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TOPIC ONE: PARTS OF SPEECH
We use different types of words when we write and speak. These words are divided into different kinds according to their nature and quality. These words of different kinds are called parts of speech. They are 9 in number:
i. Nounii. Adjectiveiii. Verbiv. Adverbv. Pronounvi. Prepositionvii. Conjunctionviii. Interjectionix. Article
1. NOUNA noun is naming word. There are five kinds of nouns:
a. Proper nouns: Is the name of a particular person, place, thing, etc. examples:
- Dar es Salaam is the business centre of TZ- Today is Sunday- Juma is a tall boy- The words, Dsm, Sunday, and Juma are proper nouns
b. Common noun: is a name given in common to every person or thing of some class or kind. Example:
- She is a tall girl- Anjali is a doctor- Asha is a commerce student- The words girl, student, doctor are common nouns.
c. Collective noun: Is a name of a number (or collection) of persons or things considered as one. example;
- The are forty students in a class- Tanzanian Army won the war.- The football team has won the match.- The words class, army, team are collective nouns.
d. Material nouns: is the name of matter substance of which things are made. example,
- The fan is made of iron.- Gold is a precious metal- Early man used stone weapons- Furniture is made from wood
- In the above sentences, the words, Iron, gold, stone and wood are material nouns
e. Abstract noun: Is the name of something which we can neither see nor touch, but we can only think of. Example,
- Honesty is the best policy.- Wisdom is better than strength - Truth is evergreen- Love is God- The the above sentences, honesty, wisdom, strength, truth
and love are abstract nouns.
2. ADJECTIVESAn adjective is a word which adds something to the meaning of a noun or a pronoun or qualifies it. Example;
- Arusha is a beautiful city.- Always eat fresh food.- He has some sugar- The words beautiful, fresh and some in the above sentences
are adjectives.
2.1: KINDS OF ADJECTIVESa) Adjective of quality: describes what kind of a person or thing is. Example,
- White rose, - red cat, - a great scientist, - a big city.- The words white, red, great and big in the above sentences
are adjectives of quality
b) Adjectives of quantity: words that tell us ‘how much’ a thing is. Examples;- I ate some chapati.- James drank little milk.- We have sufficient food- He has much money.- Word some, little, much, sufficient are adjective of quantity
i)c) Adjective of number: shows how many persons or things are meant; or in what
order a person or thing stand. Examples;
- Most people in Tanzania like football- Monday is the second day of the week- Many students like singing- The words first, second, most and many are adjective of
number.
d) Demonstrative adjectives: Words that point out which person or things are meant. EXAMPLE:
- This girl is very beautiful- These books are mine- I love such girls- That toy is mine.- Words; this, these, such, that are demonstrative adjective in
the above sentences
e) Interrogative adjective: Used for asking questions. Examples; - Which pen is yours?- What plans do you make?- How many are you?
f) Possessive adjectives: show possession. examples; - This is his book- Those are their trees- There are your shoes
3. VERB A Verb is a word used to say something about a person, place or thing. There are four kinds of verbs:
i. Transitive verbsii. Intransitive verbsiii. Auxiliary verbs: eg: is, am, are has, doiv. Linking verbs
4. ADVERBSAn adverb is a word used to add something to the meaning of a verb, an adjective of another adverb. There are 8 kinds of adverbs.
a) Adverb of quality or state: They show how an action is done. Example;
- Wisely, foolishly, badly, quickly, fast, well, thus, nicely
b) Adverb of number: they show how often and in what order an action is done. Example;
- Never, often, once, seldom, again, always, twice, rather, thirdly, frequently etc.
c) Adverb of degree: show to what extent a thing/action is done. Example;- Very, quite, nearly, partly, completely, such, almost, hardly, entirely,
fully
d) Adverb of time: They answer the question, ‘ when’. Example;
- Daily, yesterday, early, today, tomorrow, immediately, soon, etc
e) Adverb of place: They answer the question, ‘where. Example;- Here, there, backward, up, anywhere, elsewhere, far, near, etc
f) Relative adverb: they act as connectives in sentences. Examples; - I know where she lives- I don’t know why you failed.- He will see me when I come-
g) Interrogative adverbs: Are used to ask questions like: - How, where, why, when
h) Adverb of affirmation and negation: Examples;- Affirmation words: yes, surely, certainly, truly- Negation words: no, not, never
5. PRONOUNA pronoun is a word used in Place of a noun. There are many types of pronouns. A few of these types include:
a) Personal pronouns. These are; he, she, I, you, it, they, it, we, us, mine, our.b) Reflexive and emphasizing pronouns: they are formed by adding the word self to
singular pronouns and selves to plural pronouns; eg myself, itself, themselves, yourself.
c) Interrogative pronouns: eg who, whose, which, what.
6. PREPOSITIONSA preposition is a word placed before a noun or a pronoun to show its relation to another word in the sentence. Prepositions are mainly of two kinds: i. Single worded prepositions: eg: in, of, for, at, above, between, behind, below, across, along, against, into, over, to, by, through, near, inside, around, including, with, within, without, etc.
ii. Complex prepositions: eg; according to, apart from, because of, in spite of, instead of, in accordance with, in order to, on top of, in comparison with, due to, along with, with regards to, etc
7. CONJUCTIONSA conjunction is a word which is used to join words or sentences together. Eg, and, but, not only…but also, also, too, as well as, both, neither.. nor, either…or, otherwise, or, still, while, until, if, unless, however, so that, as far as, although, even,
8. INTERJECTIONS An interjection is word which expresses some sudden feeling of the mind; eg,
- Alas! We have lost the match.- Hush!, Don’t make noise.
- Oh! He has done it.- Bravo! Well done.
9. ARTICLEa, an, the
SOME SELECTED PREPOSITONSSn Preposition Example sn preposition Example
1 Good at Juma is good at swimming 2
9
Deprived of He was deprived of his share
2 Travel by We will travel by rail 3
0
Desire for He has no desire for fame
3 Write in I write letter in ink 3
1
Deal in Musa deals in plastic goods
4 Suffer from He was suffering from malaria 3
2
Eligible for She is not eligible for the post
5 Different from A hen is different from a pigeon 3
3
Eager to You look eager to go home early
6 Compare with Compare a moon with a sun 3
4
Escape from How could you escape from the locked room
7 Hope for Let us hope for the best 3
5
Expert in Anna is expert in drawing
8 Look at Why do you look at me 3
6
Free from I am free from this work
9 Suitable for This film is suitable for children 3
7
Fond of My little son is fond of chocolates
10 Die of He died of malaria 3
8
Gaze at I stand at the sea shore and gaze at the sea
11 According to According to the evidence, he stole
the car.
3
9
Guilty of Are you guilty of the theft or not?
12 Interested in I am not interested in your work 4
0
Ignorant of He is ignorant of the facts
13 Adhere to You should adhere to school rules. 4
1
Impressed of I was very impressed by his personality.
14 Abide by You must abide by the decisions of
the instructor
4
2
Jealous of I am indeed jealous of your popularity.
15 Accused of The servant was accused of stealing 4 Knocked at The beggar knocked at the door.
a golden ring 3
16 Addicted to He is addicted to dinking 4
4
Join with I will join with him in killing lion.
17 Afraid of Little children are afraid of dogs 4
5
Listen to Please listen to me.
