INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS FOR THE INDOOR …• ISO CD 14415 Application of inte rnational standards for people with special requirements • ISO NP 13732 Method for the assessment of

Technical University of Denmark

Professor Bjarne W. Olesen, PhD Fellow, Treasurer

INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS FOR THE INDOOR ENVIRONMENT

Where are we and do they apply Worldwide

INDOOR ENVIRONMENT

• THERMAL • AIR QUALITY • ACOUSTIC • LIGHT

International Centre for Indoor Environment And Energy

EVALUATION OF THE INDOOR ENVIRONMENT

• DESIGN LEVEL • COMMISSIONING • TESTING • COMPLAINTS


STANDARDS

• ISO EN 7730-2005 – Ergonomics of the thermal environment – Analytical

determination and interpretation of thermal comfort using calculation of the PMV and PPD indices and local thermal comfort effects.

• ASHRAE 55-2013 – Thermal environment conditions for human occupancy

• ASHRAE 62.1 and 62.2 -2013 – Ventilation and indoor air quality

• EN15251 ( EN16798-1) – Indoor environmental input parameters for design and

assessment of energy performance of buildings- addressing indoor air quality, thermal environment, lighting and acoustic

• EN 13779 – Ventilation for non-residential buildings - performance

requirements for ventilation and room-conditioning systems

International Standards Indoor Environmental Quality

• prEN16798-1 and ISO DIS 17772: – Indoor environmental input parameters for the design and assessment of energy

performance of buildings.

• DTR16798-2 and ISO DTR 17772: – Guideline for using indoor environmental input parameters for the design and

assessment of energy performance of buildings.

THERMAL ENVIRONMENT • ISO EN 11399 Principles and application of international standards

• ISO EN 13731 Definitions, symbols and units • ISO EN 7730 Moderate thermal environments: determination of PMV and PPD indices and specification of the

conditions for thermal comfort. • ISO EN 7933 Hot environments: analytical determination and interpretation of thermal stress using calculation of

required sweat rate • ISO EN 7243 Hot environments: estimation of the heat stress on working man, based on the WBGT index (wet

bulb globe temperature) • ISO TR 11079 Evaluation of cold environments: determination of required clothing insulation (IREQ) • ISO EN 8996 Determination of metabolic rate • ISO EN 9920 Estimation of the thermal insulation and evaporative resistance of a clothing ensemble • ISO EN 7726 Instruments and methods for measuring physical quantities (under revision) • ISO EN 10551 Assessment of the influence of the thermal environment using subjective judgement scales. • ISO 9886 Evaluation of thermal strain by physiological measurements • ISO DIS 12894 Medical supervision of individuals exposed to extreme hot or cold environments • ISO CD 14415 Application of international standards for people with special requirements • ISO NP 13732 Method for the assessment of human responses to contact with surfaces

– Part 1 Hot surfaces – Part 2 Moderate surfaces – Part 3 Cold surfaces

• ISO NP 15265 Risk of stress or discomfort in thermal working environments • ISO/NP 14505 Evaluation of the thermal environment in vehicles


Human Heat Balance

M-W-Eres-Cres-E = (tsk - tcl)/ Icl = R+C – tsk =Mean skin temperature – tcl =Mean clothing surface temperature – M =Metabolic heat production – W =Mechanical work – R =Radiant heat exchange – C =Convective heat exchange – E =Evaporative heat exchange from skin – Eres =Evaporative heat exchange from respiration – Cres =Convective heat exchange from respiration


MODERATE ENVIRONMENTS

• GENERAL THERMAL COMFORT – PMV / PPD, OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE

• LOCAL THERMAL DISCOMFORT – Radiant temperature asymmetry – Draught – Vertical air temperature difference – Floor surface temperature


Operative temperature

C = hc A (tcl - ta) R = hr A (tcl - tr)

Low air velocity hr = hc so to = (ta + tr) / 2

Mean value of air and mean radiant temperature

to = (hc ta + hr tr) / (hr + hc)

GENERAL THERMAL COMFORT

• Personal factors – Clothing – Activity

• Environmental factors – Air temperature – Mean radiant temperature – Air velocity – Humidity


