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Holiday Inn Mauritius Airport, MAURITIUS 30 November to 4th December 2015
LINKING SMALL HOLDER FARMERS TO SMALL MANUFACTURING ENTERPRISES THROUGH CANE TRASH UTILIZATION
Presented by Dr. Betty Mulianga
KALRO- Sugar Research Institute, KENYA
International Society of Sugar Cane Technologists
CO-PRODUCTS WORKSHOP
Holiday Inn Mauritius Airport, MAURITIUS 30 November to 4th December 2015
OUTLINE
• OVERVIEW OF SUGAR INDUSTRY AND SUGAR RESEARCH
• INTRODUCTION
• OBJECTIVE
• STUDY AREA
• DATA
• ANALYSIS
• RESULTS & DISCUSSION
• CONCLUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION
• REFERENCES
Holiday Inn Mauritius Airport, MAURITIUS 30 November to 4th December 2015
INTRODUCTION
• Sugarcane was first grown in Kenya
in 1900
• Today, there are 12 sugar factories in
Kenya, in western, coast
• 3rd largest contributor to GDP
• Market for 294,000 small-scale farmers
• Area under sugarcane is > 202,000 ha
• Production = 7,574,850 tonnes
• Supports >20 % of total population
KENYA SUGAR BELTS
Holiday Inn Mauritius Airport, MAURITIUS 30 November to 4th December 2015
Factory Location (County) Rated TCD ( tons)
Mumias sugar company Kakamega 8,880
Nzoia sugar company Bungoma 3,000
W/Kenya sugar company Kakamega 3,500
Butali sugar company Kakamega 1,500
Chemelil sugar company Kisumu 3,000
Muhoroni sugar company Kisumu 2,500
Kibos and allied sugar Kisumu 1,650
Sonysugar sugar company Migori 3240
Sukari sugar company Homa-bay 1500
Transmara sugar company Narok 1500
Soin Sugar Kericho 300
Total TCD Kenya 30,570
Industry Performance
Holiday Inn Mauritius Airport, MAURITIUS 30 November to 4th December 2015
KENYA’S SUGAR VALUE CHAIN
Holiday Inn Mauritius Airport, MAURITIUS 30 November to 4th December 2015
KENYAS DEMAND AND SUPPLY
• Demand = 794,844 metric tons • Production = 500,000 metric tons • Deficit = 294,844 metric tons
EXPORTS Kenya exports sugar to the international market by virtue of being a member of the International Sugar Order (ISO)
- In 2010, Kenya exported 44,332 metric tons
Holiday Inn Mauritius Airport, MAURITIUS 30 November to 4th December 2015
BY PRODUCTS
• Current pressure by the government
on all companies to diversify :
• Jaggery and molasses, mud,
bagasse, vinasse
• Manufacture of briquettes started in 1970
• Power - 34MW of electricity of which 26MW is exported to the national grid.
• Distilled water - 24 million litres
• Ethanol: 22 million litres
The role research in these
by-products is crucial - innovations
Holiday Inn Mauritius Airport, MAURITIUS 30 November to 4th December 2015
SUGAR RESEARCH INSTITUTE
• Sugar Research Institute (SRI) is one of
the 15 research institutes under the Kenya
Agricultural and Livestock Research
Organization.
• Its headquarters is KISUMU- sugar belt
• Human capacity – 134 officers
MANDATE: Develop and disseminate
technologies, innovations, information and
knowledge to increase productivity,
profitability, competitiveness and
sustainability of the Kenyan sugar industry .
Holiday Inn Mauritius Airport, MAURITIUS 30 November to 4th December 2015
PARTNERS AND/OR SOURCE OF FUNDING
• AFFA/Sugar Directorate
oSeed cane production and distribution project
o Pilot Cane Testing Units in preparation for sucrose based
payment system
• Sugar Companies
• European Union - Sugar Reforms Support Project
• CIRAD- France - Staff capacity building
• Universities and colleges
• County governments
Holiday Inn Mauritius Airport, MAURITIUS 30 November to 4th December 2015
Existing Research Programmes • CROP DEVELOPMENT
Plant Breeding, Agronomy, Crop Protection, Biotechnology, Crop Physiology & Systems
Modelling and Agro-meteorology
• AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING
Irrigation and water management, Farm machinery and Environmental management.
