained in terms of each level of organization in order to provide training that

contributes to the organization business results. Identifying training needs is not easy; it requires

a good understanding of the business and of future developments of the organizations.

Aartichahal “Study of Training Need Analysis Based Training and Development: Effect

of Training on Performance by Adopting Development Based Strategy” Training is necessity in


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the changing environment, planned and systematic training should be made compulsory in all

private and public banks. It brings changes in behavior, attitude at any age and helps in

increasing the organizational performance. The organization should encourage more facilities

during training and also off the job training, because it is one kind of encouragement to improve

the interest towards the training and development program. By providing training, employers

support the skill development of their employees. If the training is good then the employees will

contribute their maximum for the achievement of the organizational objectives. The result of the

present study shown that the training practices in the selected branches of PNB and HDFC are

average and there is lot of scope for improvement. Researcher found that the training and

effectiveness programs have a positive impact on the performance of both male and female

employees but the results shows that it has a greater impact on the performance of male

employees group .This can be due to the reason that mostly female employees bear additional

responsibilities towards their families. The researchers found that most of the banks have their

own training institute, management attitude is very positive for training support and budget,

incentives are given for trainees, and overseas training opportunity. However, there is a lack of

needs assessment before training. Corporation should take necessary steps in such a way that

employees should feel training is essential to enhance the productivity and customer satisfaction

to meet the present challenges in India.

Shulagna Sarkar(2013) “Competency based Training Need Assessment – Approach in

Indian companies” All organizations must focus on conducting training need assessment before

deputing any employee for training. Though most of the organizations are aware of the fact of

conducting a need assessment for training their employees; yet most of the organizations fail to

practice it. In a large number of the smaller organizations, attending training is merely a luck

factor where individuals are nominated for trainings only by the seniors. The individuals suffer

from biased decision making. Thus the training of an employee fails to achieve the desired result.

The described technique has been a solution to the sample organizations. As out of the seventeen

sample organizations, only nine were following a systematic form of training need assessment

whereas others were fully concentrating on training as a tool for motivation and fulfilling the

industrial norms of 48 hours training for each employee. Jacqueline Reed (2003) “What a role

can a TNA plays in Organization change?” Organizational culture and change issues had a very

large role to play in the development of a needs analysis process for the organization. The

development of a needs analysis process was a struggle and in the end the determination of the

specific methodologies to use was the easiest part of the whole process. By far the most difficult

element was dealing with and understanding the cultural and change issues arising. It is

interesting to reflect as noted earlier that the bulk of the training needs analysis literature focuses

on methodology and gives only passing reference to culture or change issues (Boydell and Leary

1996, McClelland 1993, Leat and Lovell 1997, Schneier et al 1988).

Cecilia Nfila(2005) “Training Needs Analysis For Bachibanga Company in Botswana” It was

revealed that training is not the only possible solution to improve performance in Bachibanga


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Company. In fact, analysis of this study indicates that training can only close the performance

gap by 16.7%. Other performance improvement factors reviewed by the study include

motivational factors such as, increase in rewards, recognition, appreciation, and availability of

resources. Even when training is the best possible intervention method, there is need to assess the

type of training required and then see if the training material is practical. For training to work

effectively, the performance problem must be identified and analyzed. Then needs assessment

must be conducted to determine if training is the best approach to solve the problem. Training

materials must also be developed (building stage), and implemented (delivering stage). Finally,

there is need to evaluate the training. Here, feedback has to be collected from participants on

whether they learned, and follow- up should be made to their work place to see if they are

applying the knowledge and skills learned.

Angelina Messne (2009) “Needs Assessment and Analysis Method” many methods were

found for conducting a needs assessment and analysis: task analysis, job analysis, performance

improvement, competency-based needs assessment, strategic needs assessment, and knowledge

and skill assessment. While performance analysis is used in literature to describe one possible

needs assessment and analysis method, it more aptly describes needs assessment and analysis

itself. In essence, performance analysis is another term for needs assessment. Understanding

when and how to use these methods can be confusing for new practitioners. There is not one

correct way to apply each method, but there are best uses for each that were outlined with the

descriptions of the methods. While there is still a focus on training within the needs assessment

and analysis literature, there is growing use of the term performance to describe more accurately

the array of performance problems that a needs assessment and analysis solve. Since

performance is such a broad term, practitioners need more information on how to evaluate

performance problems and how to implement assessment and analysis methods.

Syed, Irfan, Muhammad Zubair, Muhammad Umar & Kashif “Training needs assessment

practices in corporate sector of Pakistan”, The results of this study provide some disparate

findings in terms of effective outcomes of training. The reason is that the organizations in

Pakistan only focus on conducting the personal analysis TNA before starting training program.

As a result of not engaging in comprehensive TNA approach, the result of the training program

is poor and considered a subjective nature. The result showed that lack of comprehensive TNA

approach gives less result and does not meet objectivity criteria of training program. No single

respondent have perception that the organization achieved the training objectivity in a real scene.

Through the conversation with managers, most organizations in Pakistan are not well aware of

the Kirkpatrick model which is used for the evaluation of training. Most organizations achieve

the subjectivity of the training instead of forcing on the objectivity of the training. Many

managers respond that training is a long term investment. Thorough analysis of TNA or

comprehensive TNA approach leads to better result of training outcomes; because

comprehensive TNA starts from micro level to macro level or TNA scanning start from

organizational level and come to personal level. If the problem is not at organization level, then it


22 | P a g e

is a possibility that the problem may be at operational or task level and again, if the problem is

not at task level, the training manager comes up at personal level. Through this comprehensive

approach, organization can appropriately assess the actual need of the training at managerial

level and obviously, it has a good impact on the outcomes of the training. Simply, when the TNA

comprehensiveness increases, the last two levels of Kirkpatrick model objectivity will also

increase and a lack in TNA comprehensiveness results in a low achievement of training

objectivity.

Importance of Hospital Training Planning in

Planning training, outsourcing is the key to boost profitability.

In a typical hospital set up, expenditure on salary amounts to roughly 25-30 per cent of

total income or 30-35 per cent of total expenditure. This is not healthy statistics, say experts.

Most of hospitals are believed to operate with excess training. As competition increases and

margins come under pressure, of hospitals tomorrow will have no option but to rationalize

training, which, in other words, would mean downsizing.

Most times, downsizing has led to further chaos, mainly because of improper training

planning. Health-care consultants stress on a multi-skilled workforce to carry multiple tasks in

order to maintain optimum employee per bed ratio, a key to boost and sustain profits.

To achieve this, training planning becomes crucial. But, such tasks are rarely undertaken

in of hospitals, say experts. Most of hospitals operates on excess man power. Ideally, employee

to bed ratio should be 3 per bed. Three persons per bed could be a little stingy, say some, who

find 4-5 persons per bed more acceptable.

The type of hospital, the set-up and even the structure of the building counts when it

comes to training allocation.

Specialty: The number of employees depends not on the size of hospital but more on its

specialty, say experts. Ideally for multi-specialty and super-specialty of hospitals the ratio of bed

to employee should be around 1:6. This is an ideal situation and is practiced in developed

countries as mandatory requisition.

Setup: More classes of wards means more staff. For instance, a deluxe room may have

one staff for just 2 beds since the patients are charged higher and consequently demand better

care. In median class, one employee can look after 6 patients.


23 | P a g e

A ward boy in one wing may not be able to give his best to all the wings on the same

floor. So the staff increases. The solution is to economize without effecting patient care. For ex.,

non-core sector like support staff, housekeeping can be outsourced in many of hospitals… all in

all, there needs to be proper planning when it comes to training sourcing, pooling, allocation,

training and development.

Audit: Training audit, which must be carried out regularly is seldom done due to

knowledge among healthcare professionals on training audits is not satisfactory.

Multi-skilling and multi-tasking: Employee per bed ratio can be kept optimum, provided

effective utilization of training is done by creating multi-skilled and multi-tasked personnel. In

any hospital, an ECG technician does the job of just taking the ECG. And if it is a male

technician, he can see only male patients. Most of the times therefore he is left without work.

The right way he says is to employ female employees or train nurses to carry out the same for

full utilization of training.

A peon must have knowledge of computers, lift operation, vehicle driving and handling

patients. Even class IV staff be given training and apprenticeship. Full orientation for computer

application must be given. This will reduce training requirement, say experts.

Outsource: Consultants advice that of hospitals must explore services which can be

outsourced. Contracting some services can bring down man power to 4 persons per bed.

Hospital Training Planning helps in Economizing Operations & Profitability

Hospital visits are increasing at a rate unsurpassed almost everywhere. Today, the

hospital and healthcare sector is one of the fastest growing sectors. Parallel with this is the rising

cost of supplies, equipments etc. Between 75-80% of a hospital’s budget goes to staff salaries

and paid working hours in the hospital. The cost of labor in of hospitals has risen sharply over

the past ten years and has nearly doubled.

Not only have budgets for staff increased, but the number of staff to operate a hospital

has also increased. Sophisticated equipment, hospital accreditation, and patients themselves have

all affected training and staffing guidelines in of hospitals. Not only newly built facilities, but of

hospitals undergoing extensive remodeling and construction also require training planning.

If a hospital wants to open up one or is planning to add an entirely new building, the

training planner is faced with many decisions: how many new patient beds he will have, how

many new lab requests, x-rays etc. the new addition will require, how many new nurses will be

required for the extra beds, and so also the number of ward clerks, cleaning personnel etc.


24 | P a g e

One of the more difficult questions the planner must consider is, how fast will the number of

patients increase to fill the new beds? Will the increase be slow and begin with only a trickle of

patients, or is the expansion needed so much that the new beds will be filled rapidly? The planner

has to consider the possibility of difficulties in recruitment of new staff for the addition. If

difficulties arise, should the staff be built up prior to the opening? Should the ward or building

open under-staffed and only run at part capacity? How long will it take before a full complement

of staff is obtained and the hospital is able to operate under full capacity? If the planner elects to

build up the staff prior to the opening, he must consider the loss of employing staff who are

under-utilized.

He must not only look at the monetary factors but other as well. If staffs are temporarily

deployed, morale may drop and false expectations of the future workload may develop. Looking

at the situation from another spectrum, if the planner reopens the new ward of building without

the proper number of staff through planning and design, he will be under-utilizing the expansion.

If the expansion took large number of capital investment, the costs of under-utilizing the

expansion may outweigh the costs of employing prior to the opening.

In the absence of a training planning model, the entire decision making may collapse or

couldn’t be carried out in the first place.

Methodology

The Survey was conducted in three levels namely,

1) Public hospitals in Kolkata, India

2) Private hospitals with TNA in Kolkata, India

3) Private hospitals without TNA in Kolkata, India.

To do the survey the tool used was questionnaire. Two questionnaires were made. The first one

was for the hospital and the next one was for patient. The patient questionnaire was made with

the help of Likert Scale. This paper examines the TNA process by examining literature

regarding the importance and benefits of TNA, issues relating to TNA and current practice

and models. This paper then looks at how TNA applies to, and is currently practiced within,

the healthcare industry, specifically amongst a group of nurses. This paper also addresses

how TNA tools relate to healthcare workers, particularly nurses, within India and how it

may be able to improve the current TNA process for nurses and Doctors in India.

The source of information is mainly primary source and the sampling method used was

convenience sampling. Total number of hospitals/Nursing Home surveyed was 20. Total number


25 | P a g e

of patient feedback taken was 15 per hospital so total was 300.The sample of the questionnaire is

attached at the end.

The Survey:

The survey was carried out in 20 hospitals across Kolkata in both private and public of hospitals.

It was seen that there is a presence of a Human Resources Department conducting TNA in

majority of the large private of hospitals and an absence of the same in majority of the public of

hospitals. The observation that was marked across the board is that the patient satisfaction level

in of hospitals where there is a definitive Human Resources Department conducting TNA were

more than in the ones with no or fledgling Human Resources Department not conducting TNA.

On further probing it was found that the satisfaction level actually can be regulated by

application of human resources planning involving TNA by the Human Resources Department in

those of hospitals.

In most of the public of hospitals it was seen that the training planning was done by their

administration department who were not qualified in any form of Human Resource Planning. In

most of the public of hospitals training planning is done on the basis of ratio analysis. In private

hospital it was seen that majority of them had Human Resource Department.

Other than this it was also seen that in Public of hospitals the training planning was done for a

very long time whereas in the private it was much shorter. Though most public hospital has

larger number of beds but they do not have the adequate number of doctor or nurses. Even most

of the public of hospitals do not have any training inventory. So if a doctor leaves the hospital

then they are at a loss. If we compare the employee turnover ratio it will be seen that public

hospital again heads the list.

So it is clear from the above facts there is no proper training planning done in public hospital, the

employee turnover rate is high and they do not have any training inventory.

Once this survey was over a survey on patient feedback of these of hospitals were done. We

selected 15 patients for each of the 20 s of hospitals. In the analysis part a detailed study will be

done on the second survey and a link will be established between training planning and patient

satisfaction.

The Analysis:

Once both the survey was complete it was clearly evident that there was a direct link between

patient satisfaction and proper training planning in the hospital. It was also found that there was

need of Human Resource Department in every hospital may it be public or private.


26 | P a g e

Out of the 20 hospitals/ nursing home that were surveyed 12 were private whereas 8 were public.

Out of the 12 private of hospitals 6 had HR department whereas the other 6 did not have a HR

department. 15 patient were surveyed t o find out there satisfaction level per hospital, which

means a total of 300 patients were surveyed in the 20 of hospitals/nursing home.

It was interesting to find that private and public hospitals which did not have any Human

Resource Department has an extremely bad patient feedback compared to the private of

hospitals which had Human Resource Department conducting TNA. To get the score a Liker

Scale based Questionnaire was formed where 5 denoted Highly Satisfied, 4 denoted Satisfied, 3

denoted Moderately Satisfied, 2 denoted Unsatisfied and 1 denoted Highly Unsatisfied. The

average score of the hospitals are given below.

LISTS OF OF HOSPITALS & THEIR AVERAGE RATINGS ON THE BASIS OF

PATIENT FEEDBACK:-

PRIVATE HOSPITALS With TNA

Name Grade Category Apollo Gleneagles Hospitals 4.021 Satisfied Fortis Hospital 4.0105 Satisfied ILS Hospitals Dumdum 4.0045 Satisfied Narayana Multispecialty Hospital, Barasat 4.0035 Satisfied

B.P. Poddar Hospital & Medical Research Ltd 4.0015 Satisfied

PRIVATE HOSPITALS Without TNA

Name Grade Category Gandhi Seva Sangha Hospital 3.453 Undecided Bhattacharyya Orthopedics and Related Research Centre 3.4435 Undecided Care and Cure Hospital Barasat 3.355 Undecided City Life Hospital 3.3345 Undecided Megacity Nursing Home Private Limited 3.31 Undecided

PUBLIC HOSPITALS

Name Grade Category Dr. B C Roy Post Graduate Institute of Paediatric Sciences 2.992 Undecided Vidyasagar State General Hospital 2.958 Undecided National Medical College 2.935 Undecided M R Bangur Hospital 2.91 Undecided


27 | P a g e

Barasat District Hospital 2.894 Undecided N R S Medical College and Hospital 2.8875 Undecided Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata 2.86 Undecided

R. G. Kar Medical and Hospital 2.81 Undecided SSKM Hospital 2.7995 Undecided Bangur Institute of Neuro Science 2.725 Undecided

From the above data it is clear that patient satisfaction is directly proportionate to the

presence of Human Resource Department conducting TNA. Not only in the public but also in

private of hospitals there is an immense need of the Human Resource department conducting

TNA. Only in presence of Human Resource department proper training planning is possible.

It is also evident from the research that the employee turnover rate is also extremely high

in the public sector of hospitals in comparison with private sector of hospitals.

Conclusion:

Training planning in of hospitals is a vital issue in today’s world of healthcare. With the

rapidly growing number of new and expanding of hospitals, and as hospital departments become

more productive, the need is further enhanced. With the increasing utilization of of hospitals by

the populace and the impact of Medicare for persons above 65 years of age and over, current

knowledge and planning for training in of hospitals has become vital and critical.

In the paper it was found that hospitals Like Fortis Hospital, ILS Hospitals Dumdum,

B.P. Poddar Hospital & Medical Research Ltd; scores more than 4 out of 5 in patient satisfaction

parameter. If we see the questioner we will find that the patient showed more satisfaction with

the communication level of doctors and nurses, whereas the score was a bit low for the ward boy

paramedical and administrative. This gives a vivid example that doctors and nurses are more

related to patient satisfaction rather than the other employees of the hospitals. It is also to be

noted that these hospitals are conducting the training need assessment and training scheduling for

the development of the employees. Medical fraternity changes each day due to innovation in

drug manufacturing, drug delivery, surgery etc. if the doctors and nurses are not adequately

trained on a day to day basis then they will lack the recent development of medical world. When

we think of the other staff though training will be needed but not to the extent that is needed for

the doctors and nurse. Here not only clinical training but also training on patient, patient party

handling, communication, etc is needed. There could be counter argument that MR provide the

literature data and new drug formulation but the problem relies on the fact that the majority of

the MRs are marketing oriented and may not advertise drugs from which less profit is generated.

These in returns pollute the prognosis and prescriptions of the doctors of proper training were

given then this unfortunate scenario would not be happen.


28 | P a g e

We also found that private hospitals like Gandhi Seva Sangha Hospital,

City Life Hospital, Megacity Nursing Home Private Limited; scores around 3 out of 5 on patient

satisfactions. These hospitals do not having proper TNA and training scheduling. It is clear from

the above data those private hospitals with TNA scores more than that of private hospital without

TNA.

When we come to public hospitals we see further the satisfaction level falling this is due

to the fact that no major training is done in the public hospitals due to the work patient pressure

and lack of proper human resource planning.

It is clear from the paper that training of key professionals in health care sectors directly

influences the patient satisfaction level. Training planning should be done by professionals and a

department should be present for such work. So Human Resource Department is a must in any

hospital/nursing home. A lot more study is needed to understand why there is high turnover rate

in of hospitals and a model has to develop for proper training planning in of hospitals.