PMV-index 028,0303,0 036,0 MePMV

aclcclrclcl

aa

a

tthfttf

tMpMWMpWMWM

448

5

3

2732731096,3

340014,05867107,1

15,5842,099,657331005,3

whereaclclclrclclclcl tthfttfIWMt 448 2732731096,3028,07,35

ch =

25,038,2 acl tt for aracl vtt 1,1238,2 25,0

= arv1,12 for aracl vtt 1,1238,2 25,0

clf =

clI290,100,1... for

1²078,0 KWmIcl

=clI545,005,1

for 1²078,0 KWmI cl

PMV= Predicted Mean Vote

M = Metabolic rate 2Wm

W= Effective mechanical power

2WmclI

= Clothing insulation

1²155,01 KWmclo

clf= Clothing area factor

at= Air temperature, °C

rt= Mean radiant temperature, °Carv= Relative air velocity,

1msap

= Water vapour particle pressure, aP

ch= Convective heat transfer coefficient,

12 KmWclt

= Clothing surface temperature, °C


PMV-index

-3 Cold -2 Cool -1 Slightly cool 0 Neutral +1 Slightly warm +2 Warm +3 Hot




THERMAL COMFORT

• OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE • -0,5 < PMV < +0,5 ; PPD < 10 % • SPACES WITH MAINLY SEDENTARY

OCCUPANTS : – SUMMER CLOTHING 0,5 clo – ACTIVITY LEVEL 1,2 met

• 23 °C < to < 26 °C.


Categories

Cate-gory Explanation

I

High level of expectation and also recommended for spaces occupied by very sensitive and fragile persons with special

requirements like some disabilities, sick, very young children and elderly persons, to increase accessibility.

II Normal level of expectation

III An acceptable, moderate level of expectation

IV Low level of expectation. This category should only be accepted for a limited part of the year

Recommended categories for design of mechanical heated and cooled buildings

Category

Thermal state of the body as a whole

PPD %

Predicted Mean Vote

I < 6 -0.2 < PMV < + 0.2

II < 10 -0.5 < PMV < + 0.5

III < 15 -0.7 < PMV < + 0.7

III < 25 -1.0 < PMV < + 1.0

Temperature ranges for hourly calculation of cooling and heating energy in three categories

of indoor environment

Type of building/ space

Category Operative Temperature for Energy Calculations oC

Offices and spaces with similar activity (single offices, open plan offices, conference rooms, auditorium, cafeteria, restaurants, class rooms, Sedentary activity ~1,2 met

Heating (winter season), ~ 1,0 clo

Cooling (summer season), ~ 0,5 clo

I 21,0 – 23,0 23,5 - 25,5

II 20,0 – 24,0 23,0 - 26,0

III 19,0 – 25,0 22,0 - 27,0

IV 17,0 – 26,0 21,0 - 28,0

How to predict clothing insulation

Chinese standard

• In the South colder indoor temperatures in winter (no heating) than in the north (heating allowed)

• Use the ISO7730 but allow -1 < PMV < + 1 • For free running buildings aPMV is

introduced

Humidity limits according to ASHRAE-55

1981 1992 1994

Humidity limits according to ASHRAE-55-2013

ADAPTATION


Adaptation

• The above-mentioned requirements are based mainly on laboratory studies with test subjects mainly from Europe and North America.

• Studies with Asian and African subjects under laboratory test conditions have found similar results for general thermal comfort (Fanger, Tanabe, DeDear)

ADAPTATION

• The following text can be found in ASHRAE Handbook 1936, Chapter 3: – ”It should be kept in mind that southern people, with

their more sluggish heat production and lack of adaptability, will demand a comfort zone several degrees higher than those given here for the more active people of northern climates”

The RP-884 Global Database of Thermal Comfort Field Experiments

FIELD STUDIES Adaptation

buildings with natural ventilation

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

mean outdoor effective temperature ( oC)

(o C)

RP-884 adaptive model"PMV model

buildings with centralized HVAC

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

mean outdoor effective temperature ( oC)

oC)

RP-884 adaptive model with semantics

"PMV model

ADAPTATION IN NATURAL VENTILATED BUILDINGS ?

