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Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology. Fall 2011 Chapter 1 Week 1. What is…. Anatomy. Physiology. Summary. Discussion of the necessary life functions and how each organ system plays several functions to support the living organism - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Introduction to Introduction to Anatomy & Anatomy & PhysiologyPhysiology
Fall 2011Fall 2011Chapter 1Chapter 1
Week 1Week 1
What is…What is…AnatomyAnatomy PhysiologPhysiolog
yy
SummarySummary Discussion of the necessary life functions Discussion of the necessary life functions
and how each organ system plays several and how each organ system plays several functions to support the living organismfunctions to support the living organism
Discuss Discuss homeostasishomeostasis and the diseases and the diseases state that develops when homeostatic state that develops when homeostatic mechanisms are out of balancemechanisms are out of balance
Discuss Discuss anatomical landmarksanatomical landmarks, divide the , divide the body into sections and planesbody into sections and planes and be and be able to identify the able to identify the body cavities and body cavities and their componentstheir components
Key TermsKey TermsAnatomical Anatomical PositionPosition
Homeostatic Homeostatic ImbalanceImbalance
PhysiologyPhysiology
AnatomyAnatomy Negative Negative FeedbackFeedback
PlanePlane
AtomsAtoms OrganOrgan Positive Positive FeedbackFeedback
CellsCells Organ SystemOrgan System SectionSection
HomeostasisHomeostasis OrganismOrganism TissuesTissues
Anatomy vs PhysiologyAnatomy vs Physiology AnatomyAnatomy- study of the - study of the structurestructure of the of the
human body and the relationship of its human body and the relationship of its parts parts
Anatomy is derived from the Greek words meaning to Anatomy is derived from the Greek words meaning to cut (tomy) apart (ana)cut (tomy) apart (ana)
PhysiologyPhysiology- study of body - study of body functionsfunctions; how ; how the parts workthe parts work
How then are Anatomy and Physiology How then are Anatomy and Physiology related?related?
Structure and FunctionStructure and FunctionAnatomy and physiology are Anatomy and physiology are
therefore separate but, since therefore separate but, since function always reflects function always reflects structure they are inseparable. structure they are inseparable. This is called the principle of This is called the principle of complimentarity of structure complimentarity of structure and functionand function
Structure Determines Structure Determines FunctionsFunctions
The heart is a muscular chamber The heart is a muscular chamber and is able to pump the bloodand is able to pump the blood
Blood flows in one direction do to Blood flows in one direction do to valves located in the vesselsvalves located in the vessels
The lungs cannot pump blood The lungs cannot pump blood because the walls of its air sacs are because the walls of its air sacs are very thinvery thinBut the exchange of gases and the bodies oxygen supply occur in the lungs
Maintaining LifeMaintaining Life Maintain boundariesMaintain boundaries MoveMove Respond to environmental changesRespond to environmental changes Take in and digest nutrientsTake in and digest nutrients MetabolismMetabolism Dispose of wasteDispose of waste Reproduce Reproduce GrowGrow
Survival NeedsSurvival Needs
Nutrients Oxygen Water Body Temperature
Atmospheric Pressure
Organisms Survival Depends on
Why though?Why though? Why does the body need all that stuff Why does the body need all that stuff
and go through all the trouble it and go through all the trouble it does?does?
GOAL??????
HomeostasisHomeostasis
Literal translation is “unchanging”Coined by Walter Cannon “wisdom
of the body”
The body is in a constant state of The body is in a constant state of flux, balancing between a range of flux, balancing between a range of normal values that is never staticnormal values that is never static
Homeostatic Control Homeostatic Control MechanismsMechanisms
Communication - nervous and Communication - nervous and endocrine systemsendocrine systems
Factor: VariableFactor: Variable All homeostatic control mechanisms All homeostatic control mechanisms
containcontain ReceptorReceptor Control centerControl center EffectorEffector
Homeostatic Control Homeostatic Control MechanismsMechanisms
Nervous and Endocrine Systems
3 ComponentsReceptorControl Effector
FeedbackFeedback Depressing the Depressing the
response or negative response or negative feedbackfeedback
Negative Feedback: Negative Feedback: Control mechanism is Control mechanism is shut offshut off
Net effect of the Net effect of the response is to shut off response is to shut off the original stimulus the original stimulus or greatly reduce itor greatly reduce it
Control of blood Control of blood glucose levels by glucose levels by pancreatic hormonespancreatic hormones
Enhancing the Enhancing the response or response or positive feedback: positive feedback: CascadesCascades
RareRare Blood clotting and Blood clotting and
birth of a babybirth of a baby
Chemical Level: AtomsSmallest part of matter ot the building blocks of matter
