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RULES-BASED TRANSLATION OF
International NooJ Conference 2018
RULES-BASED TRANSLATION OF SIMPLE ARABIC VERBAL SENTENCES TO ENGLISH USING NOOJ PLATFORM
Abderrahim KHEMISSE, Samir MBARKI, Mohammed MOURCHID, Abdelaziz MOULOUDI
1
Plan
1. Introduction
2. Related work
3. Our contribution3. Our contributiona. Transfer rules
b. Implementation in NooJ platform
4. Conclusion and Perspective
2
IntroductionIntroduction
3
Introduction (1/4)
• Machine translation:
4
Analysis Transfer GenerationText Text
Base of knowledge
Source language Target language
Abstract Representation ofsource language
4
Introduction (1/4)
• Machine translation:
5
Analysis Transfer GenerationText Text
Base of knowledge
Source language Target language
Abstract Representation oftarget language
5
Introduction (1/4)
• Machine translation:
6
Analysis Transfer GenerationText Text
Base of knowledge
Source language Target language
6
Introduction (2/4)• Process of translation: – Step 1: Analysis
Simple Arabic verbal sentence
یكتب الطالب روایة جدیدة
Bilingual dictionary AR-EN
The student writes a new novel
Analysis•Morphological•Syntactic
Segmentation of the sentence
>جدیدة> <روایة> <الطالب> <یكتب<
Morphological analysis
Syntax analysis
> جدیدة> <روایة> < طالب> <كتب<<new> <novel> <student> <write>
+Morphological annotations (Prefix : ال)
(write كتب +Tense=PR+Gender=m+Pers=3+Nb=s )…
<new> <novel> <student> <writes>
Abstract representation of sourcelanguage
<Verb><Subject><Object><Adj>+
Morphological annotations 7
Introduction (3/4)
Lexical transfer
Bilingual dictionary AR-EN
• Process of translation: – Step 2: Transfer
<write> <student> <novel> <new >
Syntactic transfer
Transfer rules•Lexical transfer•Syntactic transfer
<write> <student> <novel> <new ><Verb><Subject><Object><Adj>
+Morphological annotations
8
Introduction (3/4)
Lexical transfer
Bilingual dictionary AR-EN
• Process of translation: – Step 2: Transfer
Syntactic transfer
Transfer rules•Lexical transfer•Syntactic transfer
<student> <write> <new > <novel>+
Abstract representation of target language <Subject><Verb><Adj><Object>
+Morphological annotations
9
Introduction (4/4)
Bilingual dictionary EN-AR Morphological
generation
• Process of translation: – Step 3: Generation
The student writes a new novel
generation
Generation•Morphological
Student write new novel+
Morphological annotations(Prefix : ال)
كتب) +Tense=PR+Gender=m+Pers=3+Nb=s )…
10
Introduction (4/4)
Bilingual dictionary EN-AR Morphological
generation
• Process of translation: – Step 3: Generation
The student writes a new novel
generation
Generation•Morphological
Student write new novel+
Morphological annotations(Prefix : ال)
كتب) +Tense=PR+Gender=m+Pers=3+Nb=s )…
11
Introduction (4/4)
Bilingual dictionary EN-AR Morphological
generation
• Process of translation: – Step 3: Generation
The student writes a new novel
generation
Generation•Morphological
Student write new novel+
Morphological annotations(Prefix : ال)
كتب) +Tense=PR+Gender=m+Pers=3+Nb=s )…
12
Related workRelated work
13
Related work (1/2)Author Title Approach Implementation
Hajer Cheikhrouhou
(2017)
The Automatic Translationof French Verbal Tenses toArabic Using the PlatformNooJ
•Creation of a system ofanalysis and recognition ofsyntactic constructions ofFrench verbs.•The automatic recognition ofverbal tenses.
NooJ
•Solve the problems related toagreement in person andnumber.•Verbs translation.
Omar Nazlia et al.
(2012)
Arabic to English machinetranslation of verb phrasesusing rule based approach
•Extract a general transferrules for translation of Arabicverb phrases to English.
