Intro to World Religions - Final Exam Guide

8/13/2019 Intro to World Religions - Final Exam Guide

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"Mother Mosque" Built in 1934, in Cedar Rapids, Iowa,United States, is the longest standing

mosque in North America.

"Q" SourceA hypothetical written collection of sayings of Jesus

defined as the "common" material found in the

Gospels of Matthew and Luke but not in their other

written source, the Gospel of Mark.

"Signs" This empowerment includes the use ofspiritual gifts such as speaking in tongues

and divine healing.

Abbasid Caliphate The third of the Islamic caliphates. The Abbasidcaliphate was founded by the descendants of the

Prophet Muhammad's youngest uncle.

Abdul RahmanA male Muslim given name, and in modern usage,

surname. The name means "servant of the most gracious"

ar-Rahman being one of the names of God in the Qur'an,

which give rise to the Muslim theophoric names.

Abu BakrWas a senior companion and the father-in-law of Islamic

prophet Muhammad. He ruled over the Rashidun

Caliphate from 632-634 CE when he became the first

Muslim Caliph following Muhammad's death.

Alexander Russell WebbHe was an American writer, publisher, and the United

States Consul to the Philippines. He converted to Islam in

1888, and is considered by historians to be the earliest

prominent Anglo-American Muslim convert.

AliWas the cousin and son-in-law of Islamic prophet

Muhammad, ruling over the Islamic Caliphate from

656 to 661. A son of Abu Talib,he was also the first

male who accepted Islam.

American Society of MuslimsA predominantly African-American association of Muslims which

was the direct descendent of the original Nation of Islam. It was

created by Warith Deen Mohammed after he assumed leadership of

the Nation of Islam upon the death of his father Elijah Muhammad

Azan The Islamic call to prayer, recited by themuezzin at prescribed times of the day.


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Azusa Street Revival A historic Pentecostal revival meeting thattook place in Los Angeles, California and is

the origin of the Pentecostal movement.

Babylonian Exile The period in Jewish history duringwhich the Jews of the ancient Kingdom of

Judah were captives in Babylonia.

Battle of BadrA turning point in Muhammad's struggle with his opponents

among the Quraysh in Mecca, passed down in Islamic history as a

decisive victory attributable to divine intervention, or by secular

sources to the strategic genius of Muhammad.

Bobby Henderson Founder of the Church of

FSM

Born AgainTo undergo a "spiritual rebirth" (regeneration) of the

human soul or spirit from the "Holy Spirit',

contrasted with the physical birth everyone

experiences.

Caliphate Often applied to successions of Muslimempires that have existed in the Middle

East and Southwest Asia.

Calvin's ideasHe objected not only to the church's greed but to the very idea of

indulgences. He did not believe the Catholic Church had the power

to pardon people sins. Rather, he thought that salvation could be

achieved only through God's mercy. No one needed to seek or buy

salvation through the church.

Canon A Christian priest who belongs to one ofcertain chapters. Also the system of laws

and legal principles of the Catholic Church

Catholic Christianity A broad term for describing specific traditions inthe Christian churches in theology and doctrine,

liturgy, ethics and spirituality.

Catholic ChurchThe world's largest Christian church, with 1.2 billion

members. The Catholic hierarchy is led by the Pope

and includes cardinals, patriarchs and diocesan

bishops.


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Catholic ReformationIncluded the foundation of seminaries for the proper training of

priests in the spiritual life and the theological traditions of the

Church, the reform of religious life by returning orders to their

spiritual foundations, and new spiritual movements focusing on th

devotional life and a personal relationship with Christ.

Christian GospelsA proclamation of good news, either oral or written, typically

announcing a positive event of public importance, such as victory in

battle, the accession of a king, the death of an enemy, the

deification of an emperor, or victory in the games.

Circle 7 Quran Book of Noble Drew Ali's

teachings

Council of JerusalemDated around the year 50, this group decided that

Gentile converts to Christianity were not obligated to

keep most of the Mosaic law, including the rules

concerning circumcision.

Dead Sea ScrollsA collection of 972 texts discovered between 1946 and

1956 at Khirbet Qumran in the West Bank. They were

found in caves about a mile inland from the northwest

shore of the Dead Sea, from which they derive their name

DhikrEssentially, this practice is a form of prayer in which the Muslim

will express his or her remembrance of God either within or overtly

this may come in the form of recitation or simply always

remembering God in one's heart. The word is commonly translated

as "remembrance" or "invocation".

Early immigrant MuslimsThey may date back to the later 16th century, when

captured Muslim soldiers were deposited on the coas

of North Carolina and elsewhere in the South. Many

came as slaves.