18 Angry with My brother will be angry with me if
I loss his pen.
4
6
Married to Sita was married to Mary
19 Apologize for He apologized for arriving late. 4
7
Prefer to She prefers milk to tea.
20 Astonished at I was astonished at Juma’s failure 4
8
Prevent from I tried to prevent the boys from quarreling
21 Beware of Beware of pick-pockets 4
9
Tired of I am tired of this job
22 Bless with God blessed the king with a prince 5
0
Used to Jack is used to cycling
23 Beg for The hungry man begged for food 5
1
Wish for She wished for a long life
24 Busy with Students are busy with exams 5
2
Yield of We have an excellent yield of maize this year
25 Care for There was no one to care for the
child after her parents died.
5
3
Sympathy with Do you have sympathy with students who
waste time?
26 Collide with The daladala bus collided with a
cocacola truck
5
4
Repent for They repented for their mistakes
27 Convinced of The judge was convinced of the guilt
of the accused.
5
5
Similar to My pen is similar to yours
28 Congratulate on I sent a telegram of congratulations
on his wedding.
5
6
Obedient to Be obedient to your parents.
TOPIC TWO: SENTENSE REVIEW
A sentence is a group of words arranged to express a complete sense. Example:- The girl is dancing in the room- Do you want to read this book?
KINDS OF SENTENCES-There are five KINDS of sentences (based on use):
a. Assertive sentencesb. Interrogative sentencesc. Imperative sentencesd. Exclamatory sentencese. Optative sentences
a) Assertive sentence: Is a sentence that makes a statement or assertion. Example:
- I am learning grammar.- Students are always busy.- They are not doing well- If you are angry, then I am sorry. -
b) Interrogative sentence: Is a sentence that asks a question. Examples;- Who teaches you maths?- Are you coming from home?- Was he listening to the preacher
c) Imperative sentence: Is a sentence which contains some commands or request. Eg.- Get out (order) - Open the door (order)- Please come here (order).- Can you listen to me please? ( request)
iv: Exclamatory sentence: Is a sentence which expresses some sudden feeling such as surprise, anger, joy, etc. EG.
- Oh! We have lost the match.- How intelligent the boy is!- Bravo! Keep it up.
v. Optative sentence: Is a sentence which expresses a wish or a prayer. EG,- May you live long!- May God bless you!- I wish you luck in your exams.-
2. STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION OF SENTENCES
Basing on structure, sentences can be grouped into four main types of sentences:a. Simple sentenceb. Compound sentencec. Complex sentenced. Compound complex
We will discuss the first three categories.
a) Simple sentence: A simple sentence is the one which has only one independent clause with a subject and predicate. Eg,
- I read a book- Anne is a good girl- That dog is sick- Man is a social animal
b) Compound sentence: Is a sentence which is made up of two or more independent clauses joined by coordinating conjunction. Eg,
i. God made Man [i] and he made computers [i]ii. Visit me today [i ]or next Monday [i]iii. The night is dark [i] and I am far from home [i]iv. She is a teacher [i] and writer too [i].v. I not only wrote the song [i] but also sang it [i]vi. I have planned to visit either Asha [i] or Idd [i].
NOTE that a sentence containing words like and, or, but, either …or, neither ….nor, not only…but also.., are compound sentences; [i] means independent clause.
c) Complex sentence: Is a sentence which contains one independent clause and one or more dependent clause. Eg.
i. When I went there [d], I found that [d] Jane was cooking [i].ii. She got job [i] after completing her studies [d].iii. Marwa told me [i] that he would marry me [d].iv. When I received my salary [d], I went to Arusha [i] where my lover was
situated [d]v. I had stayed in Tanga for six months [i] when I received the news [d] that
Juma had desired to see me [d]vi. I believe [i] that she had married the person [d] whom she had loved [d]
NOTE that a section of a sentence containing words like when, that, who, whoever, if, unless, whenever, which, etc is a dependent clause, and the sentence is a complex sentence; [d] means dependent clause.
TOPIC THREE: TENSES
Tense is the term used in grammar to indicate the time of the action or event. In any language, tense is divided into three main classes; names:
1. Present tense2. Past tense3. Future tense
1. Present Tense: Present Tense is divided into four sub categories:
i) Simple Present Tenseii) Present Continuous Tenseiii) Present Perfect Tenseiv) Present Perfect Continuous Tense
2. 2. Past TensePast Tense is divided into four sub categories:
v) Simple Past Tensevi) Past Continuous Tensevii) Past Perfect Tenseviii) Past Perfect Continuous Tense
3. Future TenseFuture Tense is divided into four sub categories:
ix) Simple Future Tensx) Future Continuous Tensexi) Future Perfect Tensexii) Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Note: Verb1=plain form; eg. Want, take, etcVerb2 = ed form eg. Wanted, waited, etcVerb3 = en form eg taken, eaten, etc
i. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE OR PRESENT INDEFINITE
Simple present tense is used to express repeated, customary or habitual action. a) Affirmative sentence: Sub + Verb1 + ObjectShe reads books always.He goes to school everydayThey want somethingThe cat drinks milk.
b) Negative sentence: Sub + do/does + not Verb1 +ObjectShe does not read books.
They do not want something.
c) Interrogative sentence:do/does + Sub + Verb1 +Object + ?Does she read books?Do they want something?
d) Interrogative negative sentence:do/does +Sub +not +Verb1 +Object + ?Does she not read books?Do they not want something ?
ii. PRESENT CONTINUOUS OR PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TENSEPresent continuous tense is used to show that an action is in progress and is incomplete at the moment of speaking or writing.
a) Affirmative sentence: Sub + is/am/are + Verb1 + ing +ObjectShe is reading a book.They are eating some food.
b) Negative sentence: Sub + is/am/are + not + Verb1 + ing +Object.She is not reading books.They are not eating something.
c) Interrogative sentence: is/am/are + Sub + Verb1+ ing +Object + ?
Is she reading books? Are they eating some food?
What/When/how + is/am/are + Sub + Verb1 + ing +? What is she doing? How are they doing?
d) Interrogative negative sentence: is/am/are + Sub + not + Verb1 + ing +Object + ?
Is she not reading books? Are they not eating some food?
What/When/how + is/am/are + Sub + not Verb1 + ing +? What is she not doing? How are they not doing?
iii. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE:Present Perfect tense is used to indicate completed activities in the immediate past.
a) Affirmative sentence: Sub + has/have + Verb3 +ObjectShe has read the books.They have eaten some food.
b) Negative sentence: Sub + has/have + not + Verb3 +Object.She has not read the books.They have not eaten some food.
c) Interrogative sentence:has/have + sub + Verb3+Object+....+?Has she read the books?Have they eaten some food?
d) Interrogative negative sentence: have/has + Sub + not +Verb3 + Object +?
Has she not read the books? Have they not eaten some food?
