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Introduction and History. Micro biology Microorganism: 主要之研究對象 Microbes: animalcules Definition: 無法以肉眼看到之微小生物 Microscope: Anton van Leeuwenhoek magnifying glasses. Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723). Discovery of microbial world. Origin of microorganisms - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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1 Fu Jen Catholic University, Department of Life Science
Introduction and HistoryIntroduction and History
• MicroMicrobiologybiology• Microorganism:Microorganism: 主要之研究對象主要之研究對象• Microbes: animalculesMicrobes: animalcules• Definition:Definition: 無法以肉眼看到之微小生物無法以肉眼看到之微小生物• Microscope: Anton van LeeuwenhoekMicroscope: Anton van Leeuwenhoek
magnifying glassesmagnifying glasses
2 Fu Jen Catholic University, Department of Life Science
3 Fu Jen Catholic University, Department of Life Science
Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)
4 Fu Jen Catholic University, Department of Life Science
5 Fu Jen Catholic University, Department of Life Science
•
6 Fu Jen Catholic University, Department of Life Science
Discovery of microbial worldDiscovery of microbial world
• Origin of microorganismsOrigin of microorganisms• Spontaneous generation Spontaneous generation 自然發生說自然發生說• organisms arise from nonliving morganisms arise from nonliving m
atter----Francesco Rediatter----Francesco Redi• 腐肉生蛆腐肉生蛆• John NeedhamJohn Needham
• Abbe Lazzaro SpallanzaniAbbe Lazzaro Spallanzani
7 Fu Jen Catholic University, Department of Life Science
Francesco Redi
8 Fu Jen Catholic University, Department of Life Science
BiogenesisBiogenesis
• Louis Pasteur—Louis Pasteur—thethe father offather of MicrobiologyMicrobiology
A French chemistA French chemist disprove the spontaneous generationdisprove the spontaneous generation swan-necked flasksswan-necked flasks• John Tyndall-English physicistJohn Tyndall-English physicist hay infusionhay infusion heat-resistant forms---endosporeheat-resistant forms---endospore
9 Fu Jen Catholic University, Department of Life Science
Swan-necked flasksSwan-necked flasks
10 Fu Jen Catholic University, Department of Life Science
11 Fu Jen Catholic University, Department of Life Science
The golden age of microbiologyThe golden age of microbiology
• Began in 1857 to the 20th century for Began in 1857 to the 20th century for 60 years60 years
• The work of Louis PasteurThe work of Louis Pasteur
1. Pasteurization1. Pasteurization
wine fermentationwine fermentation
yeast cells and bacteriayeast cells and bacteria
germ theory of diseasegerm theory of disease
12 Fu Jen Catholic University, Department of Life Science
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
13 Fu Jen Catholic University, Department of Life Science
Pasteur and diseasesPasteur and diseases
• Isolation Isolation 隔離法隔離法• Vaccination Vaccination 預防注射預防注射 vaccine vaccine 疫苗疫苗 vaccinia virus vaccinia virus 牛痘病毒牛痘病毒• BiogenesisBiogenesis
14 Fu Jen Catholic University, Department of Life Science
15 Fu Jen Catholic University, Department of Life Science
Robert KochRobert Koch
• Anthrax Anthrax 炭疽病炭疽病
Bacillus anthracisBacillus anthracis
• Koch’s postulatesKoch’s postulates
• Cultivation techniquesCultivation techniques
• Pure culture Pure culture 純培養純培養
•
16 Fu Jen Catholic University, Department of Life Science
Koch’s postulatesKoch’s postulates
17 Fu Jen Catholic University, Department of Life Science
Joseph ListerJoseph Lister
18 Fu Jen Catholic University, Department of Life Science
Characteristics of microorganismsCharacteristics of microorganisms
• Prokaryotes (Prokaryotes (propro= primitive) = primitive) 原核生物原核生物• Eukaryotes (Eukaryotes (eueu=true) =true) 真核生物真核生物 1. bacteria 1. bacteria 細菌細菌 Rickettsiae Rickettsiae 立次菌立次菌 Chlamydiae Chlamydiae 披衣菌披衣菌 Mycoplasmas Mycoplasmas 黴漿菌黴漿菌 Cyanobacteria Cyanobacteria 藍菌藍菌
19 Fu Jen Catholic University, Department of Life Science
20 Fu Jen Catholic University, Department of Life Science
Micrococcus luteus and Bacillus cereus
21 Fu Jen Catholic University, Department of Life Science
Bacillus subtilis
22 Fu Jen Catholic University, Department of Life Science
Scope of MicroorganismsScope of Microorganisms
• 2. Fungi 2. Fungi 真菌 真菌 --eukaryotes--eukaryotes
• 3. Protozoa 3. Protozoa 原生動物原生動物 --eukaryotes--eukaryotes
• 4. Unicellular algae 4. Unicellular algae 藻類藻類 --eukaryotes--eukaryotes
• 5. Viruses 5. Viruses 病毒病毒
23 Fu Jen Catholic University, Department of Life Science
Cyclotella meneghinianaCyclotella meneghiniana – an algae – an algae
24 Fu Jen Catholic University, Department of Life Science
Tetrahymena pyriformis– Tetrahymena pyriformis– a protozoaa protozoa