• MILLING AND PROCESSING
Sugarcane processing, Sugar technology and Energy
• ECONOMICS AND BIOMETRICS
Socio-Economics, Production Economics, Market & Policy and Biometrics
• TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
Adaptive research, Extension services and Seed cane production & distribution
Holiday Inn Mauritius Airport, MAURITIUS 30 November to 4th December 2015
RECENT ACHIEVEMENTS
• Released 21 improved sugarcane varieties since 2002.
The latest 8 released in July 2014
• A model to assist millers synchronise sugarcane establishment and
crushing capacities
• Farm level Nutrient management recommendations
• Training farmers/stakeholders on Best sugarcane crop management practices
• Recommendations/reports on policy/strategy – Sucrose based payment
• RS/GIS models for estimating sugarcane production, productivity and soil &
water management
• Multiplication and distribution of seed cane of improved varieties with
farmers
Holiday Inn Mauritius Airport, MAURITIUS 30 November to 4th December 2015
FOCUS ON SMALL SCALE FARMERS BY GOVERNMENT
• Aim was to enhance beneficial management of excess cane trash from
small scale farmers in Kenya by linking them to SMEs to ensure
conservation of the environment and increased household income.
• Government policy 2012 emphasized on SMEs-employment
“ Linking small holder farmers to small manufacturing
enterprises (MSEs) through cane trash utilization”
- over 85% of sugarcane production
Holiday Inn Mauritius Airport, MAURITIUS 30 November to 4th December 2015
BRIQUETTE BUSINESS MODEL IN KENYA
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4
Evolution of hand produced businesses to mechanical presses
Based on stable production and revenue of several years. Manual presses based businesses to low cost electrical machines
Source and skill up in house maintenance of electrical machines to commercial one year supply within the local community
From electrical machines of locally fabricated presses to large capacity machines target over 200 mt/month
Mareco et al., 2013
Holiday Inn Mauritius Airport, MAURITIUS 30 November to 4th December 2015
STUDY AREA
Kiboswa KALRO-Sugar Research Institute
Holiday Inn Mauritius Airport, MAURITIUS 30 November to 4th December 2015
STUDY AREA
34o 49’E &34o 55’E longitude and 0o 2’S &0o 3’S latitude.
50% of the soils are heavy clay
Sub-humid AEZ attracting mean annual rainfall of 1450 mm
Temperature ranges between 20oC - 31oC.
The topography undulates from 1000m to 2000m above sea level.
Holiday Inn Mauritius Airport, MAURITIUS 30 November to 4th December 2015
DATA
Animal
feed
Burn Mulching Energy
Sugarcane
dry leaves
20 30 40 0
Cane tops 30 20 0 10
Cane stalks 0 0 0 40
Bagasse 0 10 0 40
Holiday Inn Mauritius Airport, MAURITIUS 30 November to 4th December 2015
ANALYSIS
Statistical analysis to investigate:
• Presence of competition for land resources
• Source of livestock feed and food for the households
• Waste management
• Source of domestic energy
• Knowledge on small scale enterprises
Holiday Inn Mauritius Airport, MAURITIUS 30 November to 4th December 2015
RESULTS
Holiday Inn Mauritius Airport, MAURITIUS 30 November to 4th December 2015
RESULTS & DISCUSSION
• Competition for land resources and conflicts in land use were
minimized by 75% over the five years.
• 30% farmers chose crop trash as feedstocks,
• 20% chose cane stalks for domestic energy,
• 50% used this waste for mulching.
• We inferred that enhancement of renewable production of energy
by linking these farmers to SMEs would enhance:
- Farmers socio-economic base
- Sustainability of SMEs
- National income
Holiday Inn Mauritius Airport, MAURITIUS 30 November to 4th December 2015
CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATIONS
• Linking of farmers to SMEs is important
• An awareness creation to be undertaken (Farmer & focused groups)
• Invest in research on other by-products of agricultural biomass
• Sugar factories to be encouraged to diversify their products
Holiday Inn Mauritius Airport, MAURITIUS 30 November to 4th December 2015
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
• The ACP-SRSP secretariat and KALRO-SRI for sponsoring
this research.