References

1. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281062284_A_Study_on_Training_Need

s_Analysis_TNA_Process_among_Manufacturing_Companies_Registered_with_Pemba

ngunan_Sumber_Manusia_Berhad_PSMB_at_Bayan_Lepas_Area_Penang_Malaysia

2. http://www.ijbmi.org/papers/Vol(2)4/version-1/F244151.pdf

3. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/A-Study-of-Training-Need-Analysis-

Based-Training-of-chahal/a584215c278481029031764c674e7c7333eb39dd

4. organizacija.fov.uni-mb.si/index.php/organizacija/article/download/531/970

5. https://www.coursehero.com/file/p448dpkb/Boydell-and-Leary-1996-McClelland-

1993-Leat-and-Lovell-1997-Schneier-et-al-1988/

6. http://www2.uwstout.edu/content/lib/thesis/2005/2005nfilac.pdf

7. http://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jbm/papers/Vol19-issue10/Version-

6/H1910065056.pdf

8. http://www.academicjournals.org/journal/AJBM/article-full-text

pdf/B5568AD18284

Annexure

Questionnaire-1

Name of the Hospital Name of the Patient Age of the patient Gender of the patient Contact Number of the patient

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281062284_A_Study_on_Training_Needs_Analysis_TNA_Process_among_Manufacturing_Companies_Registered_with_Pembangunan_Sumber_Manusia_Berhad_PSMB_at_Bayan_Lepas_Area_Penang_Malaysia



http://www.ijbmi.org/papers/Vol(2)4/version-1/F244151.pdf

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/A-Study-of-Training-Need-Analysis-Based-Training-of-chahal/a584215c278481029031764c674e7c7333eb39dd

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/A-Study-of-Training-Need-Analysis-Based-Training-of-chahal/a584215c278481029031764c674e7c7333eb39dd

https://www.coursehero.com/file/p448dpkb/Boydell-and-Leary-1996-McClelland-1993-Leat-and-Lovell-1997-Schneier-et-al-1988/

https://www.coursehero.com/file/p448dpkb/Boydell-and-Leary-1996-McClelland-1993-Leat-and-Lovell-1997-Schneier-et-al-1988/

http://www2.uwstout.edu/content/lib/thesis/2005/2005nfilac.pdf

http://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jbm/papers/Vol19-issue10/Version-6/H1910065056.pdf

http://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jbm/papers/Vol19-issue10/Version-6/H1910065056.pdf


29 | P a g e

5 4 3 2 1 Were you Satisfied with the services provided to you by the hospital Were you Satisfied with the number of doctors in the hospital Were you Satisfied with the communication and personal care given by the Doctors

Were you satisfied by the skills of the doctor

Were you satisfied by the number of nurses in the hospitals Were you satisfied with the communication and personal care given by the Nurses

Were you satisfied by the skills of the nurses Were you satisfied by the number of ward boys in the hospitals Were you satisfied with the communication and personal care given by the ward boys

Were you satisfied by the skills of the ward boys Were you satisfied by the number of paramedical staff in the hospitals Were you satisfied with the communication and personal care given by the paramedical staff

Were you satisfied by the skills of the paramedical staff Were you satisfied by the number of housekeeping staff in the hospitals Were you satisfied with the communication and personal care given by the housekeeping staff

Were you satisfied by the skills of the housekeeping staff Were you satisfied by the number of administrative staff in the hospitals Were you satisfied with the communication and personal care given by the administrative staff

Were you satisfied by the skills of the administrative staff Were you satisfied with the overall experience of the hospital

Analysis Report CH1 CH2 CH3 CH4 CH5 CH6 CH7 CH8 CH9 CH10 Were you Satisfied with the services provided to you by the hospital

4.5 4.34 4.75 4.54 4.67 3.94 3.95 4.05 4.2 4.09

Were you Satisfied with the number of doctors in the hospital

4.35 4.01 4.31 4.37 4.23 3.33 3.54 3.16 3.3 2.95

Were you Satisfied with the communication and personal care given by the Doctors

4.28 4.54 4.25 4.55 4.36 3 3.54 3.38 3 3.09


4.35 4.47 4.32 4.25 4.37 3.16 3.31 3.55 3.45 3.5

Were you satisfied by the number of nurses in the hospitals

4.21 4.23 4.29 4.43 4.38 3.05 2.6 2.72 2.75 3

Were you satisfied with the communication and personal care given by the Nurses

4.35 4.24 4.39 4.31 4.38 3.05 2.95 3.22 3.35 3.5

Were you satisfied by the skills of the nurses

3.85 4.19 4.26 4.31 4.39 2.88 2.68 2.66 3.25 3.63

Were you satisfied by the number of ward boys in the hospitals

3.78 3.13 3.31 3.89 3.53 3.38 4 3.16 3.9 3.45

Were you satisfied with the 4.07 4 3.92 3.56 3.98 3.44 3.4 3.5 3.4 3.4


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communication and personal care given by the ward boys Were you satisfied by the skills of the ward boys

3.58 3.42 3.98 4.1 4.12 3.66 3.59 3.27 2.9 3.09

Were you satisfied by the number of paramedical staff in the hospitals

4 4.3 4.01 3.6 4.1 3.4 3.4 3.8 3.4 3.3

Were you satisfied with the communication and personal care given by the paramedical staff

3.9 4.1 3.9 3.8 3.78 3.5 3.7 3.5 2.9 3.4

Were you satisfied by the skills of the paramedical staff

3.9 3.9 3.6 4 3.6 3.1 3.4 3.6 3.1 3.2

Were you satisfied by the number of housekeeping staff in the hospitals

3.9 3.7 4.1 3.7 3.9 3.9 3.5 3.7 3.6 3.1

Were you satisfied with the communication and personal care given by the housekeeping staff

3.4 4.1 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.7 3.7 3.1 3.4 3

Were you satisfied by the skills of the housekeeping staff

4 4.1 4 3.6 3.7 3.2 3.7 3.5 3.5 3

Were you satisfied by the number of administrative staff in the hospitals

3.9 4.2 3.9 3.7 3.04 3.7 3.9 3.6 3.8 3.1

Were you satisfied with the communication and personal care given by the administrative staff

4.1 4 3.2 3.9 3.6 3.1 3.3 3.8 3.5 3.5

Were you satisfied by the skills of the administrative staff

4 3.5 4.1 3.9 4 3 3.9 3.7 3.1 3.9

Were you satisfied with the overall experience of the hospital

4 3.6 3.6 3.8 4 3.2 3 3.9 3.3 3

Were you Satisfied with the services provided to you by the hospital

4.5 4.34 4.75 4.54 4.67 3.94 3.95 4.05 4.2 4.09


4.35 4.01 4.31 4.37 4.23 3.33 3.54 3.16 3.3 2.95


4.28 4.54 4.25 4.55 4.36 3 3.54 3.38 3 3.09


4.35 4.47 4.32 4.25 4.37 3.16 3.31 3.55 3.45 3.5


4.21 4.23 4.29 4.43 4.38 3.05 2.6 2.72 2.75 3


4.35 4.24 4.39 4.31 4.38 3.05 2.95 3.22 3.35 3.5


3.85 4.19 4.26 4.31 4.39 2.88 2.68 2.66 3.25 3.63


3.78 3.13 3.31 3.89 3.53 3.38 4 3.16 3.9 3.45


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Were you satisfied with the communication and personal care given by the ward boys

4.07 4 3.92 3.56 3.98 3.44 3.4 3.5 3.4 3.4

Were you satisfied by the skills of the ward boys

3.58 3.42 3.98 4.1 4.12 3.66 3.59 3.27 2.9 3.09


4 4.3 4.01 3.6 4.1 3.4 3.4 3.8 3.4 3.3


3.9 4.1 3.9 3.8 3.78 3.5 3.7 3.5 2.9 3.4

GH1 GH2 GH3 GH4 GH5 GH6 GH7 GH8 GH9 GH10 Were you Satisfied with the services provided to you by the hospital

3.6 3.91 4 3.6 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.78 3.92 3.92


1.8 2.75 2.4 3.2 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.92 3.14 3.21


2.8 2.41 3 2.7 2.2 2.8 2.6 3.28 3.07 2.5


3.2 3.25 2.4 3.2 2.2 2.4 2.7 2.57 3.14 3.21


1.8 1.91 2 1.9 2 2.8 2.8 2.57 2.64 2.78


2 2.25 2.2 2.2 2.7 2.7 3.1 2.35 2.14 3.21


2 2.16 2.6 1.8 2.4 3 2.8 1.92 2.85 2.35


4.2 3.75 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.8 4.07 3.64 3.92


3.9 3.66 3.6 3 2.9 2.7 3 2.7 4.15 3.9


2.6 2.9 2.7 2.6 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.92 3.07 2.64


2.9 3.1 2.9 2.7 2.8 2.9 3 3.1 2.7 3


3.1 2.9 2.6 2.8 2.6 3 3 3.1 2.9 2.6

Were you satisfied by the skills of the paramedical staff

2.7 3.1 2.7 3 2.9 3.1 2.9 2.9 2.6 2.6

Were you satisfied by the number of housekeeping staff in the hospitals

2.19 2.6 3.1 2.7 3.1 2.6 2.8 2.8 3 2.8


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Were you satisfied with the communication and personal care given by the housekeeping staff

2.6 2.9 2.7 2.8 2.7 2.8 2.6 2.8 2.8 2.8

Were you satisfied by the skills of the housekeeping staff

3 3 3.1 2.6 2 3.1 2.7 3.1 2.7 2.9

Were you satisfied by the number of administrative staff in the hospitals

2.8 2.7 3.1 3.1 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.9 2 3

Were you satisfied with the communication and personal care given by the administrative staff

3.1 2.6 2.6 3.1 2.9 3 3 2.6 3 2.8

Were you satisfied by the skills of the administrative staff

2.9 3.1 2.9 3 2.6 2.8 3 2.8 3.1 2.9

Were you satisfied with the overall experience of the hospital

2.8 2.8 2.9 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.8

Were you Satisfied with the services provided to you by the hospital

3.6 3.91 4 3.6 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.78 3.92 3.92


1.8 2.75 2.4 3.2 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.92 3.14 3.21


2.8 2.41 3 2.7 2.2 2.8 2.6 3.28 3.07 2.5


3.2 3.25 2.4 3.2 2.2 2.4 2.7 2.57 3.14 3.21


1.8 1.91 2 1.9 2 2.8 2.8 2.57 2.64 2.78


2 2.25 2.2 2.2 2.7 2.7 3.1 2.35 2.14 3.21


2 2.16 2.6 1.8 2.4 3 2.8 1.92 2.85 2.35


4.2 3.75 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.8 4.07 3.64 3.92


3.9 3.66 3.6 3 2.9 2.7 3 2.7 4.15 3.9


2.6 2.9 2.7 2.6 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.92 3.07 2.64


2.9 3.1 2.9 2.7 2.8 2.9 3 3.1 2.7 3


3.1 2.9 2.6 2.8 2.6 3 3 3.1 2.9 2.6


33 | P a g e

CH1 Apollo Gleneagles Hospitals CH2 Fortis Hospital CH3 ILS Hospitals Dumdum CH4 Narayana Multispecialty Hospital, Barasat CH5 B.P. Poddar Hospital & Medical Research Ltd CH6 Gandhi Seva Sangha Hospital CH7 Bhattacharyya Orthopedics and Related Research Centre CH8 Care and Cure Hospital Barasat CH9 City Life Hospital CH10 Megacity Nursing Home Private Limited GH1 Dr. B C Roy Post Graduate Institute of Paediatric Sciences GH2 Vidyasagar State General Hospital GH3 National Medical College GH4 M R Bangur Hospital GH5 Barasat District Hospital GH6 N R S Medical College and Hospital GH7 Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata GH8 R. G. Kar Medical and Hospital GH9 SSKM Hospital GH10 Bangur Institute of Neuro Science


34 | P a g e

Understanding Investor Choice about Mutual Funds in West

Bengal, India 1Barnali Ghosh, 2Dr. S. N. Bandyopadhyay

1Assistant Professor, Department of Basic Science and Humanities Global Institute of Science and

Technology 2Director, Haldia Institute of Management

ABSTRACT

This research will focus on the resources available in mutual funds and their optimal usage.

Generally the purpose of this research is to observe this relationship in Indian context keeping

the state of West Bengal as the sampling area. In order to achieve the objective a broad based

surveys were conducted across the state of West Bengal, India with a sample size of 100. The

survey was conducted among investors. This paper looked into the understanding of the investors

about mutual funds. Also the investors knowledge about type of mutual funds. This paper also

tried to understand peoples investing pattern and return expectation. This paper also tried to

analyze the way of investment and investment intervals.

THE PAPER IS ORGANIZED AS FOLLOWS:

Section I will describe the Introduction to Mutual Fund in India.

Section II will review previous literature on Mutual Fund and Investment Pattern.

Section III will describe the methodology used for this research.

Section IV will describe the surveys and analyze the result of the research.

The paper will be concluded in Section V.

SECTION I

INTRODUCTION

A mutual fund is a professionally-managed trust that pools the savings of many investors and

invests them in securities like stocks, bonds, short-term money market instruments and

commodities such as precious metals. Investors in a mutual fund have a common financial goal

and their money is invested in different asset classes in accordance with the fund’s investment

objective. Investments in mutual funds entail comparatively small amounts, giving retail

investors the advantage of having finance professionals control their money even if it is a few

thousand rupees.


35 | P a g e

Mutual funds are pooled investment vehicles actively managed either by professional

fund managers or passively tracked by an index or industry. The funds are generally well

diversified to offset potential losses. They offer an attractive way for savings to be managed in a

passive manner without paying high fees or requiring constant attention from individual

investors. Mutual funds present an option for investors who lack the time or knowledge to make

traditional and complex investment decisions. By putting your money in a mutual fund, you

permit the portfolio manager to make those essential decisions for you.

A mutual fund is set up in the form of a trust that has a Sponsor, Trustees, Asset

Management Company (AMC). The trust is established by a sponsor(s) who is like a promoter of

a company and the said Trust is registered with Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI)

as a Mutual Fund. The Trustees of the mutual fund hold its property for the benefit of unit

holders. An Asset Management Company (AMC) approved by SEBI manages the fund by

making investments in various types of securities.

The trustees are vested with the power of superintendence and direction over the AMC.

They monitor the performance and compliance of SEBI regulations by the mutual fund. The

trustees are vested with the general power of superintendence and direction over AMC. They

manage the performance and compliance of SEBI Regulations by the mutual fund.

A mutual fund company collects money from several investors, and invests it in various

options like stocks, bonds, etc. This fund is managed by professionals who understand the

market well, and try to accomplish growth by making strategic investments. Investors get units

of the mutual fund according to the amount they have invested. The Asset Management

Company is responsible for managing the investments for the various schemes operated by the

mutual fund. It also undertakes activities such like advisory services, financial consulting,

customer services, accounting, marketing and sales functions for the schemes of the mutual fund.

Net Asset Value (NAV) is the total asset value (net of expenses) per unit of the fund and

is calculated by the AMC at the end of every business day. In order to calculate the NAV of a

mutual fund, you need to take the current market value of the fund's assets minus the liabilities, if

any and divide it by the number of shares outstanding.

Types of Mutual Fund based on the Maturity Period

Open-ended Fund

An open-ended fund is a fund that is available for subscription and can be redeemed on a

continuous basis. It is available for subscription throughout the year and investors can buy and

sell units at NAV related prices. These funds do not have a fixed maturity date. The key feature

of an open-ended fund is liquidity.

Close-ended Fund

A close-ended fund is a fund that has a defined maturity period, e.g. 3-6 years. These funds are

open for subscription for a specified period at the time of initial launch. These funds are listed on

a recognized stock exchange.


36 | P a g e

Interval Funds

Interval funds combine the features of open-ended and close-ended funds. These funds may trade

on stock exchanges and are open for sale or redemption at predetermined intervals on the

prevailing NAV.

Types of Mutual Funds based on Investment Objective

Equity / Growth Fund:

Equity/Growth funds invest a major part of its corpus in stocks and the investment objective of

these funds is long-term capital growth. When you buy shares of an equity mutual fund, you

effectively become a part owner of each of the securities in your fund’s portfolio. Equity funds

invest minimum 65% of its corpus in equity and equity related securities. These funds may invest

in a wide range of industries or focus on one or more industry sectors. These types of funds are

suitable for investors with a long-term outlook and higher risk appetite.

Debt / Income Fund:

Debt/ Income funds generally invest in securities such as bonds, corporate debentures,

government securities (gilts) and money market instruments. These funds invest minimum 65%

of its corpus in fixed income securities. By investing in debt instruments, these funds provide

low risk and stable income to investors with preservation of capital. These funds tend to be less

volatile than equity funds and produce regular income. These funds are suitable for investors

whose main objective is safety of capital with moderate growth.

Balanced Fund:

Balanced funds invest in both equities and fixed income instruments in line with the pre-

determined investment objective of the scheme. These funds provide both stability of returns and

capital appreciation to investors. These funds with equal allocation to equities and fixed income

securities are ideal for investors looking for a combination of income and moderate growth. They

generally have an investment pattern of investing around 60% in Equity and 40% in Debt

instruments.

Money Market / Liquid Fund:

Money market/ Liquid funds invest in safer short-term instruments such as Treasury Bills,

Certificates of Deposit and Commercial Paper for a period of less than 91 days. The aim of

Money Market /Liquid Funds is to provide easy liquidity, preservation of capital and moderate

income. These funds are ideal for corporate and individual investors looking for moderate returns

on their surplus funds.

Gilt Fund:

Gilt funds invest exclusively in government securities. Although these funds carry no credit risk,

they are associated with interest rate risk. These funds are safer as they invest in government

securities.

Some of the common types of mutual funds and what they typically invest in:


37 | P a g e

Type of Fund Typical Investment

Equity or Growth Fund Equities like stocks

Fixed Income Fund Fixed income securities like government and corporate bonds

Money Market Fund Short-term fixed income securities like treasury bills

Balanced Fund A mix of equities and fixed income securities

Sector-specific Fund Sectors like IT, Pharma, Auto etc.

Index Fund Equities or Fixed income securities chosen to replicate a specific Index for

example S&P CNX Nifty

Fund of funds Other mutual funds

Few Other Types

Tax-Saving (Equity linked Savings Schemes) Funds:

Tax-saving schemes offer tax rebates to investors under specific provisions of the Income Tax

Act, 1961. These are growth-oriented schemes and invest primarily in equities. Like an equity

scheme, they largely suit investors having a higher risk appetite and aim to generate capital

appreciation over medium to long term.

Index Funds:

Index schemes replicate the performance of a particular index such as the BSE Sensex or the

S&P CNX Nifty. The portfolio of these schemes consist of only those stocks that represent the

index and the weightage assigned to each stock is aligned to the stock’s weightage in the index.

Hence, the returns from these funds are more or less similar to those generated by the Index.

Sector-specific Funds:

Sector-specific funds invest in the securities of only those sectors or industries as specified in the

Scheme Information Document. The returns in these funds are dependent on the performance of

the respective sector/industries for example FMCG, Pharma, IT, etc. The funds enable investors

to diversify holdings among many companies within an industry. Sector funds are riskier as their

performance is dependent on particular sectors although this also results in higher returns

generated by these funds.


38 | P a g e

Benefits of investing in mutual funds:

Professional Management

When you invest in a mutual fund, your money is managed by finance professionals. Investors

who do not have the time or skill to manage their own portfolio can invest in mutual funds. By

investing in mutual funds, you can gain the services of professional fund managers, which would

otherwise be costly for an individual investor.

Diversification

Mutual funds provide the benefit of diversification across different sectors and companies.

Mutual funds widen investments across various industries and asset classes. Thus, by investing

in a mutual fund, you can gain from the benefits of diversification and asset allocation, without

investing a large amount of money that would be required to build an individual portfolio.

Liquidity

Mutual funds are usually very liquid investments. Unless they have a pre-specified lock-in

period, your money is available to you anytime you want subject to exit load, if any. Normally

funds take a couple of days for returning your money to you. Since they are well integrated with

the banking system, most funds can transfer the money directly to your bank account.

Flexibility

Investors can benefit from the convenience and flexibility offered by mutual funds to invest in a

wide range of schemes. The option of systematic (at regular intervals) investment and

withdrawal is also offered to investors in most open-ended schemes. Depending on one’s

inclinations and convenience one can invest or withdraw funds.

Low Transaction Cost

Due to economies of scale, mutual funds pay lower transaction costs. The benefits are passed on

to mutual fund investors, which may not be enjoyed by an individual who enters the market

directly.

Transparency

Funds provide investors with updated information pertaining to the markets and schemes through

factsheets, offer documents, annual reports etc.

Well Regulated

Mutual funds in India are regulated and monitored by the Securities and Exchange Board of

India (SEBI), which endeavours to protect the interests of investors. All funds are registered with

SEBI and complete transparency is enforced. Mutual funds are required to provide investors with

standard information about their investments, in addition to other disclosures like specific

investments made by the scheme and the quantity of investment in each asset class.

