2/13/2015

Introduction to International Relations | Syeda Laraib Gilani # 01

MA’AM KINZA CHOUDARY foreign policy of pakistan

FOREIGN POLICY OF PAKISTAN (1947-48)

Contents: 1 Foreign policy of Pakistan

o 1.1 Historical overview

o 1.2 Major alliances

o 1.3 Major rivalries

2 International organization

3 Relations by country

o 3.1 Asia

o 3.4 Europe

o 3.5 Americas

o 3.6 Oceania

o 3.7 International organizations

4 Pakistan and the Commonwealth of Nations

Foreign policy of Pakistan:The foreign policy of Pakistan sets out in the way it interacts with foreign nations and to determine its standard of interactions for its organizations, corporations and individual citizens.

Backed by the semi-agricultural and semi-industrialized economy, Pakistan is the 47th largest (nominal GDP) and 27th largest (purchasing power) economic power in the world, with a defense budget of $5.60 billion, which accounts for approximately ~0.28% of global military spending. The Foreign Minister of Pakistan is the official charged with state-to-state diplomacy, although the Prime minister maintains an ultimate authority over foreign policy. The state foreign policy includes defining the national interest, as well as the economic interest and strategies chosen both to safeguard that and to achieve its policy goals. Following the general election held on May 2013, Tariq Fatimi and NSA Sartaj Aziz are designated as advisers to the Prime Minister on foreign and strategic policies.

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FOREIGN POLICY OF PAKISTAN (1947-48)

Pakistan is the second largest Muslim country in terms of population (after Indonesia), and its status as a declared nuclear power, being the only Islamic nation to have that status, plays a part in its international role.

Pakistan has a fiercely independent foreign policy, especially when it comes to issues such as development of nuclear weapons, construction of nuclear reactors, foreign military purchases and other issues that are vital to its national interests. Pakistan has a strategic geo-political location at the corridor of world major maritime oil supply lines, and has close proximity to the resource and oil rich central Asian countries. Pakistan is an important member of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), is ranked by the US as a major non-NATO ally in the war against terrorism, and has a highly disciplined and professional military.

Historical overview:

Since its independence in 1947, Pakistan's foreign policy has encompassed difficult relations with the neighboring Soviet Union (USSR) who maintained a close military and ideological interaction with the neighboring countries such as Afghanistan (in the West) and India (in East) as well as East Pakistan. During most of 1947–1991, the USSR support was given to India; especially on the core-issue of Kashmir, over which it has fought three wars.[5] During the 1960s, Pakistan's relations with East Pakistan and the neighboring Afghanistan have also been extremely difficult due to the two latter's contest over the Durand Line. The foreign relations with Iran, Saudi Arabia and China remains extremely important and based on the extensive cooperation in national security and economical interests in the Persian Gulf and wide-ranging bilateral relations with the United States and other Western countries. With the growing influence of USSR in the region, Pakistan cemented close security relations with China in Asia and Poland in Europe during most of the Cold War. While Pakistan has had "on-off relations" with the United States, Pakistan assisted President Nixon reproach with China and other East Asian countries.

In 1947, Jinnah clearly described the principles and objectives of Pakistan's foreign policy in a broadcast message. The Objectives of Foreign Policy of Pakistan:

“ The foundation of our foreign policy is friendship with all nations across the globe. ”

—Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Founder of Pakistan,

Major alliances:

In 1951, Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan paid a historical and friendly state visit to the United States, and held meetings with President Harry Truman and the American military officials for the purpose of the military aid. Ideologically, Prime Minister Ali Khan was

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FOREIGN POLICY OF PAKISTAN (1947-48)

opposed to the communism; his government was also struggling with the issues concerning the matters of uplifting the national economy and protecting interests of national security. In 1954–56, the United States and Pakistan signed the Mutual Defense Assistance Agreement which saw the

dispatching of the Military Assistance Advisory Group to provide military training to the Pakistan Armed Forces in 1955–56.

In 1955, Pakistan joined the CENTO and the SEATO alliances in 1956. In 1971, Pakistan withdrew itself from these two alliances in a vision of exercising the independent foreign policy. In 1974, Pakistan became a critical entity in the militarization of the OIC and has historically maintained brotherly and friendly relations with all the Arab and Muslim countries under the banner of OIC. In 2004, Pakistan became the Major non-NATO ally of the United States.

Major rivalries:

Since 1947, Pakistan's relations have been difficult with regional neighbors, India and Afghanistan over the geopolitical issues. In fact, India and Pakistan have fought three conventional wars throughout the 20th century over the issue of Kashmir. The continuing dispute over the status of Kashmir inflames opinions in both nations and makes friendly relations difficult. In the 1960s, the problems over the Durand Line escalated with Afghanistan, which led to open hostilities in the 1970s.

International organization:Pakistan is an active member of the United Nations. It was a member of the CENTO and SEATO military alliances. Its alliance with the United States was especially close after the Soviets invaded the neighboring country of Afghanistan. In 1964, Pakistan signed the Regional Cooperation for Development (RCD) Pact with Turkey and Iran, when all three countries were closely allied with the U.S., and as neighbors of the Soviet Union, wary of perceived Soviet expansionism. To this day, Pakistan has a close relationship with Turkey. RCD became defunct after the Iranian Revolution, and a Pakistani-Turkish initiative led to the founding of the Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) in 1985.

Pakistan is the leading member of the Coffee Club to oppose Indian membership in the United Nations Security Council.