• The ISSCT secretary for all logistical support
• The Director General, KALRO for authorizing my participation
in this workshop.
• Kibos-Miwani sugar mill and the small scale enterprise at
Kiboswa for providing data for this study.
Holiday Inn Mauritius Airport, MAURITIUS 30 November to 4th December 2015
REFERENCES • Basanta, M.V.; Dourado-Neto, D.; Reichardt, K.; Bacchi, O.O.S.; Oliveira, J.C.M.; Trivelin, P.C.O.; Timm, L.C.; Tominaga, T.T.; Correchel, V.; Cássaro,
F.A.M.; Pires, L.F.; Macedo, L.F. 2003. Management effects on nitrogen recovery in a sugarcane crop grown in Brazil. Geoderma 116: 235-248.
• Deville J, Y Wong You Cheong, P Leclezio and P Duvivier (1979). The production of silage from sugar cane tops and its use as fodder for cattle. Trop Anim Prod 1979 4:2. Mauritius Sugar Industry Research Institute (MSIRI), and Mon Desert Mon Tresor and St Antione Sugar Estates, Mauritius.
• Fortes, C.; Trivelin, P.C.O.; Vitti, A.C. 2012 Long-term decomposition of sugarcane harvest residues in Sao Paulo state, Brazil. Biomass & Bioenergy 42: 189-198.
• Gabra, M. and Kjellstrom, B. (1995); “A Pre-Feasibilty Assessment of the Potential of Cane Residues for Co-generation in the Sugar Industry”, Energy, Environment and Development series no 41, Stockholm Environment Institute, Stokholm, Sweden
• Gava, G.J.C.; Trivelin, P.C.O.; USAID (1986a); “Cane Energy System Assessment Program – Electric Power From Cane Residues in Thailand – A Technical and Economic Analysis”, Ronaco Consulting Corporation
• Hackl, A and Mauschitz, G, 2000, ‘Greenhouse Gas Mitigation by Proper Waste Management’, study for the Austrian Federal Ministry for Environment, Youth and Family Affairs.
• Ministry of New & Renewable Energy, Government of India. Annual Report 2009
• Mulianga, B.; Bégué, A.; Clouvel, P.; Todoroff, P. Mapping Cropping Practices of a Sugarcane-Based Cropping System in Kenya Using Remote Sensing. Remote Sens. 2015, 7, 14428-14444.
• Robertson, F.A.; Thorburn, P.J. 2007a. Decomposition of sugarcane harvest residue in different climatic zones. Australian Journal of Soil Research 45: 1-11
• Trivelin, P.C.O.; Oliveira, M.W.; Vitti, A.C.; Gava, G.J.C.; Bendassolli, J.A. 2002. Nitrogen losses of applied urea in the soil-plant system during two sugar cane cycles. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 37: 193-201 (in Portuguese, with abstract in English).
• USAID (1986b); “Cane Energy Systems”, Bioenergy System Report
• USAID (1989); “Power for the Grid from Sugarcane Residues”, Bioenergy System Report
• Vitti, A.C.; Ferreira, D.A.; Franco, H.C.J.; Fortes, C.; Otto, R.; Faroni, C.E.; Trivelin, P.C.O. 2010. Utilisation of nitrogen from trash by sugarcane ratoons. Sugarcane International 28: 249-253
• Vitti, A.C.; Oliveira, M.W. 2005. Urea and sugarcane straw nitrogen balance in a soil-sugarcane crop system. Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira 40: 689-695.
• Bogale Wondwosen(2009). Preparation of Charcoal Using Agricultural Wastes. Ethip. J. Educ. & Sc. Vol. 5 No 1 September 2009 80.
Holiday Inn Mauritius Airport, MAURITIUS 30 November to 4th December 2015
Ahsante