Mutual funds invest in different securities like stocks or fixed income securities, depending upon

the fund’s objectives. As a result, different schemes have different risks depending on the

underlying portfolio. The value of an investment may decline over a period of time because of

economic alterations or other events that affect the overall market. Also, the government may


39 | P a g e

come up with new regulations, which may affect a particular industry or class of industries. All

these factors influence the performance of Mutual Funds.

Risk and Reward: The diversification that mutual funds provide can help ease risk by

offsetting losses from some securities with gains in other securities. On the other hand, this could

limit the upside potential that is provided by holding a single security.

Lack of Control: Investors cannot determine the exact composition of a fund’s portfolio

at any given time, nor can they directly influence which securities the fund manager buys.

SECTION II

LITERATURE SURVEY

A large number of studies on the growth and financial performance of mutual funds have been

carried out during the past, in the developed and developing countries. Brief reviews of the

following research works reveal the wealth of contributions towards the performance evaluation

of mutual fund, market timing and stock selection abilities of fund managers. In India, one of the

earliest attempts was made by National Council of Applied Economics Research (NCAER) in

1964 when a survey of households was undertaken to understand the attitude towards and

motivation for savings of individuals. Another NCAER study in 1996 analyzed the structure of

the capital market and presented the views and attitudes of individual shareholders. SEBI –

NCAER Survey (2000) was carried out to estimate the number of households and the population

of individual investors, their economic and demographic profile, portfolio size, and investment

preference for equity as well as other savings instruments. Data was collected from 30,00,000

geographically dispersed rural and urban households. Some of the relevant findings of the study

are : Households preference for instruments match their risk perception; Bank Deposit has an

appeal across all income class; 43% of the non-investor households equivalent to around 60

million households apparently lack awareness about stock markets; and, compared with low

income groups, the higher income groups have higher share of investments in Mutual Funds

signifying that Mutual funds have still not become truly the investment vehicle for small

investors. Since 1986, a number of articles and brief essays have been published in financial

dailies, periodicals, professional and research journals, explaining the basic concept of Mutual

Funds and highlighted their importance in the Indian capital market environment. They touched

upon varied aspects like regulation of Mutual Funds, Investor expectations, Investor protection,

and growth of Mutual Funds and some on the performance and functioning of Mutual Funds. A

few among them are Vidyashankar (1990), Sarkar (1991), Agarwal (1992), Sadhak (1991),

Sharma C. Lall (1991), Samir K. Barua et al., (1991), Sandeep Bamzai (2001), Atmaramani

(1995), Atmaramani (1996), Subramanyam (1999), Krishnan (1999), Ajay Srinivsasn (1999).

Segmentation of investors on the basis of their characteristics was highlighted by Raja Rajan

(1997). Investor’s characteristics on the basis of their investment size Raja Rajan (1997), and the


40 | P a g e

relationship between stages in life cycle of the investors and their investment pattern was studied

Raja Rajan (1998). Friend, et al., (1962) made an extensive and systematic study of 152 mutual

funds found that mutual fund schemes earned an average annual return of 12.4 percent, while

their composite benchmark earned a return of 12.6 percent. Their alpha was negative with 20

basis points. Overall results did not suggest widespread inefficiency in the industry. Comparison

of fund returns with turnover and expense categories did not reveal a strong relationship.

Irwin, Brown, FE (1965) analyzed issues relating to investment policy, portfolio turnover

rate, performance of mutual funds and its impact on the stock markets. They identified that

mutual funds had a significant impact on the price movement in the stock market. They

concluded that, on an average, funds did not perform better than the composite markets and there

was no persistent relationship between portfolio turnover and fund performance.

Treynor (1965) used ‘characteristic line’ for relating expected rate of return of a fund to

the rate of return of a suitable market average. He coined a fund performance measure taking

investment risk into account. Further, to deal with a portfolio, ‘portfolio-possibility line’ was

used to relate expected return to the portfolio owner’s risk preference. Sharpe, William F (1966)

developed a composite measure of return and risk. He evaluated 34 open-end mutual funds for

the period 1944-63. Reward to variability ratio for each scheme was significantly less than DJIA

(Dow Jones Industrial Average) and ranged from 0.43 to 0.78. Expense ratio was inversely

related with the fund performance, as correlation coefficient was 0.0505. The results depicted

that good performance was associated with low expense ratio and not with the size. Sample

schemes showed consistency in risk measure. Treynor and Mazuy (1966) evaluated the

performance of 57 fund managers in terms of their market timing abilities and found that, fund

managers had not successfully outguessed the market. The results suggested that, investors were

completely dependent on fluctuations in the market. Improvement in the rates of return was due

to the fund managers’ ability to identify under-priced industries and companies. The study

adopted Treynor’s (1965) methodology for reviewing the performance of mutual funds. Jensen

(1968) developed a composite portfolio evaluation technique concerning risk-adjusted returns.

He evaluated the ability of 115 fund managers in selecting securities during the period 1945-66.

Analysis of net returns indicated that, 39 funds had above average returns, while 76 funds

yielded abnormally poor returns. Using gross returns, 48 funds showed above average results and

67 funds below average results. Jensen concluded that, there was very little evidence that funds

were able to perform significantly better than expected as fund managers were not able to

forecast securities price movements. Fama (1972) developed methods to distinguish observed

return due to the ability to pick up the best securities at a given level of risk from that of

predictions of price movements in the market. He introduced a multi period model allowing

evaluation on a period-by-period and on a cumulative basis. He concluded that, return on a

portfolio constitutes of return for security selection and return for bearing risk. His contributions

combined the concepts from modern theories of portfolio selection and capital market


41 | P a g e

equilibrium with more traditional concepts of good portfolio management. Williamson (1972)

compared ranks of 180 funds between 1961-65 and 1966-70. There was no correlation between

the rankings of the two periods. The investment abilities of most of the fund managers were

identical. He highlighted the growing prominence of volatility in the measurement of investment

risk.

Manpower planning in hospitals, strictly defined, is the activity of hospital management which is

aimed at coordinating the requirements for and the availability of different types of employees in

various departments thereto. Usually this involves ensuring that the hospital has enough of the

right kind of labor at such times as it is needed. It may also involve adjusting the requirements to

the available supply.

It is an imprecise art based on shifting bases. Successful results depend heavily on

appreciation of the factors at work and sensitive evaluation data. Its an inter-disciplinary

activity… the range of specialty which can be brought to bear on manpower problems extends

from the statistical and mathematical studies…to the sociological contributions…no particular

discipline can claim a monopoly of interest in the field.

A lot of research has been done to see the satisfaction level of patients related to quality

of doctors, staff, etc. But in India not much research is done to find out if there is any direct

relation between hospital manpower planning and patient satisfaction. This paper will try to get a

relationship between manpower planning and patient satisfaction.

SECTION III

METHODOLOGY

In this segment of research it will be seen how the research design was formulated. The research

design comprises of:

Selection of Research Approach

Design of Sampling Plan

Design of Experiment

Design of Questionnaire

SURVEY I – An investor feedback survey was conducted across the state of West

Bengal, India. A questionnaire comprising of 10 questions in the form of open and

closed ended. Thus, a total of 100 feedbacks were generated. This was an exploratory

research where we were trying to analyze the ideology of investors.


42 | P a g e

The sampling plan used in this research was non-probability sampling. The category of

non-probability sampling used was convenient sampling. The design of questionnaire was

made both open and closed ended so as to understand the ideology of the investor.

Personal Details:-

Name:

Address:

Age:

Qualification:

1. What is your occupation?

a) Private job b) Government job

c) Self employed d) Retired

2. What is your annual income?

a) Less than 2 lacs b) Above 2 lacs to 4 lacs

c) Above 4 lacs to 6 lacs d) Above 6 lacs

3. a) Currently you are investing in which Mutual Fund scheme?

b) If not interested in Mutual Fund schemes, then where do you invest

4. From where do you get information about mutual fund?

a) Newspapers, journals or magazines b) TV channels

c) Investment related websites d) Brokers or sub brokers

e) Friends, family members or relatives f) Other sources

5. What factor would you consider most important for investing in a particular fund?

a) Return b) Risk

c) Credit rating d) Goodwill of the company

e) Lock in period

6. What type of investment would you prefer?

a) Long term b) Short term c) Both

7. In which type of scheme do you prefer to invest?

a) Closed ended b) Open ended

8. When you invest in mutual funds which mode of investment will you prefer?


43 | P a g e

a) One time investment b) Systematic Investment Plans

9. How would you like to receive the returns every year?

a) Dividend payout b) Dividend re-investment c) Growth in NAV

10. Where from you purchase mutual funds?

a) Direct from AMCs b) Brokers only

c) Sub brokers d) Other sources

SECTION-IV

SURVEY & RESULT

Among 100 samples most of the people are employed in private sector. 77% of the total samples

are in private sector jobs, 15% are in government sector, 4% are self-employed and 4% are

retired.

77%

15%

4%4%

OCCUPATIONPRIVATE GOVT. SELF EMPLOYED RETAIRED


44 | P a g e

Annual income of 37% of the total sample is more than 4-6 lakhs. Around 31% have got 2 to 4 lakhs. Annual income of 19% and 13% are less than 2 lakhs and more than 6 lakhs respectively.

Only 39% of the total investors are investing in mutual funds. Most of the investors around 61% are not invested in mutual fund schemes.

19%

31%37%

13%

ANNUAL INCOME

<2 LAC 2-4 LAC 4-6 LAC >6 LAC

39%

61%

INVESTMENT IN MFYES NO


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Most of the people (49%) get the information about mutual funds from their friends/family

members. 18% get this from websites. 15% get the information from newspaper/ journal/

magazines and broker/sub brokers. Only few of them i,e 3% know about mutual funds from TV

channels.

Most of the people investing in mutual funds for return (61%). Only 8% of them calculate the

risk, 10% looks the credit rating, 18% make their investment in those funds which have goodwill

in the market and 3% only consider the lock in period.

15% 3%

18%

15%

49%

0%

FROM WHERE THE INFORMATION OF MF

NEWS PAPER/JOURNAL MAGAZINE TV CHANNEL

WEBSITES BROKER/SUB BROKER

FRIENDS/FAMILY MEMBERS OTHER SOURCES


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95% of the investors prefer open ended funds. Only 5% prefer open ended funds.

Most investors prefer to invest in Systematic Investment Plans (95%) and only 5% prefers one

time investment.

61%

8%

10%

18%

3%

FACTOR FOR INVESTING MF

Return Risk Credit Rating Goodwill Lock in Period

5%

95%

TYPE OF PREFERED SCHEME

Close ended Open ended


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82% of the investors prefer growth in NAV and 13% and 5% prefer dividend re-investment and

dividend payout respectively.

5%

95%

MODE OF INVESTMENT

One time SIP

5%

13%

82%

CHOICE OF RETURN

Dividend payout dividend re-investment Growth in NAV


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Most of the investors (54%) purchase mutual funds from brokers only, 23% purchase from sub

brokers, 20% from direct AMCs and only 3% from other sources.

CONCLUSION

In this survey 100 data are collected. Most of them are engaged in private sector jobs. In private

sector no job security is there. So they always try to invest in fixed deposits, post office savings,

and government bonds etc. from where they get fixed return. In this sample annual income of

most of the people are 2-6 lakhs. So their income is not too much to invest in any option where

risk factor is there. Only few percentages of investors want to invest in mutual funds i.e only

39%, because of their job insecurity. In case of loss of their job, the investors have to liquidate

their money within very short notice. At that time if the market is low then there is a chance of

loss of their money. So they always go for secure investment options.

Most of the people get the information about mutual funds from their friends and family

members. They do not get time to see news papers and TV channels relating to this matter. Due

to lack of knowledge they don’t have the idea about brokers and sub brokers.

Most of the investors invest in mutual funds for return. Other factors like return and credit rating

are not important for them because they have lack of knowledge about the market. They don’t

know how to calculate the risk and what is the importance of credit rating agencies.

20%

54%

23%

3%

SOURCE OF PURCHASE OF MF

Direct from AMCs Brokers only Sub brokers Other sources


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Most of the investors prefer open ended fund because there is no lock in period in this kind of

funds. So liquidity is very high for open ended funds. In our sample most of the people are

engaged in private sector jobs, so they prefer liquidity because of their job insecurity.

Many investors prefer Systematic Investment Plan because in this plan, investment of huge

money at a time is not required. Another benefit to invest in SIP is: investors purchase funds

monthly or quarterly, so they can get the benefit of market volatility. But in case of one time

investment if at the time of investment market is high and at the time of sell if the market is low

then there is high chance of loss.

Total number investor prefer to get return from growth of NAV. Due to lack of knowledge most

of them don’t have idea about dividend reinvestment or dividend payout. Since investors don’t

have time to go to the AMCs, so they prefer to invest through brokers.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Arora S, Marwaha K (2012), Asia-Pacific Journal of Management Research and

Innovation, 8(3).

Bhanu Murthy K.V., Singh Amit Kr. (2013), Do Foreign Institutional Investors Drive the

Indian Stock Market? Asia Specific Journal of Management Research and Innovation,

9,1.

Chawla D (2014), An Empirical Analyis of factor Influencing Investment in Mutual Fund

in India, Global Business Review, 15 (3).

Davar Yash Pal, Gill Suveera (2007), Metamorphosis, Vol-6, No.-2.

Dhar J, Mondal K (2014), Market Timing Abilities of Indian MF Managers: An

Empirical Study, Decision 41 (3), September

Guoli Qian Li Zhang Lingjuan Xu (2013), Analysis of Influential Factors for Investors'

Stock Fund Preferences in China, Academic Journal of Inter Disciplinary Studies, Vol.-2,

No.-11

Karthykeyon K, Bharath S, Ranjith K. (2012), An Empirical Study on Investors'

Perception towards Mutual Fund Products through Bank with reference to Tiruchirapally

City, Tamilnadu, Sage Publications, Vision, 16, 2.

Kumar R, Goel N (2014), Factors Affecting Perception of Investors towards Mutual

Funds, International Journal of Research & Development, Strategy, Vol.-3, Issue-4.


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Kothari R and Sharma N (2009), Evaluating Indian Investors Response towards Service

Quality of MF Companies in India and Studying changes in their Advertisement

Information, Asia Pacific Business Review, Vol-3, July- Sep.

Kasilingam R and Jayabal G (2011), Preference and Perceptual Mapping of Mutual Fund

Schemes, Asia-Pacific Business Review Vol-7, No-2.

Kozup Jhon, Howlett Elizabeth, and Pagano Michael (2008), The Effect of Summary

Information on Consumer Perceptions of Mutual Fund Characteristics, The Journal of

Consumer Affairs, Vol-42, No.-1.

Lee Taejun, Yun TaiWoong (2013), Haley Eric, Effects of Mutual Fund Advertising

Disclosures on Investor Information Processing and Decision Making, Journal of

Services Marketing.

Mehta S and Shah C (2012), Preference of Investors for Indian Mutual Funds and its

Performance Evaluation, Pacific Business Review International, Vol.-5, Issue-3.

Padmaja R (2013), A Study of Consumer Behavior towards Mutual Funds with Special

Reference to ICICI Prudential MFs, Vijayawada, International Journal of Management

Research & Business Strategy, Vol.-2, No.-2

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Review, Vol-7, No-2.

Rastogi S (2015), Identification of Factors for Investments in MFs through Banks, Asia

Pacific Journal of Management Research and Innovation, 11,2.

Singh P K, Tanwar Sunita, Yadav C.S. (2010), Investor's Behaviour& Investment

Avenues in Global Downturn: A Case Study of Millennium City, Asia Specific Business

Review, Vol 6, No 2 April to June.

Sengal S, Sood G S and Rajput N (2009), Investor Sentiment in India: A Survey, The

Journal of Business Prospective, Vol-13, No-2, April-June.

Vijayalakshmi R and Jayasathya R (2013), A Study on the Factors Influencing the

Selection of Mutual Fund Company, Journal of Contemporary Research in Management.

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and Preferences, The Chinese Economy, vol. 47, no. 1, January–February.

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www.moneycontrol.com

www.investopedia.com


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Image Encryption using Chaotic Map: A Survey towards its Growth

1 Dipankar Dey

1Assistant Professor, Global Institute of Science & Technology, (An Institution of ICARE),

ICARE Complex, Haldia, Purba Medinipur, pin-721657

Abstract:

With growing demand of digital data transmission through communication channel

becomes very risky method. Since secure data transmission through online is challenging matter

as it suffer from different types of threat. The best way for secure data transmission through the

communication channel is encryption method. There are different types of facts such as audio,

text, video and picture can be transmitted digitally. In recent moment, the image encryption

process most valuable topics in among the digital data transmission. There are different image

encryption schemes that can develop by different authors and try to protect them from different

types of threats. This paper mainly concentrates on verity of image encryption method with

chaotic map and also discusses each paper security analysis.

Keyword: Chaotic Map, Encryption Method, Security Analysis

1. Introduction:

Digital Image processing is most valuable part of online data transmission. When sender

transmits the Image is through the online channel and for protecting image from unauthorized

access, he should convert the original image to another form (encryption) by using a confidential

key. On the receiver end, the receiver transforms the encrypted image converts to original form

(decryption) by using the same confidential key or inverse key. Here Image encryption one of the

process that can be used by the sender and Image decryption used by the receiver. There are

different kind of encryption process such as AES, DES, and RSA. But these methods now are

unsuitable for encryption of image. For implementing high security, different authors used

random based image encryption methods. Here chaotic map generates the random sequence that

are used to image encryption.


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This paper concentrates on different literature survey of different encryption schemes

with chaotic map that are implementing by different authors. Some authors implement their

algorithm using same secret key for protecting image on both sender and receiver side and some

other authors implement their algorithm using the inverse key to decrypt the image. Using

different security analysis, each author protects their scheme from different attack such as

Known Plaintext Attack (KPA), Chosen Plaintext Attack (CPA) and Brute Force Attack (BFA)

etc.

2. Chaotic Map

The mathematical model of non-liner systems are implemented by Chaos functions. The

chaotic function has different interesting features. These functions produce the random sequence

in repeatedly. Chaos functions have most sensitivity to the initial conditions. Some of the chaos

functions are discussed below:

a) The logistic map is one of the chaotic map that can be defined as:

Where µ ranges between (3.57,4) and xi€(0,1)

b) The second chaotic map becomes Henon Map that written as:

Where a€[1.07,1.4] and b=0.3

c) The third chaotic map is Rossler Chaotic map that are defined below:

Here a=0.1, b=0.1 and c=14

3. Literature Survey:

A) Image encryption algorithm based on chaotic mapping

The proposed scheme is implemented using chaotic map by exchanging pixels of the

image. This scheme implements the scrambling matrix using the logistic map that exchanges the

pixels position. The proposed scheme determines the degree of disorder using the correlation

coefficient. But this scheme not satisfies the proper security analysis from the point out of key

space analysis. So the proposed scheme unable protects the encryption from the brute force

attack.


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B) An Encryption Scheme for Color Images Based on Chaotic Maps and Genetic

Operators

Proposed scheme based on color image encryption that minimizes the correlation

coefficient of adjacent pixels using a genetic operator and a chaotic function. The proposed

scheme implements using four steps. In first step, generates the four different chaotic sequences

by logistic map beside with four control parameters and four initial values that are used as a

secret key. In second step, the quantification method is used to map the four sequences into key

streams. In third step, a crossover matrix define the scrambling the image by row-by-row and

column-by-column. The final step is the main phase that implements the exclusive or operation

between the intermediate image (resulted from crossover stage) and random image. The

proposed scheme has sufficient correlation coefficient value and key space size. So this scheme

is secure from the brute force attack.