• Behavioural – Clothing, activity, posture

• Psychological – Expectations


Daily mean clothing resistance for males and females in relation to outdoor temperature at 6

a.m. in HVAC buildings.

y = -0.0092x + 0.7427R2 = 0.2643

y = -0.01x + 0.791R2 = 0.3477

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

2.20

2.40

-35.0 -30.0 -25.0 -20.0 -15.0 -10.0 -5.0 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0

Outdoor Temperature 6 a.m. [°C]

CLO

Clo mean male Clo mean female Linear (Clo mean female) Linear (Clo mean male)

Daily mean clothing resistance for males and females in relation to outdoor temperature at 6 a.m. in NV buildings

y = -0.0199x + 0.95R2 = 0.2436

y = -0.0183x + 0.9R2 = 0.3865

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

2.20

2.40

-35.0 -30.0 -25.0 -20.0 -15.0 -10.0 -5.0 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0

Outdoor Temperature 6 a.m. [°C]

CLO

Clo mean male Clo mean female Linear (Clo mean female) Linear (Clo mean male)

ASHRAE 55

Θrm = (Θed -1 + 0,8 Θed -2 + 0,6 Θed -3 + 0,5 Θed -4 + 0,4 Θed -5 + 0,3 Θed -6 + 0,2 Θed -7)/3,8

ISO DIS 17772-1

Natural ventilated buildings- without mechanical cooling

• activity levels lie most of the time in the range of 1,2 - 1,6 met

• clothing insulation can be varied according to momentary preferences from 0,5 to 1,0 clo

• access to operable windows • less than 4 persons per room • such as dwellings and office buildings.



• AIR VELOCITY – Preferred air velocity at increased temperature – Direction of air velocity – Large individual differences – Personal control (fans, windows)

ASHRAE 55-2013

PERSONAL CONTROL

GarmentDescription

Thermal Insulationclo

Change ofOperative Temp.

K

Sleeveless vestThin sweater

0,120,20

0,81,3

Light jacketNormal jacket

0,250,35

1,62,2

Relative importance of clothing 0,1 clo ~ 0,7 K

LOCAL THERMAL DISCOMFORT

• FLOOR SURFACE TEMPERATURE • VERTICAL AIR TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE • DRAUGHT • RADIANT TEMPERATUR ASYMMETRI


DRAUGHT

• MEAN AIR VELOCITY • TURBULENCE • AIR TEMPERATURE

DRAUGHT RATING, DR= (34-ta)(v-0.05)0.62(0.37 v Tu + 3.14)


DRAUGHT


RADIANT TEMPERATURE ASYMMETRY


VERTICAL AIR TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE


FLOOR TEMPERATURE

• SEATED/STANDING PERSONS:

19 °C < ts < 29 °C • BY HIGHER ACTIVITY LEVELS A

LOWER FLOOR TEMPERATURE IS ACCEPTABLE


CRITERIA FOR INDOOR AIR QUALITY ~VENTILATION RATES

• COMFORT (Perceived Air Quality) • HEALTH • PRODUCTIVITY

• ENERGY

Indoor Air Quality ASHRAE 62.1

• acceptable indoor air quality: air in which there are no known contaminants at harmful concentrations as determined by cognizant authorities and with which a substantial majority (80% or more) of the people exposed do not express dissatisfaction.


ASHRAE 62.1 General- Three different procedures are available to determine the outdoor airflow rates for mechanical ventilation systems. 1. Ventilation Rate Procedure-

• Prescribes rates & procedures based on typical space contaminant sources & source strengths

2. IAQ Procedure-

• Requires calculation of rates based on analysis of contaminate sources, concentration and perceived air quality targets

3. Natural Ventilation Rate Procedure- • Proscribes design criteria for ventilation air to be provided through

openings to the outdoors

Concept for calculation of design ventilation rate

People Component Building Component

Breathing Zone Outdoor Airflow

Minimum l/s/Person

Number of People

Ventilation per Smoker

Minimum l/s/m²

Building Area

Vbz = RpPz + RsSd + RaAz

Number of Smokers

CEN CR 1752 prEN15251 ASHRAE 62.1 DIN 1946

Basic required ventilation rates for diluting emissions (bio effluents) from people for different categories

*The total ventilation rate must never be lower than 4 l/s per person

ASHRAE Standard 62.1 : Adapted persons 2,5 l/s person (Cat. II )

Category Expected Percentage Dissatisfied

Airflow per non- adapted person l/(s.pers)

I 15 10

II 20 7

III 30 4

IV 40 2,5*

Indoor pollution sources

Human bioeffluents

Building materials Furnishing HVAC system Equipment Tobacco smoking

Building

Design ventilation rates for diluting emissions from buildings

Category

Very low polluting building l/(s m2)

Low polluting building l/(s m2)