What/When/how + have/has + Sub + +not +Verb3 + Object +…+ ?Why has Salma not read the books?Why have I not gone to the market?
iv. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE:Present perfect continuous tense is used to express an action which began in the past but still continuing.
a) Affirmative sentence: Sub + has/have + been + Verb1 +ing +Object+ since/for + time phase.She has been reading the books for two hours.They have been eating some food for ten minutes.
b) Negative sentence: Sub + has/have + not + been + Verb1 +ing+Object+ since/for + time phase.She has not been reading the books for two hours.They have not been eating some food for ten minutes.
c) Interrogative sentence:has/have + sub + been + Verb1 +ing + Object+ since/for + time phase +....+?Has she been reading the books for ten minutes?Have they been eating some food since morning?
d) Interrogative negative sentence:has/have + sub + not + been +Verb1 + ing+Object+ since/for + time phase+....+?Has she not been reading the books for ten minutes?Have they not been eating some food since morning?
v. SIMPLE PAST TENSE OR PAST INDEFINITESimple past tense is used to express repeated, customary or habitual action in the past.
a) Affirmative sentence: Sub + Verb2 +ObjectShe wrote a letter You went to the market.
b) Negative sentence: Sub + did + not Verb1 +ObjectShe did not write a letter You did not go the market.
c) Interrogative sentence:Did + Sub + Verb1 +Object +….+ ?Did she write a letter?Did you go to the market?
d) Interrogative negative sentence:Did + Sub + not +Verb1 +Object +…+ ?Did she not write a letter?Did you not go to the market?
vi. PAST CONTINUOUS OR PAST PROGRESSIVE TENSEPast continuous tense is used to denote an action going on at sometime in the past. The time of the action may or may not be indicated.
a) Affirmative sentence: Sub + was/were + Verb1 + ing +ObjectShe was reading books.They were eating some food.b) Negative sentence: Sub + was/were+not + Verb1 + ing +Object.She was not reading books.They were not eating something.
c) Interrogative sentence: was/were+ Sub + Verb1 + ing +Object + ?
Was she reading books? Were they eating some food?
What/When/how + was/were + Sub + Verb1 + ing +? What was she doing?
How were they doing?
d) Interrogative negative sentence: was/were + Sub + not + Verb1 + ing +Object + ?
Was she not reading books? Were they not eating some food?
What/When/how + was/were + Sub + Verb1 + ing +? What was she doing? How were they doing?
vii. PAST PERFECT TENSE:Past Perfect tense is used to show an action that had been completed before a given time in the past.
a) Affirmative sentence: Sub + had + Verb3 +ObjectShe had read the books.They had eaten some food.
b) Negative sentence: Sub + had + not + Verb3 +Object.She had not read the books.They had not eaten some food.
c) Interrogative sentence:had + Sub +Verb3 +Object + …+?Had she read the books?Had they eaten some food?
d) Interrogative negative sentence: had + Sub + +not +Verb3 + Object +…+ ?
Had she not read the books? Had they not eaten some food?
What/When/how + had + Sub + +not +Verb3 + Object +…+ ? Why had Sam not read the books? Why had I not gone to the market?
viii. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE:Past perfect continuous tense is used to express/ denote an action which had been going on before another action in the part;
a) Affirmative sentence: Sub + had + been +Verb1 +ing+Object +since/for + time + object.She had been reading the books for two hours when he arrived.They had been eating some food for ten minutes when their mother arrived.
b) Negative sentence: Sub + had + not + been +Verb1+ing +Object+ since/for + time +object.She had not been reading the books for two hours when he arrived.They had not been eating some food for ten minutes when their mother arrived.
c) Interrogative sentence:had + sub + been +Verb1+ing+Object+ since/for + time +Object +....+?had she been reading the books for two hours when he arrived? had they been eating some food for ten minutes when their mother arrived?
d) Interrogative negative sentence:had + sub + not been +Verb1+ing+Object+ since/for + time +Object +....+?had she not been reading the books for two hours when he arrived? had they not been eating some food for ten minutes when their mother arrived?
ix. SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE OR FUTURE INDEFINITESimple present tense is used for an action that has still to take place.
a) Affirmative sentence: Sub + will/shall + Verb1 +ObjectHe will go to MombasaI shall see the President during the coming holidays.
b) Negative sentence: Sub + will/shall + not Verb1 + Object.He will not go to MombasaI shall not see the President during the coming holidays.
c) Interrogative sentence:will/shall+Sub+Verb1+Object+ ?Will he go to Mombasa?Shall I see the President during the coming holidays?d) Interrogative negative sentence:shall/will + Sub+not +Verb1 +Object + ?Will he not go to Mombasa?Shall I not see the President during the coming holidays?
x. FUTURE CONTINUOUS OR FUTURE PROGRESSIVE TENSEFuture continuous tense is used to show that an action as going on at sometime in the future.
a) Affirmative sentence: Sub + will/shall+be+Verb1+ ing +ObjectShe will be going to MombasaI shall be meeting the President during the coming holidays.
b) Negative sentence: Sub+will/shall+not be+Verb1+ing +ObjectShe will not be going to MombasaI shall not be meeting the President during the coming holidays.
c) Interrogative sentence:will/shall+Sub+not be+Verb1 + ing +Object + ?will she be going to Mombasa?Shall I be meeting the President during the coming holidays?
d) Interrogative negative sentence:will/shall + Sub+ not be +Verb1 + ing +Object + ?Will she not be going to Mombasa?Shall I not be meeting the President during the coming holidays?
xi. FUTURE PERFECT TENSE:Present Perfect tense is used to show an action that will have been completed at a future time.
a) Affirmative sentence: Sub + will/shall have + Verb3 +ObjectI shall have eaten the food.The train will have left before he reaches the station.
b) Negative sentence: Sub + will/shall not have + Verb3 +ObjectI shall not have eaten the food.The train will not have left before he reaches the station.
c) Interrogative sentence:will/shall+Sub+Verb3+ Object + ?Shall I have eaten the food? Will the train have left before he reaches the station?
d) Interrogative negative sentence:will/shall+Sub+not have+Verb3+Object + ?Shall I not have eaten the food? Will the train not have left before he reaches the station?
xii. Future Perfect Continuous Tense:
Present perfect continuous tense is used to show an action that will be going on over a period of time and will end in the future.
a) Affirmative sentence: Sub+will/shall have been+Verb+ing+ Object.She will have been reading the books.They will have been eating some food.
b) Negative sentence: Sub+will/shall not have been +Verb1+ing+ Object.She will have not been reading the books.They will have not been eating some food.
c) Interrogative sentence:will/shall + Sub+ not have been +Verb1+ing+Object+?will she have been reading the books?will they have been eating some food for ten minutes
d) Interrogative negative sentence:will/shall + Sub+ not have been +Verb1+ing+Object.She will have not been reading the books.They will have not been eating some food.
TOPIC FOUR: ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE
Sentences can either be active or passive.
a. ACTIVE FORM
The thing doing the action is the subject of the sentence. The thing receiving the action is the object.
the thing doing the action + (VERB) + (the thing receiving action. eg. - The professor teaches the student- John washes the dishes- Students were sweeping the floor
b. PASSIVE FORMThe thing receiving the action is the subject of the sentence; the thing doing the action is the object of the sentence
(thing receiving action) + (BEING) + past participle of verb) + by + (the doer of action). eg
- Students are taught by the Professor- Dishes are washed by John
- Passive: The floor was being swept by students.-
** REMEMBER: The sentence MUST BE kept in the same TENSE.
Examples:
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
Active: Juma writes a storyPassive: A story is written by Juma
Active: He drives a carPassive: A car is driven by him
Active: Do children love flowers?Passive: Are flowers loved by children?