Elijah MuhammadAn African-American religious leader, who led the Nation

of Islam from 1934 until his death in 1975. He was a

mentor to Malcolm X, Louis Farrakhan, Muhammad Ali;

and his son Warith Deen Mohammed.

Estevanico Born in Morocco, he was the first knownperson born in Africa to have arrived in the

present-day continental United States.

Evangelicalism A world-wide Protestant Christian historicalmovement that began in the 1730s with the

emergence of the Methodists in England.


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First Muslims in the

Americas

When they first came is unclear. Many historians

claim that the earliest Muslims came from the

Senegambian region of Africa in the early 14th

century.

FundamentalismThe demand for a strict adherence to orthodox

theological doctrines usually understood as a reaction

against Modernist theology, primarily to promote

continuity and accuracy.

The Fundamentals A set of 90 essays in 12 volumespublished from 1910 to 1915 by the Bible

Institute of Los Angeles.

George HensleyAn American Pentecostal minister best known for popularizing the

practice of snake handling. He experienced a religious conversion

around 1910: on the basis of a literal interpretation of scripture, he

came to believe that the New Testament commanded all Christians

to handle venomous snakes.

Gerald GardnerAn English Wiccan who was instrumental in bringing

the Contemporary Pagan religion of Wicca to public

attention, writing some of its definitive religious text

and founding the tradition of Gardnerian Wicca.

Global Islam (demographics) Islam has 1.62 billion adherents, makingup over 23% of the world population.

Gnostic ChristianityUsed by scholars with a wide variety of meanings and

levels of specificity. Sometimes the term refers only

to those Sethians who used the term to describe

themselves.

Gospel of the FSMA satirical book written by Bobby Henderson that

embodies the main beliefs of the parody religion the

Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster or

Pastafarianism.

Gospel of Thomas A well preserved early Christian, non-canonicalsayings-gospel which many scholars believe

provides insight into the Oral gospel traditions.

Hadith A saying or an act or tacit approval ordisapproval ascribed either validly or

invalidly to the Islamic prophet Muhammad.


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HajjOne of the largest annually occurring pilgrimages in the

world, and one of the five pillars of Islam, a religious duty

that must be carried out by every able-bodied Muslim who

can afford to do so at least once in his or her lifetime.

Hare Krishna A Gaudiya Vaishnava religious organisation.It was founded in 1966 in New York City by

A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada.

Hebrew BibleA term used by biblical scholars to refer to the

Tanakh, the canonical collection of Jewish texts,

which is the common textual source of the several

canonical editions of the Christian Old Testament.

HellenizationThe historical spread of ancient Greek culture or

Hellenistic civilization, and, to a lesser extent,

language, over foreign peoples conquered by Greece

or in its sphere of influence.

Hijra The migration or journey of the Islamicprophet Muhammad and his followers

from Mecca to Medina.

Historical JesusReconstructions, which are distinct from the question of the

existence of Him, are based on historical methods including critica

analysis of gospel texts as the primary source for his biography,

along with consideration of the historical and cultural context in

which he lived.

Inerrant Not liable to error

Intelligent DesignA form of creationism promulgated by the Discovery Institute, a

politically conservative think tank based in the United States. The

Institute defines it as the proposition that "certain features of the

universe and of living things are best explained by an intelligent

cause, not an undirected process such as natural selection."

Islam in the United States

(demographics)

At the highest estimates, the percentage of

Muslims in the United States would

represent about 2 percent of the population.

Islamic Calendar A lunar cycle consisting of 12months in a year of 354 or 355 days


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Islamophobia A prejudice against, hatred towards, orirrational fear of or racism towards

Muslims.

Jalal al-Din RumiPopularly in the English-speaking world he is known simply as

Rumi and was a 13th-century Persian poet, jurist, theologian, and

Sufi mystic. Central Asian Muslims as well as the Muslims of South

Asia have greatly appreciated his spiritual legacy in the past seven

centuries.

Jewish Social Classes The social structure of Judaims is reliant onpeople doing the commandments themselves

and owning their responsibilites.

Jewish/Christian Sects Characterized by combining theconfession of Jesus as Christ with

continued adherence to Jewish practices.

Jews and Christians as

Dhimmi

A book by Bat Ye'or. The book was

first published in French in 1980.

John CalvinAn influential French theologian and pastor during

the Protestant Reformation. He was a principal figure

in the development of the system of Christian

theology later named after him.

John the Baptist An itinerant preacher and a majorreligious figure mentioned in the

Canonical gospels and the Qur'an.

Khadijah The first wife of the prophet

Muhammad.

Krishna The eighth incarnation of thesupreme God Vishnu in Hinduism.

LevantKnown as the region of Syria or the Eastern

Mediterranean, and is a geographic and cultural

region consisting of the "eastern Mediterranean

littoral between Anatolia and Egypt".


