Introduction

Introduction

BackgroundoftheProblem

English is the first foreign language in our country, which is taught from Elementary level to University level. English is also intensively used in international communication, in written as well as in spoken communication. In addition, many books of science, technology, art and other published issues are written in English.

In English language, there are integrated skills to be mastered such as: Speaking, listening, reading, and Writing.

TheObjectivesoftheresearchTopic

Simple Present Tense

Formula:

Positive (+):

Subject + verb 1 (s/es) + object

Subject + to be (am, is, are) + complement

Negative (-):

Subject + do not / does not + verb 1 + object

Subject + to be + not + complement

Interrogative (?):

Do / does + Subject + Verb 1 + Object ?

To be + subject + complement ?

Example:

Positive:

I take the train to the office.

- i dont take the train to the officeThe train to Berlin leaves every hour.

- the train to berlin does not leave every hourJohn sleeps eight hours every night during the week.

- john does not sleep eight hours every night during the week.

The President of The USA lives in The White House.

- the president of the USA does not live in the white houseA dog has four legs.

- a dog does not have five legsWe come from Switzerland.

- we do not come from switzerlandI get up early every day.

- i do not get up early every dayCarol brushes her teeth twice a day.

- carol does not brush her teeth twice a day

They travel to their country house every weekend.

- They do not

It rains a lot in winter.

- It does not rain a lot in summer

? does it rain a lot in winterThe Queen of England lives in Buckingham Palace.

- the queen of england does not live in buckingham palace? does the queen of england live in buckingham palace

Im Stevens- im not stevens but yahya? are you stevens or yahya / am i stevens or yahya She is hungry- she isnt hungry? is she hungryBryan is at college- Bryan isnt at college It is 10 oclock now- it isnt 10 oclock nowIm a technician- im not a tecnicianNegative:

You don'tspeak Arabic.John doesn't speak Italian.We don't have time for a rest.It doesn't move.They don't want to go to the party.She doesn't like fish.Interrogative:

Do you need a dictionary? I Need a dictionaryDoes Mary need a dictionary?

Do we have a meeting now?

Does it rain a lot in winter?

Do they want to go to the party?

Does he like pizza?

Present Continuous Tense

Formula:

Positive (+):

subject + to be (am, is, are) + Verb ing + object

Negative (-) :

subject + to be + not + verb ing + object

Interrogative (?) :

to be + subject + verb ing + object

Example:

Positive:

Mr. Teguh is writing a new book

I am watching TV now

I am writing now

You are reading my article at present

She is waiting for you

Negative:

Mr. Khanafi is not going to Jakarta

Iam not writing now

You are not reading my article at present

She is not waiting for you

Interrogative:

Is Mrs. Annisa cooking in the kitchen ?

I am not writing now (Sayasedangtidakmenulissekarang)

You are not reading my article at present (Apaartinya?)

She is not waiting for youPresent Perfect Tense

Formula:

Positive (+):

Subject + has / have + been + object

Subject + has / have + verb III + object

Negative (-)

Subject + has / have + not + been + object

Subject +has / have + not + verb III + object

Interrogative (?)

Have / has + Subject + verb III + object

Have / has + subject + been + object

Example:

Positive:

I have studied for the exam.

You have bought a new computer.

He has eaten my chocolate.

She has written an e-mail. It has been cold this month.

We have won the championship.

You have tried to learn a lot.

They have forgotten my birthday.

Negative:

I haven't studied for the exam.

You haven't bought a new computer.

He hasn't eaten my chocolate.

She hasn't written an e-mail.

It hasn't been cold this month.

We haven't won the championship. You haven't tried to learn a lot.

They haven't forgotten my birthday.

Interrogative:

Have I been chosen for the team?

Have you bought a new car?

Has he eaten my sandwich? Has she written the letter?

Has it started on time?

Has we won a trophy?

Have you kept my secret?

Have they driven there?

PresentPerfectContinuousFormula:

Positive (+):

Subject + has / have + been + verb-ing

Negative (-)

Subject + has / have + not + been + verb-ing

Interrogative (?)

Has/have + subject + been + verb-ing ?

Example:

Positive:

I have been watching TV for two hours

He has been playing football since elementary school.

I have been reading for 2 hours.

We've been studying since 9 o'clock.

I have been studying for 3 hours.

I have been watching TV since 7pm.

Negative:

Marina has not been learning english for two years.

We have not been smoking.

Tara hasn't been feeling well for 2 weeks.

Tara hasn't been visiting us since March.

Interrogative:

Have you been reading a book for an hour ?

How long have you been learning English?

SimplePasttenseFormula:

Positive (+):

Subject + to be (was/were) + complement

Subject + verb 2 + object

Negative (-)

Subject + to be (was/were) + not + complement

Subject + did not + verb 1 + object

Interrogative (?)

Did + subject + verb 1 + object ?

Example:

Positive:

He was a businessman in 1999.