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Active: They are picking some flowers.Passive: Flowers are being picked by them
Active: The peon is ringing the bell.Passive: The bell is being rung by the peon.
Active: He is driving a carPassive: A car is being driven by him
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
Active: She has cleaned the cups.Passive: The cups have been cleaned by her.
Active: Have you decorated the room?Passive: Has the room been decorated by you?
Active: He has driven a carPassive: A car has been driven by him
SIMPLE PAST TENSE
Active: The mad dog bit the beggar.
Passive: The beggar was bitten by a mad dog.
Active: Dick wrote this poem.Passive: This poet was written by Dick
Active: He drove a carPassive: A car was driven by him
PAST CONTINUOUS TENSEActive: He was repairing the carPassive: The car was being repaired by him
Active: Was he catching birds? Passive: Were the birds being caught by him?
Active: He was driving a carPassive: A car was being driven by him
PAST PERFECT TENSEActive: They had won the match.Passive: The match had been won by them.
A: We had defended the country.P: The country had been defended by us.
Active: He had driven a carPassive: A car had been driven by him
SIMPLE FUTURE TENSEActive: Keti will cook the foodPassive: The food will be cooked by Keti
Active: Will he deliver the letter?Passive: Will the letter be delivered by him?
Active: He will drive a carPassive: A car will be driven by him
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
Active: The girls will have won the racePassive: The race will have been won by the girls.
Active: He will have driven a carPassive: A car will have been driven by him
NOTE: Present perfect continuous tense,Past perfect continuous tense,Future continuous tense and Future perfect continuous tense DO NOT HAVE PASSIVE VOICES.
TOPIC FIVE: PUNCTUATION RULESPunctuation is very important in writing. Common marks in English are as follows:
1. Period (.)Use a period:
i. After a statement or command.ii. After most abbreviations, eg, Mr., Ms., Dr., et EXECEPT: UN, NATO, IBM, AIDS
2. QUESTION MARK (?)
Use a question mark:i. After a direct question.
ii. After a tag questions: Eg, He is the President, Isn’t he?
NOTE: Don’t put a question mark at the end of an indirect question. EgI asked my sister if she had a date.
3. COMMA [,]i. Is used to separate two independent clauses. Eg. She wanted to learn to cook, so she
decided to buy herself a book.ii. Use a comma to separate interrupting expressions from the rest of the sentence. Eg.
Do you know, by the way, what time is it?iii. Use a comma after yes and no in answers Eg. Yes, my father is a doctor.
4. QUOTATION MARKS [“]i. Use the quotation marks at the beginning and at the end of direct quotation. Eg. He
said, “I am going to get married”ii) Use quotation marks before and after title stories, articles, songs and TV shows.
Eg. Do you want to watch “mambo Hayo” on TV?
5. CAPITALIZATION RULESi) Capitalize the first word of every sentence.ii) Capitalize the first word of a quotation.iii) Capitalize the names of people including initials and titles of address.iv) Do not capitalize family name with a possessive pronoun. Eg
- He is my uncle- She is my mother
v) Capitalize names of God, eg God, Allah, Jesus Christ, etcvi) Capitalize the names of countries, state, province, regions, cities, lakes, rivers,
mountains.
6. COLONS [:]i) Is used before a list or an explanation that is preceded by a clause that can stand
by itself. Eg. The committee includes the following:- James,- Peter, - Anna.
ii) A colon is also used after a salutation in a business letter. Eg. Dear Ambassador Masanja:
7. SEMICOLONS [;]i) Are used to help sort out a monster list. Eg
- There were participants from Nairobi, Kenya; Kampala, Uganda; Kinshasa, DRC.
8. APOSTROPHES [‘]ii) Used to indicate possession. Eg
- The man’s coat, Jame’s wife, my cousin’s parentsiii) Used in contractions. Eg
- She’s my sister,- I’m tired- You’re kind.
TOPIC SIX: WRITING SKILLSWriting skills are very important in written communication and expression of ideas. Organizing and writing down your thoughts, is important for succeeding in school, your job and even your personal life.
6.1 PARAGRAPH DEVELOPMENTWhat is a paragraph?
Is a group of sentences or a single sentence that forms a unit and gives the intended meaning. Length is not a factor in determining whether a section in a paper is a paragraph. In fact it is not the number of sentences that make a paragraph, but it is the UNITY and COHERENCE of ideas among those sentences that make a paragraph.
STAGES IN PARAGRAPH WRITING
i. PREWRITING A PARAGRAPH:
Organize your ideas. Think carefully about what you are going to write. Collect your ideas related to your topic.
- What other things should be included?
- Identify the main idea of your paragraph. Choose the most important point.- Organize your facts and ideas to develop your topic. Find the best way to tell the reader about it.
ii. WRITE YOUR PARAGRAPHThis is the writing stage when you turn your ideas into sentences.- Write a topic sentence, some supporting sentences and closing sentences.
- Make sure sentences are clear, simple and they express what you really mean.
- Focus on the main idea of your paragraph.
- Rewrite what you wrote and see if the idea is clear
iii. EDIT YOUR PARAGRAPH-Check your paragraph for mistakes and correct them-Check your grammar and spelling.- See if your paragraph is interesting to read.
TRANSITIONAL SIGNALS Transitional signals can be compared to traffic signals. They are words that tell you to go forward, to turn to slow down or to stop. They help you to follow your ideas coherently.
TYPES OF TRANSITIONAL SIGNALS
i. Words that show Addition: they aid the writer to present two or more ideas that continue along the same line of thought. Eg. And, also, another, in addition, moreover, first of all, furthermore, finally, etc
ii. Words that show time: They indicate a time relationship. Eg. First, then, often, since, immediately, before, after, soon, as, now, until, previously, while, during, next, frequently, etc.
iii. Words that show contrast: They signal a change in the direction of the writer’s though. Eg. But, however, yet, although, in contrast, instead, still instead of, despite, on the other hand, on the contrary, etc.
iv. Words that show comparison: Words that show a similarity between two subjects.eg. Like, as, just like, equally, similarly, in as similar fashion, in the same way, etc
v. Words that show illustrations: used by a writer to provide an example to clarify a given idea. Eg. For instance, to illustrate, such as, to be specific, including, etc
vi. Words that show location: words that show relationship in space. Eg. Next to, in front of, below, between, inside, outside, opposite, on top of, across, on the other side, ahead of, near, behind, etc
vii. Words that show Cause and Effect: Words used to describe the result of something. Eg, because, if…then, as a result, consequently, accordingly, therefore, etc.
viii. Words that summarize or conclude: words used to sum up the idea. Eg. In summary, in conclusion, in short, all in all, in brief, on other words, to conclude, to sum up, etc
TOPIC 7: SENTENCE ERRORS:
Sentence errors covered include: 1. wrong order of the modifier2. Sentence fragment3. Misplaced period4. Comma splice5. Fused sentence6. overloaded sentence7. Mixed construction
7.1 General mixed construction7.2 “This-is-when” construction7.3 “Reason-is because” construction7.4 Double prepositions7.5 Faulty parallelism7.6 Shift of Person.7.7 Shift of tense, mood and voice
1. Wrong order of the modifier
Modifier is a word or group of words that limit, describe or qualifies other words or group of words attached to it. PROBLEM: Because word order determines which word(s) the modifier modifies, the meaning of a sentence can become unclear if you choose a wrong word order. Examples:
- Incorrect: I only walked an hour for my brother.- Incorrect: I walked only an hour for my brother.