Non low- polluting building l/(s m2)

I 0,5 1,0 2,0 II 0,35 0,7 1,4 III 0,2 0,4 0,8 IV 0,15 0,3 0,6

Minimum total ventilation rate for health

4 l/s person 4 l/s person 4 l/s person

ASHRAE 62.1

Example on how to define low and very low polluting buildings

SOURCE

Low emitting products for low polluted buildings

Very low emitting products for very low polluted buildings

Total VOCs TVOC (as in CEN/TS 16516) < 1.000 μg/m³ < 300 μg/m³

Formaldehyde < 100 μg/m³ < 30 μg/m³

Any C1A or C1B classified carcinogenic VOC

< 5 μg/m³ < 5 μg/m³

R value (as in CEN/TS16516)

< 1.0 < 1.0

Total ventilation rate

qsupply = qtot/ v • Where • v = the ventilation effectiveness (EN13779) • qsupply = ventilation rate supplied by the ventilation system • qtot= total ventilation rate for the breathing zone, l/s • n = design value for the number of the persons in the room, • qp = ventilation rate for occupancy per person, l/s, pers • AR= room floor area, m2 • qB = ventilation rate for emissions from building, l/s,m2

tot p R Bq n q A q

Example of design ventilation air flow rates for a single-person office of 10 m2 in a low polluting

building (un-adapted person)

Cate- gory

Low- polluting building l/(s*m2

)

Airflow per non- adapted person l/(s*person)

Total design ventilation air flow rate for the room l/s l/(s*person) l/(s* m2)

I 1,0 10 20 20 2

II 0,7 7 14 14 1,4

III 0,4 4 8 8 0,8

IV 0,3 2,5 5,5 5,5 0,55

Default Values

Occupancy Category People Outdoor Air Rate

RP Area Outdoor Air Rate RA Notes

Occupant Density

(see Note 4)

Combined Outdoor Air Rate (see Note 5)

cfm/person L/s•person cfm/ft2 L/s•m2 #/1000 ft2 (#/100 m2) cfm/person L/s•person

Correctional Cell 5 2.5 0.12 0.6 25 10 4.9 Day room 5 2.5 0.06 0.3 30 7 3.5 Guard stations 5 2.5 0.06 0.3 15 9 4.5 Booking/waiting 7.5 3.8 0.06 0.3 50 9 4.4 Educational Facilities Daycare (through age 4)

10 5 0.18 0.9 25 17 8.6 Classrooms (ages 5-8)

10 5 0.12 0.6 25 15 7.4 Classrooms (age 9

l )10 5 0.12 0.6 35 13 6.7

Lecture classroom 7.5 3.8 0.06 0.3 65 8 4.3 Lecture hall (fixed

t )7.5 3.8 0.06 0.3 150 8 4.0

Art classroom 10 5.0 0.18 0.9 20 19 9.5

MINIMUM VENTILATION RATES IN BREATHING ZONE


Occupants only l/s person

Additional ventilation for building (add only one) l/s m2

Total l/s m2

Type of building/ space

Occu-pancy person/m2

Cate-gory CEN

ASH-RAE Rp

CEN CEN low-polluting building

CEN Non-low-polluting building

ASH-RAE Ra

CEN Low Pol.

ASH-RAE

A 10 1,0 2,0 2 B 7 0,7 1,4 1,4

Single office (cellular office)

0,1

C

2,5

4 0,4 0,8

0,3

0,8

0,55

A 10 1,0 2,0 1,7 B 7 0,7 1,4 1,2

Land-scaped office

0,07

C

2,5

4 0,4 0,8

0,3

0,7

0,48

A 10 1,0 2,0 6 B 7 0,7 1,4 4,2

Confe-rence room

0,5

C

2,5

4 0,4 0,8

0,3

2,4

1,55

1 l/s m2 = 0.2 cfm/ft2

CO2 as reference


The design zone outdoor airflow (Voz)

The outdoor airflow that must be provided to the zone by the supply air distribution system,

shall be determined in accordance:

Voz = Vbz/Ez


Air Distribution Effectiveness

SI

SEV CC

CCConcentrations: CE exhaust air CS supply air CI breathing zone

CEN Report CR 1752 (1998)

T supply - T inhal

Vent. effect. T supply - T inhal

Vent. effect. T supply - T inhal

Vent. effect. T supply - T room

Vent. effect.