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Literalism The interpretation or translation of theexplicit and primary sense of words in the

Bible.

Louis Farrakhan The leader of the syncretic and mainlyAfrican-American religious movement

the Nation of Islam.

Luther's ideasEmphasized the doctrine of justification by grace through faith.

This emphasis on "faith alone" was a significant shift in

perspective. In particular, it undercut the selling of "indulgences,"

artifacts sold by the church as symbols of religious devotion.

Malcolm X An African-American Muslimminister and human rights activist.

Mark 16:17-18And these signs shall follow them that believe; In my name shall

they cast out devils; they shall speak with new tongues; They shall

take up serpents; and if they drink any deadly thing, it shall not

hurt them; they shall lay hands on the sick, and they shall recover.

Martin LutherA German monk, Catholic priest, professor of

theology and seminal figure of a reform movement in

16th century Christianity, subsequently known as the

Protestant Reformation.

MeccaThe birthplace and site of Muhammad's first revelation of the

Quran. Regarded as the holiest city in the religion of Islam and a

pilgrimage to it known as the Hajj is obligatory for all able Muslim

Also home to the Kaaba, by majority description Islam's holiest

site, as well as being the center of the Islamic universe.

Medina The second holiest city in Islam afterMecca and the burial place of the Islamic

Prophet Muhammad.

MihrabA semicircular niche in the wall of a mosque that

indicates the "qibla" that is, the direction of the

Kaaba in Mecca and hence the direction that Muslims

should face when praying.

Mirza Husayn 'Ali Nuri The founder of the Bah'

Faith.


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Moorish Science TempleAn American religious organization founded in the

early 20th century by Timothy Drew with messages o

self-determination, personal transformation,

indigenous identity in the Western Hemisphere, etc.

Muezzin The person appointed at a mosque to lead,and recite, the call to prayer for every even

of prayer and worship in the mosque.

MuhammadA religious, political, and military leader from Mecca who unified

Arabia into a single monotheistic religion under Islam. He is

believed by Muslims to be a messenger and prophet of God, and is

almost universally considered by Muslims as the last prophet sent

by God for mankind.

Muhammad Ibn 'Abd al

Wahhab

An Arabian Islamic Salafi scholar. His pact with Muhammad bin

Saud helped to establish the first Saudi state and began a dynastic

alliance and power-sharing arrangement between their families

which continues to the present day.

Muslim slaves This group's religion was first developedout of the slavery practices of pre-Islamic

Arabia.

Nation of IslamA syncretic new religious movement founded in Detroit, Michigan

by Wallace D. Fard Muhammad in July 1930. Its' goals are to

improve the spiritual, mental, social, and economic condition of

African Americans in the United States and all of humanity.

NeopagansA group of contemporary religious movements

influenced by or claiming to be derived from the

various historical pagan beliefs of pre-modern

Europe.

Noble Drew AliHe was born on January 8, 1886 in North Carolina, USA. Account

of his ancestry variously described him being the son of two former

slaves who was adopted by a tribe of Cherokees or the son of a

Moroccan Muslim father and a Cherokee mother.

OrientalismA term used by art historians and literary and cultural

studies scholars for the imitation or depiction of aspects o

Middle Eastern and East Asian cultures (Eastern

cultures) by writers, designers and artists in the West.

Orthodox Christianity These branches of Christianity express their belief tohave an unbroken connection to the faith, doctrineand practices of the ancient Christian church.


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PaulOriginal name of Saul of Tarsus was a Christian

missionary who took the gospel of Christ to the first-

century world. He is generally considered one of the

most important figures of the Apostolic Age.

PentecostThe Greek name for the Feast of Weeks, a prominent feast in the

calendar of ancient Israel celebrating the giving of the Law on

Sinai. It became a feast commemorating the descent of the Holy

Spirit upon the Apostles and other followers of Jesus Christ, (120 in

all) as described in the Acts of the Apostles.

Pentecostalism A renewal movement within Christianity that placesspecial emphasis on a direct personal experience ofGod through the baptism with the Holy Spirit.

Philosophy of JesusThe philosophy of being, to epistemology, the

philosophy of knowing, to anthropology the

philosophy of man, and the philosophical ethics and

politics.

Pope Pius IX Born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti,was the head of the Catholic Church from

16 June 1846 to his death in 1878.

Post 9/11 challenges for

American Muslims

Over the past 11 years, American Muslims have fought not

just the hate and stereotypes and the profiling from those

outside the community, we've also had major fights within

the Muslim community.

Protestant ChristianityIt has been defined as "[one] of several church denominations

denying the universal authority of the Pope and affirming the

Reformation principles of justification by faith alone, the

priesthood of all believers, and the primacy of the Bible as the only

source of revealed truth" .