C) Enhancement of AES algorithm based on chaotic maps and shift operation for

image encryption

It is an Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) scheme that implements this scheme. AES

has lot of demerit such as high mathematical costs, regular patterns and constant S-box weak

points. The proposed scheme minimizes the demerits using a chaotic function and an exclusive

or operation. The proposed scheme was experimented on different model images and the

outcome display that this scheme has better correlation coefficients, high encryption speed and

high security.

D) Pixel chaotic shuffling and Arnold map based Image Security Using Complex

Wavelet Transform

To minimize the complication of image encryption, a scheme is proposed on dual-tree

complex wavelet transformations (DT-CWT). The proposed scheme first transform the original

image using wavelet transformation, then scrambling the pixel position using chaotic function

and the arnold function. The proposed method has better the key space and correlation

coefficient value.

E) Image Encryption Based on Bit-plane Decomposition and Random Scrambling

The proposed random scrambling scheme was implemented with good stable scrambling

scale than the traditional method Arnold transforms. The proposed scheme describe that the gray

image divided into numerous bit-plane images and then the subdivided images are shuffled by a

random scrambling method. Finally, the scrambled bit-plane images are merging to create the

encrypted image. After scrambling the image, the pixels are scattered into different positions. It

is clear that this scheme can do simultaneously gray level change scrambling and positions

exchange scrambling.

F) An Encryption and Decryption Algorithm for Image Based on DNA


55 | P a g e

The proposed scheme describe a modal color image encryption technique depends on

hyper chaotic function and DNA sequence operation. This scheme is implemented with chen’s

hyper-chaotic function that is applied to confuse the pixel’s position. Here the color image is

transformed into three matrices for red, green and blue which are converted into binary matrices

and then performed the DNA addition operation. The experimental outcomes and the security

analysis will show that the scheme has better encryption effect, the larger secret key space and

also high sensitivity to the secret key.

G) An Image Encryption and Authentication scheme

The proposed method defines a secure image encryption and authentication scheme. In

the scheme, convert the 512 bit message authentication code of the original image into 64 bytes

and these 64 bytes are changed with the pixels of image. The changed pixels are combined into

the image by reversible data embedding technique. Using the pseudo random number of

feedback polynomial, the embedded image is masked. The message authentication code gives the

authentication and also designs the encryption scheme.

H) Image cryptography: The Genetic Algorithm Approach

This scheme proposed the genetic algorithm approach. In this scheme, the Genetic

algorithm is used as a special method that has been applied to generate secrete key for this

scheme. Here Generic algorithm is one of the features of the artificial inelegancy. In this scheme

a hybridized technique called BlowGA is defined that is a merged with the Blowfish and GA.

4. Statistical Analysis

In classical encryption method, the Statistical analysis is a useful application that

describes the security of the scheme. An encryption scheme should be better if the scheme meet

most of the security analysis and it means that the cipher image puzzling properly so that an

unauthorized user cannot get any meaningful information from the statistical viewpoint. It also

indicates that the scheme has better randomness and chaos can be a good selection to meet that.

There are different statistical analyses some of them are: plaintext sensitivity (NPCR and UACI),

key space analysis, correlations of two adjacent pixels, the histograms,, the information entropy.

4.1 Key Space Analysis

An image encryption scheme has to be sensitive to the secret keys and the key space

should be maximum that protect image from the brute - force attacks. The key space is the sum

of the different numbers of keys that can be used in an algorithm.

4.2 Histogram of encrypted images

Histogram analysis is one of the important statistical factors, which is frequently used to

determine the performance of an encryption schemes. A new encryption scheme has the ability

to change a meaningful image into a random-like encrypted image with small correlations value.


56 | P a g e

It would be best, if the histogram of the new scheme are uniformly scatter on whole the cipher

image.

4.3. Correlation of adjacent pixels

The coefficient correlation of the neighborhood pixels is next factors of statistical

analysis. The value of the correlation of two neighborhood pixels is close to 1 of a meaningful

image; while the cipher image describes that the correction value is much weaker than that of the

original one. The correlation coefficient can be obtained by

The correlation between two neighborhood pixels in the horizontal, vertical and diagonal

directions is chosen randomly from the original image and encrypted image.

4.4 Information Entropy

In 1949, Shannon describes the Entropy Information. It is a mathematical feature that

moderates the randomness and the instability of an information basis. It is a very important idea

in information theory that can generates the degree of disorder of a system.

Here S is the source image, L is the total number of bits to represent the symbol Si and P (Si) is

the probability of the symbol Si.

4.5 Plain text sensitivity

In general, an unauthorized user may take a small alter cipher image and then he get the

final result. In this way, it is describe that there are a meaningful relationship between the

original image and the cipher image. If one small change in the original image can cause a

maximum change in the cipher image, with respect to diffusion and confusion property and in

this way an unauthorized user can’t get the useful information. There are two common factors

that determine the plain text sensitivity. One is NPCR (Number of Pixels Change Rate) and

another one UACI (Unified Average Changing Intensity). The following formulas describe it:


57 | P a g e

Here c1 and c2 are two images with the same size W x H (W is column and H is row) and L is the

maximum intensity of the image. If c1(i; j) = c2(i; j), then D(i; j) = 1; otherwise, D(i; j) = 0.

5. Conclusions

The strongest security scheme is important to save and express digital images. So that, the

encryption algorithm is one the very important feature to implement the security against

statistical attacks when there are exchange of information such as confidential image between

sender and receiver. In this report, we present a literature survey of some existing scheme of

image encryption/decryption techniques. Each technique is distinct and useful for many

applications.

6. References

1. Sankpal, Priya R, PA Vijaya, “Image Encryption Using Chaotic Maps: A Survey”, Signal

and Image Processing (ICSIP), Fifth International Conference on, IEEE, Jan 8 2014: 102-

107.

2. Jolfaei Alireza, Abdolrasoul Mirghadri, “An image encryption approach using chaos and

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The Usage of Computer added Service in Library & Information

Science: A Study

1Solanki Pattanayak, 2Moumita Pari Giri

1Assistant Professor, Haldia Institute of Management

2Librarian, Haldia Institute of Management

Abstract

In the present days, without using information and communication technology, we can’t

meliorate any library services. In all library services needs to implement value added service for

getting more information and knowledge. Information and communication Technology based

services accomplished the information to the user at the right time, it fulfil the user need.

Today’s some libraries are maintained ICT for performing different operations as well as

providing services to the library. Using information and communication technology we can save

time of user and staff and it’s also gives the services with easiest and fastest way. In this paper

we discussed about development of Information and communication Technology and its

application in the library services. This paper is made using secondary data only.

Key words: Information and Communication Technology, Computer added services, Library

Service.

Introduction

Now a day’s Information Technology is used to refer to activities associated with transmission of

information, data storage, and processing on computer-based. Everywhere library services have

changed by using Information and Communication Technology. Most of the records are stored

electronically. Indeed the performance of librarians conduces by ICT of their duties following

serials control, reference services, cataloguing and circulation management. Some specific ways

the library has conducted by ICT. In today’s world, the word information and communication

technology (ICT) is used frequently. The word information technology is established in UK and

USA, but this word is not the universal word. In this behaviour, information used in somewhere

and telemetry used broadly in France. To process, transmit, convert, retrieve information, protect

and store ICT used electronic machines and machine related software’s. Users always need to


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know the right information from the digital world, which change the information from invisible

to well-known information. Academic libraries need to change of many activities in the digital

world using information and communication technology. By using information and

communication technology professionals provided digital information rather than hard copies to

the libraries. So, all academic libraries have been started to developing the technology-based

library in the globally and locally. All academic libraries required staff having the skill-based

technology to focus on technological changes, cost, technical expertise, and new innovations,

legal and technological changes. Each and every movement in the transition of technology are

being faced by libraries. Professionals are gained new skills and new technologies to recover the

libraries system and the services of the information centre. To provide the quality information

services all libraries makes their effort around the world. To convert all resources into the digital

form, technological utilization are more helpful. Without any hurdles, the library resources have

to meet the users need. The library services are being changed by using new technologies and

modernize the operation. The modern cloud computing technology is made easy ways to change

the leading information processing, retrieval, and storage. A finding of the study highlights the

usage of information technology in every library in the world.

Necessity for ICT in Library

Needs of Information Technology

To handle the large data or information with modern tools like bibliographies, manual catalogue

in library, must need to develop modern information technology. Without ICT applications, it’s

not possible to run library system easily. ICT has must need and essential for today’s library

environment.

Impact of Information Technology In Library

ICT have much more impact on library system. Impact of IT based user functions are:

Need to breakdown distance of all fence

To provide the correct information to the right user at the perfect time

To produce easy way to access information

To produce unlimited access to end user from different sources


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This summarized with the help of a table.

ICT have produced some new technologies, which is summarised below in the table:

ACTIVITIES OLD ACTIVITIES NEW ACTIVITIES

ORGANIZING By Writing, By Typing Scanning, Word

Processing, Voice

Acceptance

PROCESSING By Indexing By Using Expert System

STORING By Filing Compact Disk, Random

Access Memory, DVD,

Flash Drive

RETRIVING By Cataloguing Using DBMS Software,

Online, Off-Line

COMMUNICATING By Listing, Hard Copies By Mailing

Application of Information in Technology

Libraries are the main branch of resources, from where users gain knowledge

and share bits of knowledge by using some applications of information

technology. The librarians should combine all those technologies which are used

in the library operations and services for collecting data, storing data, analysing

data, processing data and retrieving. Some best technologies are used in libraries

given below:

Audio-Video Technology: It contains snapshot, audio and video tapes,

printing, optical disk etc.

Library Automation: Library automation system not only reduces the

human effort but also user can get sufficient information by lowest cost.

Technical Communication: It contains technical editing, writing,

publishing etc.

Library Management: Library management contains the following activities like:

Database Indexing, Cataloguing, Indexing, Classification, Database creation.

Library Networking: Library networking referred as exchanging a group of

information from one network to another by using IT.


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Advantages and Disadvantages of Information Technology

ICT (Information Communication Technology) makes the library work not only easier, cheaper

& faster but also more effective. It helps to manage information overload as (IR) information

retrieval is made easier in computerized systems. Through networked systems, remote access is

enabled for users. Automation saves time, space and reduces paper work. All computer based

systems are more user-friendly & satisfy as many of the following factors as early as possible. It

helps to accelerate different library activities. It assists in collaboration and creation of library

networks. It avoids repetition of efforts within a library and increases the range of services

offered. It saves the time of the readers. As technology increases speedy and easy access of

information, technology enhances efficiency of work. It also improves the quality of library

services. It enriches the knowledge and experience. It develops the status of the library. It also

improves the communication facilities of library activities. It helps to attract the reader. It

accesses to unlimited information from different sources. It also gives us more up to date

information. Information flexibility is provided to the reader. It restructures and combines data

from different sources as per the requirement of the reader. It decreases the workload of the

library staffs. Some disadvantages of information technology includes lack of inadequate funds,

increasing working costs day by day, insufficient trained staff, etc.

Problems and Opportunities of Indian Libraries

Indian libraries are facing the problems regarding lack of user-friendly environment,

unavailability of user training, absence of Digital Divide and proper library Classification

system, lack of Staff Development Approach etc. Library and information services are playing

the vital role to the goal of creating, preserving, optimally utilizing and disseminating

knowledge. Libraries are involved in transforming an imbalanced society into progressive

knowledge-based society. It is clear that the majority of the Indian libraries function under the

government sector. Here all academic and research institution’s library and public libraries are

again under the state and central governments. At present, there is no common direction or

coordination among education being a state subject and not coming under the purview of

different apex agencies. It is essential that all libraries (public, academic, research and special)

change equipment and build up at an accelerated pace. Developments in information

communication technology (ICT) make a bridge between the local and the global information


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hub. It also has enabled libraries to provide access to all. Fortunately, there are small numbers of

libraries which are using state of art technologies to circulate knowledge to their relevant user

society. There is lack of collaboration among the libraries of different organizations and which

cause the lack of union catalogues at national level. One of the major problems faced by LIS

sector in India is lack of bibliographic control at national level which causes duplication in

research. In short, the major problems faced by the libraries which militate against effective

dissemination and use of information are minimum usage of libraries by illiterate population,

poor resource allocation for infrastructure improvement for public libraries, lack of sufficient

human resources, library services operated by voluntary nonprofessional staff, lack of national

policies promoting ICT as a tool for development of library systems, lack of adequate trained

human resources in the use of IT, Lack of funds for acquiring necessary computer facilities. A

number of educational institutions are members of different networks. These networks,

especially INFLIBNET and DELNET, are engaged in compiling catalogues, creating various

databases of experts, providing training to library staff, online facilities to the readers, reference

service, assistance in retrospective conversion, etc. To overcome the problem of investments and

the rising costs of journals, librarians have formed consortia to subscribe all the required journals

and databases. Some special libraries and research organizations have established consortia

known as FORSA (Forum for Resource Sharing in Astronomy) to share electronic access to

journal literature. Basically it is the contribution of computer assisted technologies. NISCAIR

(National Institutes of Science Communication & Information Resources) has formed a

consortium for CSIR labs for accessing e-journals and databases. In order to solve the issues of

universities and college libraries, UGC launched a major initiative called UGC-INFONET that

provides high speed Internet facilities so as to have electronic access to professional literature

including research journals, abstracts, review publications, and databases from different areas in

science and technology, as well as in social sciences and humanities. The Ministry of Human

Resource Development (MHRD) has established the “Indian National Digital Library in Science

and Technology (INDEST) Consortium” for the subscription to electronic resources for 38

academic institutions, including the Indian Institute of Sciences, Regional Engineering Colleges,

Indian Institute of Managements, Indian Institute of Technology and about 60 centrally-

funded/aided government institutions through this project. For the improvement of quality of

library and information services through the systematic acquisition, organization and


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dissemination of knowledge, various library associations have been set up at national and state

level. They organize yearly conferences, seminars and training programs to trained and update

library professionals with latest development of technology in LIS (Library and Information

Science). Recently libraries and research organizations realize the importance of digital libraries

and they started the work of digitization on important documents. NISCAIR and the Department

of Indian Systems of Medicine and Homoeopathy (ISM&H) have entered into an agreement for

establishing a Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL) on Ayurveda.

Conclusion

In fact, without IT (Information Technology) it is now difficult to imagine a world. The

provision and use of ICT contribute immensely to the students, information professionals and the

organisations. With the help of ICT, it saves the time of user and staff & it delivers the services

to their user with easiest and fastest way. In present days, the concept of library and information

centre has totally changed by ICT .Most of the libraries are adopting ICT for performing

different housekeeping operations as well as providing services to the library patrons.

Application of ICT has added value to the libraries which are becoming popular among the users.

Information and communication technology is applied for providing information services which

are convenient, accessible and cost effective to the users. Most of the users know about the

automation technique which is implemented in the libraries. The users are now accustomed with

these services. They also prefer web OPAC and due book reminder system. They have proper

knowledge of the different library automation software. They agree with the opinion that their

working capacity is enhancing with the help of automation and they will complete their task

quickly. Some disadvantages they found that every library personal should be trained, the power

supply should be improved, need a more high-quality computer with proper internet facilities etc.

However overall library automation with the help of computer added technology has affected

positively on users.

References

1. Dhanavandan, S. & Tamizhchelvan, M.(2014) Role of Information Technology in

Academic Libraries: Personal Computer to Cloud Computing. International Journal

of Advanced Library and Information Science.2(1)PP.62-72,available at:

http://scientific.cloud journals.com/index.php/IJALIS/article/view/Sci-13

http://scientific.cloud/


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2. Jerome, I.O; Nkiko, C. & Ifeakachuku,O.(2017) Value-added Service to Academic

Library Users in 21st Century: Using Competitive Intelligence Approach. Library

Philosophy and Practice (e-journal).Available at

http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/1570

3. Uddin, M. j. & Hasan, M.N.(2012) Use of information technology in library service: A

study on some selected libraries in northern part of Bangladesh . International Journal of

Library and Information Science.4(3).PP.34-44. ISSN: 2141 – 2537. Available online at

http://www.academicjournals.org/IJLIS

4. .Vijayakumar, A. & Vijayan, S.S.(2011) Application Of Information Technology In

Libraries:An Overview. International Journal Of Digital Library Services.1(2).I

ISSN:2250-1142.

5. Khan, J.(2016). Impact of Information Communication Technology on Library and Its

Services. International Journal of Research Granthaalayah.4(9).PP.97-100 . ISSN:

2394-3629

.

http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/1570

http://www.academicjournals.org/IJLIS


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The World of Warcraft: Organizational Learning in Virtual and

Real Worlds 1Satarupa Sinha Roy


Abstract

Organizational learning is crucial to the development of organizations. Its importance is

enhanced by dynamic environments characterized by continual change—environments to which,

organizations, in order to remain relevant, must adapt. The organizational learning approach is

essentially pragmatic. It does not glorify the rulebook just for the sake of it but, together with a

healthy acknowledgement of routine and process, focuses on practices within the organization

that facilitate continual adaptation to the environment in which it functions. How do

organizations learn? How do they accomplish internal adaptation? How do the members of

organizations create social learning experiences with means to retaining and transferring

knowledge and expertise? How does the organizational learning approach apply to

organizations? This paper seeks to apply the organizational learning approach to the World of

Warcraft (WoW), a Massively Multiplayer Online Role-playing Game (MMOPRG) by Blizzard

Entertainment. In choosing a virtual organization such as the WoW, this paper mulls over the

potential of real organizations to imbibe and disseminate knowledge in a highly gamified

corporate environment.

Keywords: Organizational learning, Massively Multiplayer Online Role-playing Game

(MMOPRG), World of Warcraft, Virtual organization, Networked learning.

Traditional learning sequences are less effective in dynamic environments. This is

because learning in traditional setups is primarily an individual act that precludes

interconnections with others, co-creation of knowledge and the sharing of information across a

wide network of fellow-learners. Today’s organizations function in a dynamic environment

where workers have to create value from the large quantum of information available to them.

Understandably, learning in today’s organizations cannot, therefore, proceed along linear

channels. Besides, the single actor model where workers predominantly learn by performing

iterative tasks [Berne 1996] is also rendered less effective as companies have to increasingly face


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the challenge of knowledge sharing and co-creating knowledge. Moreover, networked learning

benefits not just the organizations but also their employees. Today’s employees are more tech

savvy and have a greater potential for collective learning. Sharing knowledge for them is

synonymous to multiplying knowledge. Today’s organizations are, therefore, in a better position

to make the most of networked learning by investing in a more effective learning environment

for employees. How can organizations possibly achieve this? Not merely by bringing together

employees, but by making the sharing of knowledge both exciting as well as rewarding.

Additionally, with its focus on fusing technology and human expertise, networked learning

promises to yield much more than what any traditional learning method could possibly deliver.