°C - °C - °C - °C -< 0 0,9 - 1,0 < -5 0,9 <0 1,2 - 1,4 -6 1,2 - 2,20 - 2 0,9 -5 - 0 0,9 - 1,0 0-2 0,7 - 0,9 -3 1,3 - 2,32 - 5 0,8 > 0 1 >2 0,2 - 0,7 0 1,6 - 3,5> 5 0,4 - 0,7

Mixing ventilation Mixing ventilation Personalized ventilationDisplacement ventilation

ASHRAE 62.1

Air Distribution Configuration Ez Ceiling supply of cool air 1.0

Ceiling supply of warm air and floor return 1.0 Ceiling supply of warm air 15°F (8°C) or more above space temperature and ceiling return. 0.8

Ceiling supply of warm air less than 15°F (8°C) above space temperature and ceiling return provided that the 150 fpm (0.8 m/s) supply air jet reaches to within 4.5 ft (1.4 m) of floor level. Note: For lower velocity supply air, Ez= 0.8.

1.0

Floor supply of cool air and ceiling return provided that the 150 fpm (0.8 m/s) supply jet reaches 4.5 ft (1.4 m) or more above the floor. Note: Most underfloor air distribution systems comply with this proviso.

1.0

Floor supply of cool air and ceiling return, provided low- velocity displacement ventilation achieves unidirectional flow and thermal stratification

1.2

Floor supply of warm air and floor return 1.0

Floor supply of warm air and ceiling return 0.7 Makeup supply drawn in on the opposite side of the room from the exhaust and/or return 0.8

Makeup supply drawn in near to the exhaust and/or return location 0.5

TABLE 6-2 Zone Air Distribution Effectiveness

Adapted or Un-adapted ?

• Bioeffluents (body odor) – Adapted need only one third of outside air (7.7 l/s to 2.5 L/s)

• Tobacco smoke (ETS) – Only limited adaptation (odor, irritation)

• Building materials and HVAC systems – No adaptation


Adapted or Un-adapted ?

• Conference rooms. Adapted? • Classrooms. Adapted? • Restaurants. Un-adapted? • Department stores. Un-adapted

HEALTH CRITERIA FOR VENTILATION

Minimum 4 l/s/person

Indoor Air Quality Procedure

The required ventilation rate is calculated as:

voi ECCGQ l/s

where G = Total emission rate mg/s Ci = Concentration limit mg/l Co = Concentration in outside air mg/l Ev = Ventilation effectiveness


EPA Ambient-Air Quality Standards

Contaminant

Long Term Short Term Concentration Averaging Concentration Averaging

μg/m3 ppm μg/m3 ppm Sulfur dioxide Particles (PM 10) Carbon monoxide Carbon monoxide Oxidants (ozone)

80 50b

0.03 —

1 year 1 year

365a 150a

40,000a 10,000a

235c

0.14a — 35a 9a

0.12c

24 hours 24 hours

1hour 8 hours 1 hour

Nitrogen dioxide Lead

100 1.5

0.055 —

1 year 3 monthsd

a Not to be exceeded more than once per year. b Arithmetic mean. c Standard is attained when expected number of days per calendar year with maxi-mal hourly average concentrations above 0.12 ppm (235 μg/m3) is equal to or less than 1, as determined by Appendix H to subchapter C, 40 CFR 50. d Three-month period is a calendar quarter.

WHO guidelines values for indoor and outdoor air

pollutants

Pollutant WHO

Indoor Air Quality guidelines 2010

WHO Air Quality guidelines

2005

Benzene No safe level can be determined -

Carbon monoxide

15 min. mean: 100 mg/m3 1h mean: 35 mg/m3 8h mean: 10 mg/m3 24h mean: 7 mg/m3

-

Formaldehyde 30 min. mean: 100 μg/m3 -

Naphthalene Annual mean: 10 μg/m3 -

Nitrogen dioxide 1h mean: 200 μg/m3 Annual mean: 40 mg/m3 -

Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons (e.g. Benzo

Pyrene A B[a]P)

No safe level can be determined -

Radon 100 Bq/m3

(sometimes 300 mg/m3, country-specific)