I sell these motorcycles in Surabaya.

I lived in that house when I was young.

John drove to London on Monday.

I was at work yesterday.

The car exploded at 9.30am yesterday.

She went to the door.

I lived in Bangkok for 10 years.

The Jurassic period lasted about 62 million years.

Negative:

She did not visit me yesterday.

My parents were not home this afternoon.

He didn't like the movie.

Mary did not go to work yesterday.

We were not late (for the train).

We did not hear the telephone.

We did not sing at the concert.

Interrogative:

Did you play football yesterday ?

What did you eat for dinner?

Did you play tennis last week?

Were you angry?

Did you see that car?

Did you watch TV last night?

PastContinuousFormula:

Positive (+):

Subject + to be (was/were) + verb-ing + object

Negative (-)

Subject + was/were + not + verb-ing + object

Interrogative (?)

was/were + subject + verb-ing + object ?

Example:

Positive:

He was sleeping when I came.

I was working all night yesterday.

I was working at 10pm last night.

She was cooking when I telephoned her.

We were having dinner when it started to rain.

Ram went home early because it was snowing.

Negative:

He was not sleeping when I came.

I was not working all night yesterday.

They were not playing football at 9am this morning.

Interrogative:

Was he sleeping when I came ?

were you working all night yesterday ?

What were you doing at 10pm last night?

What were you doing when he arrived?

Past Perfect (simple) tense

Formula:

Positive (+):

Subject + had + verb III + (past participle) + object

Negative (-)

Subject + had + not + verb III + object

Interrogative (?)

Had + subject + verb III + object ?

Example:

Positive:

They had been here before 1945.

She had gone to Amsterdam when I called her.

I wasn't hungry. I had just eaten.

He told us that the train had left.

I thought I had met her before, but I was wrong.

Negative:

They had not been here before 1945.

She had not gone to Amsterdam when I called her.

They were hungry. They had not eaten for five hours.

I asked them why they had not finished.

Interrogative:

Had they been here before 1945 ?

Had she gone to Amsterdam when you called her ?

"Mary wasn't at home when I arrived.""Really? Where had she gone?"

Past Perfect Continuous / progressive tense

Formula:

Positive (+):

Subject + had + been + verb-ing + object

Negative (-)

Subject + had + not + been + verb-ing + object

Interrogative (?)

Had + subject + been + object ?

Example:

Positive:

He had been living in Jakarta about ten years.

I asked them why they had not finished.

I could smell cigarettes. Somebody had been smoking.

Negative:

He had not been living in Jakarta about ten years.

Suddenly, my car broke down. I was not surprised. It had not been running well for a long time.

Interrogative:

Had He been living in Jakarta about ten years ?

Had the pilot been drinking before the crash?

Simple (Present) Future tense

Formula:

Positive (+):

Subject + will/shall + verb I + objectSubject + am/is/are + going to + verb I + object

Negative (-)

Subject + will/shall + verb I + objectSubject + am/is/are + not + going to + verb I + object

Interrogative (?)

Will/shall + subject + verb I + objectAm/is/are + subject + going to + verb I + object

Example:

Positive:

We will go to school soon.

The students are going to have a test next month.

Hold on. I'll get a pen.

We will see what we can do to help you.

Maybe we'll stay in and watch television tonight.

I think I'll go to the gym tomorrow.

I think I will have a holiday next year.

It will rain tomorrow.

I'll be in London tomorrow.

Negative:

We will not go to school soon.

The students are not going to have a test next.

I don't think I'll buy that car.

People won't go to Jupiter before the 22nd century.

I'm going shopping. I won't be very long.

Interrogative:

Will we go to school soon ?

Are the students going to have a test next month ?

Who do you think will get the job?

Will you be at work tomorrow?

(Present) Future Continuous / progressive tenseFormula:

Positive (+):

Subject + will/shall + be + verb-ing + object

Negative (-)

Subject + will/shall + not + verb-ing + object

Interrogative (?)

Will/shall + subject + be + verb-ing + object

Example:

Positive:

I will be watching a movie tonight.

I will be playing tennis at 10am tomorrow.

We 'll be having dinner when the film starts.

Take your umbrella. It will be raining when you return.

Negative:

I will not be watching a movie tonight.

They won't be watching TV at 9pm tonight.

She will not be sleeping when you telephone her.

Interrogative:

Will you be watching a movie tonight ?

What will you be doing at 10pm tonight?

What will you be doing when I arrive?

(Present) Future Perfect (simple) tense

Formula:

Positive (+):

Subject + shall/will + have + been + complementSubject + shall/will + have + verb III + object

Negative (-)

Subject + shall/will + not + been + complementSubject + shall/will + not + have + verb III + object

Interrogative (?)

Shall/will + subject + been + complementShall/will + subject + have + verb III + object ?

Example:

Positive:

I will have been in this hospital until tomorrow morning.