Combine to form molecules
CellsThe smallest unit of life
TissuesConsists of groups of cells that have a common function
OrganComposed of two or more tissue types
Performs a specific function
Organ System LevelDifferent Organs working together for a particular function
Organism Level Multiple Organ Systems
Anatomical PositionAnatomical Position Necessary to standardize and Necessary to standardize and
simplify the study of anatomysimplify the study of anatomy Anatomical position:Anatomical position:
Standing,Standing, Facing the observerFacing the observer Palms facing forwardPalms facing forward Toes pointed toward the observerToes pointed toward the observer
Always reference the left or right of Always reference the left or right of the body as you view itthe body as you view it
Two Body CavitiesTwo Body Cavities (*anatomical position*)(*anatomical position*)
A. Ventral cavity:A. Ventral cavity:1. Thoracic cavity-1. Thoracic cavity-
Right & Left Pleural Right & Left Pleural Cavity, MediastinumCavity, Mediastinum (inside is Pericardial (inside is Pericardial Cavity)Cavity)
Diaphragm muscle- Diaphragm muscle- separates cavitiesseparates cavities
2. Abdominopelvic 2. Abdominopelvic cavity-cavity- Abdominal Abdominal cavity, Pelvic cavitycavity, Pelvic cavity
Abdominal and Pelvic Abdominal and Pelvic CavityCavity
Two Body CavitiesTwo Body Cavities (*anatomical position*)(*anatomical position*)
B. Dorsal cavity:B. Dorsal cavity:1.1. Cranial cavity-Cranial cavity-
skull & brainskull & brain2.2. Spinal cavity-Spinal cavity-
vertebral column & vertebral column & spinal cordspinal cord
Other Body CavitiesOther Body Cavities Oral and digestive cavitiesOral and digestive cavities Nasal cavityNasal cavity Orbital cavitiesOrbital cavities Middle ear cavitiesMiddle ear cavities Synovial cavitiesSynovial cavities
Regional TermsRegional Terms Axial: Head, neck and trunkAxial: Head, neck and trunk Appendicular: AppendagesAppendicular: Appendages
Anatomical PositionAnatomical Position Anatomical terminology can be divided
into 2 types: components of the body terms that refer to direction, eg, proximal or
distal.
Body components
VI. Serous Membranes: VI. Serous Membranes: Serosa: double layered membrane that covers Serosa: double layered membrane that covers
the walls and outer surfaces of the organsthe walls and outer surfaces of the organs Parietal- surrounding wall of body cavityParietal- surrounding wall of body cavity Visceral- inside membrane that covers organsVisceral- inside membrane that covers organs
Directional RelationshipsDirectional Relationships Anterior ( Ventral):Anterior ( Ventral): toward the front of the toward the front of the
bodybody Posterior (Dorsal):Posterior (Dorsal): toward the back of the body toward the back of the body Superior (Cranial or cephalad):Superior (Cranial or cephalad): above; toward above; toward
the head the head Inferior ( caudal):Inferior ( caudal): below; toward the feet below; toward the feet Medial:Medial: toward the midline; toward the mid- toward the midline; toward the mid-
saggitalsaggital Lateral:Lateral: away from the midline away from the midline
Proximal: toward the body or rootProximal: toward the body or root Distal: away from the body or rootDistal: away from the body or root Superficial: toward the surfaceSuperficial: toward the surface Deep: away from the surfaceDeep: away from the surface Intermediate: between a more medial Intermediate: between a more medial
and a more lateral structureand a more lateral structure
Directional TermsDirectional Terms
The wrist is ________ to the handThe wrist is ________ to the hand The breastbone is ________ to the spineThe breastbone is ________ to the spine The brain is _______ to the spinal cordThe brain is _______ to the spinal cord The lungs are ________to the stomachThe lungs are ________to the stomach The thumb is __________ to the fingers.The thumb is __________ to the fingers.
Review: Review: ALL descriptions of the human body and movement start in anatomical position.
Anatomical Planes and Anatomical Planes and DirectionsDirections
PlanesPlanesA.A. SagittalSagittal- cut in right & left halves; - cut in right & left halves;
midsagittal is exactly on midlinemidsagittal is exactly on midlineB.B. Coronal/FrontalCoronal/Frontal- cut lengthwise or - cut lengthwise or
vertically; cut into anterior & vertically; cut into anterior & posterior halvesposterior halves
C.C. Transverse/HorizontalTransverse/Horizontal- crosswise, - crosswise, superior & inferior halvessuperior & inferior halves
ObliqueOblique- cutting at a diagonal- cutting at a diagonal
Body Types:Body Types: SomatotypeSomatotype- body build or physique; determined - body build or physique; determined
by gender, exercise, diet, & heredityby gender, exercise, diet, & heredityA.A. EndomorphEndomorph- -
large waistline or “apple-shaped” – risky healthlarge waistline or “apple-shaped” – risky health small waistline or “pear-shaped” –not as risky.small waistline or “pear-shaped” –not as risky.
B.B.MesomorphMesomorph – medium waistline; medium build – medium waistline; medium buildC.C.EctomorphEctomorph – skinny waistline; skinny build – skinny waistline; skinny build