-

Trichlorethylene No safe level can be determined -

Tetrachloroethylene Annual mean: 250 μg/m3

Sulfure dioxide - 10 min. mean: 500 μg/m3

24h mean: 20 mg/m3

Ozone - 8h mean:100 μg/m3

Particulate Matter PM 2,5 - 24h mean: 25 μg/m3

Annual mean: 10 μg/m3

Particulate Matter PM 10 - 24h mean: 50 μg/m3

Annual mean: 20 μg/m3

Residential buildings

Cate gory

Total ventilation including air infiltration ( 1)

Supply air flow per. person (2)

Supply air flow based on perceived IAQ for adapted persons (3)

Supply air flow Bed room level (l/s) (4)

Exhaust air flow, l/s peak or boost flow for high demand

l/s,m2 ach l/s*per

qp l/s*per

qB l/s,m2

Master bed-room l/s

Other bed-room l/s

Kit-chen (3a)

Bath-rooms (3b)

Toilets (3c)

I 0,49 0,7 10 3,5 0,25 20 10 28 20 14 II 0,42 0,6 7 2,5 0,15 14 8 20 15 10 III 0,35 0,5 4 1,5 0,1 8 4 14 10 7 IV* 0,23 0,4 5* 2,5* 10 6 4

Examples of lighting criteria for some buildings and spaces

Ref. no. acc. to EN 12464-1

Type of area, task or activity

Ēm lx

UG RL –

Uo –

Ra –

Specific requirements

5.26.2 5.26.5

Offices - Writing, typing, reading, data processing.

Conference and meeting rooms

500 19 0,60 80

DSE-work, see 4.9 Lighting should be controllable.

5.36.1- 5.36.3

Educational buildings - Classrooms, tutorial rooms, Classroom for evening classes and adults education, Auditorium, lecture halls

500 19 0,60 80 Lighting should be controllable.

5.36.24

Educational premises – Educational buildings - Sports halls, gymnasiums, swimming pools

300 22 0,60 80 See EN 12193 for training conditions.

Daylight availability classification as a function of the daylight factor DCa,j of the raw building

carcass opening and DSNA 15193

Vertical Facades

Daylight factor DCa,j

Roof lights

Daylight factor DSNA Classification of daylight availability

DCa,j ≥ 6 % 7 % < DSNAa Strong

6 % > DCa,j ≥ 4 % 7 % > DSNA ≥ 4 % Medium

4 % > DCa,j ≥ 2 % 4 % > DSNA ≥ 2 % Low

DCa,j < 2 % 2 % > DSNA ≥ 0 % None

a Values of DSNA > 10 % should be avoided due to danger of overheating

NOISE Building Type of space

Equivalent Continuous Sound Level, Leq, nT,A [dB(A)]

I II III

Residential Living room ≤30 ≤34 ≤38

Bed room ≤26 ≤30 ≤34

Places of assembly Auditoriums ≤20 ≤24 ≤28

Libraries ≤24 ≤28 ≤32

Cinemas ≤20 ≤24 ≤28

Hospitals Bedrooms night-time ≤22 ≤26 ≤30

Bedrooms daytime ≤24 ≤28 ≤32

Hotels Hotel rooms (during night-time) ≤24 ≤28 ≤32

Hotel rooms (during daytime) ≤26 ≤30 ≤34

Offices Small offices ≤24 ≤28 ≤32

Landscaped offices ≤26 ≤30 ≤34

Restaurants Restaurants ≤28 ≤32 ≤36

Schools Classrooms ≤24 ≤28 ≤32

Teacher rooms ≤28 ≤32 ≤36

Occupant Schedules

CONCLUSIONS THERMAL ENVIRONMENT

• Better agreement between ISO7730 and ASHRAE 55 • Possibility for design at different levels of comfort • Long term evaluation of thermal environment • Issues being discussed

– Air velocity – Humidity – Adaptation in free running (natural ventilated) buildings

CONCLUSIONS VENTILATION

• Both standards include an analytical method, where the required ventilation rate is calculated on the basis of comfort and health criteria.

• There is, however very little information on acceptable comfort and/or health criteria in the standards.

• There is a lack of information on emission rates from materials and other sources. This makes it very difficult today to use the analytical methods.

• Sources like people, activity, building, HVAC-systems and outdoor air must be taken into account.

• Influence of sources like people and smoking is available • More information is needed on sources like buildings and HVAC

systems. • Relation between contaminant concentration and health effect is needed

Documents

INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS FOR THE INDOOR …• ISO CD 14415 Application of inte rnational standards for people with special requirements • ISO NP 13732 Method for the assessment of