In the WoW, players participate in games by joining organizations called “guilds.” The

WoW Wiki defines guilds as “an in-game association of player characters [that] are formed to

make grouping and raiding easier and more rewarding, as well as to form a social atmosphere in

which to enjoy the game.”1 The games in the WoW mostly involve quests or missions that must

be completed. Once a player joins a guild of his choice, it soon becomes apparent that he must

complete most quests to climb up the levels. To win, it is necessary for players to explore. A

guild substantially enhances the game players’ experience. Sometimes, the players are required

to kill monsters—a task that calls for a group strategy. Learning through iteration is ineffective in

such an environment where continual change and endless surprises can throw any player off

guard. Strategizing, experimentation and readily available trade skill ingredients through guild

membership are the keys to survival in the game players’ forever-evolving universe and are

likely to be rewarded with “guild perks.”2 For instance, a monster in a WoW game may react

differently to attacks by quickly learning and by adapting to the attacker’s (here, the player) core

strategy. In such situations, it is far more strategic to rely on the aggregate experience of the

group/ guild than that of any one individual actor. By sharing defense strategies on the internet,

WoW communities can boost the aggregate organizational intelligence. When a guild explains

its strategy of defending itself against a seemingly invincible monster in the virtual world, it adds

to the shared knowledge.

1 For more on this, see http://wowwiki.wikia.com/wiki/Guild. Last accessed: Aug 7, 2018. 2 According to the WoW Wiki, “Guild perks are special benefits received when a guild reached a particular guild

level and the corresponding guild achievement.” For instance, The Quick and the Dead, a guild perk, “[i]ncreases

health gained when resurrected by 50% and increases movement speed while dead by 10%.” For more on this, see

http://wowwiki.wikia.com/wiki/Guild_perk. Last accessed: Aug 7, 2018.

http://wowwiki.wikia.com/wiki/Guild

http://wowwiki.wikia.com/wiki/Guild_perk


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As John Seely Brown maintains, players participate in two dominant kinds of learning in

the WoW environment. First, they learn while playing the games themselves. In fact, guild

members are motivated more by their passion for the game than traditional incentives; they are

encouraged to craft their own dashboards and measure their own performances. Moreover, the

absence of the traditional bonus-based structure can be seen as a prime factor contributing to the

phenomenal success of the WoW. Second, players also learn through a process of “collective

indwelling” long after the games have ended. This kind of learning is supported by “after-action-

peer-based-reviews” that positively impact the understanding of players. With its focus on

exponential learning and the management of knowledge in guild-based creation spaces, the

virtual universe of the WoW serves as a useful analogy for the real world where organizations

would serve themselves much better if they incorporate the learning gained from reviews into the

bigger repository of organizational knowledge.

This also brings us closer, at least theoretically, to the coalitions/bureaucratic politics

model.3 The members of a guild in the WoW, for instance, may sometimes be characterized by

inconsistent preferences (some may be more ambitious than the others; the risk-taking abilities of

members would also vary in any given group). However, a guild is better served by unity—a

member of a guild on his own is assuredly less effective than the combined energy and strategic

expertise of his group. Political maneuvering is an important tool for ambitious players both in

the context of managing defense strategies during play as well as while making decisions to

migrate to a better guild that presents more privileges and opportunities. Most endgame

challenges require players to form effective coalitions and to use their individual skills in a

highly functional manner. Manipulation of the opponent’s weaknesses can also become an

effective winning strategy for players. This is true in both real and virtual world scenarios. The

management strategy of some players may also involve choosing between alternatives based on

the consequences of the choices. Characteristic of the rational-actor model,4 this management by

consequences is unlikely to be effective in environments that are highly volatile and uncertain.

3 For an exhaustive analysis on the coalitions/bureaucratic politics model, see Graham Allison and Philip Zelikow.

Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis (1999). 4 Based on the rational choice theory, the rational actor model has a unitary actor with consistent preferences, and

specific goals. Typically, such an actor operates in environments characterized by an overload of information.

According to the rational actor model, the unitary actor confronts a problem and assesses his goals accordingly. He


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The underlying idea of learning communities can be found in the Activity theory. According to

the theory, the learner-actor is involved in the activity system and learns by externalizing

knowledge and sharing his inputs (experiences, strategies) with a wide network of peer learners.

Peer learning groups are also the hubs of innovation within an organization. Therefore,

organizations with a focus on creating value must facilitate communication among these peer-

learning groups in order to make the best of networked learning. The WoW emphasizes both the

relevance as well as the importance of networked learning in contemporary times.5 In other

words, organizations that invest in establishing and maintaining connections are more likely to

prosper than those that ignore the importance of connectivity and knowledge sharing. In reality,

these peer learning networks form communities of practice—groups in which unorganized

information are transformed into knowledge. In the WoW, the players often belong to networks

of practices; in case a guild decides to function on its own without relying on a network of

practice, it may have to learn everything by itself—certainly a daunting task, if not utterly

impossible. This further underlines the importance of organizational learning.

Finally, it is also important to determine how organizations disseminate knowledge

among employees. How do organizations store knowledge? How is organizational memory

enhanced? Unsurprisingly, technology is the great facilitator of knowledge sharing and also

enables organizations to store organizational intelligence for future workers. When a group of

players in the WoW explains a defense strategy on the internet or puts together an inventory of

monsters (with their special traits, weaknesses etc.) on special websites, it adds on to the network

memory. Other players now have the choice between fighting out the monsters themselves, and

in doing so, inventing their own strategies, or looking up the information on the internet to come

up with the most suitable strategy. The learner-actors in both virtual as well as real organizations

can reach up to these databases that store information to gather the most relevant pieces of

information for constructing a meaningful whole.

Conclusion

then proceeds to solve them by choosing between options so as to minimize costs. In the process of decision making,

the rational actor typically operates within bounded rationality and often resorts to satisficing.

For more on this, see James G. March. Understanding How Decisions Happen in Organizations (1999); especially

ch. 2. 5 For more on this, see Ann Lieberman. “Networks as Learning Communities: Shaping the Future of Teacher

Development” (2000).


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Learning is a social process and is best accomplished in an environment that facilitates

connectivity and communication among peer learners. Organizational learning, as pointed out

through the WoW, cannot take place in vacuum. For knowledge-intensive organizations, this is

especially relevant because a networked learning approach enables such organizations to manage

and use information strategically and to stay ahead of the competition. However, in virtual

worlds, such as the ones found in MMOPRG games, players are aware about the ‘virtual’-ness of

their experiences—a fact that influences their decision making and the outcomes of those

decisions in a big way. In the real world, on the other hand, the learner-actor (employee) is

obliged to be more cautious: the stakes are too high and one misstep might send him plummeting

into unimaginable depths. It is this awareness that makes him risk averse and apathetic to too

much experimentation. Notwithstanding these obstacles, organizational learning facilitates

learning by externalizing knowledge and sharing individual insights. By adapting gamification to

the corporate environment, organizations can better exploit their commercial potential and form

critical industry partnerships to multiply and create value. Much like in big corporations and

smaller companies, the principles of networked learning (as demonstrated through the WoW

example) can be adapted to schools and other similar organizations. With its focus on building

relationships through collaboration, networked learning promises to achieve much more than that

practised by individual actors in relative isolation (the learning curve of these individual learners

rise much slowly in comparison to those who rely on a participatory program of learning). The

organizational learning or knowledge-practice model is the answer to linear learning models that

lack the effectiveness to function in a highly volatile, change-prone environment. By facilitating

connectedness and communication it not only makes work exciting, but promises a far richer and

more consistent yield than that accomplished through sporadic, individual efforts.

Works Cited

Bauman, Zygmunt. Liquid Times: Living in an Age of Uncertainty. Cambridge: Polity Press,

2007.

---. Liquid Modernity. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2000.

Berne, Eric. Games People Play. New York: Ballantine Books, 1996.

7. Allison, Graham; Zelikow, Philip. Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis.

New York: Longman, 1999.


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8. March, James G. “In the Pursuit of Organizational Intelligence” in Understanding How

Decisions Happen in Organizations. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers, 1999. 13-38.

9. Lieberman, Ann. “Networks as Learning Communities: Shaping the Future of Teacher

Development.” Journal of Teacher Education. Vol. 51, Issue 3, 2000. 221-27.


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Health Insurance: A Much Needed Area of Education for the

General People for the Betterment of The Economy of the Country.

1 Arnab Halder


ABSTRACT:

Health is one of the five basic needs of life. Food, Cloth and Shelter helps us to keep our health

well and a healthy person can manage these amenities for life properly. But as like the machines,

human body is also a complex system, it also can malfunction at times. So to regain the

functional abilities, people need to have proper health care. But now a days health care is

becoming very costly as well as expensive. It is becoming harder and harder for people from

moderate income group, to carry the health expenses based on their income. Just there the

insurance companies have arrived with a solution called health insurance that will cover the risk

of ill health at the critical times. As per the Spectrum of Health, at one end, there is Positive

Health and at the other there is Death. In between there are five more stages that shows the steps

of degradation of health status of a person. A person roams in among these stages. Good health

can help a person to be grown up through many means, physically, mentally, socially and most

importantly economically. A person’s individual growth helps the national economy to grow. So

health is the ultimate junction from where we can depart for every possible destination

personally or a nation.

This paper confronts all the possible reasons and areas of concern which have produced hurdles

to the intensification of growth of the health insurance market despite of being one of the back

benchers in the series of nations as per health status and also public expense for health from

government. So to take the person back from ill health or critical illness to the stage of positive

health, health insurance is the “FRIEND INDEED”.

KEY WORDS: Health, Indicators, Insurance, Policy, Expenditure, Company

INTRODUCTION:

Health is phenomenon that deals with all the aspects of life. That may be physical, may be

mental, may be social or may be very much personal. Health is necessary for every people at

every place and every time. Health not only affects the life of a particular person, but it also have

intense impacts on the health of a nation. To be specific the health of a nation not only deals with

the actual health status of the countries citizens but also deals with the power of the effectiveness

and efficacy of the nation. The better the health of the citizens, the better will be the condition of


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the nation. Here in this research paper, it has been tried to find, that how the out of pocket

expenses on health, affects the nation’s wheels of progress, e.g. the GDP, GNP, Growth Rate etc.

These wheels forward progression in some way depends on the health status of the citizens of the

country. As they will work, the national income will increase, the Gross Domestic Product will

increase, The Per capita Income Will increase and these wheels will intern move forward the

other wheels and they will balance each other in long run. Here in the research paper, some

actual values of the current condition and some speculative values of the improved conditions

have been shown to detect the actual flaws of the country those have restricted the countrymen to

opt for a health insurance rather than thinking of a bigger size saving account figure.

LITERATURE REVIEW:

This paper has been written after going through some eminent research works by some of the

eminent publishers. In the article “HEALTH INSURANCE FOR THE POOR IN INDIA”

RAJEEV AHUJA, described some of the initiatives taken to bring the poor population of India

under the coverage of the insurance facility and has shown some of the works, so far done by the

public and private authorities. This article has thoroughly described the impacts of the insurance

plan on the health status of the nominal income group of peoples of India. In a CCS PROJECT

named IMPROVING PENETRATION OF HEALTH INSURANCE IN INDIA By MANISH

PANDEY and SMRITI PRIYA, the major forces of Insurance industry has been described and

also the key players and factors have been made understood quite simply. The report has also

described the total market situation in the light of Poter’s 5 Force Principle analysis and that

helped this paper to find the lag among the customers and the different selling channels of the

insurance industry. The different challenges faced by the companies and the sellers and the

customers have been made well understandable at the aforesaid article.

AREA OF STUDY:

India is a country of almost 130 crores of people. It is the biggest market for every business

entity that may be national or may be international. But unlike the most other things, health is the

most neglected aspect of life to the INDIANS. People buy insurance for their cars, their two

wheelers but not for their life or for their health. But it is often seen that people get bankrupt to

pay the out of pocket health bills or medicine bills. This is simply because of lack of knowledge

and some other circumstances in the society. The rate of illiteracy is much higher in rural areas

rather than in urban areas. So the area of study for this paper has been selected in a manner so

that the difference of the rural and urban area can be highlighted properly. This will also

enlighten the areas of concern where proper education is needed.

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY:


74 | P a g e

1. To study the mentality of the people towards the various health insurance schemes.

2. To understand the awareness among the people who have opted for a health insurance

scheme.

3. Get to know the different influences that have made them to buy the health insurance

schemes.

4. To become at per with the problems faced by the policy holders.

PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION:

As said earlier, health is a factor that affects all the other aspects of life. Not only life but also it

affects the pillars of the economy of the country. Ill health affects on the productivity of a person

and that intern affects the GDP, GNP, Growth Rate, Per capita Income, Inflation and many other

aspects of the economy of the country. So to get rid of the problem, and to make the country

shine, the government need to focus on these aspects as much as possible.

METHODOLOGY:

The paper is mainly based on the SECONDARY DATA that has been collected from various

Government Websites as well as well as from different hospitals who have tied up with different

health insurance companies to provide cashless services to the patients. Not only this, some

primary data has also been collected to see the level of education in the so called educated

people.

WHAT ABOUT IS IT TELLING TO YOU:

Insurance has always been a matter if disinterest to many of the people of our country. The job of

the insurance personnel has always been criticized, saying that those people make you realise the

benefit of your death. But maximum people forget that death is the only truth and no one can

escape from it. It may come to anybody at any point of time. The most important thing is that,

every one works hard for the betterment of their family members. But no one thinks, if that

person will not be available to income, then what circumstances will appear in front of them.

There is always a risk of mishap in life. Here only the Insurance schemes help you to overlook

the risks and move forward. It covers the risk of your life and assures you to stay by the side of

your family if you are not available there.

INSURANCE AT A GLANCE:

As said earlier, insurance deals with the risks of life. Suppose someone from a middleclass

family wants to leave Rs. 1 crores for his family. He/she is working from the age of 25 and will

work till 60 years. So in these 35 years he/she will have to save almost Rs. 2,86,000 per year (Rs.

1,00,00,000/35 years= Rs. 2,85,714/-). After maintaining the family, that almost costs Rs. 15,000


75 | P a g e

per month and yearly almost Rs. 2,00,000/-, it is impossible for him/her to save that certain

amount of money.

Now for the worst condition if that person dies in between them, the total savings will stop until

he/she has saved for the family. Bank or any other savings agency will not give a penny more

than that has been saved. But here the insurance companies cover the risk of death or accident

and also helps to get that desired amount (Sum Assured) to the family after the death of that

person.

WHAT IS HEALTH INSURANCE?

Health is a dynamic condition of a person’s physical, mental and social conditions. No one can

ever forecast when is health going to be unwell and when can it get broken down. Health

problems cost a huge out of pocket expense due to what people sometimes have to sell their

assets also which they have made after a huge hard work. When a person dies, he/she ends up the

sufferings for themselves and also some times for the family members. But a person lying on bed

with a severe illness is a headache for the family. The ever increasing expenses for illness always

call for unsound monetary conditions for the family. But through health insurance, people can

avoid those unsound conditions due to severe health problems. As against a nominal amount,

people can avail the facilities of a huge amount that is the sum assured for that policy. If a person

is covered by a health insurance policy, then he/she will not have to worry for the expenses and

will get the benefit of that policy.

HEALTH STATUS OF INDIA FOR THE LAST 2 DEACDES:

INDIA’S POSITION IN THE WORLD IN HEALTH CARE FINANCING:

To know about the health care financing, we need to know what is health care financing. The

thing is nothing but to pay the expenses due to health related problems by a third party against a

nominal contribution from your end. But as said earlier, most of the people in India are reluctant

to make this minimum contribution for the assurance of their health related expenses. At the

same time the National Government is also a bit responsible for that. The government of India

has only taken the burden of health care financing on them is as low as only 1% of the GDP.

This seems very less in comparison to the other developing countries. It is even very negligible

proportion of the countries share in burden of disease.

In a country like India, not only the poor people are in line to avail the facilities of the public

health care system, but also a large portion of the middle and upper middle class people also

depend on this. The reasons which have come forward for this is that, maximum proportion

(almost 80%) of the total health care finance comes from the private sector. This intern raises the

cost of health care facilities that forces the common income group to make out of pocket

expenses to avail health care facilities. As per study, India shares most of the burden of health


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related problems and the determinants of health are very poorly rated. The health status of a

country depends on some facts like mortality and morbidity. They carry some weightage to

calculate the numerical data. These facts indicate the DAILY (Disability Adjusted Life Year)

which is almost 20% of the total world. In India, a normal people spend almost half of the yearly

earnings as health care expenditure which is obviously out of pocket. People borrow money for

health care expenditures in India and that population is almost 40% of the total population.

Now as of the role of the Government comes into argument, most of the spending from them

goes to the highest level of the three tire health care system of the country. But as per the

committees formed just after independence to take the health care system into right path,

maximum funding should go the primary and secondary level, where the main task assigned is to

give preventive care to the grass root level and also for promotional activities of health care.

Picture of Awareness in the Society about Health Insurance: (Stage 1)

During the survey work, about 10,000 people in different hospitals were randomly chosen and

were surveyed to collect information through a close ended questioner.

Questions a b C d e

Where are you from? Metro City City District Town Town Village

From Whom Have you

Heard about the Hospital?

Visited

Previously

Self-Informed Referred Suggested By

Doctor

Suggested

By Friend

How frequently Do you

Visit a hospital or health

care centre

In a regular

Interval

Once in a

while

When feel

sick

Often Never

How much do you spend

in a year for health check-

up

>25,000/- >15000/- >10,000/- Expense done

but not

measured

Nothing

What is the health

insurance amount

>10,00,000 >7,50,000 >5,00,000 <5,00,000 None

Why did you buy the HI

policy

Felt the Need Friend’s

influence

Neighbour’s

Influence

Tax savings Don’t

Know

Do you know what is the

policy actually is?

Very Well Well To some

Extent

It’s an

investment

No

Do you know how to get

the money for treatment

from this policy?

Sure Not Quite

Well

Will ask the

executives

Don’t know

how to use


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COMPARISON OF AWARENESS AMONG THE INSURED AND UNINSURED

Questionnaire for the insured

Questions

How much do you know about health insurance? Everything Mostly Quite a

bit

Nothing

Why did you buy the HI policy? Needed Family

Influence

Friend’s

Influence

Agent’s

influence

Are you satisfied with your policy Sum Assured? Fully Mostly May Be Not

Would you like to continue with this policy later? For ever May be Don’t

know

Never

Questionnaire for the Un-insured

Questions

Do you know about health insurance? Very Well Yes To some

extent

No

Why didn’t you buy the HI policy? Not

Needed

Family

Influence

Friend’s

Influence

Financial

problem

Do you think that Health insurance can solve your

financial loss for health care?

Surely May be Don’t

know

No

Would you like to buy a Health insurance policy

later?

Surely May be Don’t

know

No

Interpretation of the collected data:

During the Survey work,

A. Almost half of the people from urban area told that they are well aware of the fact about

Health insurance. 40% of them knew exactly what health insurance is.

B. One third of the rest of the people told that they didn’t have interest but due to some

influence they have bought the insurance policy. 10% of these people knew about health

insurance but due to lack of motivation they did not buy a health insurance policy.

C. 57% of the people who had taken health insurance and are aware about the fact, don’t

know about the actual facts and figures of their policy.

D. Almost 70% of the people have their health insurance of less than Rs. 5,00,000 but they

spend more than Rs. 10,000/- for their family.

E. Out of this sample size, 70% people are not happy with their policy terms and conditions.


78 | P a g e

F. Only 20% of the total population had realised the need for health insurance and there also

40% of this population has sum assured less than their actual need.

G. 30% people have realised the need later and 13% of them want to raise the Sum assured

amount.

H. 65% people said that they will buy a health insurance policy soon after the get back to

home.

QUESTIONNAIRE TO UNDERSTAND THE REASONS BEHIND THE ADVERSE

INTEREST OF CUSTOMERS TOWARDS HEALTH INSURANCE: (STAGE 2)

Do you like the approach of the agent? Excellent Good Average Bad

How was your experience in the 1st

meeting with an insurance agent?

Excellent Good Average Bad

How was the presentation of agent

about the policy?