Majid will have rented my house next month.

I will have arrived at the office by 8.

Negative:

I will not have been in this hospital until tomorrow morning.

Majid will not have rented my house next month.

They will not have slept for a long time.

Interrogative:

Will you have been in this hospital until tomorrow morning ?

Will Majid have rented my house next month ?

"Mary won't be at home when you arrive.""Really? Where will she have gone?"

(Present) Future Perfect Continuous / progressive tense

Formula:

Positive (+):

Subject + shall/will + have + been + verb-ing + object

Negative (-)

Subject + shall/will + not + have + been + verb-ing + object

Interrogative (?)

Shall/will + subject + have + been + verb-ing + object ?

Example:

Positive:

My grandmother will have been visiting us tomorrow morning

I will have been working here for ten years next week.

He will be tired when he arrives. He will have been travelling for 24 hours.

Iwill have beenworking for four hours.

You willhave been travelling for two days.

Negative:

My grandmother will not have been visiting us tomorrow morning

She will not have been using the car.

We will not have been waiting long.

Interrogative:

Will your grandmother have been visiting you tomorrow morning?

Will youhave been playing football?

Will theyhave been watching TV?

Simple Conditional (Past Future) tense

Formula:

Positive (+):

Subject + should/would + be + objectSubject + should/would + verb I + object

Negative (-)

Subject + should/would + not + be + objectSubject + should/would + not + verb + object

Interrogative (?)

Should/would + subject + be + object ?Should/would + subject + verb I + object ?

Example:

Positive:

He should be in Banten next month.

I should be pick up when you arrive at the station tomorrow.

I would go at 7 am when He came to my house yesterday.

You would work

They would drive home

She would learn music

Negative:

He should not be in Banten next month.

I should not be pick up when you arrive at the station tomorrow.

You would not work

They would not drive home

She would not learn music

Interrogative:

Should he be in Banten next month ?

should you be pick up when I arrive at the station tomorrow ?

Would You work ?

Would They drive home ?

Would She learn music ?

Conditional (Past Future) Continuous / progressive tense

Formula:

Positive (+):

Subject + should/would + be + verb-ing + object

Negative (-)

Subject + should/would + not + be + verb-ing + object

Interrogative (?)

Should/would + subject + be + verb-ing + object ?

Example:

Positive:

My brother would be finishing Thesis last week.

I would be swimming at 9 yesterday.

You would be working

They would be driving home

She would be learning music

Negative:

My brother would not be finishing Thesis last week.

You would not be working

They would not be driving home

She would not be learning music

Interrogative:

Would your brother be finishing Thesis last week?

Would You be working ?

Would They be driving home ?

Would She be learning music ?

Conditional (Past Future) Perfect (simple) tense

Formula:

Positive (+):

Subject + should/would + have + been + complementSubject + should/would + have + verb III + object

Negative (-)

Subject + should/would + not + have + been + complementSubject + should/would + not + have + verb III + object

Interrogative (?)

Should/would + subject + have + been + complement ?Should/would + subject + have + verb III + object ?

Example:

Positive:

My mother should have been here at nine oclock tomorrow.

Mari would have worked in leading companies next month.

He would have passed the examination If She had learned hard.

We would have arrived on time If we walked faster.

You would have worked

They would have driven home

She would have learned music

Negative:

My mother should not have been here at nine oclock tomorrow.

Mari will not have worked in leading companies next month.

You would not have worked

They would not have driven home

She would not have learned music

Interrogative:

Mari will not have worked in leading companies next month?

Will Mari have worked in leading companies next month?

Would You have worked ?

Would They have driven home ?

Would She have learned music ?

Conditional (Past Future) Perfect Continuous / progressive tense

Formula:

Positive (+):

Subject + should/would + have + been + verb-ing + object

Negative (-)

Subject + should/would + not + have + been + verb-ing + object

Interrogative (?)

Should/would + subject + have + been + verb-ing + object ?

Example:

Positive:

I would have working in leading companies for 10 years.

I would have been swimming for 30 minutes When You called me yesterday.

At this time yesterday, I would have been wating for you for more than two hours.

In May 2007, I would have been living in Tanggulangin for 3 years.

She would have been working there for 1 year.

Negative:

I would not have working in leading companies for 10 years.

I would not have been swimming for 30 minutes.

I would not have been living in Tanggulangin for 3 years.

She would not have been working there for 1 year.

Interrogative:

Would you have working in leading companies for 10 years ?

Would You have been swimming for 30 minutes?

Would You have been living in Tanggulangin for 3 years at that time?

Would She have been working there for 1 year?

ConclusionTaken together, all these observations lead to a surprising conclusion: English does not have a future tense. English tenses are expressed by inflections on the verb. That means that English has only two tenses: present and past. Will is an auxiliary and part of a different verbal system, that of mood. Will does have a tense, but as examples 10a-d show, it is a present-tense verb.

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