- Incorrect: I almost waited an hour for my brother- Correct: I waited almost an hour for my brother
Adverbs of degree such as almost, even, hardly, just, only and nearly are placed immediately before the word they modify
2. Sentence fragment: Occurs when a sentence is missing a subject, verb, or main clause. Examples:
that was yellow in color and parked outside.full of bacteria and virus that were invisible to the eye.
3. Misplaced period. Avoid creating a sentence fragment by inserting a period/full stop into what would otherwise be a complete sentence. Examples:
Incorrect: Inflation is a difficult problem. Although it is not impossible to solve. Correct: Although inflation is a difficult problem, it is not impossible to solve.
4. Comma splice (Comma Fault or run-on): Do not use a comma to join two ideas that could each stand alone as a sentence. examples
Incorrect: We could make better use of our land, parks and recreational areas could be set aside.Correct: We could make better use of our land. Parks and recreational areas could be set aside.
5 Fused sentences:Do not run two sentences together with no punctuations. Incorrect: He had forgotten how empty the prairies are after two years in Toronto he had grown used to skyscrapers
Correct: He had forgotten how empty the prairies are, after two years in Toronto. He had grown used to skyscrapers.
6. Overloaded sentenceA long, clumsy-constructed sentence can be almost unreadable.
8. Mixed construction:
7.1 General mixed construction: Avoid shifting from one sentence pattern to another.Eg. Incorrect: By exercising makes you fitCorrect: By exercising you can become fit. OR Exercising makes you fit.
7.2 : “This-is-when” construction: When used as a linking verb, “is” must be joined by two nouns.Eg.Incorrect: A good day is when….Correct: A good day is one on which….
7.3 “Reason-is because” construction:Tough common in speeches, the “reason is because” is both ungrammatical and redundant. Example:
Incorrect: The reason I am living home is because I want to save money. Correct: The reason I am living home is that I want to save money.Correct: I am living at home because I want to save money.
7.4 Double prepositions:Don’t use a construction such as in which, to whom and then repeat the preposition at the end of the sentence. Eg.Incorrect: To whom do I talk to? Correct: Whom do I talk to?
Incorrect: In which country was he born in? Correct: In which country was he born?
7.5 Faulty parallelism: Use the same grammatical form for words, phrases or clauses that form a pair of series and are alike in function: eg
Incorrect: She likes swimming, cooking and to play squash.Correct: She likes swimming, cooking and playing squash.Correct: She likes to swim, to cook and to play squash.
7.6 Shift of Person. Unless required by text, avoid shifting from first person (I, we), second person (You) and third person (he, she, They, workers). Eg.
Incorrect: Students were rioting because we are fed up with poor leadership.Correct: Students were rioting because they are fed up with poor leadership.
Incorrect: You are doing fine in language skills because we have an excellent instructor.Correct: You are doing fine in language skills because you have an excellent instructor.
7.7 Shift of tense. Eg. Incorrect: House prices will rise and many people are left without places to stayCorrect: House prices will rise and many people will be left without places to stay
7.8 Shift of moods Depending on the verb form chosen, sentences can express statements (indicative mood), commands (imperative mood) or hypothetical conditions or wishes (subjunctive mood). Avoid
CHAPTER 8: ENTREPRENEURSHIP–HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
8.1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
During the past few decades, a considerable amount of research has been
carried out on entrepreneurship. One reason for a heightened interest in the subject has
been the appreciation of the role of entrepreneurship in fostering economic growth. Much
of the research has attempted to establish patterns for predicting incidence of
entrepreneurship and/or identifying success factors. Evidence from studies on
entrepreneurship shows that entrepreneurs are not randomly drawn from the population;
they tend to share certain backgrounds and orientations.
The term 'entrepreneur' was used for the first time in economic theory by
Richard Cantillon, a Frenchman, in the late 18th century. He saw the entrepreneur as
somebody who innovates, invests and takes risks.
However, it is John Baptiste Say who, in the early 19th century, first made
a clear distinction between the capitalist and the entrepreneur. The usage of the term
became increasingly regular in the second half of the 19th century. This was because
while many capitalists had liquidity surpluses which they tried to invest,
entrepreneurs provided interesting opportunities.
In the early 20th century, Joseph Schumpeter presented what has been
credited as the most significant meaning of the term 'entrepreneur'. He saw the essence of
entrepreneurship as innovative behaviour. According to Schumpeter, the essence of
entrepreneurship lies in the perception and exploitation of new opportunities...it always
has to do with bringing about a different use of national resources in that they withdraw
from their traditional employ and subject them to new combinations. (Schumpeter, 1934).
8.2 DEFINITION OF ENTREPRENEUR TODAY
An Entrepreneur is defined broadly as a person who thinks, reasons, and acts in a
way that result in the creation, enhancement, realisation, and renewal of value for
an individual, group, organization and the society at large.
An entrepreneur is different from a business man who buys and sells good and
services for profit. Not all business men are necessarily entrepreneurs.
Entrepreneurs are found in all professions-education, medicine, research, law,
architecture, engineering, social work, distribution and the government.
Entrepreneurship is defined broadly as a way of thinking, reasoning, and acting
that results in the creation, enhancement, realisation, and renewal of value for an
individual, group, organisation, society.
Entrepreneurship is a dynamic process of creating incremental wealth. The
wealth is created by individuals who assume the major risks in terms of equity,
time and career commitment or provide value for some product or service.
8.3 INTRAPRENEURSHIP
Entrapreneurship is practicing entrepreneurship within an existing/established
organization. Eg. Religious institution, Corporate organization, Government agencies,
NGO, Home/family/relationship etc.
Intrapreneurs are highly valued in today’s world, because it calls for constant
improvement, aggressiveness, vision, ability to assess risks and quickly take action, etc
Existing businesses have the financial resources, business skills and the marketing and
distribution system to commercialize innovation successfully.
8.4 IS AN ENTREPRENEUR BORN OR MADE?
Entrepreneurship researchers point to two major contentions. There are those who argue
that entrepreneurship is a function of individual personality traits. That there exist a
number of recognisable behaviours, and attributes that are commonly associated with the
“enterprising” person, and which may further distinguish between entrepreneurs and non-
entrepreneurs or between successful entrepreneurs and unsuccessful enterpreneurs.
These are innovativeness, creativeness, proactiveness, need for achievement, risk taking
independence. Etc.
On the other hand, those in the second strand, argue that entrepreneurship is an
environmentally determined phenomenon. That the display of enterprising behaviours
and attitudes will be stimulated or otherwise, by different environments.
There is now an overwhelming literature, (including proponents of the trait approach)
that point to the common conclusion, and to which we also subscribe to, that
entrepreneurship is not a biological trait. More specifically, entrepreneurs can be
developed and that even the much advocated entrepreneurial traits and behaviours such as
need for achievement and risk-taking can be learnt. That the mix and degree of
enterprising attributes will vary between persons, but more importantly the enterprising
behaviour can be developed by exposure to stimuli and therefore can be learned.