How will you feel if the out expense for

health will become at per with your

pocket?


How were your queries answered by

the health insurance agent?


How did the agent clear doubts in your

mind about the policy?


How are the facilities in the policy

combined by the company?


What do you think about the

performance of the policy when the

question comes to cover all your needs

of health care?


How was the company’s response

during claim settlement?


What do you think about the services of

the hospitals attached with the

company?


How would it have been if there are

specific facilities of the infant ones of

your family in your health insurance

schemes?


How would you feel if there will be a

specific scheme for the workers of



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unorganised sector?

The data collected through the above questioner shows that the main causes of the growth of

hurdles in the mind of the general people are the under mentioned ones which have contributed a

lot. Not a very good percentage of the customers are well aware of the fact that insurance

policies can reduce the burden of out of pocket expenses and they are not convinced to take an

insurance policy for that matter. The main factor that works in their mind is that they are not

going to get back the money after the stipulated time period, if no claims made during the policy

period. Some people tend to see the health insurance as investment plan with no return. Here

beneath the paragraph, the main challenges for health insurance are described as per the verbal

interviews with the visitors.

CHALLANGES IN THE INSURANCE SECTOR: No industry in market survives without

challenges. In a global market like India, insurance industry faces suffers from lots of problems,

especially economic and also socio-cultural also. Some problems are created by the society itself

and also some are created by the industry personnel itself. Here is a brief discussion about these

problems.

Mental hurdles: People in a country like India suffers from a mental taboo about insurance.

They have a mentality of seeing the insurance industry as an investment rather than a security for

themselves. They always think about how much they are paying in instalments and how much

they are getting at the end of the term. The most important thing is they always look for the sum

assured but not to the facilities they are getting. As said earlier, people don’t imagine themselves

to be ill or to meet an accident. They mostly rely on the banks for the safety of their money.

Design of the products: Insurance companies have evolved their products or plans as per the

mentality of the customers of the market as all the other industries do. In case of a normal FMCG

product, they are designed as per the demands of the customer. Insurance sector has also

developed themselves as an FMCG product rather than making the plans customer friendly. They

also focus on investment schemes rather than providing security to the customers.

Selling procedure: Insurance is not a matter of immediate benefit. But due to sales target, the

insurance marketing personnel also peach the products to the customers like an FMCG as said

before. They are more eager to convince the customer with the monetary benefits but to the

actual benefits. This approach can never turn the mind set up of the customer from the monetary

benefits to the benefits lying in the security matters.

Approach of the sellers: This is a hard truth that, people have a negative angle of vision for the

insurance sales personnel. This is nothing but for the approach of the salesmen. They never think

themselves a proud employee of the company. Their appearance, their way of talking makes their


80 | P a g e

task more difficult. People always are moved by the classy appearance from anyone in the

market. But maximum salesmen of the insurance industry appears like a general hawker to the

customer.

Misselling: This is the matter that contributed the most for the devastating mentality of the

customers towards insurance industry. The causes are mentioned below:

a) Maximum agents of the insurance companies convince people by giving false promises

about the policies.

b) Sometimes they don’t tell customers about the yearly premiums that are sometimes a bit

high for some policies.

c) Many a times, amounts collected for the premium of a policy are used to open another

policy and the previous policies get lapsed due to non-payment of timely premium. These

incidents always happen without the concern of the customer.

d) Companies concentrate on the selling of the ULIP policies as these type of policies carry

less burden to pay the sum assured to the customers. They are mainly dependent on the

share market and the sum assured depends on the market situation on that particular time

of maturity.

e) Agents and sells employees ell these ULIP policies without discussing the pros and con

to the customers. Finally when the maturity period comes, the customers, being deprived

of it, turns into unsatisfied customers.

Lack of facilities for the infant ones of the family: The infant ones of the Families are more

prone to be diseased than the adult ones. As their physiological strength and immunity remains

lesser then the adult ones, they often fell sick and need heal care service. But many of the

insurance companies do not provide the same facilities as adults to the infant ones. Even there

are minimum age bars for the new born babies in some policies of some companies. This intern

is de-motivating the people as the will not get the services where they need these facilities most.

CONCLUSION:

Health is as one of the most important aspects of any nation to maintain the uniform growth of its

economy, public sector support is needed to upheld the different aspects and facilities of the

health insurance schemes so that people get attracted to avail the health insurance schemes. The

Government of our country has taken many steps to enhance the use of health insurance among

the middle and lower income group, but still there are some flaws that are preventing to achieve

the target of HEALTH FOR ALL BY 2020. The main shortfalls are being seen in the primary

level of health care where many of the children are out of cover of a perfect health insurance

scheme. The workers of the unorganised sectors are also facing the same problems as their

employers are reluctant about the insurance part of their employees. So to make out nation a

health wealthy and wise nation from every aspect, the private and public sector insurance


81 | P a g e

providers have to come forward and put their hands together. Then only the goal of HFA 2020

will be achieved with no flaws.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

1. Health insurance in India: Issues and challenges

Author: Dr. Ramaiah Itumalla, Dr. G. V. R. K. Acharyulu and Dr. L. Kalyan Viswanath

Reddy

http://www.journalcra.com/article/health-insurance-india-issues-and-challenges

2. Health Insurance in India Opportunities, Challenges and Concerns

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238659220_Health_Insurance_in_India_Opport

unities_Challenges_and_Concerns

3. Health Financing for Universal Coverage

Indrani Gupta, Institute of Economic Growth, Delhi

Presented at the National Institute of Health and Family Welfare, New Delhi (1 November

2013)

4. Health Insurance (Non-Life) Data Analysis Report (2011-2012)

5. HEALTH INSURANCE: “IDENTIFYING AWARENESS PREFERANCES, AND

BUYING PATTERN IN MUMBAI.”

Dissertation Submitted to the : Padmashree Dr. D.Y.Patil University, Department of

Business Management

Submitted by:

MISS. SWATI DATTATRAY KEDARE

ENROLLMENT NO: DYP M.PHIL- 106110021

6. Awareness and Willingness to Pay for Health Insurance: An Empirical Study with

Reference to Punjab India, Dr. Sumninder Kaur Bawa, Sr. Lecturer

Department of Commerce and Business Management

Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab. India

Miss Ruchita (Corresponding author)

Senior Research Fellow

Department of Commerce and Business Management

Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab. India

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238659220_Health_Insurance_in_India_Opportunities_Challenges_and_Concerns

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238659220_Health_Insurance_in_India_Opportunities_Challenges_and_Concerns


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Factors Contributing to the incidence of Child Labour in India 1 Sahelika Panda


ABSTRACT

India is one of the biggest markets in the world economy and the sixth largest economy in terms

of nominal GDP. It has a huge potential for growth given its large population. India also boasts a

high growth rate which is due to the huge workforce, growing middle class and presence of

skilled labour. In spite of this positivity it is true that India is one of the poorest countries in the

world. GDP Per capita income is 1709.39 (USD), one of the lowest in the world. Though we

have one of the largest numbers of billionaires a huge chunk of the population lives below the

poverty line. The gap between the rich and poor are increasing day by day and the pace of the

eradication of poverty is snail- like both prosperity and Poverty is a stark reality of our nation.

Due to our growing economy there is constant industrialisation and urbanisation. Due to this

there is a need of cheap labour to maximise profit and maintain the growth rate. And for this

huge population cheap labour is easily available. But sometimes to draw more profit people use

unscrupulous ways such as Child labour to fulfil their greed. And due to the poverty of this

country there is a constant supply of child labour. Child labour means employment of children

before a specified age .It destroys children physical, mental and emotional well-being, Prevents

children form education, It involves unendurable abuse. Behind this child labour there are

different types of causes like primary, secondary, cultural and social causes.

In a rural area a vast majority of child are involved in agriculture. India, being a developing

country, the main pillar of its economic growth is agriculture. Children from poor rural family

generally engaged themselves in their family farms. On other hand due to decline in agricultural

sector people are moving to urban area. Their working conditions are very substandard, harmful

and crowded. In urban area for earning children started work in various manufacturing industry

like diamond cutting, match and fireworks, gem policing, Glassware. In Carpet making industry,

hazardous Industry and also Brass Industries using of child labour are prominent with just

minimum wages. It has found that if a child work for a long time in this kind of industry may

face different type of health issues and diseases so it needs to stop. Like other countries, India

has adopted several legislations to eliminate Child Labour from society. Child labour in India is

found almost in every industry and sectors. Government has accordingly been taking proactive

steps to tackle this problem through strict enforcement of legislative provisions along with

simultaneous rehabilitative measures.

INTRODUCTION

India's GDP is growing at 7% each year which makes it one of the fastest growing economies. It

is the world's sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and the third-largest by purchasing power

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity


83 | P a g e

parity (PPP). As per survey of Planning Commission Govt. of India6 2,908.26 (2018).However

the country ranks 139th in per capita GDP (nominal) with $2,134 and 122nd in per capita GDP

(PPP) with $7,783 as of 2018.(Wikipedia) With 31 billionaires Indians on the list, India comes

third after China and USA on Hurun's Global Rich List 2018. (Huruns global list)However

‘Digital India’ is slipping to 100th Rank on Hunger Index, Worse than North Korea. The IFPRI

(International Food Policy and Research Institute)7 data spells out that 14.5 percent of the

population – that would be nearly 190 million persons, or roughly the population of the UK,

Italy and France put together – are undernourished, that is, they do not receive the required

calories per day. The most vulnerable are the most affected – 21 percent of the children under-

five are wasting (low-weight), and 38.4 or a third of children under-five is stunted. Moreover

according to Oxfam India,8 the richest 1% in India own 58% of all money in India. The wealth

tax in India is very low which makes sure that the rich remains rich while the bottom 20% slides

deep into poverty. Since there are also no inheritance taxes in India, the wealth of the rich 1% is

passed on from generation to generation.

This gap between the rich and poor has given rise to a skewed society in our country.

To maintain India’s growing economy the wheels of industrialisation must roll continuously,

maximising profit with minimum resources. And this necessity gives rise to an evil in the form

of child labour. Of the total rural population the small and marginal farmers constitute 57% of

the rural households, while another 30% are landless and earn their livelihood from manual

labour, usually on a casual basis. The rest are salaried household. Due to declining agriculture

sector the landless rural population are moving in cities to be industrial labours. More often

entire families are uprooted from their age old profession and become unskilled labours in the

industries, living from hand to mouth. The deplorable economic situation forces entire family to

take up work including the children. It is a matter of existence. And we take advantage of this

situation to maximising profit with minimum resources. The child offers a unique solution to

the ever-growing society. Being unskilled, physically under build and most importantly

disadvantageously placed by circumstances in life they recruited in all forms of industry-

services, manufacturing etc., and at minimum cost. From street side dhabas, to small scale

factories, from blooming cottage industry to shops they are rampantly recruited.

What is child labour?

It means employment of children before a specified age and deprive them from their social,

physical, mental or moral desideratum. Now a question may arise who is a child? According to

“The Factories Act 1948 “(Sce:2) “Child” means “ a person who has not completed his

fifteenth year of age.”

Child labour is an acute global problem. This labour practice exploits the child and also destroys,

spoils childhood as well as future. Poverty is the main key that forces a child to earn money to

support their family.

6 A survey From Planning Commission Govt. of India.

(http://planningcommission.nic.in/data/datatable/index.php?data=datatab). Last accessed: 7th Aug, 2018. 7International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). 2018. 2017 Annual report. Washington, DC: International

Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). https://doi.org/10.2499/9780896293465. 8 Oxfam India: https://www.oxfamindia.org/pressrelease/2093.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_per_capita_(PPP)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_per_capita_(PPP)

http://planningcommission.nic.in/data/datatable/index.php?data=datatab


84 | P a g e

Attributes Of Child Labour :

Child labour involves the following:

i) This exercise breaches the laws of Minimum wages.

ii) It destroys children physical, mental and emotional well-being

iii) Prevents children form education.

iv) It involves unendurable abuse, child slavery, child trafficking etc.

Causes of Child Labour:

Globally millions of children are working as labour under various enterprises. There are several

types of causes in child labour which includes: primary, cultural and macroeconomic causes.

Primary Causes:

In India the gap between the rich and poor are increasing day by day and the pace of the

eradication of poverty is snail- like. For instance, in Jharkhand 20% of the people is facing

hunger.9 So both prosperity and Poverty is a stark reality of our nation.

According to ILO (International Labour Organisation) Poverty is the main reason which forces

the children to work to earn their bread and butter to survive.

Education is another factor for child labour. Due to family and earning pressures children do not

get chance for education. In many rural places there is no schools so children has nothing to do

that’s the reason they involve themselves in work along with their families.

Limited schools in rural area: In rural area there is inaccessibility of proper schools. Students

don’t have conveyance to reach school easily. Generally school are far away from their house so

study makes unattractive

Cultural Causes:

Parents Illiteracy: Generally, illiterate parents prevent their children from going schools.

Sometimes they believe that work can build their children character and it will help to develop

skills .In European history they encourage child labour practice to carryout family traditions. For

this kind of certain beliefs child labour still exists in our society.

Negligence of parents towards education: If parents are not literate than how they will motivate

their children. Due to their illiteracy they neglect the education of their children and put

9Save the Children - is an international non-governmental organisation that promotes children's rights. HQ:

London.Link -http://www.savethechildren.org/


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emphasis on earning. Till date In many cultures people are against girl’s education. They do not

give value to it and simply force them to enter into household and others works.

Child Marriage : In many states of India we found Child Marriage or “balBibaha “ it means the

early marriage of girl child . Due to this marriage at early age girls quit their school started

learning household works. It harms their study, ability to learn and health everything. According

to a recent report10”more than 41,000 girls under the age of 18 marry every day and putting an

end to the practice would increase women’s expected educational attainment, and with it, their

potential earnings. According to estimates, ending child marriage could generate more than $500

billion in benefits annually each year”.

Types of Child Labour in Rural and Urban Area:

As we know India is one of the biggest markets in the world economy.

India also boasts a high growth rate which is due to the huge workforce, growing middle class

and presence of skilled labour. In spite of this positivity it is true that India is one of the poorest

countries in the world. Due to our growing economy there is constant industrialisation and

urbanisation. Due to this there is a need of cheap labour to maximise profit and maintain the

growth rate .And for this huge population cheap labour is easily available. But sometimes to

draw more profit people use unscrupulous ways such as Child labour to fulfil their greed.

In a statistics report by “Save The Children11 “, a NGO said in India there are 5 states where we

found the largest employment of child labours Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh

and Maharashtra.” According toa Campaign Against Child Labour (CAC), India has

1,26,66,377 child labourers of which UP has 19,27,997 child labourers.

Agricultural field in Rural Area:

In a rural area a vast majority of child are involved in agriculture. India ,being a developing

country the main pillar of its economic growth is agriculture. Children from poor rural family

generally engaged themselves in their family farms. Apart from farming in rural area they work

in Fishing, aquaculture, forestry etc. Poor rural families consider making their children work in

farm it may increase their family earning.

Urban Area : Due to decline in agricultural sector people are moving to urban area. Their

working conditions are very substandard, harmful and crowded. They involved themselves in

10Wodon, Quentin T.; Male, Chata; Nayihouba, Kolobadia Ada; Onagoruwa, AdenikeOpeoluwa; Savadogo,

Aboudrahyme; Yedan, Ali; Edmeades, Jeff; Kes, Aslihan; John, Neetu; Murithi, Lydia; Steinhaus, Mara; Petroni, Suzanne. 2017. Economic impacts of child marriage: global synthesis report (English). Economic Impacts of Child

Marriage. Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.

http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/530891498511398503/Economic-impacts-of-child-marriage-global-

synthesis-report 11Save the Children - is an international non-governmental organisation that promotes children's rights. HQ:

London.Link -http://www.savethechildren.org/


86 | P a g e

factories, domestic household, restaurants and hotels, selling newspapers, fruits etc. They

generally work for long time with minimum wages .Poor urban children face many problems like

proper shelter, education, food.

Carpet Industry: In urban area for earning children started work in various manufacturing

industry like diamond cutting, match and fireworks, gem policing, Glassware. Carpet making

industry is one of them. A Report, “Tainted carpets: Slavery and Child Labour in India’s

handmade carpet sector”12 said that “The issue of child labour in India’s hand-made carpet sector

has received extensive attention since the early 1990s. This is in large part due to the fact that

India is the largest exporter of hand-made carpets in the world.” From several studies it has

found that most of the people are engaged in carpet weaving in Uttar Pradesh (Shajanpur) and

Madhya Pradesh (Morena and Gwalior) and also in Patna , Bihar, Kashmir, Sikkim etc. Several

investigations have revealed that India’s hand-knotted and handcrafted carpet sector has a

terrible slave like labour exploitation in the productions which are exported to other countries.

Brass Industries: Brass is a type of metallic alloy is made of copper and zinc. Brass is used for

decoration for its bright gold like appearance, ammunition casing and valves for plumbing and

brass musical instruments like trumpet, tenor horn, Jazz phone, natural horn etc. Brassware

industries are manufacturing sectors. In this kind of industry child labour are rampant

.NeeraBurra's book entitled Born to Work: Child Labour in India13 (1995) is based on first

hand field investigations into the employment of child labour in five industries: Brassware, Lock

making, Gem polishing,Glass and pottery manufacturing. The author Neera argues that child

labour is mainly dependent on traditional skills. This skill passes from one generation to another

and if child labour was banned, this type of craft industry would abolish.

Hazardous Industry: In India there are several types of hazardous industry such as Coal and

mining industries, Petro -chemical industries, Petroleum industries, Insecticides, Fungicides and

other pesticides industries, Glass and ceramics, highly flammable liquids and gases industries.

According to ILO (2013) the largest numbers of child labours are working in this kid of

hazardous industry which is forbidden by law. The Provision under Child Labour Prohibition

and regulation Act 1986 considers that children are not allowed to work under such hazardous

industry. It has found that if a child work for a long time in this kind of industry may face

different type of health issues and diseases.

This Exploitation Needs To be Stop

12 FXB Center for Health and Human Rights Harvard School of Public Health // Harvard University 13NeeraBurra – Born To work (Book) Publisher : OUP India ,April 1995.


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Nearly 16 out of 100 children are engaged in child labour the main causes which force them to

work it is poverty now this This is the high time to stop Child labour. Many children are not only

exploited they are also deprived from basic education, healthcare, nutrition and other social

safety and security. Our society, Government, NGO should take initiatives to abolish this curse

from our society.

Legislations for Child labour: Many countries adopted legislation to eliminate Child Labour

but in India due to huge poverty it is not easy to c The first protective legislation for child labour

in India was seen in 1881 in the form if Indian factories Act limiting the working hours for

children to 9 hours a day and providing holidays Besides Constitutional provisions, there are

several legislative enactments which completely overcome this child labour. These areas follow

which provide legal protection to the children:

The Children (Pledging of Labour) Act, 1933

The Employment of Children Act, 1938

The Minimum Wages, Act 1948 and rules made thereunder by the government

The Factories Act, 1948

The Plantations Labour Act, 1951

The Mines Act, 1952

The Merchant Shipping Act, 1958

The Motor Transport Workers’ Act, 1961

The Apprentices Act, 1961

CONCLUSIONS

Children are the important asset of our nation. Child labour in India is found almost in every

industry and sectors. They are forced to work due to family pressures and poverty. Actually they

are compelled to do that labour. But nowadays due to awareness campaign, efforts of NGO and

for others legislation and laws it has slightly decreased. As childhood is the formative part of

human life, children, should not therefore be exposed to this kind of work. Government has

accordingly been taking proactive steps to tackle this problem through strict enforcement of

legislative provisions along with simultaneous rehabilitative measures.