Protestant Reformation The schism within Western Christianity initiatedby John Wycliffe, Jan Hus, Martin Luther, John

Calvin, and other early Protestants.

Quran The central religious text of Islam, whichMuslims believe to be the verbatim word

of God.

Rabbinic JudaismBecame the predominant stream within the Jewish diaspora

between the 2nd and 6th centuries, with the redaction of the oral

law and the Talmud as the authoritative interpretation of Jewish

scripture and to encourage the practice of Judaism in the absence o

Temple sacrifice and other practices no longer possible.


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RamadanThe ninth month of the Islamic calendar; Muslims

worldwide observe this as a month of fasting. This

annual observance is regarded as one of the Five

Pillars of Islam.

RestorationismRefers to the attempt to correct perceived

shortcomings of the current church by using the

primitive church as a model to make over early

Christianity.

Roman EmpireThe post-Republican period of the ancient Roman

civilization, characterized by an autocratic form of

government and large territorial holdings around the

Mediterranean in Europe, Africa, and Asia.

SalatThe practice of formal worship in Islam. Its importance for

Muslims is indicated by its status as one of the Five Pillars of Islam

To perform it, Muslims must be in a state of ritual purity, which is

mainly achieved by ritual ablution, according to prescribed

procedures.

Saudi Arabia The largest Arab state in Western Asia by land area,constituting the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula, andthe second-largest in the Arab world (after Algeria).

Sawm An Arabic word for fastingregulated by Islamic jurisprudence.

Second Temple Was an important Jewish Holy Temple which stoodon the Temple Mount in Jerusalem during the SecondTemple period, between 516 BCE and 70 CE.

Second Vatican Council Informally known as Vatican II)addressed relations between the Roman

Catholic Church and the modern world.

Septuagint Is a translation of the Hebrew Bible andsome related texts into Koine Greek.

Serpent HandlersA religious ritual in a small number of Pentecostal

churches in the U.S., usually characterized as rural

and part of the Holiness movement. The practice

began in the early 20th century in Appalachia.


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Shahadah An Islamic creed which declares belief inthe oneness of God and acceptance of

Muhammad as God's prophet.

Shar'ia The moral code and religious

law of Islam.

ShaykhsAn honorific in the Arabic language that literally means "elder" an

carries the meaning "leader and/or governor". It is commonly used

to designate the front man of a tribe who got this title after his

father, or an Islamic scholar who got this title after graduating

from the basic Islamic school.

Shia Muslims Represent the second largest

denomination of Islam.

Social Ethics A major branch of philosophy,encompasses right conduct and good life.

Srila PrabhupadaA Gaudiya Vaishnava teacher and the founder-achary

of the International Society for Krishna

Consciousness, commonly known as the "Hare

Krishna Movement".

Strict Monotheism Someone who believes that there is, alwaysbeen, and always will be only one God, but

disbelieves in the ideology of the Holy Trinity

Sufism The inner, mystical

dimension of Islam.

SunnahThe way of life prescribed as normative for Muslims

on the basis of the teachings and practices of Islamic

prophet Muhammad and interpretations of the

Quran.

Sunni Muslims Is the largest branch of Islam; its adherents arereferred to in Arabic as "people of the tradition of

Muhammad and the consensus of the Ummah".


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TaNaK A name used in Judaism for

the canon of the Hebrew Bible

Umayyad Caliphate The second of the four major Islamiccaliphates established after the death of

Muhammad.

W. D. Fard The founder of the Nation of

Islam.

WahhabismAn ultra-conservative branch of Sunni Islam, (though some people

dispute that a Wahhabi is a Sunni). It is a religious movement

among fundamentalist Islamic believers, with an aspiration to

return to the earliest fundamental Islamic sources of the Quran and

Hadith.

Warith Deen MohammadA progressive African American Muslim leader, theologian, philosopher

Muslim revivalist and Islamic thinker who disbanded the original

Nation of Islam in 1976 and transformed it into an orthodox mainstream

Islamic movement, the World Community of Al-Islam in the West which

later became the American Society of Muslims.

WiccaA modern pagan, witchcraft religion. It was developed

in England during the first half of the 20th century

and it was introduced to the public in 1954 by Gerald

Gardner, a retired British civil servant.

William Seymour An African American minister, and aninitiator of the Pentecostal religious

movement.

ZakatAlms-giving is the practice of charitable giving by Muslims based

on accumulated wealth, and is obligatory for all who are able to do

so. It is considered to be a personal responsibility for Muslims to

ease economic hardship for others and eliminate inequality.

Documents

Intro to World Religions - Final Exam Guide