8.5. GENERAL ENTREPRISING TENDENCIES/TRAITS [GETs]
Generally, an entrepreneur possess the following Traits/behaviors
i. Creativity
ii. Initiative taking
iii. Innovation
iv. Strong sense of independence and autonomy
v. Belief in self/ believe can make things happen
vi. Strong sense of ownership
vii. Aggressive
viii. Determined/Persevering
ix. Hard working
x. Pro-active
xi. Belief that rewards come with own effort and hard work brings its rewards
xii. Strong action orientation
xiii. Networking
xiv. Readiness to take reasonable risks
xv. Achievement orientation/urge to succeed/conquer
8.6 HOW CAN GETS BE DEVELOPED?
(i) Always ask the question – is there a better way?
(ii) Challenge custom, routine and tradition
(iii) Realize that there may be more than one answer
(iv) See mistakes and failures as mere pit stops on the way to success
(v) Identify yourself with successful people
(vi) Expose yourself to difficult and challenging situations
(vii) Share information with others
(viii) Add value to everything you do
(ix) Be an achiever – finish what you start
(x) Set long-term goals
(xi) Try to make things happen for yourself
(xii) Solve your own problems before seeking help
(xiii) Be proud/feel good about yourself and your work
(xiv) Build up stamina
(xv) Observe others and copy – but don’t be a copycat
(xvi) Experiment
8.7: TYPES OF SKILLS REQUIRED IN ENTREPRENERUSHIP
The skills required by entrepreneurs can be classified into three main areas:
i. Technical skills
ii. Business management skills
iii. Personal entrepreneurial skills
Technical skills Business mangnt skills Personal entrepreneurial skills
i. Writing
ii. Oral communication
iii. Monitoring environment
iv. Technical business mgmnt
v. Technology
vi. Interpersonal
vii. Listening
viii. Ability to organize
ix. Network building
x. Management style
xi. Coaching
xii. Being a team player
i. Planning and goal setting
ii. Decision making
iii. Human relations
iv. Marketing
v. Finance
vi. Accounting
vii. Management
viii. Control
ix. Negotiation
x. Venture launch
xi. Management growth
i. Inner control
ii. Risk taker
iii. Innovative
iv. Change oriented
v. Persistent
vi. Visionary leader
vii. Ability to manage
change
8.8: COMPARISON OF TRADITIONAL MANAGERS AND ENTREPRENEURS
BASIS TRADITIONAL MANAGERS ENTREPRENEURS
1. Primary motives Promotion of traditional rewards eg.
Office, staff and power
Independence, opportunity to
create and money.
2. Activity Delegates and supervises more than
direct involvement
Direct involvement
3. Risk Careful Moderate risk taker
4. Status Concerned about status symbols Not concerned about status
symbols
5. Decision Usually agrees with those in upper
management positions
Follow dreams with decisions
6. Failure and
mistakes
Tries to avoid mistakes and
surprises
Deals with mistakes and
failures
TOPIC 9: SOURCES OF CAPITAL FOR A NEW VENTURE.
One of the most difficult problems in the new venture creation process is obtaining
financing. For the entrepreneur, available financing needs to be considered from the
perspective of debt visas equity financing.
9.1 Debt or Equity financing
Debt financing is a financing method involving an interest-bearing instrument, usually a
loan, the payment of which is only indirectly related to the sales and profits of the
venture. Typically, debt financing (also known as asset based financing) requires that
some assets (eg. Car, house, plant, machine, or land) be used as collateral. Debt
financing requires the entrepreneur to pay back the amount of funds borrowed as well as
a fee expressed in terms of interest rate.
Equity financing does not require collateral and offers the investor some form of
ownership position in the venture. The investor shares in the profits of the venture as
well as any disposition of its assets on a pro rata basis (in proportion) based on the
percent of the business owned. Usually, an entrepreneur meets financial needs by
employing a combination of debt and equity financing.
9.2 Internal or external Funds
Financing can also be obtained from both internal and external funds. Internally generated funds can come from several sources within the company such as:
i. profitsii. sale of assetsiii. extended payment termsiv. Accounts receivable (collections)v. Reduction in the working capital (inventory)
The other source of funds is external to the venture. External funding can come from various sources such as:
i. Personal fundsii. Family and friendsiii. Commercial banksiv. Government grantsv. Private equity placement
9.3 EXTERNAL SOURCES OF FUNDING (DETAILED)
9.3.1 PERSONAL FUNDS
Few, if any, new venture are started without the personal funds of the entrepreneur. Not
only are these funds least expensive funds in terms of cost and control, but they are
absolutely essential for attracting outside funding. Outside providers of capital fee that
the entrepreneur may not be sufficiently committed to the venture if he/she does not have
money invested. Typical sources of personal funds include:
i. savings
ii. life insurance
iii. mortgage on a house or car.
9.3.2 FAMILY AND FRIENDS
Family and friends are a common source of capital for a new venture. They are most
likely to invest due to their relationship with the entrepreneur. This helps to overcome
one portion of uncertainty felt by impersonal investors-knowledge of the entrepreneur.
9.3.3 COMMERCIAL BANKSCommercial banks are by far the source of short term funds most frequently used by the
entrepreneur when collateral is available. The funds provided are in the form of debt
financing and, as such, require some tangible guarantee or collateral – some asset with
value. This collateral can be in form of:
i. business assets ( land, stock, equipment, or the building of the venture)
ii. personal assets ( the entrepreneur’s house, land, car, stock or bond)
9.3.4 GOVERNMENT GRANTS
The entrepreneur can sometimes obtain grant from the Government to develop and
launch an innovative idea.
9.3.5 PRIVATE PLACEMENT
Another source of funds for the entrepreneur is private investors who may be family and
friends or wealth individuals. Individuals who handle their sizeable investments
frequently use advisors such as accountants, and technical experts, financial planners, or
lawyers in making their investment decisions.
CHAPTER 10 FAMILY BUSINESS AND SUCCESSION
10.1: What is a Family Business? Two or more members of the family with financial
control/interest in the business
10.2 Advantages of Family Business
If you start or join a family business you're likely to benefit from a range of advantages
which you often don't find in other enterprises.
i. Common values - you and your family are likely to share the same ethos and
beliefs on how things should be done. This will give you an extra
sense of purpose and pride - and your business a competitive edge.
ii. Strong commitment - building a lasting family enterprise means you're more
likely to put in the extra hours and effort needed to make it a success.
Your family is more likely to understand that you need to take a more
flexible approach to your working hours.
iii. Loyalty - strong personal bonds mean you and family members are likely to stick
together in hard times and show the determination needed for business
success.
iv. iv. Stability - knowing that you're building for future generations encourages the
long-term thinking needed for growth and success - though it can also
produce a potentially damaging inability to react to change.
v. Decreased costs - family members may be more willing to make financial
sacrifices for the sake of the business. For example, accepting lower
pay than they would get elsewhere to help the business in the longer
term, or deferring wages during a cashflow crisis. You may also find
you don't need employers' liability insurance if you only employ close
family members.