REFERENCES:

1. “A Study on Child Labour in GujratState “: Author –Shrimali Rajeshwari; Dr.Farmer

Mayuri.

Abhinav International Monthly Referred Journal of research in Management and

technology.

2. “International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention ISSN” (Online): 2319

– 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 7714 www.ijhssi.org Volume 4 Issue 1 ǁ January. 2015 ǁ

PP.23-32 www.ijhssi.org 23 | Page

Child Labour in India –A Conceptual and Descriptive Study Dr. G.L. Parvathamm


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3. Dr. Venkateswarlu Davuluri – “Child Labour in Carpet Industry in Recent

Developments .”

4. UNICEF – Unit for Children – Basic Education and Gender equality

(www.unicef.org/education/index_focus_exploitation.html

5. Child Labour in Brass Industries in Moradabad., a sociological study by SadafNasir

6. Neera Burra –Born To work (Book) Publisher : OUP India ,April 1995.

7. Source: HURUN REPORT Article – HURUN GLOBAL RICH LIST.

Release date: 28/02/2018. (http://www.hurun.net/EN/Article/Details?)Last :7/08/2018

8. The IFPRI (International Food Policy and Research Institute)

www.ifpri.org/publication/2017-annual-report

http://www.unicef.org/education/index_focus_exploitation.html

http://www.hurun.net/EN/Article/Details


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Bone Implants and Management 1 Dr. B.Abdul Rafeeq, 2 Puja Tiwari

1 General Secretary Al-Ameen


Abstract

Advances in medical technology have triggered the interests of many researchers

working in this area to develop implants with improved performance inside the human body

owing to the demand of these materials in global market. In a country like India where ageing

population is always a concern, such researches and the subsequent product development could

mean so much to treat the commonly encountered trauma by millions.

Objective

A medical implant is an artificially designed material like a bones root which is surgically

placed in the jawbone in order to substitute for a missing bones. Medical implants

provide a stable foundation on which replacement of bone can be successfully performed

for the patient. Hence so far medical implants have improved the quality of life for

thousands of people, restoring natural facial structure occurred as a result of missing bone

by providing artificial bone materials that are permanent, safe and reliable. India has got a

greater proportion of ageing population where the demand for medical implant is very

high.

Hence research and development in the area of implant fabrication is the very need of the

hour .The implants that are currently in use are either expensive or less efficient. Hence a

need for a durable and effective implants are in the demand and this project is aimed to

meet this need

The methods and procedures proposed in this work are efficient and yet cost effective.

Hence this project could culminate in developing methods to bring out cost effective

medical implants. The successful implementation of the project needs state of the art

instruments and techniques. Hence adequate funding is sought for this research work

Already a significant amount of work has been completed regarding the synthesis of bio

ceramic material and the same has been published in international journals. Hence the

grant for this project would mean the furtherance of our research in this vital area of

biomedical science and technology.


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Survey

The present day therapeutic procedures are being aimed at providing optimum results with

maximum ease and comfort to the patients. Implants are artificial devices that are inserted in to

the body in order to substitute a missing part of an organ. The two of the most common implant

surgeries that are being done are in orthnopedics and dentistry. The modern day medical

technology has advanced to the point where implants are commonly used to improve not only the

physical well-being but also the quality of life of a vast number of patients. A good example of

this is the use of an artificial hip joint to replace a painful, worn-out arthritic hip.

It has been well observed that these permanently fixed crowns and bridgework placed over the

implants look, feel and function just like natural bone. Young people who have lost bone through

accidents and adults who have suffered bones loss from decay or periodontal disease could be

successfully treated by implant procedures. Typically implants are constructed from materials

that are biocompatible since these materials are not recognized by the human body as foreign and

therefore are not rejected by the immune system. Normally the medical implants are tiny

titanium posts, which are inserted into the jawbone in the place of missing bone and the metal

anchors act as a bones root for the mount or crown that has to be placed on it.

Titanium is one of the biocompatible materials that is not recognized by the body's immune

system and therefore allows medical implants to be placed without undergoing rejection (Kovacs

et al, 1996). The bone bonding with the titanium is expected to occur within few months thus

creating a strong foundation for artificial bone. These artificial root replacements can then be

used to support natural looking bone that enable patients to regain the lost comfort and

confidence.

Medical implants come in a variety of designs but the most common type of implants are

threaded titanium cylinders that are placed into the jaw bones (Figure 1). Research and

development in medical implantology has resulted in the development of several different types

of implants with different designs and features (Lim, 2007). At present, continued evaluation is

necessary to determine that appropriate implant devices are available to meet the therapeutic

demands of the different portions of the jawbones and the unique needs of patients.

Medical implants have many compositions and surface textures too and the fabrication and

processing techniques affect these implant surfaces in subtle ways. More over ion release from

the implant may influence biocompatibility and hence basic experiments in host-implant

physiology and biology should be performed in order to develop medical implants that are stable

inside the human body for a longer time. A more complete understanding of tissue response to

the implant and dynamic studies in laboratory animals also should be carried out to achieve this.

The biggest drawback of implants both in the field of dentistry and orthopedics is the cost.

Traditional dentures are relatively cheap-about $1,000 to $1,200 per arch while an entire upper


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arch of implants plus an acrylic over denture averages $6,000 to $8,000. An entire arch of fixed

bridgework averages $20,000 to $30,000 (Dickinson et al, 2008). Another concern about the

medical implants is that it takes normally 6 to 8 months for the implant to fuse to the jawbone

while the patients would be requiring a denture in order to eat or be restricted to soft foods.

It is always envisaged to enhance the quality of treatment that is offered in the current scenario

with the aid of advances in science and technology. So the present strategy is to deal with the

cost of fabrication of implant form a material science perspective. It is well understood that, the

implant surfaces are sensitive regions that interact with the human tissues when implanted. A

variety of surface treatment procedures are suggested in the literatures for treating the implant

surfaces while acid etching and sand blasting are prominently and commercially exploited. Much

sophisticated techniques such as micro arc treatment could also be performed on the implant

surfaces. Moreover in order to encourage the Osseo integration and subsequent tissue growth bio

ceramic coatings are developed over such surface treated implant (Block et al, 1987). This

involves the application of much sophisticated coating techniques such as plasma spraying which

is commercially used at present. Yet this method suffers from certain disadvantages such as

cracking of coatings that result from the high temperature of plasma spraying besides this is a

very expensive technique too. Thus the cost of implants remains a concern for the affordability

of such treatment by a common man. The cost of implant surgeries vary on a large scale but

reduction in treatment cost would always culminate in better dispensation of the science and

technology all the patients.

Hence it is imperative at the current scenario that research and development is triggered

in this area of implantalogy in order to develop efficient yet cost effective implants. Basic

research should be emphasized to develop materials and methods to allow for predictable bone

augmentation. Moreover the implant-host interface should be studied to characterize wound

repair and tissue adaptation in the peri-implant region. With the advance of modern science and

technology and with the advent of sophisticated instrumentation techniques it is quite possible to

develop surface treatment and coating procedures that could drastically bring down the cost of

the implant material without the quality being compromised. Simple yet effective chemical

treatments adopted for metals and alloys could come handy for surface treating the implantable

material while coating methods like electrochemical precipitation and biomimetic methods could

well serve as alternatives for plasma spraying.

Conclusions

Hence it is proposed that prospective and multicenter clinical studies could be initiated in order

to investigate the role of several factors such as surface treatment and coatings on the long-term

effectiveness of medical implants. Carrying out a research project would not only bring in a

reputation but also would enhance the economic fortunes of the nation.


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References

1. Kengo, S. Masamitsu, O. Hikaru, A. Aya, K. Kumiko, N. Takuo, K. (2010) The effect of

growth factors for bone augmentation to enable medical implant placement: A systematic

review, Japanese Medical Science Review 46, 43-53.

2. Kovacs, P. Davidson, J.A. (1996) Chemical and electrochemical aspects of the

biocompatibility of titanium and its alloys. In: Brown SA, Lemons JE, editors. Medical

applications of titanium and its alloys: the materials and biological issues, ASTM STP

1272:163-78.

3. Lim, K.C. (2007) Advances in medical implantalogy, Medical Bulletin 12: 16-7.

4. Dickinson, B.P. Ashley, R.K. Wasson, K.L. O’Hara, C. Gabbay, J. Heller, J.B. et al

(2008) Reduced morbidity and improved healing with bone morphogenic protein-2 in

older patients with alveolar cleft defects. Plast Reconstr Surg 121:209-17.

5. Cook, S. Baffes, G.C. Palafox, A.J. Wolfe, M.W. Burgess, (1992) A. Torsional stability

of HA-coated and grit blasted Ti medical implants. J Oral Implantol 23:354-8.

6. Block, M.S. Kent, J.N. Kay J.E. (1987) Evaluation of hydroxylapatite coated titanium

medical implants in dogs. J Oral Maxillofac Surg ;45:601-5.


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Initiating a Survey on Optimal Utilization of Hospital Resources

1 Dr. S.K. Maity, 2 Satakshi Chatterjee

1 Inspector of Colleges, MAKAUT


Abstract

Indian healthcare sector is one of the most neglected sectors and there is a lot of issues in this

sector. If we go through the daily newspaper we will find that patients are not getting proper

treatment or they are not getting medicines in time. The situation in the rural area is even worse

than their urban counterparts. The main problem in this sector is horrible manpower and

inventory and inventory planning in the hospitals. Though a lot of money is being spent by the

government but proper planning is missing. It would be found that there are excess amount of

medicines which are hardly used whereas there is lack of those medicines which are urgently

needed. So it is a case of bad inventory planning. During different seasons different diseases

become active so proper inventory planning should be done keeping in mind the seasonal factor.

Finally since in India there is huge population, getting a bed in a hospital is like winning a lottery

ticket. In this research we will also try to improve this situation by developing a model which can

make bed allocation more effective. The aim of the research would be to develop an overall

model which will help in optimizing the use of hospital resources in order to improve hospital

care.

Introduction

Manpower and inventory planning is one of the most important thing in an hospital. As we know

manpower and inventory planning is the process of putting the right person at the right place at

the right time to get maximum benefit. In hospital the role of manpower and inventory planning

becomes more important as here we are concerned with human lives. So if the manpower and

inventory planning is not right then we may lose a human life. So possibility of error should be

minimal. If we look into the situation of our government hospitals we can very easily understand

that manpower and inventory planning is not given much importance. Even in private hospitals

also the situation is not great. So there is a urgent need to develop a model by which hospitals

can do proper manpower and inventory planning. If such a model can be made then patients will

not have to wait for doctors or nurses. It has become a habit for us to blame the infrastructure or

resources. But unfortunately very few people try to utilize the resources available. Even with

limited resources if proper planning is done then great result can be achieved. There are several

examples where team of 4 to 5 doctors who had gone to Ethiopia for medical camp achieved

great result as proper manpower and inventory planning was done by WHO. Now a model could

be made by use of which most effective manpower and inventory planning can be achieved. So


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first a ratio between doctor and patient, nurse and patient, staff and patient should be derived

then a synchronization should be made between the manpower and inventory and the jobs

needed to be performed and using these two a model has to be derived.

Only manpower and inventory planning will not solve the issue so it has to be seen that we also

retain performers. So a proper appraisal system has to be followed. It will interest to know that

many hospitals do not have a human resource department and no appraisal system is present. In a

important place like hospital appraisal system should be made mandatory. In a recent survey it

was found that in many hospitals there are doctors with extremely poor success rate(surgical).

Still they are being promoted or given raise. It clearly shows that there is a lack in the appraisal

procedure in hospital. In the model of manpower and inventory planning that is being designed,

appraisal system will also be kept in mind.

The next most important thing is inventory planning. Just

getting doctor or nurse will not solve the issue; proper medicine should be in stock. In the recent

days when there was an issue of swine flu then also it was found that Indian hospitals did not

have enough stock of Tamiflu( drug against swine flu). Even there are seasonal diseases. So

which type of medicine to store during which season is also very important. In most of the

hospitals in India we find that patients suffer due to lack of medicine. So if a model can be

devised in such a way that there is adequate amount of proper medicine then also it will be a

great help for the hospitals. It will not only help the hospitals but also it will help, the patients get

fast relief. So synchronization has to be made between the rate of occurrence of the diseases and

the seasonal factor. With the help of the data a statistical based formula can be created so that

with the prevailing seasons there is adequate amount of medicine available in the inventory.

Then in this research we will try to analyze the bed occupancy rate and try to come up with a

model by which we can use the number of beds more efficiently. Bed allocation may seem to be

a very basic thing but in reality it is quiet complex. Allocating bed to all patients is not possible

so due care has to be taken so that patient with maximum need gets the bed first and so on. Less

number of beds in one hand increases the waiting list and on the other hand large number of beds

means wastage of resources. In case of products if a person does not get a desired product he

moves to another product but in case of beds in hospital such situation is not possible. Patient

who does not get bed in hospital has to take treatment at home which could be fatal. So if proper

bed allocation is done it will go a long distance and decrease the suffering of patients. A mean

bed occupancy rate has to be derived and the department in which there is maximum requirement

has to be found. With the statistical date a model has to be formed which can help in

understanding the need of beds in different departments in different seasons.

In this research our main focus is to use all the resources available in the hospital to its maximum

limit. Also to use the resources efficiently and effectively. To do so a model has to be designed

so that if the model is used then the maximum optimization would be possible. To develop this

model a lot of statistical and mathematical help will be needed.


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Literature Survey

Watanabe (1994) for example, has linked a variety of standardized databases to compare fee-for-

service billing rates of physician specialties and sub-specialties in Canada with the number of

full-time equivalents practicing in each specialty or sub-specialty to obtain a more accurate

measure of physician workload.

He concludes that increasing workloads are most marked in the surgical specialties while

decreasing workloads are most marked in general practice. Watanabe concludes that estimates of

workload, together with broader considerations of contemporary health reform efforts have to set

the context for the interpretation and application of the results of any forecasting exercise for

those forecasts to be valid.

Chan (1999) also combined billing data, and numbers of registered personnel to examine the

supply of physicians in Ontario. By calculating simple head counts, active physicians billing

over $35,000 a year and full time equivalents (weighted by billing volume), he concluded that

the Ontario pool of physicians was fairly stable over the time period but that geographic

differences existed.

Other studies (Roos et al. 1996; 1997a;1997b; Persaud et al. 1999) build a case for using a

variety of forecasting models under a variety of assumptions to come up with the best estimate of

future resource needs.

In spite of the increased sophistication of supply and demand/utilization forecasting models,

these models have met with increasing levels of criticism regarding their ability to capture the

number of physicians needed to meet population health service’s needs (Millar 2001; Peters

1999; Stoddart and Barer 1999; Roos et al. 1999a;1999b; Roos et al.1998; Fried 1997;

Friedenberg 1996; Turner et al. 1993a;1993b; Flux 1983; Gray 1980; Hayton 1979).

Another study analyzed numbers of rural residents travelling for specialist care to urban centres

even when that specialist care was available locally in rural community hospitals(Borders and

Rohrer, 2001).

This is further indication that the availability of a physician does not always seem to be an

adequate predictor of utilization. Studies both from (Politzer et al. 2001; Evans 1998;

Friedenberg 1996; Politzer et al. 1996; Tarlov 1995; Lomas et al. 1985) have indicated that

supply and demand forecasting are limited by numerous unknown factors, such as changes in the

economy, changes in the financing and organization of health care ,population growth and

technological advances.

Demand can also be affected by thelevel of services provided by residents , and by non-

physiciancare providers.

Turner et al’s (1993a;1993b) critique of demand-based forecasting in part explains the cyclical

nature of the surplus/shortage rhetoric.


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They write, “A demand-based approach… tends to perpetuate any inequities and utilization

patterns that exist at the time the forecast is made, whether or not they are optimal. In addition, if

we acknowledge that demands are determined by income levels and the perceived health of the

economy, forecasts made in times of fiscal constraint may result in shortages in periods of

recovery; forecasts made in times of affluence may result in surpluses should financial resources

become scarce.”

Some have argued that unmet demand can be met with or without increasing the supply of

physicians. Increased prevention and health promotion measures can decrease demand overall,

demand can be met by non-physician providers; demand can be met by more appropriate,

evidence-based provision of services. “Unmet need may not necessarily be detrimental if the

need is for unnecessary services.” (Turner et al. 1993a;1993b).

In an effort to address some of the limitations of previous forecasting models, more recent

attempts at physician forecasting have turned to needs-based, rather than supply or demand based

forecasting. Needs-based models incorporate measures and estimates of health need in the

population, by using disease prevalence or modeling physician requirements based on age, sex

and health-related indicators of the population.

The report of the National Ad Hoc Working Group on Physician Resource Planning (1995) was

one of the first initiatives to incorporate comprehensive needs-based resource planning as a

model for physician forecasting.

The Working Group reviewed existing physician resource management tools and compiled an

inventory of current strategies. The recommendation of the group was to begin with standard

physician: population ratios to continue planning initiatives in the short term.

However, they recommended that these ratios be adjusted according to age/sex

fac tors, measures of health services utilization, the number of physician full time equivalents

and geographic considerations.

More importantly, the group emphasized a critical mass concept for physician planning referring

to the minimum number of physicians required for a given geographic region to provide an

acceptable level of access to services.

The concept of critical mass takes into account on-call requirements, minimum volumes of work

required to maintain clinical competencies, the level and type of back-up required and staffing

differences that may results from geographic variations.

Thus, in rural or remote settings, physician critical mass requirements may be larger to address

retention needs that in urban settings. Alternatively, these considerations may lead to the

decision not to provide specialized services in some regions.

Roos et al. (1997a; 1997b; 1999a; 1999b) from the Manitoba Centre for Health Policy have led

efforts to develop and use needs-based models for forecasting the number and appropriate

distribution of physicians – both generalists and specialists.


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Beginning with map based analyses of physician supply and contacts across the province, they

compared actual physician-contacts (based on billing data) with the health and socio-economic

characteristics of local populations, which were used as proxy measures of need.

They then compared the projected “need” from the characteristics of the population with what

actually happened in terms of physician contacts. Their research found that, contrary to popular

perceptions, Manitoba does not suffer from an increasing shortage of physicians.

They point out that the concentration of generalist physicians in Winnipeg is actually “an

expensive and unnecessary use of physician human resources.” The Manitoba initiative is one of

the chief improvements in terms of rationally addressing the human resource needs of a

population, rather than merely adding on to existing resource levels based on a subjective and

sometimes arbitrary identification of optimal physician: population ratios.

All three approaches – supply, demand or needs-based forecasting - build upon each other and

can be combined to generate a more global approach. O’Brien-Pallas and colleagues have

proposed a framework for modeling human resource needs that combines service utilization and

the distribution of health professionals, population characteristics related to predictors of health

status and health risk, issues effecting health spending, and outcome data resulting from the use

of different types of health personnel (O’Brien-Pallas et al 1998).

A related method of forecasting more fully developed is benchmarking (Fried 1997; Sekscenski

et al 1997; Goodman 1996). Benchmarking involves identifying areas that have a relatively low

number of clinically active physicians without any apparent compromise of the health status of

the population.

These areas are deemed the starting point for the identification of optimal physician levels.

Adjustments are then made for the age and sex characteristics across different population groups

(e.g. counties, cities, states) and the low level of providers (based on the number of physicians

per 100,000 population) is used as the current best estimate of a reasonable physician workforce

to meet population health needs.

