Introduction of Plant Biotechnology

Plant BiotechnologyManipulating plants for the benefit of

mankind

A precise process to improve plants.

Plant biotechnology is about:More FoodBetter FoodBetter environment

Why plant breeding needs plant biotechnology?

Breeding:Application of genetics principles for improvementCombining desirable traits from different varieties of plants to produce plants of superior quality.Systematic procedures used to improve trait phenotypes by crossing and selection, directed manipulation of the genotype at the DNA sequence level, and introduction of new genes.

Importance of plant Importance of plant breeding?breeding?

Agriculture is the biggest industrial sector in the world

Increases in yield are derived both from improved varieties and from improved

management.It suggests about a 50-50 of crop yield split between genetic gain and gain attributed to

management.Planting material is the most important

input in agricultureAn improved cultivar is the most economic and least laborious input for crop cultivation

Primary steps in plant breeding

Develop a VisionFind or Create Variability

(Techniques)Apply Selection Pressure

Evaluate and Select (Screen)Commercialize

Challenges of plant breeding early in 21th century

Human population growthHuman population is growing faster than increases in food production. Grain production increases around 0.5% a year, while human population growth is about 1.5% a year

SustainabilityEnvironment problems due to natural resource over exploitation

GlobalizationWorld wide competition among the largest multinational as global business entity and national companies of agriculture input production such as seed materials

Global warmingChanging climate may change in quality and quantity of biotic and a-biotic factors.

Meeting the challenges

Use all knowledge and tools that can contribute to :

1.overcome the challenges2.Maintain long term productivity and

sustainability

Molecular genetics, Molecular biology, Genomics, Proteomics, BioinformaticsMolecular physiology

Domestication traditional/conventional breeding

Maize germplasm Ancient maize---Teosinte ear (Zea mays ssp mexicana) on left

Classical/conventional plant breeding modern crop improvement

Time

Plant Breeding Technologies & Crop ImprovementPlant Breeding Technologies & Crop Improvement (A Continuum)

Genomics

Analytical Technologies

Transgenic Traits

Biotech/Genetic EngineeringWinter

NurseriesComputer Technologies

Plot Mechanization

Quantitative Genetics

Statistics

Pedigree Breeding

Hybridization

Open Pollinated Selection

Germ

pla

sm I

mp

rove

men

t(

= h

igh

er

yield

s)Proteomics

Bioinformatics

Plant Breeding in the 21th Century

Selection breeding methods

In vitro breeding methods

Molecular breeding methods

Transgenic breeding methods

Conventional breeding methods

Selection Hybridization Mutagenesis Polyploidy Heterosis

Selection breeding methods

Mass selection Bulk breeding method Single-seed descent Pedigree breeding

The oldest method for plant improvement

In vitro breedingIn vitro breeding

1.Somaclonal variation2.Haploid and double

breeding3.In vitro selection

4.Somatic Hybridization5.Micro-propagation

Transgenic breedingTransgenic breeding

1.Gene construct methods

2. Transformation methods

3. Screening methods4.Evaluation methods

Molecular breedingMolecular breeding

1.Marker development methods

2. Quantitative trait loci3. Marker assisted breeding methods

Comparing Genetic Modification Techniques

Whole organismWhole organism MoleculeMolecule MoleculeMolecule

Thousands of Thousands of genesgenes UnknownUnknown Single geneSingle gene

Genetic change Genetic change poorly poorly

characterizedcharacterized

Genetic change Genetic change poorly poorly

characterizedcharacterized

Gene function Gene function well understoodwell understood

Between species Between species and genera and genera Not applicableNot applicable No limitationsNo limitations

Selective Breeding Mutation breeding Transgenic breeding

Level

Precisio

n

Certaint

y

Limits

Desired gene

Traditional plant breedingTraditional plant breeding

DNA is a strand of genes, much like a strand of pearls. Traditional plant breeding combines many genes at once.

Traditional donor Commercial varietyNew variety

Desired GeneX =

(crosses)

(many genes are transferred)

Transgenic breedingTransgenic breeding

Using plant biotechnology, a single gene may be added to the strand.

Desired gene Commercial varietyNew variety

(transfers)

=

Desired gene

(only desired gene is followed)

New tools in plant breedingNo.

Breeding steps New tools

1. Creating variability

1. Somaclonal technique2. Protoplast fusion technique3. Transformation technique

2. Selection 1. In vitro selection technique2. Marker development

technique3. Double haploid technique

3. Evaluation 1. Marker development technique

4. Releasing 1. Marker development technique

5. Seed production 1. Micropropagation technique2. Marker development

technique

OutlineOutline I.I. In vitro breeding

A. Micropropagation methodsB. Protoplast isolation and fusion methods

C. Somaclonal variationD. In vitro Screening methods

II. Transgenic breedingA. Gene construct methodsB. Transformation methods

C. Transgenic Plant

III.Molecular breedingA.Marker development methods

B.Marker Assisted Selection methodsC.Marker Assisted Backcrossing methods

""Never think for a minute that we Never think for a minute that we are going to build permanent are going to build permanent peace in this world on empty peace in this world on empty stomachs and human misery." stomachs and human misery."

Norman Borlaug Norman Borlaug Nobel Peace Prize LaureateNobel Peace Prize Laureate