_____
14
Related work (2/2)Author Title Approach Implementation
Zainab AbrahimAlfahad(2008)
Machine Translation ofArabic Verb Sentences intoEnglish.
•Creation of a lexiconstructure for solve twoproblems Arabic language:Syntactical ambiguity andsemantic ambiguity.
C++
Khaled Shaalan(2000)
Machine translation ofArabic Interrogationsentence into English
•Parser is written in definiteclause grammar (DCG)formalism.
Prolog
15
Our contributionOur contribution
16
Our Contribution
• The aim of our contribution:
17
Transfer rules (1/3)
• Disparity between Arabic and English:
Arabic language English language
Nominal and verbal sentences.
1993” جامع الدروس العربیة“ الغالیینيمصطفى
All sentences considered verbal.
Jirka Hana “Intro to linguistics – Syntax 1” 2011
The Order of the Arabic verbal sentences’ parts is different from the English ones.
18
• Similarity between Arabic and English:
Arabic language English language
Transfer rules (2/3)
The majority of the verbal sentences in both languages contain the same structure (but not in the same order).
Example:
The creative student writes a new novelیكتب روایة جدیدة المبدع الطالب
19Verb
• Similarity between Arabic and English:
Arabic language English language
Transfer rules (2/3)
The majority of the verbal sentences in both languages contain the same structure (but not in the same order).
Example:
The creative student writes a new novelیكتب روایة جدیدة المبدع الطالب
20OBJ Verb
• Similarity between Arabic and English:
Arabic language English language
Transfer rules (2/3)
The majority of the verbal sentences in both languages contain the same structure (but not in the same order).
Example:
The creative student writes a new novelیكتب روایة جدیدة المبدع الطالب
ADJ21
OBJ Verb
Arabic structure English structure Example
Verb (predicate) SUBJ (subject) COMP (extra
element)
SUBJ Verb Obj كتب التلمیذ الدرس The student wrote the lesson
Transfer rules (3/3)• After a linguistic study we obtained of set transfer rules:
element)
Verb (predicate) SUBJ (subject) COMP Adj (extra
element)
SUBJ Verb Adj Obj یكتب الطالب روایة جدیدة The student writes a new novel
Verb (predicate) SUBJ (subject) PREP Noun
(extra element)
SUBJ Verb PREP Noun جلس التلمیذ في القسم The student sat in the classroom
Verb (predicate) SUBJ (subject) PREP Noun ADJ
(extra element)
SUBJ Verb PREP Adj Noun
عاد األب من العمل الشاق The father returns from the hard work
Verb (predicate) SUBJ(subject) Adj1 COMP Adj2 (extra element)
Adj1 SUBJ Verb Adj2 Obj
روایة المبدع یكتب الطالب جدیدة
The creative student writes a new novel
… … … … 22
Implementation in NooJ platform (1/5)
Bilingual Transfer
Arabic to
English
Englishto
Arabic
Resources
Bilingualdictionaries
Morphological grammars
Syntactic grammars
Transfer rules
23
• Dictionaries:
Arabic to
Implementation in NooJ platform (2/5)
Bilingualdictionaries
toEnglish
Englishto
Arabic
24
• Transfer rule:
Implementation in NooJ platform (3/5)
25
• Transfer rule:
Implementation in NooJ platform (4/5)
26
• Result of translation:
Implementation in NooJ platform (5/5)
27
Conclusion and PerspectiveConclusion and Perspective
28
Conclusion and Perspective (1/3)
• In this work, we have created a translationgrammar in NooJ based on two phases: aphase devoted to the transfer rules and anotherto generation of the target language.to generation of the target language.
29
• The implementation of the automatictranslation process enables us to findencouraging results where the simple Arabicverbal sentences are translated in English with
Conclusion and Perspective (2/3)
30
verbal sentences are translated in English withrespect to the rules of transfer.
• Obviously, much has to be done. As a futurework, we suggest to translate other types ofsentences to English.
Conclusion and Perspective (3/3)
31
32