10.3 Dangers/Disadvantages of Family Business
i. A business can be a breeding ground for family problems: jealousy, anger,
resentment. There is less reservation about letting feelings out among
family members and family problems can easily spill over into the
workplace.
ii. The manager of a family business may be hard put turning down relatives as
employees regardless of lack of qualifications. Relatives who are
allowed into the company may abuse family ties and feel that they can
under-perform simply because they are relation.
iii. Some family members, especially the elderly, may find it difficult to retire and let
the younger members take over.
iv. Other disadvantages include possible managerial incompetence, lack of exposure
to other business, nepotism, and inability to separate family and work.
10.4: Copreneurs: Are Entrepreneurial couples who work together as co-owners.
Division of labour based on expertise rather than gender
10.5 requirements for a successful copreneurship
i. Assessment of whether personalities will mesh/conflict in a business setting
ii. Mutual respect for each other
iii. Compatible business and life goals
iv. Ability to keep lines of communication open, talking and listening to each
other about personal as well as business issues
v. A clear division of roles and authority
vi. Ability to encourage each other and to lift up a disillusioned partner
vii. Separate work space to allow them to escape when the need arises
viii. Boundaries between business and personal life so that one does not consume
the other
ix. A sense of humour
10.6 SUCCESSION PLANNING IN FAMILY BUSINESSES
The entrepreneur is an integral part of the business and his/her loss represents the
loss of a key resource
Replacement decision is critical to continued success
Bringing a new leader might be good (opportunity for change) or bad
(discontinuity of important things)
Families must be pragmatic when considering succession
Developing and adopting a Management Succession plan
Developing and adopting an Ownership Succession plan
Looking outside the family unit for the right people to take them forward (if
necessary)
10.6.1 Choosing the successor:
When choosing a successor, bear in mind the following issues:
Get someone who is right for the business, not your copy
i) Get someone who is right for the business, not your copy
ii) Choose successor in advance and train/mentor him/her
iii) Gradually transfer power
iv) Avoid the temptation of picking a non-performing/unproven relative – you have
responsibility to all stakeholders
v) Get advise from other managers and stakeholders in the sector
vi) Choosing a successor should be done when the entrepreneur is in charge,
whenever possible
vii) Replacement decision should take into account the interests of different
stakeholders of the business – the owner, his family, employees, customers,
suppliers, government, community
viii) Involve the family in succession planning
3.5.2 NECESSARY QUALITIES OF A GOOD SUCCESSOR
i) Has the necessary technical knowledge of the business sector
ii) Has the right business skills
iii) Is able to manage and develop relationships already established
iv) Is able to lead the business.
v) Good leadership style.
vi) Able to take over the vision.
vii) Able to offer a new perspective.
viii) Acceptable to all stakeholders.
3.5.3 WHY MANY BUSINESSES DIE WITH FOUNDERS?
a. Lack of proper succession: owners do not choose successors in advance, wait until
death
b. There are no qualified/capable/skilled/experienced successors
c. Lack of policies/procedures on succession
d. Cultural obstacles: family conflicts over property – business dismantled
e. In case of personal services – family has no skilled person to take over
f. Reputation of the business is attached to the specific person
g. Dubious activities
h. Limited exposure of family members of the business: pouses/children not involved
i. One man show – governance structures
j. Business activities/records not documented
k. Offspring of many successful people are spoilt
EVELVEN: REVISION QUESTIONS
TOPIC ONE: PARTS OF SPEECH
1. With an example in each case, outline nine parts of speech.2. With an example in each case, outline five types of nouns.3. With an example in each case, outline eight types of adverbs.
4. Classify each word in the following sentences into appropriate parts of speech:
a. ‘Her beauty was for nothing, because she behaved and acted completely as a professional prostitute’
b. ‘Bravo! A beautiful girl is for smart man’
5. Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions:i. His dress is made………… cotton. [at. for, to, of ]ii. The dog is suffering……….. rabies. [for, with, from, to]iii. The teacher is pleased …………me [for, with, from, to]iv. You have to knock ……….. the door. [at. for, in, to]v. Students write exams……….ink [by, with, in, to]vi. The King died………….cancer [at. for, to, of ]vii. This school is suitable ………… my children [for, with, from, to]viii. This room is full……………mosquitoes. [for, with, from, of]ix. Ashok is waiting……………you. [for, with, from, of]x. Masanja is not interested…………..singing. [at. for, in, to]xi. The cheapest way to travel in town is ………….bus. [for, with, from, by] xii. He is a man …………principles. [at. for, to, of ]xiii. Don’t gossip………others [by, with, in, to]xiv. I believe …………. fair play [at. for, in, to]xv. Is your child good ……… diving. [at. for, to, of ]xvi. Students must abide …………... examination rules [by, with, in, to]xvii. We are afraid ………… bad weather [with, for, at, of]xviii. Juma was eager ………. learn advanced mathematics [at. for, in, to]xix. Little children prefer chocolate………..chapati [for, with, in, to]xx. They were tired ……….waiting for something to happen [at. for, to, of ]xxi. They have great desire……… success [for, with, of, in]xxii. Does the president have sympathy …… citizens who commit crime? [at, for, with, of ]xxiii. Anna is fond………….. dancing [at, for, with, of ]
TOPIC TWO: SENTENCE REVIEW
6. What is a sentence?
7. Classify each of the following sentences as, assertive, interrogative, Exclamatory, imperative or optative sentence.
i. We wish you the best in your exams.ii. How did you manage to escape?iii. ‘Please, do not let me down’.iv. He was asked if he would come the following day.v. Bravo! We have done it.vi. Jackson is a famous doctor.vii. Go out.viii. Is the red car yours?ix. ‘What a wonderful boy!’ the Preacher exclaimed.x. ‘May the almighty God rest his soul in eternal peace.’
8. Classify each of the following sentences as, simple, compound or complex sentence.
a. The man whom I loved was my uncle.b. I appreciate your effort.c. The rat running but the rat is standing still.d. Neither Anne nor Upendo is my frienda. It is a sunny day.b. Whenever you see him tell him that the teacher wants to meet himc. She is a Member of Parliament and a preacher.d. Musa told me that he planned to marry her.e. My sister sent me a present.f. The sun rises in the east.
TOPIC THREE: TENSES
9. Change the following tenses as directed.
i. You ride a bicycle (into future perfect continuous)
ii. Boys are playing cricket (into future perfect)iii. They have driven a car (into future
continuous )iv. We had gone to school (into simple future)v. Rita ate a mango (into past perfect
continuous)vi. Neema was making tea (into past perfect)vii. Sam had played football (into past continuous)viii. We had been going to Tanga. (into simple past)ix. I will dream a sad dream (into present perfect
continuous)x. Mr Kato will be teaching maths (into present perfect)
xi. The cat will have been sleeping for 2 minutes (into present continuous)
xii. They will have been digging the trench for 4 hours (into simple present tense.