25 Fu Jen Catholic University, Department of Life Science
Crithidia luciliae-flagellate protozoan
26 Fu Jen Catholic University, Department of Life Science
General properties of microorganismsGeneral properties of microorganisms
• Origin of classification--- taxonomyOrigin of classification--- taxonomy
3 Kingdoms—Plant, Animal, Protist3 Kingdoms—Plant, Animal, Protist
• Modern classificationModern classification
Robert H. Whittaer in 1969Robert H. Whittaer in 1969
Five-Kingdom systemFive-Kingdom system—Monera, Protista, F—Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animaliaungi, Plantae, Animalia
27 Fu Jen Catholic University, Department of Life Science
Bacterial TaxonomyBacterial Taxonomy
• Bergey’s Manual of Systematic BacteriologBergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriologyy
• Nomenclature—binomial systemNomenclature—binomial system
二名法 二名法 ((bibi-nomial=two names)-nomial=two names)
EscherichiaEscherichia colicoli or or Escherichia coliEscherichia coli
E. coli E. coli 大腸桿菌大腸桿菌 Bacillus subtilisBacillus subtilis or or B. subtilis B. subtilis 枯草桿菌枯草桿菌
28 Fu Jen Catholic University, Department of Life Science
Five-Kingdom systemFive-Kingdom system
29 Fu Jen Catholic University, Department of Life Science
Size RelationshipsSize Relationships• The unit of length: micrometer, The unit of length: micrometer, μmμm Protozoa 100 μmProtozoa 100 μm Virus 0.01 μm Virus 0.01 μm Fungi 10-40 μm Fungi 10-40 μm Bacteria 1-5 μm Bacteria 1-5 μm Rickettsiae 0.5 μm Rickettsiae 0.5 μm Chlamydiae 0.25 μm Chlamydiae 0.25 μm
30 Fu Jen Catholic University, Department of Life Science
Size comparisonSize comparison
31 Fu Jen Catholic University, Department of Life Science
MicroscopyMicroscopy• Light microscope Light microscope 光學顯微鏡光學顯微鏡 bright-field microscopebright-field microscope
compound microscopecompound microscope
oil-immersion microscopyoil-immersion microscopy• Dark-field microscope Dark-field microscope 暗視野顯微鏡暗視野顯微鏡• Phase-constrast microscope Phase-constrast microscope 位像差顯微鏡位像差顯微鏡• Fluorescent microscope Fluorescent microscope 螢光顯微鏡螢光顯微鏡• Electron microscope Electron microscope 電子顯微鏡電子顯微鏡
32 Fu Jen Catholic University, Department of Life Science
Bright-fieldBright-field Dark-fieldDark-field
Phase-contrastPhase-contrast Interference contrastInterference contrast
33 Fu Jen Catholic University, Department of Life Science
Electron MicroscopeElectron Microscope
• TEMTEM 穿透式電子顯微鏡穿透式電子顯微鏡 TTransmission ransmission EElectron lectron MMicroscopeicroscope
• SEM SEM 掃描式電子顯微鏡掃描式電子顯微鏡 SScanning canning EElectron lectron MMicroscopeicroscope
34 Fu Jen Catholic University, Department of Life Science
TEMTEM SEMSEM
35 Fu Jen Catholic University, Department of Life Science
36 Fu Jen Catholic University, Department of Life Science
E. coliE. coli
37 Fu Jen Catholic University, Department of Life Science
Staphylococcus aureusStaphylococcus aureus 金黃色葡萄狀球菌
38 Fu Jen Catholic University, Department of Life Science
Streptococcus pyrogenes 化膿性練球菌化膿性練球菌
39 Fu Jen Catholic University, Department of Life Science
Poliovirus– a virus– a virus
40 Fu Jen Catholic University, Department of Life Science
Aspergillus flavus – a fungus – a fungus
41 Fu Jen Catholic University, Department of Life Science
42 Fu Jen Catholic University, Department of Life Science
Special fields of MicrobiologySpecial fields of Microbiology
• Immunology Immunology 免疫學免疫學• Virology Virology 病毒學病毒學• Chemotherapy Chemotherapy 化學療法化學療法• Genetics Genetics 遺傳學遺傳學• Molecular Biology Molecular Biology 分子生物學分子生物學• Genetic Engineering Genetic Engineering 基因工程學基因工程學• Biotechnology Biotechnology 生物技術學生物技術學
43 Fu Jen Catholic University, Department of Life Science
DNA double helixDNA double helix
44 Fu Jen Catholic University, Department of Life Science
45 Fu Jen Catholic University, Department of Life Science
The scope of MicrobiologyThe scope of Microbiology
• Basic MicrobiologyBasic Microbiology
• Applied MicrobiologyApplied Microbiology
46 Fu Jen Catholic University, Department of Life Science
Basic MicrobiologyBasic Microbiology
• Morphology, StructureMorphology, Structure
• Nutrition, Growth, MetabolismNutrition, Growth, Metabolism
• ControlControl
• GeneticsGenetics
• Host-microbe interactionHost-microbe interaction
47 Fu Jen Catholic University, Department of Life Science
Applied MicrobiologyApplied Microbiology• Medical MicrobiologyMedical Microbiology• Food MicrobiologyFood Microbiology• Industrial MicrobiologyIndustrial Microbiology• Environmental MicrobiologyEnvironmental Microbiology Soil MicrobiologySoil Microbiology Water MicrobiologyWater Microbiology Air MicrobiologyAir Microbiology