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FOREIGN POLICY OF PAKISTAN (1947-48)

Relations by country:

Asia

CountryFormal

relations began

Notes

 Iran14/Aug/1947

Teheran and Islamabad have a somewhat simple relationship. Although both the countries have been at odds at some issues including border clashes and supported rival

entities during the Afghan civil war, there is a consensus within both the countries to develop close and steady

relations over the span of time. Pakistan has an embassy in Iran's capital Teheran and consulates-general in Mashhad

and Zahidan. Iran has an embassy in Pakistan's capital Islamabad, supported by many consulates-general and

cultural centers in many major cities including Karachi, Lahore, Quetta, Peshawar, Rawalpindi and Multan.

 Iraq

Iraq and Pakistan have had close, friendly, and cooperative relations since the latter is independence in 1947. Issues such

as Iraqi support for Pakistan in its 1971 war with India (which Iraq also has excellent relations with), and Pakistani

support for Iraq against Iran in the Iran-Iraq War have forged relations between the two.

 Israel

No formal diplomatic relations

There are no Israel–Pakistan relations because of religious conflicts.

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FOREIGN POLICY OF PAKISTAN (1947-48)

 Afghanistan

Afghanistan–Pakistan relations refer to the bilateral relations between Pakistan and Afghanistan. Both being-

neighboring states, relations between the two began in August 1947 after Pakistan became independent. Pakistan and Afghanistan have been described by former Afghan

President Hamid Karzai as "inseparable brothers", which is due to the historical, religious, and ethnolinguistical

connections between the Pashtun people and other ethnic groups of both countries, as well as trade and other ties. Both neighbouring states are Islamic republics, part of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) and designated by the United States as major non-NATO allies

People’s Republic of

C hina

1951

Diplomatic relations between Pakistan and the People's Republic of China (PRC) were established on 21 May 1951, shortly after the retreat of the Republic Of China in 1949.

While initially ambivalent towards the idea of a Communist country on its borders, Pakistan hoped that the PRC would

serve as a counterweight to Indian influence. India had recognized the PRC a year before and Indian Prime

Minister Nehru hoped for closer relations between India and the PRC. However, with escalating border tensions leading to the 1962 Sino-Indian war, the PRC and Pakistan formed an alliance. One year after the PRCs border war with India, Pakistan ceded the Trans-Karakoram Tract to the PRC in

order to convince the PRC Authorities to be friendly towards Pakistan.

 India

Relations between India and Pakistan have been strained by a number of historical and political issues, and are defined

by the violent partition of British India in 1947, the Kashmir dispute and the numerous military conflicts fought between the two nations. Consequently, even though the two South

Asian nations share historic, cultural, geographic, and economic links, their relationship has been plagued by

hostility and suspicion.

India and Pakistan have fought in numerous armed conflicts since their independence. There are three major

wars that have taken place between the two states, namely in 1947, 1965 and the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971. In addition to this were the unofficial Kargil War and some

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border skirmishes.

Both India and Pakistan are member states of the Commonwealth of Nations.

 Russia

1948

Relations between these two countries have been strained in the past, because of Pakistan's close ties to America and its support for the Afghan rebels during the invasion by the

USSR.

 United Kingdom

Pakistan has been a member of the Commonwealth of Nations since independence in 1947. It was not a member of the British Commonwealth from 1972 until 1989, because of

the Commonwealth's recognition of Bangladesh. It was readmitted to full membership of the Commonwealth in

October 1989. It was suspended with the overthrow of the democratically elected government in 1999. Its full

membership has been reinstated with the backing of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and New Zealand for

Pakistan's support in the War on Terrorism. Pakistan maintains diplomatic relations with all Commonwealth

countries even though it does not have its own High Commission in each capital. The U.K. also has the biggest

Pakistani community outside of Pakistan.

United States of America

20/Oct/1947

United States–Pakistan relations refers to the international, historical, and cultural bilateral

relationship between the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the United States of America. On 20 October 1947, two

months and six days after independence from Great Britain, the United States established relations with Pakistan, making

it amongst the first nations to establish relations with the new state. Pakistan allied itself with the U.S. during the Cold

war era against the USSR, and was an integral in the anti-Soviet CENTO and SEATO.

International organizations

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Organization Membership Notes

 Arab League

Non-member Pakistan has signed a Moue with the Arab League, and has shown interest to be granted observer status. Pakistan has also lobbied for greater representation of the Arab League in the United Nation Security Council.

ASEAN Non-member FESEA report on Pakistan and ASEAN: Constraints and Opportunities

European Union

Non-member Pakistan is not a member of European Union as it is present in Continent ASIA.

IMF Pakistan is a full member of IMF, and has received several monetary assistance from IMF. IMF also maintains a Resident Representative Office in Pakistan.

Economic Cooperation Organization

1985 Pakistan, Turkey, Iran are the founding members of (ECO)

 NATO

Non-member Pakistan is a major non-NATO ally against the war against terrorism.

 OIC

1969 Pakistan is the part of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation.

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Organization Membership Notes

SAARC 1985 Pakistan is one of the founding members of SAARC.

SCO Observer status

Pakistan has shown strong interest to be a full member of Shanghai Cooperation Organization

United Nations

30/Sept/1947 Pakistan is also a part of UNO and has played many roles and got solution of many of its problems.

Pakistan and the Commonwealth of Nations:Pakistan was a member of the Commonwealth from 1947 to 1956 under the name 'Dominion of Pakistan'.

From 1956 to 1972, the Islamic Republic of Pakistan was a Commonwealth republic, when it was withdrawn in protest at the Commonwealth's support of East Pakistan's secession and Bangladesh's independence.

In 1989, Pakistan regained its status as a Commonwealth republic, which remains the case, despite Pakistan's suspension from the Commonwealth of Nations between 1999 and 2008.

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