xiii. You ride a bicycle (into past perfect continuous)
xiv. Boys are playing cricket (into past perfect)xv. They have driven a car (into past continuous )xvi. We had gone to school (into simple past)xvii. Rita ate a mango (into future perfect
continuous)xviii. Neema was making tea (into future perfect)xix. Sam had played football (into future continuous)xx. We had been going to Tanga. (into simple
future)xxi. I will dream a sad dream (into simple present)xxii. Mr Kato will be teaching maths (into present continuous)xxiii. The cat will have been sleeping for 2 minutes (into present
perfect)xxiv. They will have been digging the trench for 4 hours (into
present continuous).xxv. Do you do it? (into future perfect
continuous)xxvi. Had they arrived? (into present perfect)xxvii. Did students challenge the teacher? (into simple future)xxviii. What will you say? (into simple past
tense)xxix. Are you listening? (into present perfect
tense)xxx. Will you have done it? (into present continuous
tense)
10. Choose the correct verb form from those in brackets.
i. She ……………to Dodoma yesterday. [has gone, went, had gone]ii. Hussein ……….. his arm in an accident. [hurt, has hurt, hurted]iii. I…………… basketball for ten years. [teach, am teaching, have been
teaching]iv. When I went to the theatre the play……. [ already started, will start, had
already started]v. He ……….a new car tomorrow. [ buy, will buy, bought]vi. Always………to answer the questions briefly. [tries, had been trying, try]vii. The match…….. before they reached the stadium. [ begun, had begun, has
begun]viii. His mother waited patiently till he……his meat. [eats, was eat, had eaten].
ix. She ……… her games regularly during his school days. [ plays, has played, played]
x. He ……….. his lessons now. [learns, is learning, had learned]
TOPIC FOUR: ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE:
11. Change the following sentences into PASSIVE VOICEi. Asha has written a storyii. Did children love flowers?iii. We celebrated Independence Day on 9th of December.iv. My father helped mev. The doctor prepares medicinevi. They are picking flowersvii. She has cleaned the cupviii. I am reading this bookix. I have lost my bookx. She has cleaned the cupsxi. My sister is painting a picturexii. Mosses has posted a letterxiii. Nyerere preached peace.xiv. They had finished the exams.xv. We will kill the lions.
12. Change the following sentences into ACTIVE VOICE
i. Food was not taken yesterday by meii. Were all questions answered by you?iii. The box was being painted by the girls.iv. The match had been won by themv. Food will be cooked by Annavi. The work will have been finished by mevii. He is a man to be admiredviii. The race will have been won by the girlsix. A story was told to me by my motherx. A reply must be sent by Husseinxi. The plane was hijacked by terrorists.xii. The window was broken by wind.xiii. Students had been challenged by the teacher.xiv. Flowers have been picked by the girlsxv. The floor will be swept by the boys.
TOPIC FIVE: PUNCTUATION RULES:
13. Mention and show eight punctuation marks used in English language.14. Mention four situations where capital letter must be used.15. Punctuate the following sentences correctly:
i. juma is a serious studentii. Kigali Kampala Nairobi and Dar es Salaam are capital cities of East Africa
countries.iii. Fatumas farther taught me swimming.iv. The preacher said I will always worship my messiah.v. What a wonderful girl. the President exclaimed.vi. The team will be composed of the following members doctors nurses
counselors and extension officers
TOPIC SIX: WRITING SKILLS
16. What is a paragraph?17. Mention three major stages in writing a paragraph.18. What is meant by ‘paragraph unity’?19. What do you understand by the guideline ‘make the paragraph move forward’?20. Define the term, ‘transitional signals’ as used in writing.21. Mention any seven types of transitional signals. Give an example in each case22. With examples, outline eight types of transitional signals.23. Outline four steps in the pre-writing stage during the writing process.24. Write T if the statement is true or F if the statement is false.
i) A paragraph should have two or more sentences [ ]ii) A standard paragraph should focus on more than one idea [ ]iii) A standard paragraph should have a topic sentence, some supporting sentences
and closing sentences [ ]iv) Length is a factor in determining whether a section in a paper is a paragraph [ ]v) Clear writing encourages the use of jargons [ ]vi) Shorter sentences are better than long ambiguous sentences [ ]
TOPIC SEVEN: EIGHT: SENTENCE ERRORS 25. Mention any five types of sentence errors.26. Re-write the following sentences correctly:
i. The students does not study hard.ii. The cat did not catch the rat tomorrow.iii. You was not playing well.iv. She likes cooking, jogging and to play basketballv. Since she was late. She must be punished.
27. Write T if the statement is true or F if the statement is false.
i) When a sentence is missing a subject, verb, or main clause, this error is called ‘ a sentence fragment’
ii) When a comma is used to join two ideas that could each stand alone as a sentence, this error is called ‘misplaced period’
iii) When two sentences are run together with no punctuations, this error is called ‘faulty parallelism’
iv)
TOPIC EIGHT: ENTREPRENEURSHIP–HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
28. Define the term, ‘entrepreneur’29. Differentiate the term, entrapreneuship’ from ‘entrepreneuship’30. What do you understand by the term, ‘copreneurs’?31. Mention any seven requirements for a copreneur to be successful.32. Differentiate a business man from an entrepreneur.33. Mention any eight General Entrepreneurship Tendencies (GETs) of an entrepreneur.34. Outline any seven ways of developing/acquiring General Entrepreneurship Tendencies35. Mention the three classes of skills required in entrepreneurship36. Mention Requirements for a successful copreneurship37. Compare a traditional manager and an entrepreneur. 38. What will you see to know that a student is enterprising?39. Write T if the statement is TRUE or F if the statement is FALSE
i. An entrepreneur is a person who takes very serious business risks to maximize profit [ ]
ii. Entrepreneurship is a biological trait [ ]iii. An entrepreneur is a small business trader [ ]iv. Expose yourself to difficult situations can develop your General Enterprising
Tendencies[]v. An entrepreneur is always more concerned about status symbols as compared
to a traditional manager [ ]vi. Poor entrepreneurs see mistakes and failures as mere pit stops on the way to
success [ ]vii. Enterprising behaviors can be developed by exposure to stimuli and therefore
can be learned [ ]viii. Entrapreneurship is practicing entrepreneurship within an existing/established
organization [ ]s
TOPIC NINE: SOURCES OF CAPITAL FOR A NEW VENTURE/BUSINESS.
40. Differentiate debt from equity financing.41. Mention any four sources of financing a new venture.42. An entrepreneur can obtain funds from both either internal or external sources. Mention
any four internal sources of funds.43. Define the term, ‘collateral’ as used in financial institutions. 44. Mention any five assets that an entrepreneur can be use as collateral in obtaining a bank
loan.45. ‘Personal funds’ is one of the sources of funds for financing business ventures. Mention
any two typical sources of personal funds.46. Write T if the statement is TRUE or F if the statement is FALSE
i. Debt financing by commercial banks requires a borrower to have a collateral []ii. Equity financing is financing by family members and friends [ ] iii. Personal savings cannot be used to fund a new business venture [ ]
TOPIC TEN: FAMILY BUSINESS AND SUCCESSION
47. What is family business?48. Mention 3 advantages and 3 disadvantages of family business.49. Mention any seven issues to bear in mind when choosing a family business successor. 50. Mention any seven necessary qualities of a good business successor51. Outline any five reasons as to why many businesses die with founders. 52. Write T if the statement is TRUE or F if the statement is FALSE
i. Power must be transferred gradually from the outgoing family business manager to the new manager [ ]
ii. ‘knowledge of the entrepreneur’ is an important motivator for a family member or a friend to invest into the entrepreneur’s new business venture [ ]
iii. A successful family business manager is required to select and hand over to his successor business management functions, a few days before his death [ ]
iv. A successful family business manager must select his successor who is identical to him in every aspect. [ ]
v. Copreneurship means practicing entrepreneurship in small business companies [ ]