Further adjustments can be made for key health and socio-economic indicators across

populations to increase or decrease physician levels for different population groups.

Although benchmarking principles have to start with the assumption that a particular geographic

area is somehow the best predictor of necessary resource levels based on the quality of care and

efficiency of meeting population health needs, it improves on previous forecasting models by

purposefully disregarding assumptions of stability in the health care system.

Previous supply and demand/utilization forecasting models assume that environmental factors

used to assess current needs are relatively stable and can be used to forecast future human

resource needs.


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Benchmarking does not do this. Geographic areas or health systems that are seen as representing

“the future” of health care are deliberately selected as the benchmarks for future planning.

Methodology

In this segment it will be seen how this research could be done. Step by step we will try to

understand how we intend to go through the project.

Survey stage- Three stage survey has to be conducted. Tool that will be used for survey is

questionnaire.

a) Stage 1-A questionnaire has to be made to find out the ongoing manpower and inventory

Planning and appraisal system in the hospitals. Also we have to find out the

problems if any with the prevailing process. We have to find out the

doctor- patient, nurse- patient and staff-patient ratio. It has to be found that

in which department there is maximum need of doctor or nurses and does

the need vary with seasons. It has to be seen if a proper appraisal procedure is

maintained or not.

b) Stage 2- A survey has to be conducted to find out the present inventory

of the hospitals. It has to be seen which drugs are present in the inventory

and which are not there. It has to see also the rate at which the drugs are

needed. It has to be seen if the most required drug is present in sufficient

quantity or not and if the need of medicine varies with season

c) Stage 3- A survey has to be conducted to find the average number of beds

in a government hospital and its occupancy rate during different seasons.

It has to see in which department there is lack of sufficient number of beds

And in which department there are excess beds. Also it has to be seen

If the number of patients admitted in different seasons varies or not.

Survey & Analysis


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1) Analyzing the data- the data gathered from the above surveys has to be studied

and analyzed to find out the problems. The analysis can again be divided into three

parts.

a) Part 1- From the data gathered it has to be seen what is the prevailing method

of manpower and inventory planning. If there is a human resource department then

what sort of decision do they take regarding manpower and inventory planning ,etc.

A statistical analysis has to be made with the data and some synchronization

has to be derived from the data gathered. If there is an appraisal method then how

it can be modified or improved.

b) From the next set of data the existing stocks in the inventory has to be analyzed.

We also have to find out the most frequently occurring diseases and have to make a

ratio with the stock available. We have to analyze also the seasonal factor and

drugs of community diseases. With the data collected we have to find a link

between the inventory drugs , the seasonal factor and the common diseases.

c) From the third set of data we have to find out in which department there is

extra bed and in which department there is lack or scarcity of beds. It has

to be seen that with change in season is there change in the requirement of beds.

It has to be seen also that in which department there is always scarcity of beds.

By the use of statistic it has to be seen how a model can be formed so that beds

can be shifted from one department to the other according to need.

Model Development

1) Developing model – It is to be seen through optimization how an unique model can

be derived which will help to utilize all the available resources to its maximum level.

In the research a statistical based approach towards manpower and inventory planning

would be derived. The proposed model will also be used proper bed allocation.

2) Implementing the model- Once the model has been created it has to be implemented in

few hospitals to see the practical usage of the model.


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Conclusion

A proper manpower planning shall not only help the hospital grow in size and profitability but

also it will help the patients to get proper and adequate treatment in the right time. It is also seen

that manpower planning and inventory planning is directly proportionate. If a proper manpower

planning is done, inventory planning will come automatically.

It is also seen that if a proper HR Dept. is present in the hospitals then not only manpower-

planning and inventory planning, but also employee retention can be increased. It is evident that

in a hospital the key employee is first doctors and then nurses.

If efficient doctors and nurses are not present then no hospitals or nursing homes can succeed. It

also have a direct impact on the patient. It is also clear that patient satisfaction is directly related

to the presence of HR Dept. in a hospital.

Though patients may not directly come into contact with the HR Dept., but they will be

influenced by the overall impact of the HR Dept. on the hospital. It is also evident that more

hospitals and nursing homes need to come up in West Bengal, India, to meet the ever increasing

demand from its populace, but a proper bed management also has to be done, so, that patients do

not die due to lack of proper treatments and beds.

It is clear from this research that the major hospital resources if utilized optimally then it can

yield great results for the benefit of the hospitals and the patients at large.

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Where do all the gold on the Earth comes from? A story of the death

of a star

1 Dr. Mayukh Pahari

1 Royal Society-SERB Newton International Fellow, School of Physics and Astronomy,

University of Southampton, United Kingdom

INTRODUCTION

Before starting this interesting story, let me define few numbers which are useful in astrophysical

contexts and I shall use frequently throughout the article:

1 million = 10^6 = 1000,000 [10 lakhs]

1 billion = 10^9 = 1000,000,000 [100 crores]

1 trillion = 10^12 = 1000,000,000,000 [1 lakh crore]

1 light-year = the distance light can travel in a year = velocity of light x 1 year

= 9.46 x10^12 km = 9.46 trillion km.

Gold is one of the very expensive metals on Earth. The price of the gold ring or the necklace will

tell how precious it is. The gold stock in the reserve bank is the measurement of the economic

standard of our country. It is also equally essential for the scientific research and the industrial

development. Why is such a vital metal so costly? Because it is rare. Let me give an example of

how rare it is. If you manage to gather 5 billion (5000000000) Oxygen atoms with some efforts,

with the same effort, you will be able to gather one gold atom! Interestingly, even with such a

rare number, the Earth has more gold than all other planets and the Sun combined. One of the

most exciting questions scientists ask: Where does the gold on Earth come from? Which

processes can generate gold and what is its origin? Of course, nature produces all of the gold

deposition on Earth. But how? We know, fossil fuels like Petrol/gasoline, coal, compressed

natural gas (CNG) are produced by dead plants and animals that are deposited in the earth’s crust

over hundreds of millions of years under the extreme heat and pressure. However, gold is not a

fossilized remain; therefore cannot be produced the same way. Can we produce gold in the

chemistry laboratory? Unfortunately, no chemical reactions can use abundant elements in nature

like Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen or Carbon to produce gold. Therefore, the creation of gold is

not a simple process. Although we now know a lot about formations of vital elements like

Oxygen, Carbon, the details and even the main sites of gold creation is still mysterious. It is,

therefore, a fundamental puzzle in astrophysics and nuclear physics. In order to improve our

understanding, researchers combine astronomical observations, experimental studies in the


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laboratory and theoretical models to elucidate Nature’s secrets of how all the atoms were created

that we are made of. Scientists found an interesting solution to this puzzle and they agreed that

most of the precious metals on Earth came from the massive explosions in the space during the

death of stars much bigger and more massive than our sun. Not only gold, any elements you see

in our solar system (that includes all planets and the Sun) heavier than Helium were part of a star

that blew up in a violent eruption otherwise, by no means, it wouldn't be here. Such explosions

are typically 10 billion times more luminous than our sun and therefore unimaginably strong and

powerful enough to create heavy metals like gold. Rest of the article will focus on how the death

and explosion of a star can produce gold and how they end up on our planet called Earth.

CONDITIONS REQUIRED TO PRODUCE GOLD

Gold belongs to the heaviest atoms. Its mass is 197 times larger than hydrogen, about three and

a half times heavier than an iron atom and only a few per cents lighter than the most massive

stable elements lead and bismuth. Since the 1950s, we have a basic understanding of the

principles of element formation. We know that many different processes are required to match

the elemental abundance pattern we observe on Earth, but those processes are not able to form

heavy particles like gold.

From the previous discussion, we may understand that there exists no place or process in the

Earth that can produce heavy metals like gold. Therefore, its origin must be some events that

take place in the outer space. We also understand that the source of gold must have some

connections with stars. To understand what are conditions that required to produce a complex-

structured metal like gold, we will start with a simple star like the sun. The light end heat energy

that we received from the sun is a tiny fraction of the total energy produced by the sun. For

example, one hour of sunlight provides enough energy to light 120 trillion 60 watt light bulbs for

24 hours. The enormous amount of the energy produced in the sun is generated by a process

known as the nuclear fusion. In this process, under extreme temperature and pressure, four nuclei

of hydrogen atoms are merged to form the helium nucleus. During this merging process, a

significant fraction of Hydrogen mass is converted into energy according to the famous mass-

energy equation of Einstein and is radiated away in space. The Fusion reaction can only take

place when the pressure and the temperature are very high because the tremendous amount of

energy is required to overcome the Columbic repulsion force of nucleus to merge them.

Particularly, protons in the atomic nucleus repel each other very strongly, as they are like

charges. It's only once you get past their electromagnetic field, and caught in each other’s strong

nuclear field (which is an attractive force, but a very short range), that they can fuse. But early

on, it was found that the energy required to overcome this electromagnetic repulsion should not

be possible in the core of the sun (it wasn't hot enough). So for a while physicists struggled with

how the sun even existed, until the discovery of a quantum mechanical phenomenon known as

‘quantum tunnelling’.


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At the core of the sun, the gravitational attraction is so large that it produces immense pressure

and temperature. The temperature reaches more than 27 million degrees Fahrenheit (or 10

million degrees Celsius). It is clear that more the number of nuclei we wish to merge, higher and

higher would be the temperature and pressure required. Our Sun is a very typical small star and

is quietly burning only the lightest elements hydrogen and helium over a period of some 10

billion years. The Sun does not add new nuclides to the heavy element abundance in our solar

system. It is the massive stars, most effectively those eight times heavier or more than our Sun,

which runs through a series of stages in stellar evolution and eventually generates the heavier

elements that we observe on Earth today.

From the above discussion, it is clear that to generate heavy metals, i.e., metals with a higher

number of nuclei one needs to merge nucleus of lighter elements at higher fusion temperature.

The heaviest metal that can be produced by the Fusion reaction is Iron. Iron nucleus has 56

protons, and the Binding energy of iron is so high even the Fusion process cannot merge iron

nuclei to produce even heavier metals. Now gold atom is more substantial than iron, and it has

79 protons and the nucleus 79 electrons that are orbiting around the nucleus. Therefore, to

produce a gold atom 79 Hydrogen-like atoms has to be merged and the temperature and pressure

required for such process are of the order of billion degrees. Therefore, the extreme places like

the core of the sun are also not suitable for the generation of gold. During the normal lifecycle,

the core temperature of any other star even bigger and more massive than the sun cannot reach to

the condition of producing heavy metals like gold. Therefore, the only possible explanation is

very luminous explosion during the death of a star caused by the sudden collapse of the material

which is at least 30 times more massive than the sun. Such an explosion is known as the

supernova.

SUPERNOVA – THE DEATH OF THE STAR

To understand how does the grand explosion or the supernova happen, we will again start with a

simple star-like sun. There are two are forces that balance sun and make it spherical structure: (1)

the gravitational force which is proportional to the mass of the sun and it acts towards the centre

of the sun. This force is balanced by the radiation force caused by the nuclear fusion at the core

of the sun. At the end of the life cycle when all the Hydrogen fuel the core of the sun burns out,

then the radiation pressure due to fusion is not sufficient to balance that gravitational force and as

a consequence the star will collapse. In case of a star which is 30 times more massive than the

sun, the gravitational potential is so enormous that no physical processes can stop the collapse of

the star and a massive amount of gravitational energy is released into space in the form of a

cosmic explosion. This is known as supernova. The luminosity of a supernova at its peak can be

as high Edge as 100 billion times the luminosity of the sun. As a result of this explosion an

extremely high temperature and pressure is generated at the location of the core of the supernova

that release a shockwave creating a sea of protons and neutrons, the latter the main source for

heavy element via a process known as ‘nucleosynthesis’. During this event heavy elements (i.e.


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gold) are created; an explosion drives the freshly produced elements into the interstellar medium.

The site for this nucleosynthesis process is still a matter of debate. What we definitely know that

such a process lasts only for a few seconds, involving neutrons as well, however, at extremely

high densities. This process requires a very short and intense burst of neutrons, and it includes

the most violent processes known in our universe: most-likely supernova-explosions or the

collision of two neutron stars. Actually, as much as 95% of all gold is made in this violent

process like supernova explosions. Immediately in a couple of hours of explosions, a supernova

may reach the brightness level of an entire galaxy. If this happened in our Milky Way galaxy, it

would appear to us like a bright new star has formed and it would be so bright that it would be

visible even during daytime in the sky for a couple of weeks or so. Figure 1 shows an example of

a supernova known as Cassiopeia A at a distance of 10000 light years (left panel). To visualize

the strength of a supernova, an image is shown in the right panel of Figure 1 where the galaxy

image before and after the supernova is shown. The supernova is brighter than the brightness of

the entire galaxy. Please note that the size of supernova is few hundreds of kilometres while the

size of the background galaxy is billions of kilometres.

GOLD IN THE EARTH

So far, we must have guessed that how powerful, violent and energetic supernovae are. The

matter blown off by the shockwave generated by the explosion moves in the space at a velocity

of thousands of kilometres per second. The gravity of the solar system doesn't stand as chance.

This is known as supernova ejecta. The ejecta of a supernova does indeed move at a fraction of

the speed of light (somewhere around the 10% of the speed of light). However, it does not

remain at this speed forever. As the shockwave expands outwards, it creates a shell of material

that is gathering up particles in the medium through which the supernova shell is travelling.

(typical densities of such medium are around one particle in the space of 1 cm x 1 cm x 1 cm).

Another interesting point to note: although our Milkyway galaxy hosts nearly 250 billions of

stars, a supernova is very rare. How rare is a supernova? On an average, our Galaxy produces

one supernova in 100 years. But there is no worry because like our Milky Way galaxy, we have

billions of galaxies in the sky and galaxies are forming and evolving for last 13 billion years.

Therefore, in the long run, we never run out of the supernova. As a star goes into supernova one

after another, over a long timescale in a galaxy, millions of supernova already happened. Each of

them dumping heavier elements out into the galaxy.

Now how does the supernova material ended up on the planet like Earth? There goes a parallel

interesting story. While the death and explosion of old stars producing heavy metals like gold

and spreading all around the space, in the meantime the formation of new stars and subsequent

planetary systems like our solar system hasn't stopped. The place where new stars are born is

known as ‘star-forming region’. Giant clouds of gaseous molecules are one such promising

place. In the heart of giant molecular clouds throughout the galaxy, mainly Hydrogen gas is

happily collapsing under its gravity into new-generation stars (also known as protostars). Main


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ingredients for the formation of a star system like our solar system are mostly pure hydrogen

with a bit of helium and a very little bit of lithium with the added heavier elements into the mix.

This accelerates star formation in those molecular clouds since massive particles have higher

gravity to pull materials around it. Over millions of years timescale, our sun and in a subsequent

process our Earth has also been formed from one of such giant molecular cloud that hosts heavy

metals like gold in the Milkyway galaxy.

However, the gold we find and dig today on Earth is likely not the primordial gold when the

Earth formed. This primordial ‘terrestrial’ gold is rather concentrated towards the core of the

Earth, as it sank at the early time when the Earth was too hot, and no solid crust existed. Hence

why we're here sitting on sitting on a rock mostly made up of those heavier elements talking

about it.

COLLISION OF TWO STARS: AN ALTERNATIVE SCENARIO

The second candidate for heavy element formation and thus gold creation, are merging neutron

stars, even Black Holes. At the core of the Supernova explosion, a new but very mysterious and

unconventional star born, known as the neutron star. As the name suggests neutron star made of

neutrons. Neutron stars are very dense. If you squeeze our sun into a size of a small city like

Haldia, it would have the same density that neutron stars have. To get another idea, one teaspoon

of the neutron star material would weigh about 10 billion elephants. This insanely heavy dense

earth moves around in space freely two neutron stars approach each other they form a binary

system orbiting each other. An alternate Theory to the supernova explosions for the formation of

gold when two neutron stars in a binary orbit collide with each other due to immense

gravitational pull. An artist impression of two colliding neutron stars is shown in Figure 2.

Considering how many particles ass have merged makes sense few of them will combine, and it

will make quite a bit of gold. The amount of gold such coalitions would produce would be

similar to the mass of the Earth. To be more specific to compare, the amount of gold produced in

one such event can be filled with three trillion oil tankers. Not only gold such collisions also

produce events like Platinum. These events are, however, exceedingly rare. In the whole Milky

Way, such an event happens about every 100,000 years. But Wait it is not the goal that you

imagine it from a neutron star collision you are getting gold in the atomic format it won't make in

your jewellery and your gold teeth. Eventually, it finds a big cloud of particles, becomes colder

and get shaped together by Gravity to form a beautiful solar system and the Earth. On a

favourable condition, these gold particles come together, and the planet applies geological

pressure so that particles will be merged for 1 billion years it becomes something we see with

our naked eyes in the form of jewellery.


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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

Supernovae and neutron-star mergers are the two most likely scenarios for how gold and the

other heavy elements are synthesized in nature. Which of these is the dominant production site is

an ongoing hot question in astrophysics.

But, how does gold find its way from its production sites in stars to eventually arrive on Earth is

an interesting story. The heavy nuclides that are created in massive stars or their remnants are

ejected during their explosions and expand rapidly into the surrounding interstellar medium.

Thus the interstellar medium is continuously fed with heavy elements synthesised in many stellar

sites and then expelled via such explosive events. A next generation of stars can form from this

mixture of pristine Big Bang material and stellar-processed heavy elements – with a new

nucleosynthesis process triggered in this new star. As a consequence material produced in

massive stars is recycled many times into next generation stars.

Our solar system is the product of dozens of previous star generations all with their individual

nucleosynthesis processes. There is strong evidence, that the collapse and formation of our solar

system itself some 4.6 billion years ago was triggered through one or more close-by supernova-

explosions. When our solar system and Earth formed, the Universe had already been around for

about 9 billion years. Previous stars in conjunction had generated the heavy elements and fixed

also the abundance of gold now present in our solar environment.

Some evidences also indicate that the gold we find on Earth may also originates from meteorites

– built from the same parent material – that bombarded Earth’s surface a few ten to a few

hundred million years later after our planet was formed but, by then, already with a cold crust

surface.

Thus creation of gold relies on a very violent and rare process. In fact, we are all made of stars

(so called stardusts) and moreover, all the gold we love, the gold rings on our fingers, the

jewellery, the gold whose value we see changing up and down in terms of paper money has

experienced much more turbulent times in the past started its journey back to millions of years

during the violent explosion in the heart of a star, maybe billions of miles away from us.

Therefore remember the goal you are wearing today it's actually started its journey billions of

years ago and it make a pretty rough journey to reach you. Whenever you are gifting gold to

someone just say it's not the money that makes it costly, you are gifting them a piece of a star

that died and left all precious metals that we see around us.


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########################################################################

Figure 1: Left panel: A composite image of the remaining of a supernova known as Cassiopeia A

as observed by the Chandra X-ray satellite. Different colours in the figure represent the presence

of different elements in the supernova as indicated in the image. Image credit:

NASA/CXC/SAO. Right panel: The image of a galaxy CGCG 089-013 taken twice:

before (top) and after (bottom)the supernova, known as SN1999BE. The supernova was so bright

that it outshines the entire galaxy.


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Figure 2: An artist’s impression of the collision of two neutron stars (stars made with the densest

particles in the universe like neutrons). Such collision is thought to be an alternative origin of the

huge amount of heavy metals like gold. Image credit: Ligo Caltech.

Documents

International Journal of Innovative Practice and Applied Research · 2019. 9. 5. · International Journal of Innovative Practice and Applied Research (IJIPAR) (ISSN- 2349- 8978)